2772:"At the same time, those workers who managed to obtain insurance might experience more unemployment otherwise would have been the case." The private insurance company would have to determine whether the employee is unemployed through no fault of their own, which is difficult to determine. Incorrect determinations could result in the payout of significant amounts for fraudulent claims or alternately failure to pay legitimate claims. This leads to the rationale that if government could solve either problem that government intervention would increase efficiency. The moral hazard argument against unemployment insurance is based on the idea that such insurance would increase the risk, or 'hazard,' that the insured worker would engage in activity that is undesirable, or 'immoral,' from the insurer's point of view. That is, unemployment insurance could create longer or more frequent episodes of unemployment than would otherwise occur. This could occur if workers partially cushioned against periods of unemployment are more likely to accept jobs that have a higher risk of unemployment, or spend more time searching for a new job after becoming unemployed.
1263:' (called Newstart until 20 June 2020) and is paid to unemployed people over the age of 21 and under the pension eligibility age. To receive a JobSeeker Payment, recipients must be unemployed, be prepared to enter into an Employment Pathway Plan (previously called an Activity Agreement) by which they agree to undertake certain activities to increase their opportunities for employment, be Australian Residents and satisfy the income test (which limits weekly income to A$ 32 per week before benefits begin to reduce, until one's income reaches A$ 397.42 per week at which point no unemployment benefits are paid) and the assets test (an eligible recipient can have assets of up to A$ 161,500 if he or she owns a home before the allowance begins to reduce and $ 278,500 if he or she does do not own a home). The rate of allowance as of 12 January 2010 for single people without children was A$ 228 per week, paid fortnightly. (This does not include supplemental payments such as Rent Assistance or Energy Supplement.) Different rates apply to people with partners and/or children.
2152:(National Insurance Institute), to which workers must pay contributions. Eligible workers must immediately register with the Employment Service Bureau upon losing their jobs or jeopardize their eligibility, and the unemployment period is considered to start upon registration with the Employment Service Bureau. To be eligible for unemployment benefits, a person must be at least 20 years old, have been previously employed, and completed a "qualifying period" of work for which unemployment insurance contributions were paid which varies between 300 and 360 days. Employees who were involuntarily terminated from their jobs or who terminated their own employment and can provide evidence of having done so for a justified reason are eligible for immediately receiving unemployment benefits, while those who are deemed to have terminated their employment of their own volition with no justified reason will only begin receiving unemployment benefits 90 days from the start of their unemployment period.
1545:, an agency of the national government. Unionization rates are high (70%), and union membership comes with membership in an unemployment fund. Additionally, there are non-union unemployment funds. Usually, benefits require 26 weeks of 18 hours per week on average, and the unemployment benefit is 60% of the salary and lasts for 500 days. When this is not available, Kela can pay either regular unemployment benefit or labour market subsidy benefits. The former requires a degree and two years of full-time work. The latter requires participation in training, education, or other employment support, which may be mandated on pain of losing the benefit, but may be paid after the regular benefits have been either maxed out or not available. Although the unemployment funds handle the payments, most of the funding is from taxes and compulsory tax-like unemployment insurance charges.
2047:. Unemployed workers can be compensated through either basic or income-linked benefits. Basic unemployment benefits can cover both wage-earning and self-employing individuals for the first half-month (10 days) after they lose their job, whereas income-linked benefits can cover wage-earning and self-employing individuals for up to three months based on a set salary index and length of employment. However, those who are unemployed must report to the Directorate of Labour once a month to reaffirm their status of unemployment and that they are actively searching for employment or unemployment benefits could be revoked. Under the Icelandic Labour Law, employees must be given a notice period of termination that can range from 12 days to six months and is determined by the length of previous employment under the same employer.
1836:, that is social security payment coupons-stamps collected (i.e. days of work) during the 14 months before being laid off; the minimum number of such coupons, under which there is no eligibility, is 125, collected in the first 12 of the 14 aforementioned months. Eligibility since 1 January 2013, has been further constrained in that one applying for unemployment benefits for a second or more time, must not have received more than the equivalent of 450 days of such benefits during the last four years since the last time one had started receiving such benefits; if one has received unemployment benefits in this period for more than 450 days then there is no eligibility while if one has received less, then one is only eligible for at most the remaining days up until the maximum of 450 days is reached.
1326:
1124:
public and formal private sectors, as well as the self-employed. To be eligible for benefits, the claimant must be unemployed as a result of business reorganization, staff reduction, or the termination of a collective bargaining agreement. To be eligible, applicants must have contributed for at least 12 months prior to unemployment or be actively looking for work after a long period of unemployment. The UI is also available to first-time job seekers. Those who do not qualify for the monthly payment are nonetheless eligible for the UI scheme's capacity building programs. Those who qualify for the monthly unemployment benefit will get a payment of 18,000 AMD per month for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 12 months.
1072:
due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but in many states there is a waiting week. In
Germany and Belgium, there is no waiting week. The current waiting period in Canada is seven days. Countries implement varied potential benefit durations (PBD), which is how long an individual is eligible to receive benefits. The PBD may be a sliding scale function of the applicant's past employment history and age, or it may be a set length for all applicants. In Argentina, for example, six months of work history results in a PBD of two months, while 36 months or more of work history can result in a PBD of a full year, with an extra six months of PBD to applicants over the age of 45.
1312:
2646:
2673:. Eligibility requirements for unemployment insurance vary by state, but generally speaking, employees not fired for misconduct ("terminated for cause") are eligible for unemployment benefits, while those who quit or who are fired for misconduct (this sometimes can include misconduct committed outside the workplace, such as a problematic social media post or committing a crime) are not. Though the participation rate varies by state from below 10% to above 60%, nationwide only 29% of unemployed Americans (those seeking work) received unemployment benefits.
1251:, is paid to young people aged 16–20 (or 15, if deemed to meet the criteria for being considered 'independent' by Centrelink). Youth Allowance is also paid to full-time students aged 16–24, and to full-time Australian Apprenticeship workers aged 16–24. People aged below 18 who have not completed their high school education, are usually required to be in full-time education, undertaking an apprenticeship or doing training to be eligible for Youth Allowance. For single people under 18 years of age living with a parent or parents, the basic rate is
2475:, the system is designed to prevent people from living off unemployment benefits long term, thus forcing them to work or rely on non-state means of support (family, charities). In order to claim any state unemployment support, an adult (18+) claimant has to prove at least one year of continuous, full employment (that is, minimum 40 hours a week/160 hours a month) in the last 18 months prior to registering with the Unemployment Agency. If approved, as of 2019, one is granted 848 zł (equivalent to US$ 224.25 in April 2019)
7108:
1423:
having stood at around 40% for many years, rose somewhat during the 2009 recession but then fell back again to the low 40s. Some unemployed persons are not covered for benefits (e.g. self-employed workers), while others may have exhausted their benefits, did not work long enough to qualify, or quit or were dismissed from their job. The length of time one could take EI has also been cut repeatedly. The 1994 and 1996 changes contributed to a sharp fall in
Liberal support in the Atlantic provinces in the
1825:, Manpower Employment Organization) and are available only to laid-off salaried workers with full employment and social security payments during the previous two years. The self-employed do not qualify, and neither do those with other sources of income. The monthly benefit is fixed at the "55% of 25 minimum daily wages", and is currently €360 per month, with a 10% increase for each under-age child. Recipients are eligible for at most 12 months; the exact duration depends on the collected number of
2835:
state begins to run out of funds. The recession that began in
December 2007 and ended in June 2009 significantly impacted state budgets. According to The Council of State Governments, by 18 March 2011, 32 states plus the Virgin Islands had borrowed nearly $ 45.7 billion. The Labour Department estimates by the fourth quarter of 2013, as many as 40 states may need to borrow more than $ 90 billion to fund their unemployment programs and it will take a decade or more to pay off the debt.
977:
53:
2156:
period, the
Employment Service Bureau assists in helping locate suitable work and job training, and regularly reporting to the Employment Service Bureau is a condition for continuing to receive unemployment benefits. A person who was offered suitable work or training by the Employment Service Bureau but refused will only receive unemployment benefits 90 days after the date of the refusal, and 30 days' worth of unemployment benefits will be deducted for each subsequent refusal.
1128:
refugees; or are 16 years of age and newly eligible to work. Employers who hire these groups are eligible for a benefit of 50% of the minimum wage to supplement the employee's income. The UI also provides financial assistance and capacity-building programs for unemployed or disabled individuals who want to start their own businesses. Armenia also has a Paid Public Works program that provides jobseekers and the disabled with temporary public employment for three months.
1142:
2869:
self-employment to paid-employment. Conversely, individuals already in paid-employment experience the opposite trend. This reallocation from self-employment to paid-employment may have a positive effect on the employment rate in the economy but may have a strong negative effect on self-employment rates. It has also been shown that allowing self-employed individuals to access unemployment insurance might lead to a boost in self-employment activity.
1781:
work requires relocation as it is further than the acceptable daily commute duration (at most 3 hrs a day). If they do not voluntarily participate in training, they may be obliged by administrative action. Beneficiaries not complying with orders can be sanctioned by pruning their allowance and eventually revoking the grant altogether, virtually pushing them into poverty, homelessness and bankruptcy, as there are no other precautions installed.
2623:
maximum of £116.80 per week is payable, dependent on age and other factors. For those who are still getting Income-based JSA or are getting
Universal Credit, and having savings of over £6,000, there is a reduction of £1 per week per £250 of savings up to £16,000. People with savings of over £16,000 are not able to get Income-based JSA or Universal Credit at all. The system previously provided rent payments as part of a separate scheme called
880:
1178:
868:
1840:
cannot be earning money from a self-employed profession. If the income increases the fixed amount, a tax authority must issue a certificate that explains that the individual has "interrupted the exercise of the profession", which must be done within 15 days. Unemployment benefits are also granted to those who have generated an income that does not exceed €1,467.35 from the final paycheck received from a
1848:
months. After the expiration of the 12-month period, an application towards long-term unemployment benefits must be submitted in the first 2 months. If an unemployed person seeks long term unemployment and has a child, the allowance is allowed to increase by €586.08 (per child). Long-term unemployment can only be granted if the individual can be found registered under the OAED unemployment registrar.
2784:, the "moral hazard" issue of whether unemployment insurance—and specifically extending benefits past the maximum 99 weeks—significantly encourages unemployment by discouraging workers from finding and taking jobs was expressed by Republican legislators. Conservative economist Robert Barro found that benefits raised the unemployment rate 2%. Disagreeing with Barro's study were Berkeley economist
2715:
2514:
persons with dependants. The benefit reduces to 60% of the reference salary after six months. The minimum benefit is €497 per month and the maximum is €1087.20 per month for a single person. The non-contributory allowance is available to those persons who are no longer entitled to the contributory pension and who do not have income above 75% of the national minimum wage.
1785:
expenses, plus costs for reasonable accommodation (rent and heating). People granted benefits are automatically insured at reduced rates in the national health and nursing care insurances. The national pension insurance accounts the time living on benefits, but it does not increase the pension entitlement since in 2011 the federal government stopped paying €205 monthly.
2598:
contributions within the preceding 3 years of employment. the benefit payment is 50% for the average daily earnings based on the last 4 months and cannot be higher than the minimum wage (per industry). Benefits may be paid for a max of 1,080 days depending on the number of contributions. Some are skeptical of how well the system is functioning in Turkey
2764:
to make payments to the policyholder. High premiums work to exclude many individuals who otherwise might purchase the insurance. "A compulsory government program avoids the adverse selection problem. Hence, government provision of UI has the potential to increase efficiency. However, government provision does not eliminate moral hazard."
2446:(SSS). Under the 2018 legislation, the benefits are dispensed through a one-time payment to equal to 50 percent of the claimant's monthly salary for a maximum of two months. Those who were terminated due to certain reasons such as grave misconduct, gross negligence, and commission of a crime are ineligible to avail unemployment benefits.
