Attention - Knowledge

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attending-to-others, a different line of researches has shown that self-related information such as own face and name automatically captures attention and is preferentially processed comparing to other-related information. These contrasting effects between attending-to-others and attending-to-self prompt a synthetic view in a recent Opinion article proposing that social attention operates at two polarizing states: In one extreme, individual tends to attend to the self and prioritize self-related information over others', and, in the other extreme, attention is allocated to other individuals to infer their intentions and desires. Attending-to-self and attending-to-others mark the two ends of an otherwise continuum spectrum of social attention. For a given behavioral context, the mechanisms underlying these two polarities might interact and compete with each other in order to determine a saliency map of social attention that guides our behaviors. An imbalanced competition between these two behavioral and cognitive processes will cause cognitive disorders and neurological symptoms such as

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disagree. Duncan and Humphrey's AET understanding of attention maintained that "there is an initial pre-attentive parallel phase of perceptual segmentation and analysis that encompasses all of the visual items present in a scene. At this phase, descriptions of the objects in a visual scene are generated into structural units; the outcome of this parallel phase is a multiple-spatial-scale structured representation. Selective attention intervenes after this stage to select information that will be entered into visual short-term memory." The contrast of the two theories placed a new emphasis on the separation of visual attention tasks alone and those mediated by supplementary cognitive processes. As Rastophopoulos summarizes the debate: "Against Treisman's FIT, which posits spatial attention as a necessary condition for detection of objects, Humphreys argues that visual elements are encoded and bound together in an initial parallel phase without focal attention, and that attention serves to select among the objects that result from this initial grouping."

871:, which states that there are two mechanisms that affect attention: cognitive and perceptual. The perceptual mechanism considers the subject's ability to perceive or ignore stimuli, both task-related and non task-related. Studies show that if there are many stimuli present (especially if they are task-related), it is much easier to ignore the non-task related stimuli, but if there are few stimuli the mind will perceive the irrelevant stimuli as well as the relevant. The cognitive mechanism refers to the actual processing of the stimuli. Studies regarding this showed that the ability to process stimuli decreased with age, meaning that younger people were able to perceive more stimuli and fully process them, but were likely to process both relevant and irrelevant information, while older people could process fewer stimuli, but usually processed only relevant information. 485:

development. As the mind grasps more details about an event, it also increases the number of reasonable combinations within that event, enhancing the probability of better understanding its features and particularity. For example, three items in the focal point of consciousness have six possible combinations (3 factorial), and four items have 24 (4 factorial) combinations. This number of combinations becomes significantly prominent in the case of a focal point with six items with 720 possible combinations (6 factorial). Empirical evidence suggests that the scope of attention in young children develops from two items in the focal point at age up to six months to five or more items in the focal point at age about five years. As follows from the most recent studies in relation to teaching activities in

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been hypothesized that some visual inputs are intrinsically salient in certain background contexts and that these are actually task-independent. This model has established itself as the exemplar for salience detection and consistently used for comparison in the literature; the other kind of model is based on the frequency domain analysis. This method was first proposed by Hou et al.. This method was called SR. Then, the PQFT method was also introduced. Both SR and PQFT only use the phase information. In 2012, the HFT method was introduced, and both the amplitude and the phase information are made use of. The Neural Abstraction Pyramid is a hierarchical recurrent convolutional model, which incorporates bottom-up and top-down flow of information to iteratively interpret images.

477:). Therefore, while intentionality is a mental state (“the power of the mind to be about something”, arising even unconsciously), the description of the construct of attention should be understood in the dynamical sense as the ability to elevate the clear perception of the narrow region of the content of consciousness and to keep in mind this state for a time. The attention threshold would be the period of minimum time needed for employing perception to clearly apprehend the scope of intention. From this perspective, a scientific approach to attention is relevant when it considers the difference between these two concepts (first of all, between their statical and dynamical statuses). 582:. In this volume, Luria summarized his three-part global theory of the working brain as being composed of three constantly co-active processes which he described as the; (1) Attention system, (2) Mnestic (memory) system, and (3) Cortical activation system. The two books together are considered by Homskaya's account as "among Luria's major works in neuropsychology, most fully reflecting all the aspects (theoretical, clinical, experimental) of this new discipline." The product of the combined research of Vygotsky and Luria have determined a large part of the contemporary understanding and definition of attention as it is understood at the start of the 21st-century. 1467:, that in this period, "There was no research on attention". However, Jersild published very important work on "Mental Set and Shift" in 1927. He stated, "The fact of mental set is primary in all conscious activity. The same stimulus may evoke any one of a large number of responses depending upon the contextual setting in which it is placed". This research found that the time to complete a list was longer for mixed lists than for pure lists. For example, if a list was names of animals versus a list of the same size with names of animals, books, makes and models of cars, and types of fruits, it takes longer to process the second list. This is 473:

the matrix during 1/10 s of their exposition. "We shall call the entrance into the large region of consciousness - apprehension, and the elevation into the focus of attention - apperception." Wundt's theory of attention postulated one of the main features of this notion that attention is an active, voluntary process realized during a certain time. In contrast, neuroscience research shows that intentionality may emerge instantly, even unconsciously; research reported to register neuronal correlates of an intentional act that preceded this conscious act (also see

