2836:
2427:
2281:
1753:
1658:
1462:
1284:
1187:
1065:
2384:
1833:
2197:
2081:
1704:
1236:
1034:
2865:
2339:
1801:
2310:
1331:
1094:
2565:
1492:
2670:
2453:
1768:
2767:
1785:
3171:
3139:
3099:
3058:
3031:
3004:
2972:
2805:
2602:
2522:
2352:
2019:
1987:
1955:
1720:
1524:
2639:
1923:
971:
2238:
1431:
1399:
1299:
1219:
1156:
2895:
1816:
2909:
2536:
2703:
2260:
2124:
1908:
1688:
1620:
1367:
1268:
1202:
1002:
957:
2218:
1850:
389:
2940:
460:
1876:
2735:
2439:
2156:
1737:
1588:
1556:
1124:
2094:
302:– during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They were often signed following a military defeat suffered by the former party, or amid military threats made by the latter. Their terms specified obligations to be borne almost exclusively by the former party: provisions included the cession of territory, the payment of reparations, the opening of
3202:
in
Malaysia and urged the Chinese negotiators to reassess them through invoking the historical memory of China's unequal treaties. Stating that "they know that when they lend big sums of money to a poor country, in the end they may have to take the project for themselves". He appealed by stating that
702:
refused to sign the peace agreement, with China being the only conference member to boycott the signing ceremony. Widely perceived in China as a betrayal of the country's wartime contributions by the other conference members, the domestic backlash following the failure to restore
Shandong would cause
689:
As World War I commenced, these acts voided the unequal treaty of 1861, resulting in the reinstatement of
Chinese control on the concessions of Tianjin and Hankou to China. In 1919, the post-war peace negotiations failed to return the territories in Shandong, previously under German colonial control,
664:
declared a new national government in 1927, the
Western powers quickly offered diplomatic recognition, arousing anxiety in Japan. The new government declared to the Great Powers that China had been exploited for decades under unequal treaties, and that the time for such treaties was over, demanding
494:
In assessing the term's usage in rhetorical discourse since the early 20th century, American historian Dong Wang notes that "while the phrase has long been widely used, it nevertheless lacks a clear and unambiguous meaning" and that there is "no agreement about the actual number of treaties signed
681:
of 1902, Germany began to reassess its policy approach towards China. In 1907 Germany suggested a trilateral German-Chinese-American agreement that never materialised. Thus China entered the new era of ending unequal treaties on March 14, 1917, when it broke off diplomatic relations with
Germany,
814:
The enforcement of these unequal treaties were a tremendous national shock for Japan's leadership as they both curtailed
Japanese sovereignty for the first time in its history and also revealed the nation's growing weakness relative to the West through the latter's successful imposition of such
582:
states that the
Chinese viewed the treaties they signed with Western powers and Russia as unequal "because they were not negotiated by nations treating each other as equals but were imposed on China after a war, and because they encroached upon China's sovereign rights ... which reduced her to
495:
between China and foreign countries that should be counted as unequal." However, within the scope of
Chinese historiographical scholarship, the phrase has typically been defined to refer to the many cases in which China was effectively forced to pay large amounts of financial
895:
As
Japanese dominance over the Korean peninsula grew in the following decades, with respect to the unequal treaties imposed upon the kingdom by the West powers, Korea's diplomatic concessions with those states became largely null and void in 1910, when it was
2321:
713:
On May 20, 1921, China secured with the German-Chinese peace treaty (Deutsch-chinesischer
Vertrag zur Wiederherstellung des Friedenszustandes) a diplomatic accord which was considered the first equal treaty between China and a European nation.
2365:
2402:
815:
agreements upon the island nation. An objective towards the recovery of national status and strength would become an overarching priority for Japan, with the treaty's domestic consequences being the end of the
5231:
883:
with Korea stipulating that Korea was a dependency of China and granted the Chinese extraterritoriality and other privileges, and in subsequent treaties China also obtained concessions in Korea, such as the
4223:
was concluded between Korea and Japan. Korea paid compensation for Japanese losses. Japan and China worked out the Tien-Tsin Treaty, which ensured that both Japanese and Chinese troops withdraw from Korea
860:. After an armed clash ensued around Ganghwa Island where the Japanese force was sent, which resulted in its victory, the incident subsequently forced Korea to open its doors to Japan by signing the
4329:
Note that the Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington, D.C., 1921–1922 identified this as "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904"
653:
competed to convince the public that their approach would be more effective. Germany was forced to terminate its rights, the Soviet Union surrendered them, and the United States organized the
3203:"China knows very well that it had to deal with unequal treaties in the past imposed upon China by Western powers. So China should be sympathetic toward us. They know we cannot afford this."
5295:
807:
for foreign residents. This agreement would then serve as a model for similar treaties to be further signed by Japan with other foreign Western powers in the weeks to follow, such as the
2209:
5851:
360:
Japan and Korea also use the term to refer to several treaties that resulted in a reduction of their national sovereignty. Japan and China signed treaties with Korea such as the
826:
convinced many in the West that unequal treaties could no longer be enforced on Japan as it was a great power in its own right. This view gained more recognition following the
3285:
5129:
5890:
1312:
3237:
1633:
4515:
2176:
796:
2273:
5224:
613:, at least in theory, to reside within China. Foreign residents in the port cities were afforded trials by their own consular authorities rather than the
5895:
5731:
1601:
6195:
1569:
6210:
4094:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
5570:
5310:
3310:
Fravel, M. Taylor (October 1, 2005). "Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes".
6185:
732:
in 1941, China became an ally with the United Kingdom and the United States, which then signed treaties with China to end British and American
5715:
5686:
5305:
4761:
3467:
479:
In China, the term "unequal treaties" first came into use in the early 1920s to describe the historical treaties, still imposed on the then-
5387:
4301:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Denmark. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated July 15, 1902."
4107:
6215:
4926:
4244:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and France. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated June 4, 1886."
4008:
2708:
2265:
2251:
2129:
1913:
1693:
1625:
1372:
1273:
1207:
1007:
962:
872:
599:
283:
5268:
5375:
5360:
788:
of 1633 under unilateral foreign pressure and consequentially, the convention has been seen in a similar light as an unequal treaty.
622:
6180:
5062:
3044:
2985:
745:
694:
After it was determined that the Japanese forces occupying those territories since 1914 would be allowed to retain them under the
3017:
2683:
6220:
6098:
5437:
2547:
741:
4105:"Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules,"
6129:
5370:
4682:
4599:
4136:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Germany and Korea. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated November 23, 1883."
4045:
3863:
3830:
3740:
3605:
3521:
3390:
3217:
1968:
4193:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Italy. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce dated June 26, 1884."
5599:
5350:
5263:
4987:
4282:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Belgium. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated March 23, 1901."
5172:
5002:
4263:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Austria. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated July 23, 1892."
1638:
4174:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Russia. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated June 25, 1884."
609:
Following Qing China's defeat, treaties with Britain opened up five ports to foreign trade, while also allowing foreign
5815:
5184:
5057:
4881:
6104:
5945:
5820:
5177:
4754:
4665:
4018:
3781:
3760:
3682:
3559:
3364:
2407:
1412:
691:
645:, patriotic consciousness in China focused on the treaties, which now became widely known as "unequal treaties." The
630:
568:
480:
5915:
2921:
2876:
2847:
2651:
2105:
1473:
6190:
6032:
5275:
4962:
4848:
2818:
2716:
1098:
444:
776:
reached Japan in 1854 to force open the island nation for American trade, the country was compelled to sign the
6170:
6165:
6160:
5616:
5482:
5250:
4997:
4936:
4906:
4896:
3697:
Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843–1845".