2323:(IMSS) – This institution insures workers in the formal sector, providing pensions and health insurance. Workers insured by the IMSS who are unemployed may withdraw a maximum of 30 days' worth of pension savings every five years. However, this does not cover the majority of workers, as 58% of the labour force is in the informal sector.
1240:, social security benefits, including unemployment benefits, are funded through the taxation system. There is no compulsory national unemployment insurance fund. Rather, benefits are funded in the annual Federal Budget by the National Treasury and are administrated and distributed throughout the nation by the government agency,
1431:
used benefit. In 2006, the
Province of Quebec opted out of the federal EI scheme in respect of maternity, parental and adoption benefits, in order to provide more generous benefits for all workers in that province, including self-employed workers. Total EI spending was $ 19.677 billion for 2011–2012 (figures in
1556:, or the "Work and Livelihood Centre"), a government agency which helps people to find jobs and employers to find workers. In order to be considered unemployed, the seeker must register at the TE-keskus as unemployed. If the jobseeker does not have degree, the agency can require the job seeker to apply to a school.
2354:
Benefits are paid for a maximum period of 24 months and claimants get 75% of last salary for 2 months and 70% thereafter with a maximum benefit of €3128, depending on how long the claimant has been employed previously. Workers older than 50 years who are unemployed for over 2 months are entitled to a
2179:
In addition, there are unemployment benefits for new immigrants who have not yet been able to find employment or who are receiving below minimum wage pay. The time period that they are qualified to receive unemployment benefits is during the first 12 months following their immigration to Israel. They
2074:
Unemployment benefit in
Ireland can be claimed indefinitely for as long as the individual remains unemployed. The standard payment is €203 per week for those aged 26 and over. For those aged 18 to 24 the rate is €112.70 per week. For those aged 25 the weekly rate is €157.80. Payments can be increased
1839:
In terms of an unemployment allowance, Greece allows for those found in unemployment, who are employed through an independent profession, to receive benefits if their latest paycheck had not exceeded a certain amount, the current rate should not exceed €1,467.35. When receiving benefits an individual
1780:
In exchange for that, beneficiaries are assisted in that process, e.g. by reimbursing travel expenses to interviews, receiving (free of charge) training in order to increase their chances on the labour market, or subsidising moving expenses once an employment contract has been signed but the place of
1675:
Employees pay 1.5% of their gross salary below the social security threshold and employers pay 1.5% contribution on top of the salary paid to the employee. The contribution level was reduced from 3.25% for employees and employers as part of labour market reforms known as Hartz. Contributions are paid
1470:
years came from the EI system. Premiums were reduced much less than falling expenditures – producing, from 1994 onwards, EI surpluses of several billion dollars per year, which were added to general government revenue. The cumulative EI surplus stood at $ 57 billion at 31 March 2008, nearly four
1430:
In 2001, the federal government increased parental leave from 10 to 35 weeks, which was added to preexisting maternity benefits of 15 weeks. In 2004, it allowed workers to take EI for compassionate care leave while caring for a dying relative, although the strict conditions imposed make this a little
2843:
Possible policy options for states to shore up the unemployment insurance funds include lowering benefits for recipients and/or raising taxes on businesses. Kentucky took the approach of raising taxes and lowering benefits to attempt to balance its unemployment insurance program. Starting in 2010, a
2763:
refers to the fact that "workers who have the highest probability of becoming unemployed have the highest demand for unemployment insurance." Adverse selection causes profit maximizing private insurance agencies to set high premiums for the insurance because there is a high likelihood they will have
2539:
unemployment funds. Unemployment benefits are divided into a voluntary scheme with income related compensation up to a certain level and a comprehensive scheme that provides a lower level of basic support. The voluntary scheme requires a minimum of 12 months membership and 6 months employment during
2297:
It is supposed to be compulsory for most full-time employees. If they have been enrolled for at least 6 months and are fired or made redundant, leave the company at the end of their contract, or their contract is non-renewed, the now-unemployed worker will receive unemployment insurance. If a worker
2293:
On leaving a job, employees are supposed to be given a "Rishoku-hyo" document showing their ID number (the same number is supposed to be used by later employers), employment periods, and pay (which contributions are linked to). The reason for leaving is also documented separately. These items affect
1776:
job offered, otherwise sanctions (retrenchment) may be applied. There is no recognition of professional qualifications: An academic has to join the menial workforce, regardless of the fact that their potential might be wasted in that industry. Neither are one's personal religious or ethical concerns
1592:
and
Employer organisations are equally represented. UNEDIC is responsible for 3 benefits: ARE, ACA and ASR The main ARE scheme requires a minimum of 122 days membership in the preceding 24 months and certain other requirements before any claims can be made. Employers pay a contribution on top of the
1127:
The UI also includes a scheme to help employers hire people who are unemployed with at least 35 years of UI contributions but have not reached retirement age; unemployed for more than three years; returning from corrective or medical institutions; returning from mandatory military service; disabled;
1084:
Most countries require those receiving unemployment benefits to search for a new job, and can require documentation of job search activities. Benefits may be cut if the applicant does not fulfil the search requirements, or turns down a job offer deemed acceptable by the unemployment benefits agency.
2859:
or short-time working refer to situations or systems in which employees agree to or are forced to accept a reduction in working time and pay. These can be based on individual agreements or on government programs in many countries that try to prevent unemployment. In these, employers have the option
2834:
Another issue with unemployment insurance relates to its effects on state budgets. During recessionary time periods, the number of unemployed rises and they begin to draw benefits from the program. The longer the recession lasts, depending on the state's starting UI program balance, the quicker the
2597:
By law, legally employed workers, regardless of their citizenship are eligible for unemployment benefits given that they are at least 18 years old, the employees contribute 1% to unemployment funds while the employers contribute 2%, and the workers are eligible to receive benefits after 600 days of
2510:. Benefits are managed by the State Public Employment Agency (SEPE). The basis for entitlement is having contributed for a minimum period during the time preceding unemployment, with further conditions that may be applicable. The system comprises contributory benefits and non-contributory benefits.
2483:
for the remaining 3–9 months. Therefore, if approved, one can claim unemployment benefits only to the maximum of 12 continuous months. However, during that period, one has to cooperate with the
Unemployment Bureau in finding an employment under the strict guidelines of losing the unemployed status,
1847:
Under the OAED, individuals who are benefiting from long-term unemployment must be within the ages of 20 to 66 years of age and have a family income that does not exceed €10,000 annually. An individual becomes eligible for long-term benefits if the regular unemployment subsidy is exhausted after 12
1417:
The generosity of the
Canadian UI program was progressively reduced after the adoption of the 1971 UI Act. At the same time, the federal government gradually reduced its financial contribution, eliminating it entirely by 1990. The EI system was again cut by the Progressive Conservatives in 1990 and
1071:
Eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits typically factor in the applicant's employment history and their reason for being unemployed. Once approved, there is sometimes a waiting period before being able to receive benefits. In the US, there is no waiting period on a temporary basis currently
2513:
Contributory benefits are payable to those unemployed persons with a minimum of 12 months' contributions over a period of six years preceding unemployment. The benefit is payable for 1/3 of the contribution period. The benefit amount is 70% of the legal reference salary plus additional amounts for
2155:
Unemployment benefits are paid daily, with the amount calculated based on the employee's previous income over the past six months, but not exceeding the daily average wage for the first 125 days of payment and two-thirds of the daily average wage from the 126th day onwards. During the unemployment
1450:
A bit over half of EI benefits are paid in Ontario and the Western provinces but EI is especially important in the Atlantic provinces, which have higher rates of unemployment. Many Atlantic workers are also employed in seasonal work such as fishing, forestry or tourism and go on EI over the winter
1438:
Employers contribute 1.4 times the amount of employee premiums. Since 1990, there is no government contribution to this fund. The amount a person receives and how long they can stay on EI varies with their previous salary, how long they were working, and the unemployment rate in their area. The EI
1075:
Most countries calculate the amount of unemployment benefit as a percentage of the applicant's former income. A typical replacement percentage is 50–65%. Some countries offer much higher levels of wage replacement, such as the Netherlands (75%), Luxembourg (80%), and Denmark (90%). There are
2556:
tax rate). In other currencies, as of June 2017, this means a maximum of approximately £900, US$ 1,150, or €1,000, each month after tax. Private insurance is also available, mainly through professional organisations, to provide income-related compensation that otherwise exceeds the ceiling of the
2551:
980 per day. During the first 200 days, the unemployed will receive 80% of his or her normal income during the last 12 months. From day 201–300 this goes down to 70% and from day 301–450 the insurance covers 65% of the normal income (only available for parents to children under the age of 18). In
2350:
The scheme in mainland Netherlands entails that, according to the Werkloosheidswet (Unemployment Law, WW), employers are responsible for paying the contributions to the scheme, which are deducted from the salary received by the employees. In 2012 the contribution was 4.55% of gross salary up to a
1528:
Each Member State of the European Union has its own system and, in general, a worker should claim unemployment benefits in the country where they last worked. For a person working in a country other than their country of residency (a cross-border worker), they will have to claim benefits in their
1297:
For people renting their accommodation, unemployment benefits are supplemented by Rent Assistance, which, for single people as at 20 September 2021, begins to be paid when fortnightly rent is more than A$ 124.60. Rent Assistance is paid as a proportion of total rent paid (75 cents per dollar paid
1101:
Across the world, 72 countries offer a form of unemployment benefits. This includes all 37 OECD countries. Among OECD countries for a hypothetical 40-year-old unemployment benefit applicant, the US and Slovakia are the least generous for potential benefit duration lengths, with PBD of six months.
1007:
increasing influence among the country's working-class population. The Act gave the British working classes a contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment. It only applied to wage earners, however, and their families and the unwaged had to rely on other sources of support, if
2825:
present empirical evidence from Austria that extending unemployment benefit duration raises wages by improving reemployment firm quality. Similarly, Tatsiramos studied data from European countries and found that although unemployment insurance does increase unemployment duration, the duration of
2622:
Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) is changed annually; for the 2020/2021 tax year (commencing 6 April 2020) the maximum payable is £74.35 per week for a single person aged over 25 or £58.90 per week for a single person aged 18–24. The rules for couples where both are unemployed are more complex, but a
1123:
has been in force since 1991. In 2005, Armenia adopted the law on Employment of the Population and Social Protection in Case of Unemployment, which provided a legal framework to the Unemployment Insurance and active labour policies. Armenia's UI is a contributory program, which is obligatory for
2820:
An alternative rationale for unemployment insurance is that it may allow for improving the quality of matches between workers and firms. Marimon and Zilibotti argued that although a more generous unemployment benefit system may indeed increase the unemployment rate, it may also help improve the
1784:
Germany does not have an EBT (electronic benefits transfer) card system in place and, instead, disburses welfare in cash or via direct deposit into the recipient's bank account. As of 2022 a single person without children receives at most €449 per month at free disposal intended to cover living
1596:
The maximum unemployment benefit is (as of March 2009) 57.4% of €162 per day (Social security contributions ceiling in 2011), or €6900 per month. Claimants receive 57,4% of their average daily salary of the last 12 months preceding unemployment with the average amount being €1,111 per month. In
1422:
in 1994 and 1996. Amendments made it harder to qualify by increasing the time needed to be worked, although seasonal claimants (who work long hours over short periods) turned out to gain from the replacement, in 1996, of weeks by hours to qualify. The ratio of beneficiaries to unemployed, after
1039:
created the dole system of payments for unemployed workers in the United Kingdom. The dole system provided 39 weeks of unemployment benefits to over 11 million workers—practically the entire civilian working population except domestic service, farmworkers, railroad men, and civil servants.
1026:
principles and was funded by fixed amounts from workers, employers, and taxpayers. It was restricted to particular industries, particularly more volatile ones like shipbuilding, and did not make provision for any dependants. After one week of unemployment, a worker was eligible to receive seven
2175:
Unions are also involved with the unemployment system in Israel. One such union group is the Histadrut which is commonly known as the General Organization of Workers in Israel. One of the Histadrut's main objectives is to creates job assistance programs to help unemployed workers back into the
1085:
Agencies may also provide resources, training, or education for job seekers. Some countries allow beneficiaries to accept part-time jobs without losing benefit eligibility, which can counter the disincentive of unemployment benefits to accepting jobs that do not fully replace the former wages.