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being attended to. Based on the experiment performed by Mack and Rock, Ula Finch and Nilli Lavie tested participants with a perceptual task. They presented subjects with a cross, one arm being longer than the other, for 5 trials. On the sixth trial, a white square was added to the top left of the screen. The results conclude that out of 10 participants, only 2 (20%) actually saw the square. This would suggest that when a higher focus was attended to the length of the crossed arms, the more likely someone would altogether miss an object that was in plain sight.

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writes in "The Search After Truth", "because it often happens that the understanding has only confused and imperfect perceptions of things, it is truly a cause of our errors.... It is therefore necessary to look for means to keep our perceptions from being confused and imperfect. And, because, as everyone knows, there is nothing that makes them clearer and more distinct than attentiveness, we must try to find the means to become more attentive than we are". According to Malebranche, attention is crucial to understanding and keeping thoughts organized.

628:, explains that there is a single pool of attentional resources that can be freely divided among multiple tasks. This model seems oversimplified, however, due to the different modalities (e.g., visual, auditory, verbal) that are perceived. When the two simultaneous tasks use the same modality, such as listening to a radio station and writing a paper, it is much more difficult to concentrate on both because the tasks are likely to interfere with each other. The specific modality model was theorized by Cognitive Psychologists David Navon and Daniel 1408:. Donders and his students conducted the first detailed investigations of the speed of mental processes. Donders measured the time required to identify a stimulus and to select a motor response. This was the time difference between stimulus discrimination and response initiation. Donders also formalized the subtractive method which states that the time for a particular process can be estimated by adding that process to a task and taking the difference in reaction time between the two tasks. He also differentiated between 879:

accuracy and reaction time (RT). This limitation arises through the measurement of literature when obtaining outcomes for scores. This affects both cognitive and perceptual attention because there is a lack of measurement surrounding distributions of temporal and spatial attention. Only a concentrated amount of attention on how effective one is completing the task and how long they take is being analyzed making a more redundant analysis on overall cognition of being able to process multiple stimuli through perception.

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Induction of happiness has led to increased response times and an increase in inaccurate responses in the face of irrelevant stimuli. Two possible theories as to why emotions might make one more susceptible to distracting stimuli is that emotions take up too much of one's cognitive resources and make it harder to control your focus of attention. The other theory is that emotions make it harder to filter out distractions, specifically with positive emotions due to a feeling of security.

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constructs (attention and intentionality) appear to be defined by similar terms, they are different notions. To clarify the definition of attention, it would be correct to consider the origin of this notion to review the meaning of the term given to it when the experimental study on attention was initiated. It is thought that the experimental approach began with famous experiments with a 4 x 4 matrix of sixteen randomly chosen letters – the experimental paradigm that informed

770:, meaning "within" or "internally") orienting is the intentional allocation of attentional resources to a predetermined location or space. Simply stated, endogenous orienting occurs when attention is oriented according to an observer's goals or desires, allowing the focus of attention to be manipulated by the demands of a task. In order to have an effect, endogenous cues must be processed by the observer and acted upon purposefully. These cues are frequently referred to as 712:, also receive input from subcortical centres involved in overt orienting. In support of this, general theories of attention actively assume bottom-up (reflexive) processes and top-down (voluntary) processes converge on a common neural architecture, in that they control both covert and overt attentional systems. For example, if individuals attend to the right hand corner field of view, movement of the eyes in that direction may have to be actively suppressed. 9428: 530:, who described attention as having a focus, a margin, and a fringe. The focus is an area that extracts information from the visual scene with a high-resolution, the geometric center of which being where visual attention is directed. Surrounding the focus is the fringe of attention, which extracts information in a much more crude fashion (i.e., low-resolution). This fringe extends out to a specified area, and the cut-off is called the margin. 1541: 9438: 697:

example, the activity of a V4 neuron whose receptive field lies on an attended stimuli will be enhanced by covert attention) but does not influence the information that is processed by the senses. Researchers often use "filtering" tasks to study the role of covert attention of selecting information. These tasks often require participants to observe a number of stimuli, but attend to only one.