3434:
3152:
3112:
3071:
2953:
2780:
2748:
2620:
2615:
2577:
2497:
880:
861:
365:
361:
183:
38:
4691:
3600:. Michigan classics in Japanese studies. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for Japanese Studies, the Univ. of Michigan.
61:
45:
6050:
5825:
5681:
5365:
5355:
5340:
5335:
5167:
5117:
5097:
5037:
4871:
885:
626:
54:
3846:
Paine, S. C. M. (November 18, 2002). "The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy".
3501:
Deutsch-chinesische Beziehungen 1911-1927: Vom Kolonialismus zur „Gleichberechtigung“. Eine Quellensammlung.
822:
The unequal treaties ended at various times for the countries involved and Japan's victories in the 1894–95
5809:
5587:
5454:
5320:
5214:
4824:
4814:
4747:
3755:
Preston, Peter Wallace. (1998). Blackwell Publishing. Pacific Asia in the Global System: An Introduction.
3232:
3227:
520:
843:
5726:
5709:
5219:
5194:
5157:
5067:
5027:
4779:
4155:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Great Britain and Korea ... dated November 26, 1883."
3265:
749:
654:
4620:
Nish, I. H (1975). "Japan Reverses the Unequal Treaties: The Anglo-Japanese Commercial Treaty of 1894".
4441:
Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905"
6200:
6109:
5555:
4714:
Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes
2785:
2582:
2502:
2223:
1855:
540:
337:
between roughly 1840 to 1950. The term "unequal treaty" became associated with the concept of China's "
4413:
Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905"
4357:
Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904"
6205:
6119:
5838:
5767:
5560:
5092:
5017:
4886:
4804:
4702:
Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922).
4060:
Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922).
3575:
3551:
1444:
897:
536:
4549:
4385:
Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905"
6175:
6040:
5860:
5594:
5565:
5315:
3199:
725:
683:
243:
4713:
4490:
3475:
819:, the 700 years of shogunate rule over Japan, and the establishment of a new imperial government.
5636:
5102:
5087:
4921:
4819:
3878:
I. H. Nish, "Japan Reverses the Unequal Treaties: The Anglo-Japanese Commercial Treaty of 1894,"
3820:
889:
839:
823:
678:
650:
614:
548:
377:
354:
330:
350:
6017:
5905:
5786:
5611:
4829:
4729:
4104:
3212:
2063:
871:
During this period Korea also signed treaties with Qing China and the West powers (such as the
777:
729:
556:
425:
338:
3988:
3985:
3453:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965; Reprinted: Chicago: Imprint Publications, 1990),
772:, Japan was also subject to numerous unequal treaties. When the US expeditionary fleet led by
6091:
5950:
5910:
5577:
5539:
5427:
5407:
5325:
5124:
5107:
4972:
4941:
4876:
4471:
4452:
4424:
4396:
4368:
4340:
4312:
4293:
4274:
4255:
4236:
4207:
4204:
4185:
4166:
4147:
4128:
4086:
4065:
4062:
4035:
3967:
3931:
3911:
3908:
3672:
2840:
2431:
1757:
1662:
1537:
1505:
1466:
830:
in 1905, whereby Japan most notably defeated Russia in a massive humiliation for the latter.
587:
504:
464:
287:
197:
3949:
487:
characterized as the "treaty century" which began in the 1840s. The term was popularized by
448:
6022:
5989:
5955:
5900:
5780:
5762:
5472:
5402:
5209:
4992:
3723:
Oye, David Schimmelpenninck van der (January 1, 2005). "The Immediate Origins of the War".
3242:
2292:
2285:
1341:
1288:
1249:
1191:
721:, the Republic of China unsuccessfully sought to negotiate an end to the unequal treaties.
695:
342:
3797:
564:
8:
6075:
5925:
5865:
5797:
5477:
5330:
5285:
5032:
4911:
4891:
4799:
4687:
4591:
Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy.
4589:
4010:
International Law and Japanese Sovereignty: The Emerging Global Order in the 19th Century
3989:
Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy,
3912:
Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy,
3382:
2398:
2389:
1838:
1497:
983:
804:
733:
708:
618:
572:
452:
318:
311:
3674:
Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy
5960:
5671:
5666:
5492:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5236:
5082:
4901:
4674:
Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes
3710:
3650:
3623:"Yokoi Shōnan's Response to the Foreign Intervention in Late Tokugawa Japan, 1853–1862"
3335:
3247:
2314:
2098:
1936:
1928:
1336:
1169:
827:
792:
484:
275:
4037:
Middle Kingdom and Empire of the Rising Sun: Sino-Japanese Relations, Past and Present
5970:
5965:
5940:
5885:
5880:
5803:
5751:
5656:
5487:
5392:
5290:
5189:
5152:
5077:
5007:
4977:
4931:
4678:
4661:
4595:
4557:
4523:
4041:
4014:
3859:
3826:
3777:
3756:
3736:
3678:
3654:
3642:
3601:
3555:
3517:
3430:
3386:
3360:
3327:
2137:
1380:
1348:
1047:
1015:
938:
781:
769:
603:
516:
405:
373:
3339:
451:," written on slices of the cake, represent those locations in China; a stereotyped
6124:
6007:
5930:
5676:
5397:
5258:
5204:
5047:
5012:
4916:
4841:
4809:
4725:
3851:
3728:
3706:
3634:
3319:
3260:
3195:
2772:
1889:
1790:
1076:
773:
757:
413:
322:
79:
4693:
International law: or, Rules regulating the intercourse of states in peace and war
6139:
6085:
5935:
5920:
5744:
5199:
5162:
5112:
5072:
5022:
4967:
4836:
4673:
4640:
Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China
4320:; excerpt, "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904."
4111:
3176:
3144:
3104:
3063:
3036:
3009:
2977:
2869:
2810:
2607:
2527:
2357:
2343:
2024:
1992:
1960:
1805:
1725:
1529:
1137:
1105:
800:
753:
736:
in January 1943. Significant examples outlasted World War II: treaties regarding
674:
661:
591:
544:
500:
496:
440:
429:
369:
4516:"Analysis | New Malaysian government steps back from spending, Chinese projects"
3198:
criticized the terms of the bilateral infrastructure projects under the Chinese
838:
Korea's first unequal treaty was not with the West, but instead with Japan. The
6002:
5875:
5641:
5604:
5052:
5042:
4982:
4585:
3668:
3622:
3323:
2740:
2540:
2444:
2243:
2169:
2161:
1742:
1669:
1593:
1561:
1436:
1404:
1304:
1224:
1161:
1129:
808:
718:
699:
524:
512:
472:
468:
417:
401:
397:
299:
100:
4633:
Japan Comes of Age: Mutsu Munemitsu & the Revision of the Unequal Treaties
3732:
3638:
6154:
6114:
6080:
6045:
5661:
5651:
5467:
4858:
4561:
4527:
3855:
3646:
3331:
2914:
2675:
2570:
2458:
2210:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Japan
2202:
2086:
1773:
1709:
1241:
1069:
1039:
876:
857:
849:
552:
432:
409:
376:
also began enforcing unequal treaties against China after its victory in the
295:
291:
483:, that were signed through the period of time which the American sinologist
388:
380:
for influence over Korea as well as China's coastal ports and territories.
