507:
743:
and it is optional. It is composed by zero or more path segments that do not refer to an existing physical resource name (e.g. a file, an internal module program or an executable program) but to a logical part (e.g. a command or a qualifier part) that has to be passed separately to the first part of
442:
collaborators including
Berners-Lee originally proposed the use of UDIs: Universal Document Identifiers. An early (1993) draft of the HTML Specification referred to "Universal" Resource Locators. This was dropped some time between June 1994
453:, Berners-Lee emphasizes his preference for the original inclusion of "universal" in the expansion rather than the word "uniform", to which it was later changed, and he gives a brief account of the contention that led to the change.
540:). Although schemes are case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. Examples of popular schemes include
1414:
435:, wishing he had used slashes throughout, and also said that, given the colon following the first component of a URI, the two slashes before the domain name were unnecessary.
2153:
Report from the Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning
Interest Group: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs): Clarifications and Recommendations
2330:
950:
Internet users are distributed throughout the world using a wide variety of languages and alphabets, and expect to be able to create URLs in their own local alphabets. An
702:). A path is always defined for a URI, though the defined path may be empty (zero length). A segment may also be empty, resulting in two consecutive slashes (
909:
providing direction to a secondary resource, such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI. When the primary resource is an
710:
but does not always imply a relation to one. If an authority component is defined, then the path component must either be empty or begin with a slash (
112:
958:
characters. All modern browsers support IRIs. The parts of the URL requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path.
2775:
1107:
A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism, which is not true of every URI. Thus
481:
if it has an associated delimiter and the delimiter does not appear in the URI; the scheme and path components are always defined. A component is
632:
in the userinfo subcomponent is deprecated for security reasons. Applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon (
2727:
2531:
1996:
1209:
1408:
1843:
1020:
Protocol-relative links (PRL), also known as protocol-relative URLs (PRURL), are URLs that have no protocol specified. For example,
2282:
17:
1274:
2526:
2322:
1946:
1363:
1820:
2470:
1062:
951:
992:
The URL path name can also be specified by the user in the local writing system. If not already encoded, it is converted to
528:), consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus (
2389:
2023:
1961:
1870:
1786:
1749:
2490:
1992:
1039:
583:
2306:
714:). If an authority component is undefined, then the path cannot begin with an empty segment—that is, with two slashes (
420:. Conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths, preceded by a double slash (
1977:
925:
636:) found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string (indicating no password).
2722:
2442:
2437:
2035:
1526:
390:
101:
462:
2485:
394:
1863:"Uniform Resource Locators (URL): A Syntax for the Expression of Access Information of Objects on the Network"
2737:
1737:
Secure
Development for Mobile Apps: How to Design and Code Secure Mobile Applications with PHP and JavaScript
962:
2449:
748:; this is often used to select dynamic content (a document, etc.) or to tailor it as requested (see also:
2744:
2681:
2465:
1965:
1078:
929:
542:
315:
307:
232:
878:
of non-hierarchical data. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of
331:
2590:
2302:
1973:
1942:
1866:
1839:
1056:
310:(URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. URLs occur most commonly to reference
1088:
578:
2382:
879:
749:
2004:
506:
467:
Every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI. The URI generic syntax consists of five
1201:
554:
323:
2027:
1772:
1735:
2475:
236:
2770:
2707:
2261:
2212:
2167:
2136:
2102:
2057:
1913:
1778:
1670:
1613:
1548:
1470:
660:
33:
2241:
8:
2717:
2610:
2432:
2375:
1893:
1835:
1392:
906:
409:
2278:
1240:
1238:
2049:
1270:
970:
413:
1149:
portions of dot-decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used.