8250: 523:. Generally speaking, visual attention is thought to operate as a two-stage process. In the first stage, attention is distributed uniformly over the external visual scene and processing of information is performed in parallel. In the second stage, attention is concentrated to a specific area of the visual scene (i.e., it is focused), and processing is performed in a serial fashion. 1243:, often occurs when people have damage to the right hemisphere of their brain. This damage often leads to a tendency to ignore the left side of one's body or even the left side of an object that can be seen. Damage to the left side of the brain (the left hemisphere) rarely yields significant neglect of the right side of the body or object in the person's local environments. 8238: 621:

demanding as speaking with a friend over the phone, passengers are able to change the conversation based upon the needs of the driver. For example, if traffic intensifies, a passenger may stop talking to allow the driver to navigate the increasingly difficult roadway; a conversation partner over a phone would not be aware of the change in environment.

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the same picture but with an item missing. The results showed that the pictures had to be alternated back and forth a good number of times for participants to notice the difference. This idea is greatly portrayed in films that have continuity errors. Many people do not pick up on differences when in reality, the changes tend to be significant.

745:, meaning "to produce") orienting is frequently described as being under control of a stimulus. Exogenous orienting is considered to be reflexive and automatic and is caused by a sudden change in the periphery. This often results in a reflexive saccade. Since exogenous cues are typically presented in the periphery, they are referred to as 749:. Exogenous orienting can even be observed when individuals are aware that the cue will not relay reliable, accurate information about where a target is going to occur. This means that the mere presence of an exogenous cue will affect the response to other stimuli that are subsequently presented in the cue's previous location. 617:

reveals that the human attentional system has limits for what it can process: driving performance is worse while engaged in other tasks; drivers make more mistakes, brake harder and later, get into more accidents, veer into other lanes, and/or are less aware of their surroundings when engaged in the previously discussed tasks.

1486:. Stroop's task showed that irrelevant stimulus information can have a major impact on performance. In this task, subjects were to look at a list of colors. This list of colors had each color typed in a color different from the actual text. For example, the word Blue would be typed in Orange, Pink in Black, and so on. 547:

picks out objects' features, forms feature maps, and integrates those features that are found at the same location into forming objects." Treismans's theory is based on a two-stage process to help solve the binding problem of attention. These two stages are the preattentive stage and the focused attention stage.

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Subjects were then instructed to say the name of the ink color and ignore the text. It took 110 seconds to complete a list of this type compared to 63 seconds to name the colors when presented in the form of solid squares. The naming time nearly doubled in the presence of conflicting color words, an

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also contributed to the field of attention relating to the extent of attention. Von Helmholtz stated that it is possible to focus on one stimulus and still perceive or ignore others. An example of this is being able to focus on the letter u in the word house and still perceiving the letters h, o, s,

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was first tested by Rensink and coworkers in 1997. Their studies show that people have difficulty detecting changes from scene to scene due to the intense focus on one thing, or lack of attention overall. This was tested by Rensink through a presentation of a picture, and then a blank field, and then

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Keen attention is both a requirement and result of learning by observing and pitching-in. Incorporating the children in the community gives them the opportunity to keenly observe and contribute to activities that were not directed towards them. It can be seen from different Indigenous communities and

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suggested that there are societal differences in sensitivity to signals from many ongoing sources that call for the awareness of several levels of attention simultaneously. He tied his speculation to ethnographic observations of communities in which children are involved in a complex social community

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Remaining focused on a non-arousing stimulus or uninteresting task for a sustained period is far more difficult than attending to arousing stimuli and interesting tasks, and requires a specific type of attention called 'vigilant attention'. Thereby, vigilant attention is the ability to give sustained

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This model has been shown to be very useful in evaluating attention in very different pathologies, correlates strongly with daily difficulties and is especially helpful in designing stimulation programs such as attention process training, a rehabilitation program for neurological patients of the same

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Several studies have investigated the influence of valid and invalid cues. They concluded that valid peripheral cues benefit performance, for instance when the peripheral cues are brief flashes at the relevant location before the onset of a visual stimulus. Psychologists Michael Posner and Yoav Cohen

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There has been little difference found between speaking on a hands-free cell phone or a hand-held cell phone, which suggests that it is the strain of attentional system that causes problems, rather than what the driver is doing with his or her hands. While speaking with a passenger is as cognitively

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The vast majority of current research on human multitasking is based on performance of doing two tasks simultaneously, usually that involves driving while performing another task, such as texting, eating, or even speaking to passengers in the vehicle, or with a friend over a cellphone. This research

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Through sequencing these steps, parallel and serial search is better exhibited through the formation of conjunctions of objects. Conjunctive searches, according to Treismans, are done through both stages in order to create selective and focused attention on an object, though Duncan and Humphrey would