6134:
5831:
5773:
5462:
5444:
5300:
4770:
4733:
4476:
4457:
4429:
4401:
4373:
4345:
4317:
4298:
4279:
4260:
4241:
4214:
4190:
4171:
4152:
4133:
4091:
4072:
3995:
3972:
3954:
3936:
3918:
3255:
3222:
2644:
2000:
976:
852:
with the implied threat of military action to coerce the Korean kingdom of
595:
579:
528:
303:
271:
86:
4615:
784:. This event abruptly terminated Japan's 220 years of seclusion under the
6070:
5791:
5512:
5507:
4707:
4603:
642:
488:
436:
334:
4645:
Wang, Dong (2003). "The Discourse of Unequal Treaties in Modern China".
3576:"FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: DIPLOMATIC PAPERS, 1943, CHINA"
3451:
After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921–1931
368:, with each granting privileges to the former parties concerning Korea.
270:
were a series of agreements made between Asian countries – most notably
5738:
5582:
5532:
5502:
5345:
4697:
704:
646:
610:
326:
4739:
4550:"'We Cannot Afford This': Malaysia Pushes Back Against China's Vision"
459:
5527:
5517:
4075:; excerpt, "Treaty Between Japan and Korea, dated February 26, 1876."
737:
116:
682:
thereby terminating the concessions it had given that country, with
571:
etc.), and make various other concessions of sovereignty to foreign
6012:
5757:
5704:
5646:
5522:
5497:
3191:
421:
123:
2322:
Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between Austria and Japan
2231:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Russian Empire and Japan
888:. However, Qing China lost its influence over Korea following the
752:, the People's Republic of China was forced to reconfirm the 1858
333:
used the concept to characterize the Chinese experience of losing
5997:
2945:
2900:
1821:
560:
2177:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan
724:
Many treaties China considered unequal were repealed during the
586:
The earliest treaty later referred to as "unequal" was the 1841
1881:
853:
816:
785:
532:
508:
346:
307:
279:
146:
3381:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
499:, open up ports for trade, cede or lease territories (such as
5721:
5280:
2252:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between British Empire and Japan
220:
160:
5891:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
5380:
4704:
Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament.
4066:
Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament,
3774:
The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea
4491:"Malaysian backlash tests China's Belt and Road ambitions"
2293:
Prussian-Japanese Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation
803:, which, among other concessions, established a system of
668:
2366:
Spanish-Japanese Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation
471:, during a celebration ceremony after the signing of the
128:
3776:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 54.
621:. Under the treaties, the UK and the US established the
3238:
List of treaties of China before the People's Republic
636:
248:
4432:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905."
2274:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan
105:
91:
4658:
China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History
3495:
3493:
3414:
China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History
3357:
China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History
2403:
Convention of retrocession of the Liaodong Peninsula
903:
353:, and continues to serve as a major impetus for the
202:
188:
5896:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
4479:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 20, 1910."
4404:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905."
4348:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904."
3379:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
1602:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
3445:
3443:
1570:Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula
4460:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated July 24, 1907."
4376:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905."
3667:
3490:
6152:
3891:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
2699:
2256:
2120:
1904:
1684:
1616:
1363:
1264:
1198:
998:
953:
799:of 1858, negotiated by the eponymous U.S. envoy
3596:Hall, John Whitney; Hall, John Whitney (1991).
3440:
1232:
1030:
5296:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
3359:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 1–2.
2414:
2370:
2326:
2297:
2184:
2142:
2110:
2068:
225:
5716:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
5687:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
4755:
4706:Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
4202:Yi, Kwang-gyu and Joseph P. Linskey. (2003).
3677:. Harvard University Press. pp. 17, 44.
3548:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty
3429:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 239.
3399:
3290:Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe
2214:
2005:
1973:
1941:
1894:
1846:
1674:
1645:
1606:
1574:
1542:
1510:
1478:
1449:
1417:
1385:
1353:
1317:
1254:
1174:
1142:
1110:
1081:
1052:
1020:
988:
943:
665:they renegotiate all of them on equal terms.
306:, the relinquishment of the right to control
59:
43:
3725:The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective
3157:
3124:
3117:
3084:
3077:
2990:
2958:
2926:
2881:
2852:
2823:
2791:
2753:
2721:
2689:
2656:
2626:
2621:Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules
2588:
2552:
2508:
879:). In the case of Qing China, it signed the
165:
151:
782:threat of violence by the American warships
4762:
4748:
3503:Berlin, Akademie-Verlag 2006, S. 221.
3185:
1488:
16:Series of treaties imposed on Asian states
6196:History of the foreign relations of Japan
5376:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2936:
2891:
2666:
2449:
1812:
1764:
1327:
623:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
282:and Western countries – most notably the
6211:Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan
5225:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3620:
3595:
3539:
2731:
2435:
2234:
2152:
1872:
1733:
1584:
1552:
1506:Treaty of Shimonoseki (Treaty of Maguan)
1427:
1395:
1295:
1215:
1152:
1120:
467:inside the Chinese imperial palace, the
458:
387:
5832:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
4769:
4040:. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
4006:
3545:
3167:
3135:
3095:
3054:
3027:
3000:
2968:
2801:
2763:
2598:
2518:
2380:
2348:
2015:
1983:
1951:
1919:
1829:
1781:
1716:
1520:
669:Towards the end of the unequal treaties
6153:
4033:
3598:Japan: from prehistory to modern times
3416:(Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2005).
3351:
3349:
3309:
750:military skirmishes along their border
394:China – the cake of Kings and Emperors
6186:Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
6130:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
5371:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
4743:
4660:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
4594:Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
4547:
4488:
4117:Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85–120.
3845:
3825:. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 97.
3818:
3376:
3218:China Centenary Missionary Conference
1969:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement
930: English name
791:Another significant incident was the
455:reacts with horror in the background.
5351:Ministry of Posts and Communications
4613:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3771:
3370:
3045:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1905
2986:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
392:A French political cartoon in 1898,
6099:History of Qing (People's Republic)
4608:
4115:Journal of Northeast Asian History,
3722:
3346:
3018:Japan–Korea Agreement of April 1905
2684:United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883
2467:
2033:
908:
842:in 1875 saw Japan send the warship
703:the collapse of the cabinet of the
637:Chinese post-World War I resentment
13:
5816:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
5185:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
5178:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
5058:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4882:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3872:
3749:
3699:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2548:United States–Korea Treaty of 1882
14:
6232:
6105:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
5946:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
5821:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
4973:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
4609:Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (1970).
4548:Beech, Hannah (August 20, 2018).