2811:
One concern over unemployment insurance increasing unemployment is based on experience rating benefit uses which can sometimes be imperfect. That is, the cost to the employer in increased taxes is less than the benefits that would be paid to the employee upon layoff. The firm in this instance
2330:
Temporary Employment Program – This scheme is designed to aid unemployed people who live in rural areas with high unemployment rates, any area undergoing a financial crisis, or an area that has been hit by a natural disaster or some other kind of emergency. The program funds projects to boost
2275:, with more specific conditions for each case, and the provider is quite always the state. An interesting feature worthy to be discussed is that the Italian system takes in consideration also the economic situation of the employers, and aims as well at relieving them from the costs of crisis.
2868:
Unemployment insurance has varying effects on employment and self-employment rates. As self-employment is generally not covered, an increase in UI generosity creates greater disincentives for self-employment, which leads to a positive correlation between UI generosity and the transition from
1413:
in 1971 making it much easier to get. The system was sometimes called the 10/42, because one had to work for 10 weeks to get benefits for the other 42 weeks of the year. It was also in 1971 that the UI program was first opened up to maternity and sickness benefits, for 15 weeks in each case.
1731:
In order to be eligible, a person has to permanently reside in Germany, be in possession of a work permit, and be fit for work, i.e. can principally work at least three hours a day. The goal of the program is to terminate one's dependence on it (welfare-to-work). It is not a Universal Basic
2317:. Unemployed residents of Mexico City who are at least 18 years of age, have worked for at least six months, have no income, and are actively seeking work are eligible for unemployment benefits for up to six months, which are composed of payments of 30 days' worth of minimum wage per month.
1293:
was elected in 2008, the length of unemployment before one is required to fulfill the requirements of the Activity Agreement (renamed the Employment Pathway Plan) has increased from six to 12 months. There are other options available as alternatives to the Work for the Dole scheme, such as
2289:
Unemployment benefits in Japan are called "unemployment insurance" and are closer to the US or Canadian "user pays" system than the taxpayer funded systems in place in countries such as Britain, New Zealand or Australia. It is paid for by contributions by both the employer and employee.
1092:
on employers and employees. This can be supplemented by the government's general tax revenue, which can occur periodically or in response to economic downturn. Contribution rates are usually between 1 and 3% of gross earnings, and are usually split between the employer and employee.
1298:
over A$ 124.60 up to the maximum). The maximum amount of rent assistance payable is A$ 139.60 per fortnight, and is paid when the total weekly rent exceeds A$ 310.73 per fortnight. Different rates apply to people with partners and/or children, or who are sharing accommodation.
2176:
workforce. Dr. Roby Nathanson, a doctor in economics at the University of Köl, believes these job replacement programs are successful due to the job unemployment rate in Israel. The unemployment rate in Israel in 2009 had been 9.5% and has since dropped to around 4% in 2018.
3515:"Restoring Financial Governance and Accessibility in the Employment Insurance Program – Report of the Standing Committee on Human Resources, Skills Development, Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities: Dissenting Opinion, Conservative Party of Canada"
2384:
The amount that is paid depends on things such as the person's age, income, marital status and whether they have children. It is adjusted annually on 1 April and in response to changes in legislature. Some examples of the maximum after tax weekly rate at 1 April 2019 are:
1404:
as unemployment was judged to be an insurance matter falling under provincial responsibility. After a constitutional amendment was agreed to by all of the provinces, a reference to "Unemployment Insurance" was added to the matters falling under federal authority under the
2326:
National Employment Service – This agency, which has 165 offices nationwide, offers financial support in learning new skills to those aged 16 and above who are unemployed or underemployed, and assistance in finding new jobs in the form of information on vacancies and job
2090:) which provides free health care, optical care, limited dental care, aural care and subsidised prescription drugs carrying a €2.00 per item charge to a maximum monthly contribution of €25 per household (as opposed to subsidised services like non medical-card holders).
2331:
employment by hiring local workers aged 16 and above in jobs such as building infrastructure and promoting development, and conserving the environment and cultural heritage sites. They are paid a salary at 99% of the local minimum wage for a maximum of 132 days a year.
2171:
Employees deemed to have been terminated from their jobs without legitimate cause are also legally entitled to severance pay from their employers, equivalent of one month's pay for each year that the unemployed individual had worked for his or her previous employer.
2860:
of reducing work hours to part-time for many employees instead of laying off some of them and retaining only full-time workers. For example, employees in 27 states of the United States can then receive unemployment payments for the hours they are no longer working.
1080:
countries. Most benefit payments are constant over the course of the PBD, though countries such as the Netherlands, Sweden, Hungary, Slovenia, Spain, and Italy have a declining benefit path, in which the wage replacement percentage decreases over time.
1844:. In order to receive a grant, the individual must not be receiving an income from the previous liberal profession. Seasonal aid is also provided to workers whose jobs cannot be performed through the entire year are also provided benefits by the OAED.
1793:. The possibility of sanctions cutting someone's benefits to zero was declared unconstitutional in 2018. In July 2022 Germany's government implemented a one-year moratorium on sanctions, permitting only a 10% cut for repeatedly missing appointments (
2799:
found that even if unemployment benefits convince some unemployed to ignore job openings, these openings were quickly filled by new entrants into the labour market. A survey of studies on unemployment insurance's effect on employment by the
2075:
if the unemployed has dependents. For each adult dependent, another €134.70 is added, €112.70 if the recipient (as opposed to the dependent) is aged 18 to 24, and for each child dependent €34 or €37 is added, depending on the child's age.
1255:
91.60 per week. For over-18- to 20-year-olds living at home this increases to A$ 110.15 per week. For those aged 18–20 not living at home the rate is A$ 167.35 per week. There are special rates for those with partners and/or children.
2097:) for two years or have another good reason (such as lived abroad and are returning to Ireland after becoming unemployed or deported). This condition does not apply to Jobseekers Benefit (which is based on Social Insurance payments).
2380:
To get this benefit, a person must meet the conditions and obligations specified in section 88A to 123D Social Security Act 1964. These conditions and obligations cover things such as age, residency status, and availability to work.
1788:
Type II unemployment benefits have been heavily criticized since their introduction. As Type II benefits are meant to ensure a minimum subsistence level, the mechanism of sanctions has repeatedly been a subject in cases before the
1745:): He can not afford a minimum standard living by all incomes in total, or by expending his own previously accumulated assets, e.g. by selling real estate not required or adequate for a bare minimum lifestyle. In the course of the
2701:. Benefits automatically increase when unemployment is high and fall when unemployment is low, smoothing the business cycle; however, others claim that the taxation necessary to support this system serves to decrease employment.
2373:, Jobseeker Support, previously known as the Unemployment Benefit and also known as "the dole" provides income support for people who are looking for work or training for work. It is one of a number of benefits administered by
1632:) is the first-tier program supporting unemployed people. It is designed like an insurance, involuntary unemployment through no personal fault being the "event of damage". It is therefore also known as unemployment insurance (
2844:
claimant's weekly benefits will decrease from 68% to 62% and the taxable wage base will increase from US$ 8,000 to US$ 12,000, over a ten-year period. These moves are estimated to save the state over US$ 450 million.
1694:
period of time, the minimum being 6 months, with a maximum of 24 months in the case of old and long-term insured people. This takes account for the difficulty older people face when re-entering the job market in Germany.
1698:
In contrast to type II unemployment benefits, there is no means test. However, it is necessary to remain unemployed while seeking employment. In this context unemployment is defined as working less than 15 hours a week.
2214:
to those workers who are suspended or who work only for reduced time due to temporary difficulties of their factories, aiming to help the factories in financial difficulties, by relieving them from the costs of unused
2031:) can involve up to 100% reimbursement per month for wage earners for a maximum of 30 months. However, these rates of reimbursement are determined by previous status of employment, such as whether an individual is a
1479:. Instead, the Conservative government cancelled the EI surpluses entirely in 2010, and required EI contributors to make up the 2009, 2010 and 2011 annual deficits by increasing EI premiums. On 11 December 2008, the
1471:
times the amount needed to cover the extra costs paid during a recession. This drew criticism from Opposition parties and from business and labour groups, and has remained a recurring issue of the public debate. The
1270:, announced that the JobSeeker base rate would be increased by A$ 50 a fortnight from April 2021. It is also intended to increase the threshold amount recipients can earn before their payment starts to be reduced.
2222:): in the same cases granting CIG benefits, companies can sign contracts with reduced work time, to avoid dismissing redundancy workers. The state will grant to those workers the 60% of the lost part of the wage.
1671:
employers. This is in stark contrast to FUTA in the US and other systems, where only employers make contributions. Participation (and thus contributions) are generally mandatory for both employees and employers.
1738:
A person may not eligible for other programmes, especially type I unemployment benefits and pension, but also other legal claims – e.g. dependence on parents, or accounts receivable – can not come to fruition.
2167:
are typically not covered by the national unemployment system and are covered by the community's own social welfare system, unless they are employed outside of their community or directly by the community.
1884:
labour force is highly active, with 74.9% of the population between the ages of 15 and 24 years old and 89.4% of people between the ages of 25 and 55 years old active in the labour market. This low rate of
1608:
has a two-tiered system of unemployment benefits. Their common goal is to eventually cease dependence on unemployment benefits entirely. Both programs assist their beneficiaries to varying degrees through
2821:
average match quality. A similar point is made by Mazur who analyzed the welfare and inequality effects of a policy reform giving entitlement for unemployment insurance to quitters. Arash Nekoei and
2881:
2294:
eligibility, timing, and amount of benefits. The length of time that unemployed workers can receive benefits depends on the age of the employee, and how long they have been employed and paying in.
1409:, and the first Canadian system was adopted in 1940. Because of these problems Canada was the last major Western country to bring in an employment insurance system. It was extended dramatically by
1285:, which requires that people on benefits for six months or longer work voluntarily for a community organisation regardless of whether such work increases their skills or job prospects. Since the
2008:
not only provide the country's labour force fair and equal representation within their respective industries, but also allow for these organizations to maintain an active relationship with the
946:
people. Depending on the country and the status of the person, those sums may be small, covering only basic needs, or may compensate the lost time proportionally to the previous earned salary.
1385:). Formerly called "Unemployment Insurance", the name was changed in 1996. In 2024, Canadian workers paid premiums of 1.66% of insured earnings in return for benefits if they lose their jobs.
2000:
the right to organize and negotiate with employers over fair wages for its members as well as representation for their members in the event of workplace conflicts. These rights for organized
1266:
Effectively, people have had to survive on $ 39 a day since 1994, and there have been calls to raise this by politicians and NGO groups. On 22 February 2021, the Prime Minister of Australia,
2788:, who found the "vast majority" of unemployment was due to "demand shocks" not "-induced supply reductions." A study by Rothstein of extensions of unemployment insurance to 99 weeks during
1015:
By the time of its implementation, the benefits were criticized by communist parties, who saw such insurance as a means to prevent workers from starting a revolution, while employers and
2334:
Income Generating Options Program – People living in poverty in an area of up to a maximum of 15,000 inhabitants are eligible for funding for projects to generate income for themselves.
2792:
to test the hypothesis that unemployment insurance discourages people from seeking jobs found the overall effect of UI on unemployment was to raise it by no more than one-tenth of 1%.
2453:(GSIS). Payments are equal to 50 percent of the claimant's average monthly compensation and are dispensed monthly for two to six months, depending on the claimant's length of service.
2126:
India follows a social insurance system for unemployment benefits much like its European counterparts. Unemployment allowance is given to workers in India who have contributed to the
1992:
that ensures these benefits is The Act on Trade Unions and Industrial Disputes, which was adopted in 1938 and has been amended five times since its inception to adjust to the rise of
4514:
1294:
undertaking part-time work or study and training, the basic premise of the Employment Pathway Plan being to keep the welfare recipient active and involved in seeking full-time work.