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A significant debate emerged in the last decade of the 20th century in which Treisman's 1993 Feature Integration Theory (FIT) was compared to Duncan and Humphrey's 1989 attentional engagement theory (AET). FIT posits that "objects are retrieved from scenes by means of selective spatial attention that

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interpreted the experimental outcome introducing the meaning of attention as "that psychical process, which is operative in the clear perception of the narrow region of the content of consciousness." These experiments showed the physical limits of attention threshold, which were 3-6 letters observing

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Throughout the philosophical era, various thinkers made significant contributions to the field of attention studies, beginning with research on the extent of attention and how attention is directed. In the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that people were not able to attend to more than

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Generally speaking, there are two kinds of models to mimic the bottom-up salience mechanism in static images. One is based on the spatial contrast analysis. For example, a center–surround mechanism has been used to define salience across scales, inspired by the putative neural mechanism. It has also

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One example is simultaneous attention which involves uninterrupted attention to several activities occurring at the same time. Another cultural practice that may relate to simultaneous attention strategies is coordination within a group. San Pedro toddlers and caregivers frequently coordinated their

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Based on the primary role of the perceptual load theory, assumptions regarding its functionality surrounding that attentional resources are that of limited capacity which signify the need for all of the attentional resources to be used. This performance, however, is halted when put hand in hand with

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is the act of selectively attending to an item or location over others by moving the eyes to point in that direction. Overt orienting can be directly observed in the form of eye movements. Although overt eye movements are quite common, there is a distinction that can be made between two types of eye

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Preattentive Stage: The unconscious detection and separation of features of an item (color, shape, size). Treisman suggests that this happens early in cognitive processing and that individuals are not aware of the occurrence due to the counter intuitiveness of separating a whole into its part.

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pointed out various problems in Broadbent's early model and eventually led to the Deutsch–Norman model in 1968. In this model, no signal is filtered out, but all are processed to the point of activating their stored representations in memory. The point at which attention becomes "selective" is when

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states that information is held in a pre-attentive temporary store, and only sensory events that have some physical feature in common are selected to pass into the limited capacity processing system. This implies that the meaning of unattended messages is not identified. Also, a significant amount

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Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order

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in his work "The Search After Truth". "Malebranche held that we have access to ideas, or mental representations of the external world, but not direct access to the world itself." Thus in order to keep these ideas organized, attention is necessary. Otherwise we will confuse these ideas. Malebranche

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There exist both overlaps and differences in the areas of the brain that are responsible for endogenous and exogenous orientating. Another approach to this discussion has been covered under the topic heading of "bottom-up" versus "top-down" orientations to attention. Researchers of this school have

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through this type of attention to their surroundings. Simultaneous attention is present in the ways in which children of indigenous backgrounds interact both with their surroundings and with other individuals. Simultaneous attention requires focus on multiple simultaneous activities or occurrences.

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was developed. Wundt applied this to mental processing speed. Wundt realized that the time it takes to see the stimulus of the star and write down the time was being called an "observation error" but actually was the time it takes to switch voluntarily one's attention from one stimulus to another.

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introduced the study of attention to the field of psychology. Wundt measured mental processing speed by likening it to differences in stargazing measurements. Astronomers in this time would measure the time it took for stars to travel. Among these measurements when astronomers recorded the times,

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was first introduced in 1998 by Arien Mack and Irvic Rock. Their studies show that when people are focused on specific stimuli, they often miss other stimuli that are clearly present. Though actual blindness is not occurring here, the blindness that happens is due to the perceptual load of what is

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one might find on a camera, and any change in size can be described by a trade-off in the efficiency of processing. The zoom-lens of attention can be described in terms of an inverse trade-off between the size of focus and the efficiency of processing: because attention resources are assumed to be

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This period of attention research took the focus from conceptual findings to experimental testing. It also involved psychophysical methods that allowed measurement of the relation between physical stimulus properties and the psychological perceptions of them. This period covers the development of

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to this philosophical approach to attention. Apperception refers to "the process by which new experience is assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole." Apperception is required for a perceived event to become a conscious event. Leibniz

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Through top-down sensitivity control, higher cognitive processes can regulate signal intensity in information channels that compete for access to working memory, and thus give them an advantage in the process of competitive selection. Through top-down sensitivity control, the momentary content of

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Some people can process multiple stimuli, e.g. trained Morse code operators have been able to copy 100% of a message while carrying on a meaningful conversation. This relies on the reflexive response due to "overlearning" the skill of morse code reception/detection/transcription so that it is an

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As an alternative, resource theory has been proposed as a more accurate metaphor for explaining divided attention on complex tasks. Resource theory states that as each complex task is automatized, performing that task requires less of the individual's limited-capacity attentional resources. Other

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Multitasking can be defined as the attempt to perform two or more tasks simultaneously; however, research shows that when multitasking, people make more mistakes or perform their tasks more slowly. Attention must be divided among all of the component tasks to perform them. In divided attention,

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An emotional distracting factor would be when someone is focused on answering an email, and somebody shouts their name. It would be almost impossible to neglect the voice speaking it. Attention is immediately directed toward the source. Positive emotions have also been found to affect attention.