3822:A New Modern History of East Asia
904:Selected list of unequal treaties
310:and imports, and the granting of
5916:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
5232:Articles of Favourable Treatment
4988:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
3169:
3137:
3097:
3056:
3029:
3002:
2970:
2938:
2907:
2893:
2863:
2834:
2803:
2765:
2733:
2701:
2668:
2637:
2600:
2563:
2534:
2520:
2451:
2437:
2425:
2382:
2350:
2337:
2308:
2279:
2258:
2236:
2216:
2195:
2154:
2122:
2106:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty
2092:
2079:
2017:
1985:
1953:
1921:
1906:
1874:
1848:
1831:
1814:
1799:
1783:
1766:
1751:
1735:
1718:
1702:
1686:
1656:
1618:
1586:
1554:
1522:
1490:
1474:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1460:
1429:
1397:
1365:
1329:
1297:
1282:
1266:
1234:
1217:
1200:
1185:
1154:
1122:
1092:
1063:
1032:
1000:
969:
955:
578:The Chinese-American sinologist
6181:History of European colonialism
4963:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
4849:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
4642:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
4579:
4541:
4508:
4482:
4463:
4444:
4435:
4416:
4407:
4388:
4379:
4360:
4351:
4332:
4323:
4304:
4285:
4266:
4247:
4228:
4196:
4177:
4158:
4139:
4120:
4097:
4078:
4054:
4027:
4000:
3977:
3959:
3941:
3923:
3900:
3885:
3839:
3812:
3790:
3765:
3716:
3691:
3661:
3614:
3589:
3568:
3526:
3506:
3474:. June 25, 1928. Archived from
730:Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
594:. The first treaty between the
129:
6216:China–Russian Empire relations
5617:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
4907:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
4677:. Princeton University Press.
3798:"Guide to Incheon's Chinatown"
3460:
3419:
3303:
3278:
2006:
1974:
1942:
1895:
1675:
1646:
1607:
1575:
1543:
1511:
1479:
1450:
1418:
1386:
1354:
1318:
1255:
1175:
1143:
1111:
1082:
1053:
1021:
989:
944:
684:China declaring war on Germany
575:, following military threats.
249:
203:
189:
106:
92:
60:
44:
1:
6221:Extraterritorial jurisdiction
6051:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
5826:Islam during the Qing dynasty
5682:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
5366:Provincial military commander
5356:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
5341:Imperial Household Department
5168:Preparative Constitutionalism
4872:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4696:. New York: D. Van Nostrand.
3286:"Unequal Treaties with China"
3271:
886:Chinese concession of Incheon
744:, though in 1969, to improve
627:United States Court for China
343:concessions to foreign powers
5810:Researches on Manchu Origins
5215:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
4825:Transition from Ming to Qing
4815:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
4489:Bland, Ben (June 24, 2018).
4034:Dreyer, June Teufel (2016).
3621:Miyauchi, D. Y. (May 1970).
3512:Dreyer, June Teufel (2015).
3425:Hsu, Immanuel C. Y. (1970).
3233:List of Chinese treaty ports
3228:Foreign concessions in China
2922:Denmark–Korea Treaty of 1902
2877:Belgium–Korea Treaty of 1901
2848:Austria–Korea Treaty of 1892
2652:Germany–Korea Treaty of 1883
1863:Sino-Swedish Treaty of 1908
555:and concession territory in
7:
5710:Changzhou School of Thought
5220:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
5195:Railway Protection Movement
5173:1909 Parliamentary election
5158:British expedition to Tibet
5068:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
5028:Self-Strengthening Movement
5003:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
4622:Journal of Oriental Studies
4208:Korean Traditional Culture,
3880:Journal of Oriental Studies
3266:Western imperialism in Asia
3206:
2819:France–Korea Treaty of 1886
2717:Russia–Korea Treaty of 1884
2397:Retrocession following the
707:government and lead to the
130:bat1 ping4 dang2 tiu4 joek3
10:
6237:
6110:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
4998:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
4937:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
4927:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
4897:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
4730:10.1162/016228805775124534
4712:Fravel, M. Taylor (2005).
4671:Fravel, M. Taylor (2008).
3983:Auslin, Michael R. (2004)
3906:Auslin, Michael R. (2004)
3848:Cambridge University Press
3468:"CHINA: Nationalist Notes"
3324:10.1162/016228805775124534
3153:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
3113:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
3072:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
2954:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
2905:
2781:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
2749:Italy–Korea Treaty of 1884
2616:China–Korea Treaty of 1882
2578:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
2532:
2498:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
2090:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1413:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
967:
881:China–Korea Treaty of 1882
866:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
366:China–Korea Treaty of 1882
362:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
6120:Names of the Qing dynasty
6063:
6031:
5988:
5981:
5850:
5768:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
5695:
5627:
5548:
5453:
5249:
5140:
5098:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
5093:Gongche Shangshu movement
5038:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
4950:
4887:Chinese Rites controversy
4857:
4787:
4778:
4007:Howland, Douglas (2016).
3892:Ingemar Ottosson (2019).
3733:10.1163/9789047407041_008
3639:10.1017/s0026749x00011938
3552:Stanford University Press
3158:
3125:
3118:
3085:
3078:
2991:
2959:
2927:
2882:
2853:
2824:
2792:
2754:
2722:
2690:
2686:
2657:
2627:
2589:
2553:
2509:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2415:
2396:
2371:
2364:
2347:
2327:
2320:
2298:
2291:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2143:
2136:
2111:
2104:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
1918:
1445:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
1313:Treaty of Tientsin (1861)
1260:
1253:
1248:
1180:
1173:
1170:Treaty of Tientsin (1858)
1168:
933: Chinese name
924:
921:
918:
915:
742:Hong Kong's 1997 handover
602:termed "unequal" was the
537:Kwantung Leased Territory
260:
242:
237:
233:
226:
219:
214:
196:
182:
177:
173:
166:
159:
152:
145:
140:
122:
115:
99:
85:
78:
73:
69:
53:
37:
32:
28:
23:
6041:Great Qing Treasure Note
5861:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
5571:Administrative divisions
5388:Administrative divisions
5316:Flag of the Qing dynasty
4611:The Rise of Modern China
4110:October 5, 2011, at the
3856:10.1017/CBO9780511550188
3819:Fuchs, Eckhardt (2017).
3514:China's Political System
3427:The Rise of Modern China
3200:Belt and Road Initiative
862:Treaty of Ganghwa Island
833:
763:
740:remained in place until
726:Second Sino-Japanese War
590:negotiations during the
383:
108:pu pʻing teng tʻiao yüeh
39:Traditional Chinese
5637:Chengde Mountain Resort
5438:Three Eastern Provinces
5088:First Sino-Japanese War
5063:Northern Chinese Famine
4922:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
4820:Qing invasion of Joseon
4631:Perez, Louis G (1999).
3882:(1975) 13#2 pp 137-146.
3534:Encyclopædia Britannica
3532:"May Fourth Movement".
3377:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
3186:Modern rhetorical usage
2628:조청상민수륙무역장정 (朝淸商民水陸貿易章程)
1634:Treaty of Kwangchow Wan
890:First Sino-Japanese War
840:Ganghwa Island incident
824:First Sino-Japanese War
795:'s capitulation to the
728:(1937-1945). After the
698:, the Chinese delegate
679:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
677:and the signing of the
651:Chinese Communist Party
549:Jiaozhou Bay concession
378:First Sino-Japanese War
355:foreign policy of China
331:Chinese Communist Party
325:in the 1920s, both the
55:Simplified Chinese
6191:Free trade imperialism
6018:Great Qing Copper Coin
5906:Convention of Tientsin
5839:Annotated Bibliography
5787:Qing official headwear
4830:Battle of Shanhai Pass
4718:International Security
4638:Ringmar, Erik (2013).
3546:Laikwan, Pang (2024).
3312:International Security
3213:Century of humiliation
2064:Convention of Kanagawa
778:Convention of Kanagawa
583:semicolonial status".