1076:
often caps on the maximum benefit level, ranging from 33% of a country's average wage (Turkey) to 227% of its average wage (France). The average maximum benefit level is 77% among
2229:): if the Redundancy Fund does not allow the company to re-establish a good financial situation, the workers can be entitled to mobility allowances. Other companies are provided
3248:
949:
Unemployment benefits are generally given only to those registering as becoming unemployed through no fault of their own, and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work.
4500:
4307:
2540:
that time before any claims can be made. Employers pay a fee on top of the pre-tax income of their employees, which together with membership fees, fund the scheme (see
1003:. The popular measures were introduced to stave off poverty inflicted through unemployment, though they also gave the Liberal Party the added benefit of combatting the
1456:
4294:
3644:
Penketh, Anne; Connolly, Kate; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; McDonald, Henry; McCurry, Justin; Crouch, David; Walker, Shaun; Smith, David; O'Hara, Mary (15 April 2015).
4186:
4590:
3532:"Text of judgment rendered by the Supreme Court of Canada on Employment Insurance surpluses – Confédération des syndicats nationaux v. Canada (Attorney General)"
4345:
6251:
2130:
for at least three years. The benefit is given for a maximum of one year and is either 50% of the average daily wage or Rs 35,000 a month, whichever is lower.
1483:
rejected a court challenge launched against the federal government by two Quebec unions, who argued that EI funds had been misappropriated by the government.
4118:
2109:
2104:
2086:, among others. People on a low income (which includes those on JA/JB) are entitled to a Medical Card (although this must be applied for separately from the
2552:
Sweden tax is paid on unemployment benefits, so the unemployed will get a maximum of about SEK 10,000 per month during the first 100 days (depending on the
5105:
Hombert, Johan; Schoar, Antoinette; Sraer, David; Thesmar, David (2020). "Can Unemployment Insurance Spur Entrepreneurial Activity? Evidence from France".
4544:
956:"; receiving benefits is informally called "being on the dole". "Dole" here is an archaic expression meaning "one's allotted portion", from the synonymous
4052:
4737:
3618:
1679:
Claimants get 60% of their previous net salary (capped at the social security ceiling), or 67% for claimants with children (as long as beneficiary of
1567:). They are not unemployment benefits and depend on household income, but they have in practice become the basic income of many long-term unemployed.
2808:
have unemployment benefits; and that unemployed workers did not search for work more or reduce their wage expectations once their benefits ran out.
4237:
4069:
2093:
To qualify for Jobseekers Allowance, claimants must satisfy the "Habitual Residence Condition": they must have been legally in the state (or the
1459:, and illness coverage. The program also pays for retraining programs (EI Part II) through labour market agreements with the Canadian provinces.
1984:
system that allows for wage bargaining to occur between the labour force and employers in order to protect workers and ensure provisions like
4086:
1676:
only on earnings up to the social security ceiling (2012: 5,600 EUR). Furthermore, the system is supported by funds from the federal budget.
3334:
5043:
4522:
3480:
3415:
4725:
4558:
3645:
1597:
France, tax and other payroll taxes are paid on unemployment benefits. In 2011, claimants received the allowance for an average 291 days.
2640:
910:
842:
4829:
Unemployment Benefits and Work Incentives: The U.S. Labor Market in the Great Recession (revised), Howell, David R.; Azizoglu, Bert M.;
6089:
6067:
5196:
3033:
3596:
6993:
5222:
4749:
3302:
17:
5086:
Gaillard, Alexandre; Kankanamge, Sumudu (17 January 2023). "Gross Labor Market Flows, Self-Employment, and Unemployment Insurance".
3570:
2479:
on a month-to-month basis for the first three months, then the amount is automatically lowered to 666 zł (US$ 176.20 in April 2019)
1777:
relevant: Prostitution is legal in Germany (although as of 2021 no job centre has urged any beneficiary to engage in prostitution).
6837:
6399:
5519:
2429:
1444:
1354:
1273:
The system in Australia is designed to support recipients no matter how long they have been unemployed. In recent years the former
3514:
2043:, be actively searching for employment, and retaining a 25% position for three months within the past 12 months before filing for
7018:
4311:
2812:
believes that it is more cost effective to lay off the employee, causing more unemployment than under perfect experience rating.
1548:
Regardless of whether benefits are paid by Kela or from an unemployment fund, the unemployed person receives assistance from the
1060:
3448:
3275:
1027:
shillings per week for up to 15 weeks in a year. By 1913, 2.3 million were insured under the unemployment benefit program.
6889:
6335:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5633:
3545:
1772:
their dependence on welfare until no money would be paid. That means, they are obliged to seek for jobs nationwide, and accept
1195:
2343:
Unemployment benefits in the Netherlands were introduced in 1949. Separate schemes exist for mainland Netherlands and for the
4649:
3155:
1755:
Despite its name, unemployment is not a requirement. Due to wage dumping and other labour market dynamics, a large number of
4203:
2351:
ceiling of €4,172 per month. The first €1,435.75 of an employee's gross salaries are not subject to the 4.55% contribution.
1909:
to provide unemployment benefits and protections to workers, which ultimately has led to higher union membership than other
6894:
5787:
5269:
4830:
2989:
2801:
2443:
1244:. Benefit rates are indexed to the Consumer Price Index and are adjusted twice a year according to inflation or deflation.
5238:
4375:
2450:
2313:
Mexico City Unemployment Benefit Scheme – The only unemployment insurance system based on worker contributions exists in
1389:
4486:
3105:
2442:, are entitled to benefits through the Social Security Act of 2018. Unemployment benefits is sourced from the country's
1102:
More generous OECD countries are Sweden (35 months PBD) and Iceland (36 months PBD); in Belgium, the PBD is indefinite.
4826:
3924:
Torben M. Andersen; Bengt Holmström; Seppo Honkapohja; Sixten Korkman; Hans Tson Söderström; Juhana Vartiainen (2007).
2012:
to discuss economic issues, promote labour and social equality, and ensure benefits for unemployed labourers, as these
1451:
when there is no work. There are special rules for fishermen making it easier for them to collect EI. EI also pays for
4332:
7131:
6306:
6094:
6062:
5169:
4353:
2877:
2320:
2180:
are entitled to support from Havtachat Hachnasa, which is income support that is allocated from National Insurance.
2078:
There are more benefits available to unemployed people, usually on a special or specific basis. Benefits include the
1217:
3741:
1120:
7116:
5174:
1683:). The maximum benefit is therefore €2964 (in 2012). If the benefits fall below the poverty line it is possible to
1512:
4446:
3999:
3925:
3788:
2586:
1880:
working-age population were employed, with only 2.8% of the population unemployed. When broken down by age group,
1559:
If the individual does not qualify for any unemployment benefit he may still be eligible for the housing benefit (
7126:
6206:
4814:
2523:
2068:
1576:
1523:
1043:
Unemployment benefits were introduced in Germany in 1927, and in most European countries in the period after the
1036:
903:
4220:
2725:
7172:
7136:
6899:
6271:
6223:
5494:
5442:
5197:
European Union web site: your rights in the European Union for transferring unemployment benefits (Your Europe)
3361:
2789:
2501:
2284:
2189:
1476:
1424:
1199:
2665:. Though policies vary by state, unemployment benefits generally pay eligible workers as high as US$ 1,015 in
6987:
6879:
6291:
5844:
4472:
3622:
2484:
and thus the benefits. In comparison to the unemployment benefits paid by the state, as of January 2019, the
2364:
2127:
2121:
2005:
241:
2417:
503:
7068:
6241:
5297:
5225:– To calculate the unemployment insurance benefits you might receive in the United States (based on rates)
4702:
4428:
3698:"Le Figaro Management - Actualités et conseils sur le monde de l'entreprise, l'emploi et les entrepreneurs"
3202:
2662:
2541:
1790:
1472:
1363:
1325:
1231:
1111:
2298:
quit of their own accord they may have to wait between one and three months before receiving any payment.
7053:
6266:
4896:
4572:
4254:
4168:
2796:
2572:
with free medical care and unemployment benefits. However, the country relies not on taxation but mainly
2309:
lacks a national unemployment insurance system, but it does have five programs to assist the unemployed:
2236:
992:
981:
852:
72:
62:
4234:
1913:. The safety net that these unions provide also leads to more stable job retention and less reliance on
1400:
as an attempted Canadian unemployment insurance program. It was, however, ruled unconstitutional by the
6982:
6864:
6340:
5797:
5489:
5397:
5057:
3321:... the payment was now at 41 per cent of minimum wage, the same level as during the Howard government.
2804:
found that unemployed who collected benefits did not find themselves out of work longer than those who
896:
846:
376:
366:
3388:"2012 EI Monitoring and Assessment Report (Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, March 2013)"
1281:
has increased the requirements of the Activity Agreement, providing for controversial schemes such as
7146:
7141:
6962:
6636:
6547:
6426:
4605:
2901:
2439:
2256:
256:
4776:
4281:
3974:
2398:
NZ$ 350.20 for a married, de facto or civil union couple with or without children (NZ$ 167.83 each).
1727:
colloquially) are an open-ended welfare program intended to ensure people do not fall into poverty.
1491:
The level of benefit is set between the minimum wage and the minimum living allowance by individual
1339:
special rate applicable for Quebec since 2006). The color bands represents successives governments:
7151:
7121:
6812:
6614:
6373:
6330:
6296:
5802:
5792:
5474:
5262:
5071:
2916:
2607:
2507:
2087:
1749:
these harsh standards have temporarily been reduced to a mere sanity check to avoid undue hardship.
1593:
pre-tax income of their employees, which together with the employee contribution, fund the scheme.
1274:
825:
563:
518:
371:
140:
84:
578:
7078:
6957:
6859:
6797:
6609:
6236:
6123:
6057:
5975:
5160:
4410:
3531:
3481:"A Look Back and A Way Forward: Actuarial Views on the Future of the Employment Insurance System"
3416:"A Look Back and A Way Forward: Actuarial Views on the Future of the Employment Insurance System"
3387:
2627:, but for most new claimants this benefit is now instead paid as an element of the comprehensive
1480:
1419:
1401:
1345:
1188:
528:
336:
326:
286:
276:
183:
106:
4995:
4025:
3487:
3422:
6932:
6884:
6854:
6691:
6659:
6649:
6466:
6451:
6431:
6313:
6084:
6079:
5359:
4771:
4053:"Number of days of entitlement to payment per month – Period of entitlement | ביטוח לאומי"
3923:
2956:
2936:
2732:
2689:, the fact that unemployment insurance lowers on-the-job effort and reduces job-search effort.
2462:
2355:
special benefit called the IOAW, if they do not receive the regular unemployment benefit (WW).
2252:
1799:). This measure was taken as a precursor to restructuring type II unemployment benefits into a
1588:, under which unemployment benefits are distributed by an independent agency (UNEDIC) in which
1406:
1286:
1247:
There are two types of payment available to those experiencing unemployment. The first, called
698:
543:
281:
221:
178:
125:
5217:
5091:
4945:
2653:
In the United States, there are 50 state unemployment insurance programs plus one each in the
2438:, workers in the private sector who involuntarily became unemployed, including housemaids and
1768:
People receiving benefits are obligated to cease their eligibility at all costs, but at least
6869:
6807:
6752:
6701:
6323:
5859:
5832:
5504:
5432:
4996:"Unemployment Insurance in Europe: Unemployment Duration and Subsequent Employment Stability"
4641:
4614:
3401:
3145:
2645:
2405:
More information about this benefit and the amounts paid are on the Work and Income website.
2344:
2017:
1800:
832:
513:
488:
473:
331:
271:
251:
246:
3218:
3041:
2951:
6942:
6718:
6671:
6491:
6486:
6261:
6256:
6231:
6171:
6015:
5952:
5822:
5737:
5575:
3871:
Scruggs, Lyle (1 June 2002). "The Ghent System and Union Membership in Europe, 1970–1996".