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This learning by observing and pitching-in model requires active levels of attention management. The child is present while caretakers engage in daily activities and responsibilities such as: weaving, farming, and other skills necessary for survival. Being present allows the child to focus their

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of attention is enhanced firing. If a neuron has a different response to a stimulus when an animal is not attending to a stimulus, versus when the animal does attend to the stimulus, then the neuron's response will be enhanced even if the physical characteristics of the stimulus remain the same.

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is the act of mentally shifting one's focus without moving one's eyes. Simply, it is changes in attention that are not attributable to overt eye movements. Covert orienting has the potential to affect the output of perceptual processes by governing attention to particular items or locations (for

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attention. These describe attentional processing which is driven by the properties of the objects themselves. Some processes, such as motion or a sudden loud noise, can attract our attention in a pre-conscious, or non-volitional way. We attend to them whether we want to or not. These aspects of

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Orienting attention is vital and can be controlled through external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) processes. However, comparing these two processes is challenging because external signals do not operate completely exogenously, but will only summon attention and eye movements if they are

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In the twentieth century, the pioneering research of Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria led to the three-part model of neuropsychology defining the working brain as being represented by three co-active processes listed as Attention, Memory, and Activation. A.R. Luria published his well-known book

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Focused Attention Stage: The combining of all feature identifiers to perceive all parts as one whole. This is possible through prior knowledge and cognitive mapping. When an item is seen within a known location and has features that people have knowledge of, then prior knowledge will help bring

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present. James also distinguished between immediate or derived attention: attention to the present versus to something not physically present. According to James, attention has five major effects. Attention works to make us perceive, conceive, distinguish, remember, and shorten reactions time.

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James differentiated between sensorial attention and intellectual attention. Sensorial attention is when attention is directed to objects of sense, stimuli that are physically present. Intellectual attention is attention directed to ideal or represented objects; stimuli that are not physically

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is one special form of attention that involves the allocation of limited processing resources in a social context. Previous studies on social attention often regard how attention is directed toward socially relevant stimuli such as faces and gaze directions of other individuals. In contrast to

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The effects of spatial neglect, however, may vary and differ depending on what area of the brain was damaged. Damage to different neural substrates can result in different types of neglect. Attention disorders (lateralized and nonlaterized) may also contribute to the symptoms and effects. Much

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Attention is best described as the sustained focus of cognitive resources on information while filtering or ignoring extraneous information. Attention is a very basic function that often is a precursor to all other neurological/cognitive functions. As is frequently the case, clinical models of

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due to the extent of semantic uncertainty in the linguistic explanations of these notions' definitions. Intentionality has in turn been defined as "the power of minds to be about something: to represent or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs". Although these two psychological

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were observed to frequently coordinate their activities with other members of a group in ways parallel to a model of simultaneous attention, whereas middle-class European-descent families in the U.S. would move back and forth between events. Research concludes that children with close ties to

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have supported Wundt's findings about the limits of a human ability to concentrate awareness on a task. Latvian prof. Sandra Mihailova and prof. Igor Val Danilov drew an essential conclusion from the Wundtian approach to the study of attention: the scope of attention is related to cognitive

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The second model is called the zoom-lens model and was first introduced in 1986. This model inherits all properties of the spotlight model (i.e., the focus, the fringe, and the margin), but it has the added property of changing in size. This size-change mechanism was inspired by the

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agreed with Leibniz's view of apperception; however, he expounded on it in by saying that new experiences had to be tied to ones already existing in the mind. Herbart was also the first person to stress the importance of applying mathematical modeling to the study of psychology.

719:, "a neural measure of covert attentional allocation—does not always precede eye movements". However, the researchers acknowledge, "it may be impossible to definitively rule out the possibility that some kind of shift of covert attention precedes every shift of overt attention". 1551: 1550: 1571:

in 1953. At a cocktail party how do people select the conversation that they are listening to and ignore the rest? This problem is at times called "focused attention", as opposed to "divided attention". Cherry performed a number of experiments which became known as

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this view was changed. Hamilton proposed a view of attention that likened its capacity to holding marbles. You can only hold a certain number of marbles at a time before it starts to spill over. His view states that we can attend to more than one stimulus at once.