2712:
2640:
2422:
1782:
1745:
1540:
1357:
1235:
1083:
647:
subcomponent, consisting of either a registered name (including but not limited to a
131:
1934:
1812:
2615:
2251:
2202:
2157:
2147:
2126:
2092:
2053:
2039:
1903:
1660:
1603:
1530:
1460:
1159:
1125:
1001:
707:
617:
427:
Berners-Lee later expressed regret at the use of dots to separate the parts of the
405:
374:
303:
214:
204:
194:
184:
174:
164:
154:
1124:
The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by
2645:
2625:
2233:
2229:
2188:
2184:
2078:
2074:
2019:
1930:
1885:
1858:
1650:
1589:
1442:
1384:
1353:
1349:
572:
566:
471:
organized hierarchically in order of decreasing significance from left to right:
449:
382:
141:
2264:
2245:
2215:
2196:
2170:
2151:
2139:
2120:
2105:
2086:
2060:
1916:
1897:
1862:
1682:
1673:
1654:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1597:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1520:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1454:
1167:
1163:
1133:
1129:
718:)—since the following characters would be interpreted as an authority component.
444:
378:
218:
208:
198:
188:
178:
168:
158:
2732:
2702:
2620:
2561:
2237:
2192:
2082:
1889:
1450:
1388:
499:
386:
295:
256:
246:
1145:
For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web, some web browsers allow
2759:
2660:
2600:
2585:
2361:
2298:
1544:
1073:
996:, and any characters not part of the basic URL character set are escaped as
965:(IDN). Web and Internet software automatically convert the domain name into
932:
request to the specified host, by default on port number 80. URLs using the
393:(IETF), as an outcome of collaboration started at the IETF Living Documents
2765:
2630:
2575:
2546:
2536:
2495:
1969:
1593:
1446:
1051:
920:
of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view.
875:
706:) in the path component. A path component may resemble or map exactly to a
698:
component, consisting of a sequence of path segments separated by a slash (
439:
299:
2146:
1244:
814:
2521:
2511:
997:
898:
548:
428:
401:
342:
338:
2635:
2516:
2427:
2398:
745:
652:
1413:(Technical report). UCSF Library and Center for Knowledge Management.
914:
744:
the path that identifies an executable module or program managed by a
2580:
2556:
2417:
2412:
2256:
2207:
2162:
2131:
2097:
2044:
1908:
1741:
1665:
1608:
1535:
1465:
1068:
1034:
883:
810:
1588:
1441:
1024:
will use the protocol of the current page, typically HTTP or HTTPS.
2655:
2605:
2595:
2570:
2566:
2551:
2541:
1816:
966:
648:
621:
485:
if it has no characters; the scheme component is always non-empty.
417:
354:
311:
2650:
1012:. The target computer decodes the address and displays the page.
955:
2356:
2352:
1401:(This Internet-Draft was published as a Proposed Standard RFC,
1170:) encourages CGI authors to support ';' in addition to '&'.
560:
327:
306:
and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of
267:
89:
2686:
2676:
2367:
1045:
993:
986:
937:
760:"http://www.example.com/questions/3456/my-document"
447:) and October 1994 (draft-ietf-uri-url-08.txt). In his book
319:
1010:
http://example.com/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E5%89%B2%E3%82%8A.html
784:, which is passed to the executable module or program named
2119:
Hansen, Tony; Hardie, Ted (June 2015). Thaler, Dave (ed.).
1519:
Hansen, Tony; Hardie, Ted (June 2015). Thaler, Dave (ed.).
1383:
910:
664:
656:
1320:
1318:
936:
scheme require that requests and responses be made over a
432:
2228:
1315:
1250:
1223:
586:, although non-registered schemes are used in practice.
2122:
1522:
171:. – Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax.
1570:
1330:
1649:
1348:
341:display the URL of a web page above the page in an
2247:Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
2198:Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
2088:Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
1693:
1691:
1599:Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
113:Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
1456:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax
1293:
1291:
1245:Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group (2002)
2757:
1715:
985:indicates that the character was not originally
2279:"An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses"
1703:
1688:
1303:
400:The format combines the pre-existing system of
1288:
1182:
211:. – Moving mailserver: URI Scheme to Historic.
2728:Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
2532:Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
2383:
2299:"What is Happening with "International URLs""
1997:"Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix"
2183:
2073:
2018:
1884:
1518:
582:. URI schemes should be registered with the
1929:
1324:
2390:
2376:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1407:Ang, C. S.; Martin, D. C. (January 1995).