3130:
2931:
2698:
2654:
1910:
1500:
1009:
583:
405:
356:
321:
261:
226:
130:
120:
67:
5075:
U.S. Department of Labor, Comparison of State Unemployment Insurance Laws tbl. 4-5 (2019).
3760:
2233:
for employing them. This measure has been abolished in 2012 and will stop working in 2017.
8:
7177:
6847:
6842:
6780:
6728:
6446:
6414:
6404:
6286:
6276:
5812:
5807:
5628:
5608:
5529:
5449:
5427:
5407:
5255:
3716:
3646:"Which are the best countries in the world to live in if you are unemployed or disabled?"
2056:
2009:
1945:
1056:
809:
618:
440:
381:
306:
296:
266:
193:
101:
4762:
Rothstein, Jesse (2011). "Unemployment Insrance and Job Search in the Great Recession".
3816:
3005:
1155:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
478:
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4926:
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4789:
4684:
4667:"Why do Unemployment Benefits Raise Unemployment Durations? Moral Hazard vs. Liquidity"
3888:
3230:
2094:
1914:
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361:
301:
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236:
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198:
168:
36:
4100:
1687:
type I unemployment benefits with type II benefits if its conditions are met as well.
7058:
7038:
6770:
6735:
6567:
6461:
6441:
6360:
6213:
6148:
5827:
5777:
5752:
5712:
5707:
5638:
5484:
5179:
5087:
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3892:
3653:
3455:
3222:
3178:
3151:
3118:
2985:
2760:
2682:
2466:
2268:
2202:), up to the 75% of the previous wages for up to sixteen months. Other measures are:
2139:
1746:
1311:
1282:
1260:
1252:
1004:
728:
703:
613:
493:
450:
386:
351:
341:
173:
135:
91:
5030:
4980:
4930:
4881:
4827:
http://www.peri.umass.edu/236/hash/10dbb94dafa96d904bcaf546ee3b02a2/publication/456/
4801:
3234:
1063:
effectively encouraged the individual states to adopt unemployment insurance plans.
952:
In British English, unemployment benefits are also colloquially referred to as "the
653:
7028:
6817:
6785:
6745:
6740:
6537:
6527:
6345:
6176:
6133:
6106:
6101:
5960:
5927:
5917:
5767:
5695:
5499:
5437:
5417:
5402:
5122:
5114:
5018:
5010:
4968:
4960:
4916:
4908:
4867:
4859:
4781:
4674:
3880:
3214:
2941:
2628:
2611:
2535:, under which a significant proportion of unemployment benefits are distributed by
1961:
1941:
1925:
1765:
their monthly income. They have the same obligations as non-working beneficiaries.
1492:
1393:
1044:
778:
723:
708:
693:
678:
608:
588:
568:
523:
396:
346:
316:
311:
4912:
4591:"Not all unemployed people get unemployment benefits; in some states, very few do"
4132:
1463:
658:
7088:
7023:
6832:
6802:
6790:
6654:
6552:
6419:
5757:
5524:
5327:
5302:
5292:
5201:
4241:
4207:
4200:
3203:"The Effects of Unemployment Insurance Benefits: New Evidence and Interpretation"
3081:
3063:
3010:
2889:
2785:
2781:
2624:
2374:
2244:
2211:
2036:
1869:
1432:
1378:
1248:
872:
783:
748:
713:
648:
573:
558:
445:
420:
415:
391:
163:
158:
3846:
1645:
must have made contributions for at least 12 months in the past 30-month period,
1331:
Evolution since 1972 of Employment Insurance (UI before 1996) contribution rate
7073:
6822:
6723:
6676:
6378:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6037:
5970:
5727:
5685:
5369:
5337:
5242:
5014:
4613:, Washington, DC: Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs,
3954:
3884:
3697:
2579:
Payment: 2000 SAR (US$ 534) for 12 months for an unemployed person aged 18–35.
1918:
1818:
1542:
1452:
1440:
1410:
1267:
988:
803:
788:
753:
738:
718:
688:
508:
425:
115:
111:
976:
538:
7166:
7048:
6967:
6952:
6937:
6708:
6686:
6592:
6476:
6409:
6383:
6318:
6161:
6118:
6113:
5965:
5849:
5747:
5469:
5322:
5307:
4844:
4738:
Unemployment Insurance and Job Search in the Great Recession. Jesse Rothstein
3657:
3226:
3126:
2946:
2906:
2681:
The economic argument for unemployment insurance comes from the principle of
2666:
2569:
2548:
1993:
1969:
1949:
1708:
1680:
1397:
1048:
1000:
768:
758:
733:
673:
668:
663:
643:
633:
603:
593:
498:
401:
4863:
3303:"Prime Minister argues $ 25 per week increase to JobSeeker is 'appropriate'"
2826:
subsequent employment tends to be longer (suggesting better match quality).
1667:), contribute to the system. It is financed by contributions from employees
52:
7083:
7063:
7043:
7033:
7008:
6762:
6597:
6577:
6562:
6532:
6522:
6301:
6156:
6138:
6074:
6052:
6010:
6000:
5902:
5892:
5864:
5595:
5585:
5412:
5352:
4845:"Unemployment vs. Mismatch of Talents: Reconsidering Unemployment Benefits"
3789:"Greece – Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion – European Commission"
2926:
2822:
2686:
2565:
2553:
2532:
2485:
2149:
2044:
1985:
1933:
1890:
1886:
1857:
1756:
1585:
1538:
943:
884:
798:
743:
638:
628:
623:
548:
96:
5191:
5183:
4785:
4447:"Social Services (2) – SAMIRAD (Saudi Arabia Market Information Resource)"
4150:
3348:
We update Rent Assistance rates on 20 March and 20 September each year,...
2039:, as well as meeting certain mandates such as being a current resident of
6696:
6619:
6587:
6047:
5995:
5613:
5570:
5545:
5514:
5509:
5464:
5389:
5379:
5364:
5317:
5187:
5145:
5127:
4964:
2921:
2882:
Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988
2852:
2670:
2658:
2536:
2435:
2370:
2314:
2032:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1906:
1589:
1467:
1317:
Evolution of the number of EI beneficiaries in Canada by month since 1997
1278:
1089:
957:
773:
763:
553:
188:
4972:
4793:
968:" is someone on unemployment benefits who makes no effort to find work.
6906:
6713:
6626:
6604:
6572:
6471:
6456:
6436:
6201:
6166:
6128:
6042:
6005:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5897:
5854:
5839:
5817:
5742:
5580:
5560:
5479:
5347:
5342:
5312:
5278:
5118:
5022:
3929:
2885:
2856:
2576:
revenues to maintain the social and economic services to its populace.
2272:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1742:
1290:
1241:
1202: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
683:
483:
4921:
3678:
2255:, this provision is actually a form of conditional and non-individual
1868:) and meet a specific criteria set forth by the department. Icelandic
7093:
7013:
6827:
6512:
5871:
5772:
5732:
5702:
5623:
5459:
5422:
4872:
4666:
2230:
1237:
1052:
533:
464:
44:
5228:
5058:
http://migration.kentucky.gov/Newsroom/governor/20100615unempins.htm
3643:
2685:. One common criticism of unemployment insurance is that it induces
1177:
6927:
5990:
5980:
5912:
5907:
5876:
5722:
5677:
5555:
5550:
5454:
5332:
4679:
2961:
2911:
2449:
For government workers, unemployment benefits are sourced from the
2412:
987:
The first modern unemployment benefit scheme was introduced in the
2263:
In the Italian unemployment insurance system all the measures are
6557:
6507:
6246:
6196:
5985:
5690:
5374:
5234:
Unemployment Assistance and Transition to Employment in Argentina
5212:
4161:
3241:
3106:
The Cabinet Papers 1915–1982: National Health Insurance Act 1911.
2160:
2040:
2024:
1957:
1953:
1937:
1917:
employment. Only 11.9% of the working population is dependent on
1898:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1861:
1605:
1116:
1023:
5233:
5072:
https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/pdf/uilawcompar/2019/special.pdf
3327:
3249:"Energy Supplement - Payment rates on a pension or an allowance"
2775:
2389:
NZ$ 200.80 For a single person aged 20–24 years without children
6681:
6029:
5673:
5206:
4429:"Mofa Ksa || وزارة الخارجية المملكة العربية السعودية"
2528:
2472:
2306:
2264:
2164:
2145:
1929:
1902:
1864:, one must submit an application to the Directorate of Labour (
1817:
Unemployment benefits in Greece are administered through OAED (
1581:
1374:
867:
3082:"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words"
2815:
6542:
5247:
4515:"Unemployment benefit assessment during coronavirus pandemic"
4070:"Conditions of eligibility – Unemployment | ביטוח לאומי"
3421:. Canadian Institute of Actuaries. p. 14. Archived from
2606:
Unemployment benefit is paid in the United Kingdom either as
2248:
2195:
4726:
Would Extending Unemployment Benefits Increase Unemployment?
3486:. Canadian Institute of Actuaries. p. 8. Archived from
1876:
country. In the most recent financial quarter, 85.8% of the
1051:. Unemployment insurance in the United States originated in
6582:
6025:
4946:"Does Extending Unemployment Benefits Improve Job Quality?"
4607:
The Automatic Fiscal Stabilizers: Quietly Doing Their Thing
4346:"House bill seeks to triple unemployment benefits from SSS"
4087:"Calculation of benefit – Benefit rates | ביטוח לאומי"
3294:
1873:
1077:
1016:
1008:
any. Key figures in the implementation of the Act included
4396:"Rząd podnosi pensję minimalną. Jest ostateczna decyzja",
4093:
2649:
Unemployment rate by county from January 1990 – March 2017
1651:
be able to work now or at least in the foreseeable future.
1443:, a service delivery network reporting to the Minister of
5565:
5104:
4133:"Unemployment and Job Seekers in the Israeli Labor Force"
3724:
2740:
2573:
2198:
consist mainly of cash transfers based on contributions (
5213:
Government site: One-Stop Career Centers – in each state
5202:
Government site: Latest month's unemployment rate report
3147:
British Unemployment 1919–1939: A Study in Public Policy
2736:
2506:
The Spanish unemployment benefits system is part of the
1462:
A significant part of the federal fiscal surplus of the
4559:"How do savings and lump sum pay-outs affect benefits?"
4199:
Tokyo Employment Service Centre for Foreigners website
3268:
2982:
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English
2863:
1956:
not only sees high government involvement in providing
27:
Payments made by authorized bodies to unemployed people
6252:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
4815:
Policies for Increasing Economic Growth and Employment
2547:
The maximum unemployment benefit is (as of July 2016)
1563:) from Kela and municipal social welfare provisions (
1377:, the system is known as "Employment Insurance" (EI,
3597:"Preconditions of earnings-related daily allowancet"
3404:. Public Services and Procurement Canada. July 2002.
3200:
3108:
The National Archives, 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
2251:
in January 2019. Although its name recalls one of a
2100:
More information on each benefit can be found here:
1690:
Type I unemployment benefits are only granted for a
2847:
2557:scheme. The comprehensive scheme is funded by tax.
2377:, a service of the Ministry of Social Development.
1826:
5218:Text of the California Unemployment Insurance Code
5085:
4411:"importe maximo desempleo 2018 – Ayudas a Parados"
3201:Schmieder, Johannes F.; von Wachter, Till (2016).
2872:
2055:People aged 18 and over and who are unemployed in
1661:), except freelancers and certain civil servants (
1475:, chose not to recognize those EI surpluses after
2697:To Keynesians, unemployment insurance acts as an
7164:
4297:Manuals and Procedures – Work and Income website
2676:
2059:can apply for either the Jobseeker's Allowance (
1980:market for economic growth, yet also embraces a
1872:have traditionally been higher than every other
1702:
1655:All workers with a regular employment contract (
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4453:. Archived from the original on 26 October 2006
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
3736:
3734:
3473:
2392:NZ$ 210.13 for a single person 25 years or over
1623:
5209:-US unemployment insurance for 47 of 50 states
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4282:"How to Claim Unemployment Benefits in Mexico"
4151:"Macro Center for Political Economics - Staff"
4081:
4079:
4064:
4062:
3512:
3301:Norman, Jane; Snape, Jack (22 February 2021).