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Simultaneous attention involves uninterrupted attention to several activities occurring at the same time. Another cultural practice that may relate to simultaneous attention strategies is coordination within a group. Indigenous heritage toddlers and caregivers in

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and pitching in. There are several studies to support that the use of keen attention towards learning is much more common in Indigenous Communities of North and Central America than in a middle-class European-American setting. This is a direct result of the

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fixed, then it follows that the larger the focus is, the slower processing will be of that region of the visual scene, since this fixed resource will be distributed over a larger area. It is thought that the focus of attention can subtend a minimum of 1° of

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autonomous function requiring no specific attention to perform. This overtraining of the brain comes as the "practice of a skill 100% accuracy," allowing the activity to become autonomic, while your mind has room to process other actions simultaneously.

753:(1984) noted a reversal of this benefit takes place when the interval between the onset of the cue and the onset of the target is longer than about 300 ms. The phenomenon of valid cues producing longer reaction times than invalid cues is called 1250:

New technology has yielded more information, such that there is a large, distributed network of frontal, parietal, temporal, and subcortical brain areas that have been tied to neglect. This network can be related to other research as well; the

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attention on the actions being performed by their parents, elders, and/or older siblings. In order to learn in this way, keen attention and focus is required. Eventually the child is expected to be able to perform these skills themselves.

774:. This is because they are typically presented at the center of a display, where an observer's eyes are likely to be fixated. Central cues, such as an arrow or digit presented at fixation, tell observers to attend to a specific location. 1297:

Another distracting factor to attention processes is insufficient sleep. Sleep deprivation is found to impair cognition, specifically performance in divided attention. Divided attention is possibly linked with the circadian processes.

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pioneered brain imaging studies of selective attention. Their results soon sparked interest from the neuroscience community, which until then had been focused on monkey brains. With the development of these technological innovations,

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activities with other members of a group in multiway engagements rather than in a dyadic fashion. Research concludes that children with close ties to Indigenous American roots have a high tendency to be especially keen observers.

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The relationships between attention and consciousness are complex enough that they have warranted philosophical exploration. Such exploration is both ancient and continually relevant, as it can have effects in fields ranging from

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Older research involved looking at the limits of people performing simultaneous tasks like reading stories, while listening and writing something else, or listening to two separate messages through different ears (i.e.,

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The current view is that visual covert attention is a mechanism for quickly scanning the field of view for interesting locations. This shift in covert attention is linked to eye movement circuitry that sets up a slower

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There are studies that suggest the mechanisms of overt and covert orienting may not be controlled separately and independently as previously believed. Central mechanisms that may control covert orienting, such as the

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on the process of selecting by his own psyche the information he requires and on the process of choosing an algorithm for response actions, which involves the intensification of sensory and intellectual activities”.

415:(fMRI) to image the brain while monitoring tasks involving attention. Considering this expensive equipment was generally only available in hospitals, psychologists sought cooperation with neurologists. Psychologist 3843:

Talcott, Travis N.; Kiat, John E.; Luck, Steven J.; Gaspelin, Nicholas (2023-08-23). "Is covert attention necessary for programming accurate saccades? Evidence from saccade-locked event-related potentials".

609:). Generally, classical research into attention investigated the ability of people to learn new information when there were multiple tasks to be performed, or to probe the limits of our perception (c.f. 3797:

Rizzolatti, Giacomo; Riggio, Lucia; Dascola, Isabella; Umiltá, Carlo (1987). "Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: Evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention".

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there are at least two models which describe how visual attention operates. These models may be considered metaphors which are used to describe internal processes and to generate hypotheses that are

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described two different aspects of how the mind focuses attention to items present in the environment. The first aspect is called bottom-up processing, also known as stimulus-driven attention or

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Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary vs. automatic control over the mind's eye's movement. In J.B. Long & A.D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX (pp. 187–203). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

404:), he was the first to recognize the importance of empirical investigation. In his work on memory, Vives found that the more closely one attends to stimuli, the better they will be retained. 1449:

to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state which in French is called distraction, and Zerstreutheit in German.

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is tied to spatial orienting. The effect of damage to this network may result in patients neglecting their left side when distracted about their right side or an object on their right side.

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Simultaneous attention is a type of attention, classified by attending to multiple events at the same time. Simultaneous attention is demonstrated by children in Indigenous communities, who

1213:, efforts have been made to model the mechanism of human attention, especially the bottom-up intentional mechanism and its semantic significance in classification of video contents. Both 5499:

Coull JT, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS, Grasby PM (November 1996). "A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: a PET study of sustained attention and working memory".