476:
456:
339:century of humiliation
6171:19th century in Korea
6166:19th century in Japan
6161:19th century in China
6092:Draft History of Qing
5951:Treaty of Shimonoseki
5732:performance criticism
5336:Imperial Commissioner
5326:Great Qing Legal Code
5125:Eight-Nation Alliance
5108:Third plague pandemic
5018:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
4942:White Lotus Rebellion
4688:Halleck, Henry Wager.
4656:Wang, Dong. (2005).
746:Sino-Soviet relations
655:Washington Conference
588:Convention of Chuenpi
505:Outer Northwest China
465:Eight-Nation Alliance
462:
391:
314:to foreign citizens.
6023:Great Qing Gold Coin
5956:Treaty of Tarbagatai
5901:Convention of Peking
5781:Pentaglot Dictionary
5763:Literary inquisition
5473:Ever Victorious Army
5306:Deliberative Council
5210:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
5163:1905 Batang uprising
5103:Hundred Days' Reform
4993:Small Swords Society
3772:Duus, Peter (1998).
3627:Modern Asian Studies
3516:. Routledge. p. 60.
3478:on November 21, 2010
3355:Wang, Dong. (2005).
3243:Most favoured nation
1342:Deutscher Zollverein
1250:Convention of Peking
864:, also known as the
696:Treaty of Versailles
686:on August 17, 1917.
615:Chinese legal system
573:spheres of influence
204:pulp'yŏngdŭng choyak
190:bulpyeongdeung joyak
184:Revised Romanization
6076:Anti-Qing sentiment
5926:Treaty of the Bogue
5866:Treaty of Nerchinsk
5798:Complete Tang Poems
5478:Green Standard Army
5361:Provincial governor
5331:Imperial Clan Court
5311:Diplomatic missions
5286:Consultative Bureau
5033:Tongzhi Restoration
4912:Afaqi Khoja revolts
4892:Ten Great Campaigns
4800:Jurchen unification
4734:ISSN 0162-2889
3383:Bloomsbury Academic
2928:조덴수호통상조약 (朝丁修好通商條約)
2883:조벨수호통상조약 (朝白修好通商條約)
2854:조오수호통상조약 (朝奧修好通商條約)
2825:조불수호통상조약 (朝佛修好通商條約)
2755:조이수호통상조약 (朝伊修好通商條約)
2723:조로수호통상조약 (朝露修好通商條約)
2691:조영수호통상조약 (朝英修好通商條約)
2658:조독수호통상조약 (朝獨修好通商條約)
2554:조미수호통상조약 (朝美修好通商條約)
2399:Triple Intervention
984:Treaty of the Bogue
805:extraterritoriality
734:extraterritoriality
657:to negotiate them.
619:extraterritoriality
617:, a concept termed
319:Chinese nationalism
312:extraterritoriality
93:bù-píngděng tiáoyuē
5961:Treaty of Tientsin
5672:Western Qing tombs
5667:Eastern Qing tombs
5493:Peking Field Force
5237:Manchu Restoration
5130:Declaration of war
5083:Jindandao incident
4902:Lhasa riot of 1750
4586:Auslin, Michael R.
4554:The New York Times
3709::10.2307/2718461.
3119:제3차 한일협약 (第三次韓日協約)
3079:제2차 한일협약 (第二次韓日協約)
2992:제1차 한일협약 (第一次韓日協約)
2786:Treaty of Hanseong
2583:Treaty of Chemulpo
2099:Tokugawa shogunate
1937:Twenty-One Demands
828:Russo-Japanese War
793:Tokugawa Shogunate
692:Republic of China.
477:
457:
341:", especially the
6201:Lists of treaties
6148:
6147:
6059:
6058:
5971:Treaty of Whampoa
5966:Treaty of Wanghia
5941:Treaty of Nanking
5911:Li–Lobanov Treaty
5886:Chefoo Convention
5881:Burlingame Treaty
5752:Kangxi Dictionary
5657:Old Summer Palace
5488:Firearm Battalion
5291:Cup of Solid Gold
5245:
5244:
5190:Manchurian plague
5153:Late Qing reforms
5144:(1901–1912)
5078:Sikkim expedition
5008:Panthay Rebellion
4978:Taiping Rebellion
4954:(1801–1900)
4932:Sino-Nepalese War
4877:Dzungar–Qing Wars
4863:(1683–1799)
4791:(1616–1683)
4683:978-1-4008-2887-6
4600:978-0-674-01521-0
4047:978-0-19-537566-4
3865:978-0-521-81714-1
3832:978-3-7370-0708-5
3742:978-90-474-0704-1
3669:Michael R. Auslin
3607:978-0-939512-54-6
3522:978-1-317-34964-8
3392:978-1-350-23394-2
3183:
3182:
2503:Treaty of Ganghwa
2465:
2464:
2138:Treaty of Shimoda
2031:
2030:
1929:Republic of China
1538:Li–Lobanov Treaty
1381:Treaty of Livadia
1349:Chefoo Convention
1048:Treaty of Whampoa
1016:Treaty of Wanghia
939:Treaty of Nanking
770:Meiji Restoration
709:May 4th movement.
647:Nationalist Party
604:Treaty of Nanjing
481:Republic of China
406:Kaiser Wilhelm II
374:Meiji Restoration
349:autonomy through
317:With the rise of
264:
263:
256:
255:
210:
209:
198:McCune–Reischauer
136:
135:
80:Standard Mandarin
6228:
6206:Unequal treaties
6125:New Qing History
6008:Qianlong Tongbao
5986:
5985:
5931:Treaty of Canton
5871:Unequal treaties
5677:Fuling Mausoleum
5276:Advisory Council
5205:Wuchang Uprising
5145:
5048:Tianjin Massacre
5013:Second Opium War
4955:
4917:Sino-Burmese War
4864:
4842:Battle of Penghu
4810:Seven Grievances
4792:
4785:
4784:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4614:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4486:
4480:
4469:Korean Mission,
4467:
4461:
4450:Korean Mission,
4448:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4422:Korean Mission,
4420:
4414:
4411:
4405:
4394:Korean Mission,
4392:
4386:
4383:
4377:
4366:Korean Mission,
4364:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4338:Korean Mission,
4336:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4310:Korean Mission,
4308:
4302:
4291:Korean Mission,
4289:
4283:
4272:Korean Mission,
4270:
4264:
4253:Korean Mission,
4251:
4245:
4234:Korean Mission,
4232:
4226:
4200:
4194:
4183:Korean Mission,
4181:
4175:
4164:Korean Mission,
4162:
4156:
4145:Korean Mission,
4143:
4137:
4126:Korean Mission,
4124:
4118:
4101:
4095:
4084:Korean Mission,
4082:
4076:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4004:
3998:
3981:
3975:
3963:
3957:
3945:
3939:
3927:
3921:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3894:Möten i monsunen
3889:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3769:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3720:
3714:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3550:. Stanford, CA:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3464:
3458:
3447:
3438:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3374:
3368:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3282:
3261:Sick man of Asia
3196:Mahathir Mohamad
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3160:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2962:
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2948:
2944:
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2913:
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2839:
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2795:
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2592:
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2569:
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2555:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2472:
2471:
2468:Imposed on Korea
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2417:
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2240:
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2188:
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2164:
2160:
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2146:
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2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2038:
2037:
2034:Imposed on Japan
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1890:Simla Convention
1884:
1880:
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1858:
1854:
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1841:
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1227:
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1190:
1189:
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1177:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1077:Treaty of Canton
1068:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1003:
992:
991:
975:
973:
972:
965:
961:
959:
958:
947:
946:
913:
912:
909:Imposed on China
898:annexed by Japan
758:Treaty of Peking
485:John K. Fairbank
414:Tsar Nicholas II
345:and the loss of
323:anti-imperialism
268:unequal treaties
252:
251:
235:
234:
229:
228:
206:
205:
192:
191:
175:
174:
169:
168:
155:
154:
132:
131:
111:
110:
109:
95:
94:
71:
70:
65:
64:
49:
48:
24:Unequal treaties
21:
20:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6176:Boxer Rebellion
6151:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6140:Willow Palisade
6086:Chuang Guandong
6055:
6027:
5977:
5936:Treaty of Kulja
5921:Treaty of Aigun
5854:
5846:
5745:History of Ming
5697:
5691:
5629:
5623:
5549:Special regions
5544:
5483:Imperial Guards
5449:
5241:
5200:1911 Revolution
5146:
5143:
5136:
5113:Boxer Rebellion
5073:Sino-French War
5023:Amur Annexation
4968:First Opium War
4956:
4953:
4946:
4865:
4862:
4853:
4837:Great Clearance
4793:
4790:
4774:
4768:
4647:Pacific Affairs
4582:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4530:
4520:Washington Post
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4495:Financial Times
4487:
4483:
4468:
4464:
4449:
4445:
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4421:
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4393:
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4333:
4328:
4324:
4309:
4305:
4290:
4286:
4271:
4267:
4252:
4248:
4233:
4229:
4221:Hanseong Treaty
4201:
4197:
4182:
4178:
4163:
4159:
4144:
4140:
4125:
4121:
4112:Wayback Machine
4103:Moon, Myungki.