2984:. Oxford University Press. 2015. p. 454.
2617:
1088:Unemployment benefits are typically funded by
942:, are payments made by governmental bodies to
5263:
4603:
4047:
4045:
3955:"Act of Trade Unions and Industrial Disputes"
3717:"Greeks go back to basics as recession bites"
3143:
2776:Unemployment insurance effect on unemployment
2735:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
1893:, which has been adopted by the countries of
904:
5003:Journal of the European Economic Association
4620:
4308:"Work and Income Unemployment Benefit Rates"
4264:
4125:
3817:"Unemployment Benefits | Fjölmenningarsetur"
3731:
3714:
3276:"John Howard joins calls for Newstart boost"
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
1804:
1794:
1714:
1662:
1656:
1633:
1619:if necessary, getting state-funded training.
4712:
4076:
4059:
3300:
3164:
2816:Unemployment insurance effect on employment
2641:Unemployment insurance in the United States
2401:Plus winter payments of extra NZ$ 20 a week
2271:level. The basis for entitlement is always
1976:and markets. The country relies on an open
1831:
1735:The benefits are subordinated, that means:
1641:In order to qualify, the unemployed person
1541:and a minimum level of support provided by
5270:
5256:
4993:
4728:. Simon van Zuylen-Wood. 30 November 2011
4179:
4143:
4042:
3847:"Employment – Employment rate – OECD Data"
2829:
1823:Οργανισμός Απασχόλησης Εργατικού Δυναμικού
911:
897:
6994:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
5243:History of Social Security in Switzerland
5126:
5044:Unemployment Insurance Trust Funds Update
4920:
4897:"Can welfare abuse be welfare improving?"
4871:
4775:
4761:
4678:
3185:
3170:
2692:
2488:is 2250,00 zł (US$ 595.51 in April 2019)
2200:Assicurazione Sociale per l'Impiego, ASPI
1537:Two systems run in parallel, combining a
1218:Learn how and when to remove this message
6838:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
5520:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
4750:The Blind Spot in Romney's Economic Plan
4376:"Unemployment of Involuntary Separation"
4279:
4023:
3767:Οργαισμοσ Απαχολησησ Εργατικου Δυναμικου
3679:"Accueil Pôle emploi | Pôle emploi"
3335:"Rent Assistance - How much you can get"
3117:
2669:to a low as US$ 235 per week maximum in
2644:
2430:Unemployment benefits in the Philippines
1445:Employment and Social Development Canada
1355:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
1019:sometimes saw it as a "necessary evil".
975:
7019:Credentialism and educational inflation
5158:
4842:
4703:"The Folly of Subsidizing Unemployment"
4604:Cohen, Darrel; Follette, Glenn (1999),
3870:
3742:"OAED Unemployment Benefits (in Greek)"
3337:. Services Australia. 20 September 2020
3219:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115758
3111:
1061:federal government of the United States
1030:
14:
7165:
6890:List of countries by unemployment rate
4943:
4664:
4201:For foreign nationals working in Japan
3969:
3967:
3949:
3947:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3811:
3809:
3715:Hadjimatheou, Chloe (20 August 2012).
3563:
2610:or (for most people) as an element of
2061:Liúntas do Lucht Cuardaigh Fostaíochta
1335:as a % of insurable earnings (in
1259:The second kind of payment is called '
5251:
4894:
4764:Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
4752:Jonathan Cohn| tnr.com| 29 April 2012
4633:
4378:. Government Service Insurance System
3755:
3753:
3751:
3368:. Canada Revenue Agency. January 2024
3309:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2726:too many or overly lengthy quotations
2210:, or CIG): cash benefits provided as
2065:Sochar do Lucht Cuardaigh Fostaíochta
1988:benefits are ensured. Currently, the
1972:model, it is also heavily reliant on
1889:is attributed to the adoption of the
1616:help in finding work or training, and
1096:
5788:Practice-based professional learning
4831:Political Economy Research Institute
4671:National Bureau of Economic Research
3402:"Public Accounts of Canada for 2012"
2864:Self-employment and employment rates
2802:Political Economy Research Institute
2708:
2704:
2148:, unemployment benefits are paid by
1996:. In Section 1, Articles 1–13 grant
1200:adding citations to reliable sources
1171:
1135:
6336:Workers' right to access the toilet
5207:Supplemental Unemployment Insurance
4169:"Israel Domestic Unemployment Rate"
3964:
3944:
3899:
3834:
3806:
3571:"Social security systems in the EU"
2451:Government Service Insurance System
2267:-related, and they have an average
1390:Employment and Social Insurance Act
24:
4255:"Employment Insurance Law (Japan)"
4024:Norðdahl, Magnús M. (1 May 2013).
3975:"Unemployment benefits in Iceland"
3762:Συχνές Ερωτήσεις Επιδόματα Παροχές
3748:
3695:
3546:"Chapter V Unemployment Insurance"
3513:Peter Van Loan (9 February 2005).
2838:
1940:adopted borrows aspects of both a
1121:Unemployment Insurance (UI) scheme
25:
7189:
5239:Unemployment Funds in Switzerland
5170:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
5152:
4994:Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (2009).
4352:. 7 February 2021. Archived from
4280:Theodore, Amy (17 October 2020).
4187:"Unemployment Benefits in Israel"
3449:"Public Accounts of Canada, 2008"
3121:(1950). "Group Disorganization".
2878:International Labour Organization
2601:
2321:Mexican Social Security Institute
1517:
7107:
7106:
6400:Corporate collapses and scandals
5175:Library of Economics and Liberty
4665:Chetty, Raj (14 November 2005).
2892:including unemployment benefit.
2848:Job sharing / short-time working
2713:
2634:
1513:Unemployment benefits in Denmark
1324:
1310:
1176:
1140:
878:
866:
51:
5098:
5079:
5065:
5051:
5037:
4987:
4937:
4888:
4836:
4820:
4808:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4695:
4658:
4597:
4583:
4573:"What Is Wrongful Termination?"
4565:
4551:
4537:
4507:
4493:
4479:
4439:
4421:
4403:
4390:
4368:
4338:
4326:
4300:
4288:
4247:
4227:
4213:
4193:
4111:
4017:
3992:
3917:
3864:
3781:
3708:
3689:
3671:
3637:
3611:
3589:
3538:
3524:
3506:
3441:
3408:
3394:
3380:
3354:
3262:single, with no children $ 8.80
2873:International Labour Convention
2767:
2587:Social Services of Saudi Arabia
2560:
2524:Unemployment benefits in Sweden
2508:Social security system of Spain
2069:Department of Social Protection
2016:are highly centralized and not
1713:Type II unemployment benefits (
1577:Unemployment benefits in France
1524:European unemployment insurance
1187:needs additional citations for
1037:Unemployment Insurance Act 1920
153:Concepts, theory and techniques
6900:Employment-to-population ratio
6272:Occupational health psychology
5277:
4521:. 7 April 2020. Archived from
3454:. p. 4.16. Archived from
3362:"EI premium rates and maximum"
3137:
3099:
3074:
3056:
3026:
3011:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2998:
2974:
2795:A November 2011 report by the
2502:Unemployment benefits in Spain
2423:
2358:
2338:
2285:Unemployment insurance (Japan)
2190:Unemployment benefits in Italy
2071:and are nicknamed "the dole".
2063:) or the Jobseeker's Benefit (
1741:The person has to be in need (
1628:Type I unemployment benefits (
1392:was passed in 1935 during the
1383:Prestations d’assurance-emploi
13:
1:
6988:Works Progress Administration
6880:Unemployment Convention, 1919
6292:Personal protective equipment
5845:Occupational Outlook Handbook
5229:Office of the Public Guardian
4913:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.07.001
4244:Retrieved on 23 November 2010
4210:Retrieved on 23 November 2010
3171:Zimmerman, Joseph F. (1970).
3150:. Cambridge U.P. p. 37.
2967:
2677:Economic rationale and issues
2365:Social welfare in New Zealand
1703:Type II unemployment benefits
7069:Psychopathy in the workplace
6242:Human factors and ergonomics
5047:Council of State Governments
4233:Nagoya International Center
4173:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4101:"Claim unemployment benefit"
3873:Political Research Quarterly
2663:United States Virgin Islands
2542:Unemployment funds in Sweden
2395:NZ$ 325.98 for a sole parent
1791:Federal Constitutional Court
1624:Type I unemployment benefits
1453:maternity and parental leave
1364:Conservative Party of Canada
1232:Social security in Australia
1131:
1112:Social protection in Armenia
1066:
7:
7054:Narcissism in the workplace
6267:Occupational exposure limit
4901:Journal of Public Economics
4561:. The Money Advice Service.
4487:"Social security in Turkey"
2895:
2797:Congressional Budget Office
2618:Jobseeker's Allowance rates
2208:Cassa integrazione guadagni
1827:
993:National Insurance Act 1911
982:National Insurance Act 1911
10:
7194:
6983:Civil Works Administration
6865:Technological unemployment
6341:Workplace health promotion
5798:Professional certification
5495:Personality–job fit theory
5159:Francis, David R. (1992).
5015:10.1162/JEEA.2009.7.6.1225
4501:"Check if you can get JSA"
4400:, 11 September 2018 (pol.)
3913:. CQPress. pp. 12–17.
3885:10.1177/106591290205500201
3207:Annual Review of Economics
3174:State and Local Government
2638:
2521:
2499:
2460:
2427:
2362:
2282:
2187:
2137:
2128:Employees' State Insurance
2122:Employees' State Insurance
2119:
2080:Housing Assistance Payment
2050:
1960:and amenities as with the
1851:
1706:
1600:
1574:
1532:
1521:
1510:
1506:
1229:
1109:
1105:
1047:with the expansion of the
971:
7102:
7001:
6963:Guaranteed minimum income
6920:
6761:
6635:
6548:Organizational commitment
6500:
6392:
6359:
6222:
6147:
6024:
5951:
5885:
5672:
5594:
5538:
5388:
5285:
5223:Economic Policy Institute
4691:– via www.nber.org.
4634:Rosen, Harvey S. (2008).
4471:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2902:Compensation of employees
2888:against unemployment and
2592:
2517:
2456:
2440:Overseas Filipino Workers
2301:
2257:guaranteed minimum income
2194:Unemployment benefits in
2133:
2023:Unemployment benefits in
1832:
1822:
1812:
1570:
1301:
1149:This section needs to be
1012:and William Braithwaite.
936:unemployment compensation
18:Unemployment compensation
7132:Aspects of organizations
6813:Involuntary unemployment
6374:Equal pay for equal work
6297:Repetitive strain injury
5803:Professional development
5793:Professional association
5475:Letter of recommendation
5161:"Unemployment Insurance"
5144:, Second edition, 2002,
4953:American Economic Review
4817:cbo.gov 15 November 2011
4673:. Working Paper Series.
4119:"Unemployment in Israel"
4000:"Rights and obligations"
3909:Bowman, John R. (1952).
3761:
3282:. 9News. AAP. 9 May 2018
2917:Involuntary unemployment
2733:summarize the quotations
2495:
2418:Social Security Act 1964
2278:
2220:Contratti di solidarietà
2183:
2115:
2088:Health Service Executive
2067:). Both are paid by the
1905:, and highly emphasizes
1635:Arbeitslosenversicherung
1486:
1457:compassionate care leave
1022:The scheme was based on
141:JEL classification codes
7117:Aspects of corporations
7079:Slow movement (culture)
6958:Employer of last resort
6860:Structural unemployment
6798:Frictional unemployment
6237:Epilepsy and employment
6124:Performance-related pay
6058:National average salary
5976:996 working hour system
4864:10.1111/1468-0297.00432
4843:Marimon, Ramon (1999).