961:The domain name in the IRI is known as an
584:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
373:Uniform Resource Locators were defined in
2255:
2206:
2161:
2130:
2096:
2043:
1907:
1664:
1607:
1534:
1464:
1406:
1015:
463:Uniform Resource Identifier § Syntax
2320:
1811:
1576:
1402:
1359:Hypertext Markup Language (draft RFCxxx)
1336:
1256:
1229:
945:
667:addresses must be enclosed in brackets (
27:Web address to a particular file or page
2776:Internet properties established in 1994
1770:
1653:; Connolly, Daniel W. (November 1995).
1643:
1582:
1512:
1428:
870:component preceded by a question mark (
612:subcomponent followed by an at symbol (
322:) but are also used for file transfer (
14:
2758:
2150:; Denenberg, Ray, eds. (August 2002).
1733:
1271:"The Difference Between URLs and URIs"
772:(an executable module or program) and
2471:Internationalized resource identifier
2371:
2323:"Browser Arcana: IP Literals in URLs"
1063:Internationalized Resource Identifier
954:(IRI) is a form of URL that includes
952:Internationalized Resource Identifier
2118:
1991:
1834:
1721:
1309:
1268:
488:The authority component consists of
345:. A typical URL could have the form
161:. – Uniform Resource Locators (URL).
2491:Persistent uniform resource locator
2296:
2277:
1960:
1857:
1709:
1697:
1297:
1188:
913:document, the fragment is often an
809:part may also be referred to as a '
597:component preceded by two slashes (
389:, and the URI working group of the
24:
2364:that splits any URI into its parts
1132:, and are now defined by RFC
979:http://xn--fsqu00a.xn--3lr804guic/
681:subcomponent preceded by a colon (
25:
2787:
2346:
2028:"Hypertext Markup Language – 2.0"
1813:"Berners-Lee "sorry" for slashes"
1410:Constituent Component Interface++
1202:"Forward and Backslashes in URLs"
788:to select the requested document.
347:http://www.example.com/index.html
302:that specifies its location on a
2723:Timeline of hypertext technology
1362:(Technical report). p. 28.
1004:; for example, the Japanese URL
938:secure connection to the website
685:), consisting of decimal digits.
505:
334:), and many other applications.
2333:from the original on 2020-06-22
2309:from the original on 2015-02-17
2285:from the original on 2015-01-05
2036:Internet Engineering Task Force
1980:from the original on 2015-07-10
1949:from the original on 2020-05-14
1899:Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
1873:from the original on 2015-09-09
1846:from the original on 2012-11-22
1823:from the original on 2020-06-05
1764:
1727:
1656:Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0
1527:Internet Engineering Task Force
1417:from the original on 2017-10-23
1397:Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
1377:
1366:from the original on 2017-10-23
1342:
1277:from the original on 2017-03-17
1212:from the original on 2018-09-04
1152:
1139:
1118:
973:; for example, the Chinese URL
524:component followed by a colon (
391:Internet Engineering Task Force
102:Internet Engineering Task Force
2486:Extensible resource identifier
2397:
1836:"Living Documents BoF Minutes"
1262:
1194:
1101:
349:, which indicates a protocol (
13:
1:
2321:Lawrence, Eric (2014-03-06).
1804:
1596:; L. Masinter (August 1998).
963:Internationalized Domain Name
813:,' whose last part may be a '
774:"/3456/my-document"
2450:Hyperlinks in virtual worlds
1966:Sperberg-McQueen, C. Michael
1734:Glaser, J. D. (2014-03-10).
1176:
1089:Use of slashes in networking
1006:http://example.com/引き割り.html
290:), colloquially known as an
221:. – The 'tn3270' URI Scheme.
201:. – The 'mailto' URI Scheme.
7:
2745:Domain Application Protocol
2682:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
2466:Uniform resource identifier
1771:Schafer, Steven M. (2011).
1079:Uniform Resource Identifier
1027:
924:A web browser will usually
905:). The fragment contains a
840:key1=value1&key2=value2
308:Uniform Resource Identifier
73:; 30 years ago
10:
2792:
2001:IETF-Announce mailing list
1939:Frequently asked questions
1774:HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible
1685:.
1640:.
1567:.
1509:.
806:
776:is the second part of the
460:
368:
191:. – The gopher URI Scheme.
181:. – The telnet URI Scheme.