4102:
4098:
4083:
4079:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4005:
4001:
3982:
3978:
3964:
3960:
3946:
3942:
3928:
3924:
3905:
3901:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3800:. March 3, 2022
3796:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3770:
3766:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3721:
3717:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3666:
3662:
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3615:
3608:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3544:
3540:
3531:
3527:
3511:
3507:
3499:Andreas Steen:
3498:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3441:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3400:
3393:
3375:
3371:
3354:
3347:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3209:
3194:prime minister
3188:
3170:
3168:
3159:한일병합조약 (韓日倂合條約)
3138:
3136:
3122:
3098:
3096:
3082:
3074:
3057:
3055:
3030:
3028:
3003:
3001:
2971:
2969:
2939:
2937:
2908:
2906:
2894:
2892:
2870:Austria-Hungary
2864:
2862:
2835:
2833:
2804:
2802:
2783:
2766:
2764:
2734:
2732:
2702:
2700:
2669:
2667:
2638:
2636:
2618:
2601:
2599:
2580:
2564:
2562:
2535:
2533:
2521:
2519:
2500:
2470:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2405:
2401:
2383:
2381:
2351:
2349:
2344:Austria-Hungary
2338:
2336:
2309:
2307:
2280:
2278:
2259:
2257:
2237:
2235:
2217:
2215:
2196:
2194:
2180:(Harris Treaty)
2155:
2153:
2123:
2121:
2093:
2091:
2080:
2078:
2036:
2018:
2016:
1986:
1984:
1954:
1952:
1922:
1920:
1907:
1905:
1875:
1873:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1813:
1806:Austria-Hungary
1800:
1798:
1784:
1782:
1767:
1765:
1752:
1750:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1717:
1703:
1701:
1687:
1685:
1657:
1655:
1636:
1619:
1617:
1587:
1585:
1555:
1553:
1523:
1521:
1491:
1489:
1461:
1459:
1430:
1428:
1398:
1396:
1366:
1364:
1330:
1328:
1298:
1296:
1283:
1281:
1267:
1265:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1199:
1186:
1184:
1155:
1153:
1138:Treaty of Aigun
1123:
1121:
1106:Treaty of Kulja
1093:
1091:
1064:
1062:
1033:
1031:
1001:
999:
970:
968:
956:
954:
911:
906:
848:led by Captain
836:
801:Townsend Harris
766:
754:Treaty of Aigun
748:in the wake of
675:Boxer Rebellion
671:
662:Chiang Kai-shek
639:
592:First Opium War
545:Empire of Japan
501:Outer Manchuria
441:Emperor Guangxu
386:
250:fu byōdō jōyaku
107:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6234:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6003:Kangxi Tongbao
6000:
5994:
5992:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5876:Boxer Protocol
5868:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Forbidden City
5639:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5605:General of Ili
5602:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5588:List of ambans
5585:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5053:Margary Affair
5050:
5045:
5043:Mudan incident
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Nian Rebellion
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4710:
4700:
4685:
4669:
4654:
4643:
4636:
4635:. p. 244.
4629:
4618:
4616:OCLC 300287988
4606:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4540:
4507:
4481:
4462:
4443:
4434:
4415:
4406:
4387:
4378:
4359:
4350:
4331:
4322:
4303:
4284:
4265:
4246:
4227:
4219:The so-called
4195:
4176:
4157:
4138:
4119:
4096:
4077:
4053:
4046:
4026:
4019:
3999:
3976:
3958:
3940:
3922:
3899:
3884:
3871:
3864:
3838:
3831:
3811:
3789:
3782:
3764:
3748:
3741:
3715:
3713: 2718461.
3690:
3683:
3660:
3633:(3): 269–290.
3613:
3606:
3588:
3567:
3560:
3538:
3525:
3505:
3489:
3459:
3439:
3418:
3398:
3391:
3369:
3345:
3302:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3165:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3133:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3093:
3090:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2966:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2904:
2889:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2831:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2799:
2796:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2729:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2709:United Kingdom
2697:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2664:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2634:
2631:
2624:
2612:
2611:
2596:
2593:
2590:제물포 조약 (濟物浦條約)
2586:
2574:
2573:
2560:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:Joseon dynasty
2531:
2516:
2513:
2510:강화도 조약 (江華島條約)
2506:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2422:
2419:
2412:
2394:
2393:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2346:
2334:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:United Kingdom
2254:
2248:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:Ansei Treaties
2166:
2165:
2150:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:United Kingdom
2118:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2058:Japanese name
2056:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2013:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1917:
1914:United Kingdom
1902:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1843:
1842:
1826:
1825:
1809:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1730:
1729:
1713:
1712:
1698:
1697:
1694:United Kingdom
1682:
1679:
1672:
1670:Boxer Protocol
1666:
1665:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1626:United Kingdom
1614:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1518:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:United Kingdom
1361:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1292:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1274:United Kingdom
1262:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1228:
1212:
1211:
1208:United Kingdom
1195:
1194:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1118:
1115:
1108:
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1101:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1008:United Kingdom
996:
993:
986:
980:
979:
966:
963:United Kingdom
951:
948:
941:
935:
934:
931:
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
910:
907:
905:
902:
873:United Kingdom
835:
832:
809:Ansei Treaties
765:
762:
719:Nanjing period
700:Wellington Koo
670:
667:
638:
635:
600:United Kingdom
525:United Kingdom
513:Russian Empire
473:Boxer Protocol
469:Forbidden City
398:Queen Victoria
385:
382:
284:United Kingdom
276:Tokugawa Japan
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
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246:
240:
239:
238:Transcriptions
231:
230:
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186:
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178:Transcriptions
171:
170:
163:
157:
156:
149:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
117:Yue: Cantonese
113:
112:
103:
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
76:
75:
74:Transcriptions
67:
66:
57:
51:
50:
41:
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6233:
6222:
6219:
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6214:
6212:
6209:
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6199:
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6179:
6177:
6174:
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6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6115:Manchu people
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6081:Canton System
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6046:Hubu Guanpiao
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6019:
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5771:
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5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:Society &
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Summer Palace
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5652:Mukden Palace
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5628:Palaces &
5626:
5618:
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5598:
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5494:
5491:
5489:
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5484:
5481:
5479:
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5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Eight Banners
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
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5443:
5439:
5436:
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5347:
5344:
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5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
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5321:Grand Council
5319:
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5309:
5307:
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5299:
5297:
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5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
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5150:
5148:
5141:20th century
5139:
5131:
5128:
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5123:
5119:
5116:
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5001:
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4991:
4989:
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4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4951:19th century
4949:
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4908:
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4777:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:OCLC 12923609
4705:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4666:9780739112083
4663:
4659:
4655:
4653:(3): 399–425.