4707:The Wall Street Journal
4545:"Jobseeker's Allowance"
4335:Work and Income website
4240:4 December 2010 at the
4004:www.vinnumalastofnun.is
3068:www.merriam-webster.com
2830:Effect on state budgets
2413:Work and Income website
2241:reddito di cittadinanza
1907:trade and labour unions
1550:Työ- ja elinkeinokeskus
1481:Supreme Court of Canada
1402:Supreme Court of Canada
1346:Liberal Party of Canada
327:Industrial organization
184:Computational economics
7127:Aspects of occupations
6933:Unemployment insurance
6885:Unemployment extension
6855:Reserve army of labour
6660:Constructive dismissal
6467:Sleeping while on duty
6432:Exploitation of labour
6314:Sick building syndrome
5490:Person–environment fit
5360:Independent contractor
5107:The Journal of Finance
4944:Nekoei, Arash (2017).
4640:. New York, New York:
4221:"Employment insurance"
4026:"Icelandic Labour Law"
3621:. KELA. Archived from
3144:W. R. Garside (2002).
2957:Unemployment extension
2937:Reserve army of labour
2693:Macroeconomic function
2650:
2463:Unemployment in Poland
2444:Social Security System
2253:universal basic income
2218:Solidarity Contracts (
2018:politically affiliated
1805:
1795:
1719:, also referred to as
1715:
1663:
1657:
1634:
1529:country of residence.
1407:Constitution Act, 1867
1382:
984:
980:Leaflet promoting the
928:unemployment insurance
179:Experimental economics
7173:Unemployment benefits
7137:Aspects of workplaces
6875:Unemployment benefits
6870:Types of unemployment
6808:Graduate unemployment
6702:Letter of resignation
6331:Workers' compensation
6324:Occupational fatality
5833:Vocational university
5433:Employment counsellor
4895:Mazur, Karol (2016).
4786:10.1353/eca.2011.0018
4642:McGraw-Hill Education
4615:Federal Reserve Board
4415:www.ayudasparados.com
3131:The Macmillan Company
2648:
2608:Jobseeker's Allowance
2345:Caribbean Netherlands
2227:Indennità di mobilità
2225:Mobility allowances (
2105:Jobseeker's Allowance
1658:abhängig Beschäftigte
1477:being elected in 2006
1439:system is managed by
1396:by the government of
1055:in 1932. Through the
979:
924:Unemployment benefits
6943:Job creation program
6719:Mandatory retirement
6672:Employee offboarding
6492:Workplace incivility
6487:Workplace harassment
6262:Occupational disease
6257:Occupational burnout
6172:Disability insurance
6016:Workweek and weekend
5823:Vocational education
5738:Continuing education
5576:Permanent employment
4965:10.1257/aer.20150528
4852:The Economic Journal
4333:Unemployment Benefit
4295:Unemployment Benefit
3911:Capitalisms Compared
3390:. 25 September 2014.
3251:. Services Australia
3064:"Definition of DOLE"
3034:"Definition of Dole"
2932:Participation income
2855:or work sharing and
2699:automatic stabilizer
2655:District of Columbia
2010:Icelandic government
1964:model, but like the
1919:temporary employment
1911:capitalist economies
1196:improve this article
1031:Expansion and spread
1010:Robert Laurie Morant
964:. In Australia, a "
932:unemployment payment
406:Social choice theory
6848:Recession-proof job
6843:Lists of recessions
6781:Economic depression
6729:Retirement planning
6610:Work–life interface
6447:Employee monitoring
6415:Corporate behaviour
6405:Accounting scandals
6287:Occupational stress
6277:Occupational injury
5813:Reflective practice
5808:Professional school
5530:Work-at-home scheme
5450:Induction programme
5428:Employment contract
5408:Business networking
4577:The Balance Careers
4206:14 May 2011 at the
4189:. 25 February 2014.
4121:. 17 December 2013.
2790:the Great Recession
2486:minimum monthly pay
2110:Jobseeker's Benefit
2006:Ministry of Welfare
1747:SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic
1716:Arbeitslosengeld II
1613:a living allowance,
1057:Social Security Act
873:Business portal
194:Operations research
174:National accounting
7111:See also templates
6948:Job creation index
6912:Youth unemployment
6776:Discouraged worker
6665:Wrongful dismissal
6645:At-will employment
6518:Civil conscription
6482:Workplace bullying
6369:Affirmative action
6351:Workplace wellness
6282:Occupational noise
5923:Long service leave
5783:Overspecialization
5763:Induction training
5718:Career development
5165:David R. Henderson
5119:10.1111/jofi.12880
4525:on 14 October 2023
4503:. Citizens Advice.
4356:on 7 February 2021
3926:"The Nordic Model"
3683:www.pole-emploi.fr
3179:Barnes & Noble
3119:Bogardus, Emory S.
2651:
2247:system created in
2243:): it is a social
2095:Common Travel Area
2029:atvinnuleysisbætur
1842:liberal profession
1801:citizen's dividend
1648:be unemployed, and
1630:Arbeitslosengeld I
1497:autonomous regions
1473:Conservative Party
1418:1993, then by the
1097:Systems by country
985:
204:Industrial complex
199:Middle income trap
7160:
7159:
7059:Post-work society
7039:Kiss up kick down
6771:Barriers to entry
6736:Severance package
6568:Human trafficking
6462:Sexual harassment
6442:Employee handbook
6361:Equal opportunity
6224:Safety and health
6214:Take-home vehicle
5828:Vocational school
5778:Lifelong learning
5753:Further education
5713:Career counseling
5708:Career assessment
5485:Overqualification
5140:Bojas George J.,
4709:, 30 August 2010.
4651:978-0-07-351128-3
3932:on 27 August 2017
3550:www.mohrss.gov.cn
3157:978-0-521-89254-4
3038:Oxford Dictionary
3014:. Merriam-Webster
2884:for promotion of
2761:Adverse selection
2758:
2757:
2705:Adverse selection
2683:adverse selection
2467:Welfare in Poland
2269:decommodification
2206:Redundancy Fund (
2140:Welfare in Israel
2004:set forth by the
1962:social-democratic
1942:social-democratic
1926:social-democratic
1289:government under
1283:Work for the Dole
1277:government under
1261:JobSeeker Payment
1228:
1227:
1220:
1170:
1169:
921:
920:
16:(Redirected from
7185:
7147:Critique of work
7142:Corporate titles
7110:
7109:
7029:Evil corporation
6895:Employment rates
6818:Jobless recovery
6786:Great Depression
6746:Golden parachute
6741:Golden handshake
6538:Job satisfaction
6528:Critique of work
6346:Workplace phobia
6177:Health insurance
6134:Wage compression
6102:Progressive wage
5961:35-hour workweek
5928:No call, no show
5918:Leave of absence
5768:Knowledge worker
5696:Master craftsman
5500:Personality hire
5438:Executive search
5418:Curriculum vitae
5403:Background check
5272:
5265:
5258:
5249:
5248:
5178:
5173:(1st ed.).
5142:labour Economics
5133:
5132:
5130:
5113:(3): 1247–1285.
5102:
5096:
5095:
5083:
5077:
5069:
5063:
5055:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5009:(6): 1225–1260.
5000:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4950:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4858:(455): 266–291.
4849:
4840:
4834:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4779:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4740:9 September 2011
4735:
4729:
4723:
4710:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4631:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4593:. 24 April 2020.
4587:
4581:
4580:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4407:
4401:
4398:Business Insider
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4310:. Archived from
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4211:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4155:www.macro.org.il
4147:
4141:
4140:
4137:www.macro.org.il
4129:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3928:. Archived from
3921:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3843:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3757:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3625:on 25 March 2013
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3314:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3280:www.9news.com.au
3272:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3198:
3183:
3182:
3177:. New York, NY:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3125:(3rd ed.).
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3044:on 11 April 2021
3040:. Archived from
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2991:978-0-19-4798839
2978:
2942:Social insurance
2880:has adopted the
2753:
2750:
2744:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2629:Universal Credit
2612:Universal Credit
2237:Citizens' income
1870:employment rates
1866:Vinnumálastofnun
1835:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1808:
1798:
1718:
1666:
1660:
1637:
1433:Canadian dollars
1394:Great Depression
1361:
1352:
1343:
1328:
1314:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1180:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1045:Second World War
913:
906:
899:
885:Money portal
883:
882:
881:
871:
870:
367:Natural resource
159:Economic systems
55:
32:
31:
21:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7152:Organized labor
7122:Aspects of jobs
7098:
7089:Toxic workplace
7024:Emotional labor
6997:
6921:Public programs
6916:
6833:Great Recession
6803:Full employment
6791:Long Depression
6757:
6655:Banishment room
6631:
6553:Refusal of work
6496:
6420:Corporate crime
6388:
6355:
6218:
6143:
6020:
5947:
5881:
5758:Graduate school
5668:
5590:
5534:
5525:Underemployment
5384:
5328:Self-employment
5303:Contingent work
5293:Academic tenure
5286:Classifications
5281:
5276:
5155:
5137:
5136:
5103:
5099:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5038:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4893:
4889:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4777:10.1.1.229.3969
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4713:
4700:
4696:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4644:. p. 292.
4632:
4621:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4433:www.mofa.gov.sa
4427:
4426:
4422:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4350:CNN Philippines
4344:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4315:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4278:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4242:Wayback Machine
4232:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4208:Wayback Machine
4198:
4194:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3979:www.a-kasser.dk
3973:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3922:
3918:
3907:
3900:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3845:
3844:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3713:
3709:
3694:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3577:. 21 March 2018
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3496:
3494:
3493:on 28 July 2011
3490:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3461:on 21 July 2011
3458:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3431:
3429:
3428:on 28 July 2011
3425:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3312:
3310:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3199:
3186:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3142:
3138:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2898:
2890:social security
2875:
2866:
2850:
2841:
2839:Insurance funds
2832:
2818:
2786:Jesse Rothstein
2782:Great Recession
2778:
2770:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:or excerpts to
2730:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2695:
2679:
2643:
2637:
2625:Housing Benefit
2620:
2604:
2595:
2582:External links
2568:is an economic
2563:
2526:
2520:
2504:
2498:
2469:
2459:
2432:
2426:
2408:External links
2375:Work and Income
2367:
2361:
2341:
2304:
2287:
2281:
2212:shock absorbers
2192:
2186:
2142:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2053:
1854:
1815:
1796:Meldeversäumnis
1711:
1705:
1626:
1603:
1579:
1573:
1565:toimeentulotuki
1535:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1489:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1304:
1249:Youth Allowance
1234:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1069:
1033:
974:
917:
879:
877:
865:
858:
857:
828:
818:
817:
816:
815:
579:von Böhm-Bawerk
467:
456:
455:
217:
209:
208:
164:Economic growth
154:
146:
145:
87:
85:classifications
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7191:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7074:Sunday scaries
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6825:
6823:Phillips curve
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6778:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6724:Retirement age
6721:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6677:Exit interview
6674:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6647:
6641:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6427:Discrimination
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6379:Gender pay gap
6376:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6199:
6194:
6192:Parental leave
6189:
6187:Marriage leave
6184:
6182:Life insurance
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6038:Income bracket
6034:
6032:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5971:Eight-hour day
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5730:
5728:Creative class
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5688:
5686:Apprenticeship
5682:
5680:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5654:Scarlet-collar
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Temporary work
5367:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5338:Skilled worker
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5154:
5153:External links
5151:
5150:
5149:
5135:
5134:
5097:
5078:
5064:
5050:
5036:
4986:
4959:(2): 527–561.
4936:
4887:
4835:
4819:
4807:
4770:(2): 143–213.
4754:
4742:
4730:
4711:
4701:Robert Barro,
4694:
4680:10.3386/w11760
4657:
4650:
4637:Public Finance
4619:
4596:
4582:
4564:
4550:
4536:
4506:
4492:
4478:
4438:
4420:
4402:
4389:
4367:
4337:
4325:
4314:on 17 May 2013
4299:
4287:
4263:
4246:
4226:
4212:
4192:
4178:
4160:
4142:
4124:
4110:
4092:
4075:
4058:
4041:
4016:
3991:
3963:
3943:
3916:
3898:
3879:(2): 275–297.