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Correa-Chávez, Maricela; Roberts, Amy L.D.; Pérez, Margarita Martínez (2011). "Cultural Patterns in Children's Learning Through Keen Observation and participation in their communities".

5740: 2494:""The System of Prearranged Points" as a Method of Student's Knowledge Evaluation in Course of Teaching Natural-Scientific Subjects in a Secondary School by way of Example of Geography" 2447:"A Case Study on the Development of Math Competence in an Eight-year-old Child with Dyscalculia: Shared Intentionality in Human-Computer Interaction for Online Treatment Via Subitizing" 613:). There is also older literature on people's performance on multiple tasks performed simultaneously, such as driving a car while tuning a radio or driving while being on the phone. 1351:

emphasized a reflexive involuntary view of attention known as exogenous orienting. However, there is also endogenous orienting which is voluntary and directed attention. Philosopher

636:

variables play a part in our ability to pay attention to and concentrate on many tasks at once. These include, but are not limited to, anxiety, arousal, task difficulty, and skills.

440:, the ability of the newer techniques to measure precisely localized activity inside the brain generated renewed interest by a wider community of researchers. A growing body of such 900:. Five different kinds of activities of growing difficulty are described in the model; connecting with the activities those patients could do as their recovering process advanced. 4122:

Rosen AC, Rao SM, Caffarra P, Scaglioni A, Bobholz JA, Woodley SJ, et al. (March 1999). "Neural basis of endogenous and exogenous spatial orienting. A functional MRI study".

931:

The ability to maintain a behavioral or cognitive set in the face of distracting or competing stimuli. Therefore, it incorporates the notion of "freedom from distractibility."

5706:

Zang, Jinliang; Wang, Le; Liu, Ziyi; Zhang, Qilin; Hua, Gang; Zheng, Nanning (2018). "Attention-Based Temporal Weighted Convolutional Neural Network for Action Recognition".

9975: 649:

This differs from multitasking, which is characterized by alternating attention and focus between multiple activities, or halting one activity before switching to the next.

9985: 9980: 3180:

Collet C, Clarion A, Morel M, Chapon A, Petit C (November 2009). "Physiological and behavioural changes associated to the management of secondary tasks while driving".

480:

The growing body of literature shows empirical evidence that attention is conditioned by the number of elements and the duration of exposition. Decades of research on

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Bottom-up saliency filters automatically enhance the response to infrequent stimuli, or stimuli of instinctive or learned biological relevance (exogenous attention).

715:

Covert attention has been argued to reflect the existence of processes "programming explicit ocular movement". However, this has been questioned on the grounds that

1153:

Children appear to develop patterns of attention related to the cultural practices of their families, communities, and the institutions in which they participate.

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to the relevant location. Stimulation at levels too low to induce a saccade will nonetheless enhance cortical responses to stimuli located in the relevant area.

777:

When examining differences between exogenous and endogenous orienting, some researchers suggest that there are four differences between the two kinds of cues:

3451: 281:(1890) wrote that "Attention is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or 9319: 1619:) processing in the unattended ear before the mind can analyze its semantic content. In the late selection models (first proposed by J. Anthony Deutsch and 1020:

Neurally, at different hierarchical levels spatial maps can enhance or inhibit activity in sensory areas, and induce orienting behaviors like eye movement.

937:

The ability of mental flexibility that allows individuals to shift their focus of attention and move between tasks having different cognitive requirements.

658:

Indigenous American roots have a high tendency to be especially wide, keen observers. This points to a strong cultural difference in attention management.

1013:

working memory can influence the selection of new information, and thus mediate voluntary control of attention in a recurrent loop (endogenous attention).

352:. A relatively new body of research, which expands upon earlier research within psychopathology, is investigating the diagnostic symptoms associated with 8970: 974:

attention to a stimulus or task that might ordinarily be insufficiently engaging to prevent our attention being distracted by other stimuli or tasks.

1290:

A sensory distracting factor would be, for example, while a person is reading this article, they are neglecting the white field surrounding the text.

686:. These movements are fast and are activated by the sudden appearance of stimuli. In contrast, controlled eye movements are commanded by areas in the 10128: 9474: 5082:

Pattyn N, Neyt X, Henderickx D, Soetens E (January 2008). "Psychophysiological investigation of vigilance decrement: boredom or cognitive fatigue?".

2445:

Academic Center for Coherent Intelligence, Riga, Latvia; Danilov, Igor Val; Mihailova, Sandra; Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia (2022-01-24).

1385:

there were personal differences in calculation. These different readings resulted in different reports from each astronomer. To correct for this, a

2478: 7838: 3935: 4820:"Supplemental Material for The Mediating Role of Attention in the Association Between Math Anxiety and Math Performance: An Eye-Tracking Study" 1588:

and selectively attend to one stream. After the task, the experimenter would question the subjects about the content of the unattended stream.