123:Request for Comments (RFC)
31:
2695:
2669:
2504:
2458:
2405:
2303:World Wide Web Consortium
1974:World Wide Web Consortium
1970:"Web addresses in HTML 5"
1943:World Wide Web Consortium
1867:World Wide Web Consortium
1840:World Wide Web Consortium
1659:. Network Working Group.
1602:. Network Working Group.
1459:. Network Working Group.
1146:
1136:, published in June 2015.
1057:Internet resource locator
785:
773:
768:is the first part of the
765:
759:
731:URIs, the last part of a
616:), that may consist of a
498:This is represented in a
474:URI = scheme ":" path
456:
262:
252:
242:
228:
147:
137:
127:
119:
108:
97:
85:
67:
59:
51:
46:
2481:Uniform resource locator
1095:
897:component preceded by a
284:uniform resource locator
47:Uniform resource locator
18:Uniform Resource Locator
1166:(obsoleted by RFC
928:a URL by performing an
854:key1=value1;key2=value2
404:(created in 1985) with
2024:Connolly, Daniel "Dan"
1962:Connolly, Daniel "Dan"
1681:Obsoleted by RFC
1628:. Updated by RFC
1624:Obsoleted by RFC
1557:Best Current Practice.
1493:. Updated by RFC
1354:Connolly, Daniel "Dan"
1109:http://www.example.com
1016:Protocol-relative URLs
786:"/questions"
766:"/questions"
385:, the inventor of the
298:, is a reference to a
2476:Uniform resource name
1968:, eds. (2009-05-21).
1935:"Why the //, #, etc?"
1779:John Wiley & Sons
1563:. Obsoletes RFC
1479:Internet Standard 66.
946:Internationalized URL
880:attribute–value pairs
752:and PATH_INFO, etc.).
659:addresses must be in
628:). Use of the format
624:preceded by a colon (
412:are used to separate
2708:History of hypertext
2459:Resource identifiers
2297:Phillip, A. (2014).
1894:McCahill, Mark Perry
1559:Updated by RFC
1393:McCahill, Mark Perry
661:dot-decimal notation
361:), and a file name (
330:), database access (
34:URL (disambiguation)
32:For other uses, see
2718:Interactive fiction
2611:Object hyperlinking
2433:Adaptive hypermedia
2242:"Syntax Components"
2038:. sec. 8.2.1.
1632:. Updates RFC
1505:. Updates RFC
1481:Obsoletes RFC
1399:(Technical report).
907:fragment identifier
874:), consisting of a
512:The URI comprises:
495:authority = host
43:
1325:Berners-Lee (2015)
1269:Miessler, Daniel.
971:Domain Name System
723:By convention, in
395:birds of a feather
41:
2753:
2752:
2713:Interactive novel
2641:URL normalization
2591:Internet bookmark
2423:Hypertext fiction
2353:URL specification
2148:Mealling, Michael
2026:(November 1995).
1896:(December 1994).
1084:URI normalization
859:
858:
801:URI containing a
630:username:password
397:session in 1992.
280:
279:
229:Related standards
132:Anne van Kesteren
16:(Redirected from
2783:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2259:
2257:10.17487/RFC3986
2240:(January 2005).
2234:Fielding, Roy T.
2230:Berners-Lee, Tim
2225:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2208:10.17487/RFC3986
2195:(January 2005).
2189:Fielding, Roy T.
2185:Berners-Lee, Tim
2180:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2163:10.17487/RFC3305
2143:
2134:
2132:10.17487/RFC7595
2115:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2098:10.17487/RFC2396
2079:Fielding, Roy T.
2075:Berners-Lee, Tim
2070:
2068:
2067:
2047:
2045:10.17487/RFC1866
2032:IETF Datatracker
2020:Berners-Lee, Tim
2015:
2013:
2012:
2003:. Archived from
1988:
1986:
1985:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1931:Berners-Lee, Tim
1926:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1909:10.17487/RFC1738
1886:Berners-Lee, Tim
1881:
1879:
1878:
1859:Berners-Lee, Tim
1854:
1852:
1851:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1788:978-1-11808130-3
1777:(1st ed.).
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:978-1-48220903-7
1740:(1st ed.).