3863:
3833:
3805:
3780:
3747:
3730:
3707:
3688:
3670:
3636:
3619:"Unemployment"
3610:
3588:
3562:
3537:
3523:
3505:
3472:
3440:
3407:
3393:
3379:
3353:
3326:
3319:Morrison said:
3307:www.abc.net.au
3293:
3267:
3240:
3213:(1): 547–581.
3184:
3181:. p. 213.
3163:
3156:
3136:
3133:. p. 424.
3110:
3098:
3086:Dictionary.com
3073:
3055:
3025:
2997:
2990:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Smart contract
2949:
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2924:
2919:
2914:
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2897:
2894:
2874:
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2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2817:
2814:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2749:September 2020
2721:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2694:
2691:
2678:
2675:
2639:Main article:
2636:
2633:
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2603:
2602:United Kingdom
2600:
2594:
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2590:
2589:
2562:
2559:
2522:Main article:
2519:
2516:
2500:Main article:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2458:
2455:
2428:Main article:
2425:
2422:
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2403:
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2399:
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2393:
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2363:Main article:
2360:
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2328:
2324:
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2303:
2300:
2283:Main article:
2280:
2277:
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2234:
2223:
2216:
2188:Main article:
2185:
2182:
2135:
2132:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2084:Fuel Allowance
2052:
2049:
1958:social welfare
1924:Unlike purely
1853:
1850:
1814:
1811:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1733:
1707:Main article:
1704:
1701:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1602:
1599:
1575:Main article:
1572:
1569:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1518:European Union
1516:
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1501:municipalities
1488:
1485:
1441:Service Canada
1411:Pierre Trudeau
1358:
1349:
1340:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1268:Scott Morrison
1230:Main article:
1226:
1225:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1068:
1065:
1032:
1029:
1005:Labour Party's
999:government of
989:United Kingdom
973:
970:
926:, also called
919:
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893:
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786:
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766:
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751:
746:
741:
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448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Organizational
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
216:By application
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
155:
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88:
82:
81:
78:
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75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7190:
7179:
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7168:
7153:
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7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
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7135:
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7125:
7123:
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7114:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7095:
7092:
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7087:
7085:
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7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7049:Make-work job
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
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7010:
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7000:
6996:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6968:Right to work
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6953:Job guarantee
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6938:Make-work job
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6910:
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6888:
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6754:
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6734:
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6727:
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6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6709:Restructuring
6707:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6687:Notice period
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
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6651:
6648:
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6642:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6593:Unfree labour
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:Bonded labour
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6477:Whistleblower
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6410:Control fraud
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6384:Glass ceiling
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6319:Work accident
6317:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6307:United States
6305:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6207:United States
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6162:Casual Friday
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6119:Paid time off
6117:
6115:
6114:Overtime rate
6112:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6095:United States
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Four-day week
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Practice firm
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:Employability
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5649:Orange-collar
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5596:Working class
5593:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Job interview
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:Part-time job
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Full-time job
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5129:
5128:1721.1/136225
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4932:
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4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4833:, 21 Mar 2011
4832:
4828:
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4778:
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4639:
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4616:
4609:
4608:
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4578:
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4502:
4496:
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4452:
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4442:
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4416:
4412:
4406:
4399:
4393:
4377:
4371:
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4334:
4329:
4313:
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4071:
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3547:
3541:
3533:
3527:
3520:. p. 59.
3516:
3509:
3503:November 2007
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3438:November 2007
3424:
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3180:
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3132:
3128:
3127:New York City
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3087:
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2947:Social rights
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2907:Funemployment
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2734:
2728:
2727:
2722:This article
2720:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:Massachusetts
2664:
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2647:
2642:
2635:United States
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2615:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2588:
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2583:
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2577:
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2570:welfare state
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2250:
2246:
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2197:
2191:
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2081:
2076:
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2066:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:self-employed
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:globalization
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:welfare state
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
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1920:
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1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
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1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:beneficiaries
1759:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
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1726:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1709:Hartz concept
1700:
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1682:
1681:child benefit
1677:
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1584:uses a quasi
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1465:
1464:Jean Chrétien
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1425:1997 election
1421:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1398:R. B. Bennett
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1333:for employees
1327:
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1239:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1208:February 2021
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:This section
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1152:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1090:payroll taxes
1086:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1059:of 1935, the
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:welfare state
1046:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:H. H. Asquith
998:
997:Liberal Party
994:
990:
983:
978:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
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895:
894:
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891:
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863:
862:
861:
854:
851:
848:
844:
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831:
830:
827:
822:
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797:
795:
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775:
772:
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477:
475:
474:de Mandeville
472:
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439:
437:
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432:
429:
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419:
417:
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409:
407:
403:
402:Public choice
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Participation
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
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355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Institutional
335:
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328:
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323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Expeditionary
285:
283:
280:
278:
277:Environmental
275:
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265:
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258:
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119:
117:
113:
110:
108:
107:International
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:Branches and
80:
79:
74:
71:
69:
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64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7084:Toxic leader
7064:Presenteeism
7044:Labor rights
7034:Going postal
7009:Bullshit job
6992:
6977:
6972:
6874:
6763:Unemployment
6615:Downshifting
6598:Wage slavery
6578:Penal labour
6533:Dead-end job
6523:Conscription
6302:Right to sit
6157:Annual leave
6139:Working poor
6075:Minimum wage
6053:Maximum wage
6011:Working time
6001:Six-hour day
5903:Career break
5865:Professional
5659:Black-collar
5629:White-collar
5609:Green-collar
5586:Volunteering
5423:Drug testing
5413:Cover letter
5353:Tradesperson
5168:
5141:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5061:Kentucky.gov
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5006:
5002:
4989:
4973:10419/110757
4956:
4952:
4939:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4855:
4851:
4838:
4822:
4810:
4767:
4763:
4757:
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4697:
4670:
4660:
4638:
4635:
4606:
4599:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4553:
4539:
4527:. Retrieved
4523:the original
4518:
4509:
4495:
4481:
4455:. Retrieved
4450:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4397:
4392:
4380:. Retrieved
4370:
4358:. Retrieved
4354:the original
4349:
4340:
4328:
4316:. Retrieved
4312:the original
4302:
4290:
4249:
4229:
4215:
4195:
4181:
4172:
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4095:
4032:. Retrieved
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4003:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:
3934:. Retrieved
3930:the original
3919:
3910:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3850:
3824:. Retrieved
3820:
3796:. Retrieved
3793:ec.europa.eu
3792:
3783:
3771:. Retrieved
3766:
3720:
3710:
3702:Le Figaro.fr
3701:
3696:Figaro, Le.
3691:
3682:
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3650:The Guardian
3649:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3623:the original
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3574:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:
3540:
3526:
3508:
3495:. Retrieved
3488:the original
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3456:the original
3443:
3430:. Retrieved
3423:the original
3410:
3396:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3365:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3339:. Retrieved
3329:
3320:
3318:
3311:. Retrieved
3306:
3296:
3284:. Retrieved
3279:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3253:. Retrieved
3243:
3210:
3206:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3146:
3139:
3122:
3113:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:the original
3037:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3009:
3000:
2981:
2976:
2927:Lorenz curve
2922:Labour power
2876:
2867:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2823:Andrea Weber
2819:
2810:
2805:
2794:
2779:
2771:
2768:Moral hazard
2759:
2746:
2731:Please help
2723:
2696:
2687:moral hazard
2680:
2652:
2621:
2605:
2596:
2581:
2578:
2566:Saudi Arabia
2564:
2561:Saudi Arabia
2554:municipality
2546:
2533:Ghent system
2527:
2512:
2505:
2490:before taxes
2481:before taxes
2477:before taxes
2470:
2448:
2433:
2407:
2404:
2383:
2379:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2262:
2240:
2226:
2219:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2150:Bituah Leumi
2143:
2125:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2045:unemployment
2028:
2022:
1998:trade unions
1986:unemployment
1978:capitalistic
1934:Nordic model
1923:
1891:Ghent system
1887:unemployment
1865:
1860:benefits in
1858:unemployment
1855:
1846:
1838:
1816:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1654:
1640:
1629:
1627:
1604:
1595:
1586:Ghent system
1580:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1539:Ghent system
1536:
1527:
1490:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1429:
1416:
1387:
1372:
1336:
1332:
1296:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1246:
1235:
1214:
1205:
1194:Please help
1189:verification
1186:
1158:
1150:
1126:
1115:
1100:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1042:
1034:
1021:
1014:
995:, under the
986:
966:dole bludger
965:
961:
953:
951:
948:
940:unemployment
939:
938:, or simply
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:
843:Publications
808:
431:Sociological
404: /
302:Geographical
282:Evolutionary
257:Digitization
222:Agricultural
126:Mathematical
97:Econometrics
29:
6973:Historical:
6697:Resignation
6637:Termination
6620:Slow living
6588:Truck wages
6573:Labour camp
6501:Willingness
6393:Infractions
6048:Living wage
5996:Remote work
5664:Gold-collar
5619:Pink-collar
5614:Grey-collar
5604:Blue-collar
5571:Labour hire
5546:Cooperative
5510:Recruitment
5465:Job hunting
5398:Application
5380:Wage labour
5365:Labour hire
5318:Job sharing
5146:McGraw-Hill
5023:10419/33875
4457:28 November
4451:saudinf.com
3341:23 February
3313:23 February
3255:23 February
2853:Job sharing
2671:Mississippi
2659:Puerto Rico
2436:Philippines
2424:Philippines
2371:New Zealand
2359:New Zealand
2339:Netherlands
2315:Mexico City
2159:Members of
2082:, and the
2033:wage-earner
1990:legislation
1982:corporatist
1856:To receive
1468:Paul Martin
1279:John Howard
958:Old English
679:von Neumann
332:Information
272:Engineering
252:Development
247:Demographic
189:Game theory
131:Methodology
7178:Labour law
7167:Categories
6907:Wage curve
6714:Retirement
6627:Workaholic
6605:Work ethic
6472:Wage theft
6457:Labour law
6452:Evaluation
6437:Dress code
6202:Sick leave
6167:Child care
6129:Salary cap
6043:Income tax
6006:Shift work
5943:Time clock
5938:Sick leave
5933:Sabbatical
5898:Break room
5886:Attendance
5855:Profession
5840:Mentorship
5818:Retraining
5743:E-learning
5639:New-collar
5634:Red-collar
5581:Supervisor
5561:Internship
5480:Onboarding
5348:Technician
5343:Journeyman
5313:Gig worker
5279:Employment
4922:1814/45326
3821:www.mcc.is
3769:(in Greek)
3497:19 October
3465:19 October
3432:19 October
3286:18 January
3048:25 January
3018:25 January
3006:"the dole"
2968:References
2886:employment
2857:short time
2741:Wikisource
2461:See also:
2273:employment
2231:incentives
2138:See also:
2120:See also:
1974:free trade
1928:states in
1806:Bürgergeld
1763:supplement
1743:means test
1725:Bürgergeld
1685:supplement
1561:asumistuki
1522:See also:
1291:Kevin Rudd
1242:Centrelink
1110:See also:
944:unemployed
838:Economists
709:Schumacher
614:Schumpeter
584:von Wieser
504:von Thünen
465:economists
441:Statistics
436:Solidarity
357:Managerial
322:Humanistic
317:Historical
262:Ecological
227:Behavioral
121:Mainstream
7094:Workhouse
7014:Busy work
6828:Recession
6692:Pink slip
6650:Dismissal
6513:Careerism
6107:Singapore
6085:Hong Kong
5953:Schedules
5872:Tradesman
5773:Licensure
5733:Education
5703:Avocation
5644:No-collar
5624:Precariat
5505:Probation
5460:Job fraud
5192:163149563
5184:317650570
4907:: 11–28.
4873:10230/640
4772:CiteSeerX
4689:153377053
4547:. GOV.UK.
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