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4628:(2): 137–146.
4627:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4604:OCLC 56493769
4601:
4597:
4593:
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4093:
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4063:
4057:
4049:
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4038:
4030:
4022:
4020:9781137567772
4016:
4012:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3994:, p. 154, at
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3895:
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3875:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3804:September 30,
3799:
3793:
3785:
3783:0-52092-090-2
3779:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3761:0-631-20238-2
3758:
3752:
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3738:
3734:
3730:
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3708:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3686:
3684:9780674020313
3680:
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3561:9781503638815
3557:
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3519:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3449:Akira Iriye,
3446:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3365:9780739112083
3362:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3333:
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3325:
3321:
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3291:
3287:
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3134:
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3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2967:
2964:
2960:한일의정서 (韓日議定書)
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2935:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:Korean Empire
2902:
2890:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2861:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2846:
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2614:
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2609:
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2584:
2579:
2576:
2575:
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2571:United States
2561:
2558:
2551:
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2546:
2545:
2542:
2529:
2517:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
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2489:English name
2488:
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2460:
2446:
2433:
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2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
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2303:
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2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2230:
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2208:
2207:
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2203:United States
2193:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2088:
2087:United States
2077:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:English name
2053:
2039:
2026:
2014:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1950:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1915:
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1749:
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1710:United States
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1242:United States
1231:
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1209:
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1183:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1151:
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1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1119:
1116:
1112:中俄伊犁塔爾巴哈臺通商章程
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:Sweden-Norway
1090:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:United States
1029:
1026:
1019:
1017:
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987:
985:
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937:
936:
932:
929:
928:
914:
901:
899:
893:
891:
887:
882:
878:
877:United States
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
858:show of force
855:
851:
850:Inoue Yoshika
847:
846:
841:
831:
829:
825:
820:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:Harris Treaty
794:
789:
787:
786:Sakoku policy
783:
779:
775:
774:Matthew Perry
771:
768:Prior to the
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
715:
711:
710:
706:
701:
697:
693:
687:
685:
680:
676:
666:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:German Empire
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
482:
474:
470:
466:
461:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Emperor Meiji
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:United States
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
259:
247:
245:
241:
236:
232:
224:
222:
218:
215:Japanese name
213:
201:
199:
195:
187:
185:
181:
176:
172:
164:
162:
158:
150:
148:
144:
139:
127:
125:
121:
118:
114:
104:
102:
98:
90:
88:
84:
81:
77:
72:
68:
63:
58:
56:
52:
47:
42:
40:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
6135:Treaty ports
6097:
6090:
6064:Other topics
5870:
5837:
5830:
5808:
5796:
5779:
5774:Peiwen Yunfu
5772:
5750:
5743:
5714:
5463:Beiyang Army
5445:Zongli Yamen
5301:Da-Qing Bank
5118:Red Lanterns
4771:Qing dynasty
4724:(2): 46–83.
4721:
4717:
4703:
4692:
4672:
4657:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4621:
4610:
4590:
4580:Bibliography
4565:. Retrieved
4553:
4543:
4531:. Retrieved
4519:
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4494:
4484:
4477:Google Books
4475:, p. 36, at
4470:
4465:
4458:Google Books
4456:, p. 35, at
4451:
4446:
4437:
4430:Google Books
4428:, p. 35, at
4423:
4418:
4409:
4402:Google Books
4400:, p. 35, at
4395:
4390:
4381:
4374:Google Books
4372:, p. 35, at
4367:
4362:
4353:
4346:Google Books
4344:, p. 35, at
4339:
4334:
4325:
4318:Google Books
4316:, p. 34, at
4311:
4306:
4299:Google Books
4297:, p. 32, at
4292:
4287:
4280:Google Books
4278:, p. 32, at
4273:
4268:
4261:Google Books
4259:, p. 32, at
4254:
4249:
4242:Google Books
4240:, p. 32, at
4235:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4217:; excerpt, "
4215:Google Books
4213:, p. 63, at
4209:
4203:
4198:
4191:Google Books
4189:, p. 32, at
4184:
4179:
4172:Google Books
4170:, p. 32, at
4165:
4160:
4153:Google Books
4151:, p. 32, at
4146:
4141:
4134:Google Books
4132:, p. 32, at
4127:
4122:
4114:
4099:
4092:Google Books
4090:, p. 29, at
4085:
4080:
4073:Google Books
4071:, p. 33, at
4067:
4061:
4056:
4036:
4029:
4013:. Springer.
4009:
4002:
3996:Google Books
3990:
3984:
3979:
3973:Google Books
3971:, p. 71, at
3966:
3961:
3955:Google Books
3948:
3943:
3937:Google Books
3935:, p. 30, at
3930:
3925:
3919:Google Books
3917:, p. 17, at
3913:
3907:
3902:
3893:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3847:
3841:
3821:
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3792:
3773:
3767:
3751:
3724:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3673:
3663:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3597:
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3570:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:the original
3471:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3426:
3421:
3413:
3378:
3372:
3356:
3318:(2): 46–83.
3315:
3311:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3289:
3280:
3256:Puppet state
3248:
3223:Client state
3189:
2645:Qing dynasty
2492:Korean name
2179:
2001:Tanggu Truce
977:Qing dynasty
894:
870:
865:
856:through the
844:
837:
821:
813:
790:
767:
723:
716:
712:
690:back to the
688:
672:
659:
640:
611:missionaries
608:
596:Qing dynasty
585:
580:Immanuel Hsu
577:
529:Guangzhouwan
493:
478:
393:
359:
351:treaty ports
316:
304:treaty ports
280:Joseon Korea
267:
265:
244:Romanization
87:Hanyu Pinyin
33:Chinese name
18:
6071:Aisin Gioro
6033:Paper money
5792:Qing poetry
5513:Wuwei Corps
5508:Shuishiying
5269:Family tree
4698:OCLC 852699
3953:, p. 1, at
3705:: 102–124.