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1666:10.17487/RFC1866
1651:Berners-Lee, Tim
1647:
1641:
1620:
1611:
1609:10.17487/RFC2396
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1555:
1538:
1536:10.17487/RFC7595
1516:
1510:
1477:
1468:
1466:10.17487/RFC3986
1453:(January 2005).
1439:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1400:
1395:(October 1994).
1385:Berners-Lee, Tim
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1350:Berners-Lee, Tim
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1171:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1111:is a URL, while
1110:
1105:
1042:– Persistent URL
1023:
1011:
1007:
1002:percent-encoding
984:
980:
976:
935:
917:
904:
895:
894:
873:
868:
867:
855:
849:
841:
835:
824:Query delimiter
821:
820:
787:
775:
767:
761:
741:
740:
717:
713:
708:file system path
705:
701:
696:
695:
684:
679:
678:
669:
645:
644:
635:
631:
627:
620:and an optional
615:
610:
609:
600:
595:
594:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
521:
509:
423:
364:
360:
352:
348:
304:computer network
276:
273:
271:
269:
81:
79:
74:
44:
40:
21:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2691:
2665:
2646:URL redirection
2626:Source tracking
2500:
2454:
2401:
2396:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2327:Microsoft Learn
2312:
2310:
2288:
2286:
2269:
2267:
2250:. sec. 3.
2238:Masinter, Larry
2220:
2218:
2193:Masinter, Larry
2175:
2173:
2110:
2108:
2085:(August 1998).
2083:Masinter, Larry
2065:
2063:
2010:
2008:
1983:
1981:
1952:
1950:
1921:
1919:
1890:Masinter, Larry
1876:
1874:
1849:
1847:
1826:
1824:
1807:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1781:. p. 124.
1769:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1744:. p. 193.
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1648:
1644:
1587:
1583:
1577:Lawrence (2014)
1575:
1571:
1517:
1513:
1440:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1403:RFC 1738 (1994)
1389:Masinter, Larry
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1337:BBC News (2009)
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2576:HTTP referer
2567:inbound link
2547:URI fragment
2537:deep linking
2496:Semantic URL
2480:
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2335:. Retrieved
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889:An optional
876:query string
863:
862:An optional
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517:
516:A non-empty
511:
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440:WorldWideWeb
437:
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339:web browsers
336:
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281:
98:Organization
52:Abbreviation
38:
29:
2771:Identifiers
2522:Domain name
2512:anchor text
2438:educational
1722:IANA (2003)
1594:R. Fielding
1451:L. Masinter
1447:R. Fielding
1405:) Cited in
1310:IETF (1992)
998:hexadecimal
926:dereference
846:Semicolon (
832:Ampersand (
532:), period (
429:domain name
381:in 1994 by
343:address bar
2760:Categories
2670:Technology
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2527:click here
2517:click path
2428:Hypervideo
2399:Hypermedia
2337:2020-06-22
2313:2015-01-11
2289:2015-01-11
2270:2015-08-31
2221:2015-08-31
2176:2015-09-13
2111:2015-08-31
2066:2015-09-13
2011:2015-09-03
1984:2015-09-13
1953:2010-02-03
1922:2015-08-31
1877:2015-09-13
1850:2011-12-26
1827:2010-02-14
1805:References
1794:2015-10-12
1757:2015-10-12
1710:W3C (2014)
1698:W3C (2008)
1421:2017-10-23
1370:2017-10-23
1298:W3C (1994)
1281:2017-03-16
1216:2018-09-19
1189:W3C (2009)
746:web server
653:IP address
469:components
443:(RFC
363:index.html
326:), email (
2581:image map
2557:Hypertext
2443:authoring
2418:Hyperlink
2413:Hypertext
1933:(2015) .
1742:CRC Press
1679:Historic.
1622:Obsolete.
1545:2070-1721
1177:Citations
1158:Historic
1069:Clean URL
1035:Hyperlink
918:attribute
884:delimiter
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755:Example:
735:is named
618:user name
593:authority
479:undefined
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312:web pages
257:CC BY 4.0
109:Committee
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2696:See also
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2606:Link rot
2596:linkback
2571:backlink
2552:Hostname
2542:Fat link
2505:Concepts
2331:Archived
2307:Archived
2283:Archived
1978:Archived
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1871:Archived
1844:Archived
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