3412:Dong Wang,
3126:정미조약 (丁未條約)
3086:을사조약 (乙巳條約)
2793:한성조약 (漢城條約)
2484:Imposed on
2406: [
2224:Netherlands
2050:Imposed on
1856:Netherlands
1637: [
1340:, also for
925:Imposed on
717:During the
643:World War I
507:(including
497:reparations
489:Sun Yat-sen
449:Port-Arthur
445:Kiao-Tchéou
335:sovereignty
141:Korean name
6155:Categories
5739:Four Wangs
5630:mausoleums
5583:Golden Urn
5556:Inner Asia
5533:Xiang Army
5503:Hushenying
5428:Liangguang
5408:Liangjiang
5346:Lifan Yuan
5251:Government
3435:0195012402
3272:References
2372:日西修好通商航海条約
2328:日墺修好通商航海条約
1975:中日共同防敵軍事協定
780:under the
705:Duan Qirui
673:After the
396:, showing
372:after the
327:Kuomintang
272:Qing China
101:Wade–Giles
5561:Manchuria
5528:Huai Army
5518:Yong Ying
5403:Shaan-Gan
4859:High Qing
4805:Later Jin
4567:March 22,
4562:0362-4331
4533:March 22,
4528:0190-8286
4500:March 22,
3950:pp. 1, 7.
3727:: 23–44.
3655:145055046
3647:0026-749X
3482:April 11,
3332:0162-2889
3249:Normanton
3192:Malaysian
3190:In 2018,
892:in 1895.
756:and 1860
738:Hong Kong
606:in 1842.
598:and the
521:Weihaiwei
517:Hong Kong
511:) to the
439:ruled by
435:dividing
6013:Hongqian
5982:Currency
5852:Treaties
5758:Kaozheng
5705:Booi Aha
5647:Hetu Ala
5600:Timeline
5595:Xinjiang
5566:Mongolia
5523:Chu Army
5498:New Army
5455:Military
5393:Viceroys
4690:(1861).
4588:(2004).
4108:Archived
3965:Auslin,
3947:Auslin,
3929:Auslin,
3671:(2006).
3340:56347789
3251:incident
3207:See also
2481:Imposer
2299:日普修好通商条約
2047:Imposer
1608:展拓香港界址專條
1498:Portugal
922:Imposer
875:and the
649:and the
631:Shanghai
569:Shanghai
557:Tientsin
453:mandarin
430:Japanese
422:Marianne
329:and the
124:Jyutping
5998:Zhiqian
5990:Coinage
5727:Economy
5698:culture
5433:Yun-Gui
5423:Min-Zhe
5418:Sichuan
5413:Huguang
5259:Emperor
4780:History
3991:p. 154.
3581:July 7,
3295:May 22,
2946:Denmark
2901:Belgium
2676:Germany
2475:Treaty
2459:Germany
2315:Prussia
2041:Treaty
1866:中瑞通商條約
1822:Belgium
1774:Germany
1647:廣州灣租界條約
1337:Prussia
916:Treaty
561:Shamian
551:to the
543:to the
523:to the
509:Zhetysu
447:" and "
410:Germany
402:Britain
357:today.
308:tariffs
292:Germany
5612:Taiwan
4788:Early
4773:topics
4681:
4664:
4598:
4560:
4526:
4472:p. 36.
4453:p. 35.
4425:p. 35.
4397:p. 35.
4369:p. 35.
4341:p. 35.
4313:p. 34.
4294:p. 32.
4275:p. 32.
4256:p. 32.
4237:p. 32.
4210:p. 63.
4186:p. 32.
4167:p. 32.
4148:p. 32.
4129:p. 32.
4087:p. 29.
4068:p. 33.
4044:
4017:
3968:p. 71.
3932:p. 30.
3914:p. 17.
3862:
3829:
3780:
3759:
3739:
3681:
3653:
3645:
3604:
3558:
3520:
3455:passim
3433:
3389:
3363:
3338:
3330:
3174:
3142:
3102:
3061:
3034:
3007:
2975:
2943:
2912:
2898:
2841:France
2808:
2770:
2741:Russia
2738:
2706:
2673:
2642:
2605:
2568:
2525:
2456:
2445:Russia
2442:
2432:France
2416:遼東還付条約
2387:
2355:
2286:France
2263:
2244:Russia
2241:
2221:
2200:
2162:Russia
2159:
2127:
2112:日英和親条約
2084:
2070:日米和親条約
2022:
1990:
1958:
1926:
1911:
1882:Sweden
1879:
1853:
1836:
1819:
1788:
1771:
1758:France
1743:Russia
1740:
1723:
1707:
1691:
1663:France
1623:
1594:Russia
1591:
1576:旅大租地条约
1562:Russia
1559:
1527:
1495:
1480:中葡北京條約
1467:France
1437:Russia
1434:
1405:Russia
1402:
1387:里瓦幾亞條約
1370:
1334:
1319:中德通商条约
1305:Russia
1302:
1289:France
1271:
1239:
1225:Russia
1222:
1205:
1192:France
1162:Russia
1159:
1130:Russia
1127:
1083:中瑞廣州條約
1070:France
1037:
1022:中美望廈條約
1005:
974:
960:
854:Joseon
817:Bakufu
660:After
641:After
565:Hankou
547:, the
541:Taiwan
533:France
475:, 1901
426:France
418:Russia
347:tariff
300:Russia
294:, the
288:France
153:불평등 조약
147:Hangul
5804:Queue
5722:Dibao
5578:Tibet
5398:Zhili
5281:Amban
3711:JSTOR
3651:S2CID
3336:S2CID
3177:Japan
3164:1910
3145:Japan
3132:1907
3105:Japan
3092:1905
3064:Japan
3051:1905
3037:Japan
3024:1905
3010:Japan
2997:1904
2978:Japan
2965:1904
2933:1902
2888:1901
2859:1892
2830:1886
2811:Japan
2798:1885
2773:Italy
2760:1884
2728:1884
2696:1883
2663:1883
2633:1882
2608:Japan
2595:1882
2559:1882
2528:Japan
2515:1876
2478:Year
2421:1895
2410:]
2390:Spain
2377:1868
2358:Japan
2333:1868
2304:1861
2191:1858
2149:1855
2117:1854
2075:1854
2044:Year
2025:Japan
2012:1933
1993:Japan
1980:1918
1961:Japan
1948:1915
1901:1914
1896:西姆拉條約
1869:1908
1839:Spain
1791:Italy
1726:Japan
1681:1901
1652:1899
1641:]
1613:1898
1581:1898
1549:1896
1530:Japan
1517:1895
1485:1887
1456:1885
1424:1881
1392:1879
1360:1876
1324:1861
1261:1860
1181:1858
1149:1858
1117:1851
1088:1847
1059:1844
1027:1844
995:1843
950:1842
919:Year
845:Un'yō
834:Korea
764:Japan
437:China
384:China
370:Japan
227:不平等条約
221:Kanji
167:不平等條約
161:Hanja
62:不平等条约
46:不平等條約
5540:Navy
5381:Ejen
5264:List
4679:ISBN
4662:ISBN
4596:ISBN
4569:2022
4558:ISSN
4535:2022
4524:ISSN
4502:2022
4042:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3827:ISBN
3806:2023
3778:ISBN
3757:ISBN
3737:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3643:ISSN
3602:ISBN
3583:2024
3556:ISBN
3518:ISBN
3484:2011
3472:TIME
3431:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3328:ISSN
3297:2022
2186:安政条約
2144:下田条約
2007:塘沽協定
1943:二十一條
1676:辛丑條約
1544:中俄密約
1512:馬關條約
1451:中法新約
1419:伊犁條約
1355:煙臺條約
1256:北京條約
1176:天津條約
1144:璦琿條約
1054:黃埔條約
990:虎門條約
945:南京條約
625:and
539:and
519:and
503:and
463:The
428:and
364:and
321:and
298:and
278:and
266:The
4726:doi
3852:doi
3729:doi
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3334:.
3326:.
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3314:.
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