1130: 3891:

Mayer AR, Dorflinger JM, Rao SM, Seidenberg M (October 2004). "Neural networks underlying endogenous and exogenous visual-spatial orienting".

10018: 5586: 2444: 4338:"Attention capture by eye of origin singletons even without awareness--a hallmark of a bottom-up saliency map in the primary visual cortex" 4659: 10158: 9965: 7421: 843:

attention. This aspect of our attentional orienting is under the control of the person who is attending. It is mediated primarily by the

5127:"From the optic tectum to the primary visual cortex: migration through evolution of the saliency map for exogenous attentional guidance" 888:

attention differ from investigation models. One of the most used models for the evaluation of attention in patients with very different

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Silva KG, Correa-Chávez M, Rogoff B (2010). "Mexican-heritage children's attention and learning from interactions directed to others".

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Certain automatic responses that influence attention, like orienting to a highly salient stimulus, are mediated subcortically by the

1642: 1612: 1591: 9943: 8287: 5847: 1537:". The cognitive revolution admitted unobservable cognitive processes like attention as legitimate objects of scientific study. 1478:. The stimulation of neurons is followed by a refractory phase during which neurons are less sensitive to stimulation. In 1935 601:

individuals attend or give attention to multiple sources of information at once or perform more than one task at the same time.

10143: 8955: 2784:

Cohen A, Rafal RD (1991). "Attention and Feature Integration: Illusory Conjunctions in a Patient with a Parietal Lobe Lesion".

1623:), the content in both ears is analyzed semantically, but the words in the unattended ear cannot access consciousness. Lavie's 526:

The first of these models to appear in the literature is the spotlight model. The term "spotlight" was inspired by the work of

1600:

one of the memory representations is selected for further processing. At any time, only one can be selected, resulting in the

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This debate became known as the early-selection vs. late-selection models. In the early selection models (first proposed by

892:

pathologies is the model of Sohlberg and Mateer. This hierarchic model is based in the recovering of attention processes of

9251: 8940: 8337: 7219: 5919: 4513:

Astle DE, Scerif G (March 2009). "Using developmental cognitive neuroscience to study behavioral and attentional control".

4253: 10035: 8844: 5653:

Li J, Levine MD, An X, Xu X, He H (April 2013). "Visual saliency based on scale-space analysis in the frequency domain".

5456:

Callejas A, Lupiáñez J, Tudela P (April 2004). "The three attentional networks: on their independence and interactions".

5360:"Stimulus-Driven Reorienting Impairs Executive Control of Attention: Evidence for a Common Bottleneck in Anterior Insula" 1853: 241: 3300: 2015: 1129:

Executive attention is used when there is a conflict between multiple attention cues. It is essentially the same as the

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Alerting is the process involved in becoming and staying attentive toward the surroundings. It appears to exist in the

556:

features all together to make sense of what is perceived. The case of R.M's damage to his parietal lobe, also known as

3059:

Brown ID, Tickner AH, Simmonds DC (October 1969). "Interference between concurrent tasks of driving and telephoning".

1463:

During this period, research in attention waned and interest in behaviorism flourished, leading some to believe, like

868: 10153: 10040: 9744: 5632: 4021:

Jonides J (1981). "Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind's eye movement". In Long JB, Braddely AD (eds.).

3251: 2403:

Feigenson, Lisa; Carey, Susan (2003). "Tracking individuals via object-files: evidence from infants' manual search".

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forms a research approach to its study. In scientific works, attention often coincides and substitutes the notion of

1947:

Chavajay P, Rogoff B (July 1999). "Cultural variation in management of attention by children and their caregivers".

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in 1979. However, more recent research using well controlled dual-task paradigms points at the importance of tasks.

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Silveri MC, Ciccarelli N, Cappa A (September 2011). "Unilateral spatial neglect in degenerative brain pathology".

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of time is required to shift the filter from one channel to another. Experiments by Gray and Wedderburn and later

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expectancies about cue validity and predictive value affects endogenous orienting more than exogenous orienting.

9441: 9365: 9005: 7785: 6954: 3127:

Salvucci DD, Taatgen NA (January 2008). "Threaded cognition: an integrated theory of concurrent multitasking".

1752: 1422:

One major debate in this period was whether it was possible to attend to two things at once (split attention).

1029: 6133:

Buxbaum LJ (2006). "On the right (and left) track: Twenty years of progress in studying hemispatial neglect".

3452:"Cultural variation in young children's access to work or involvement in specialized child-focused activities" 2124:

Leahey, Thomas H. (1979). "Something old, something new: Attention in Wundt and modern cognitive psychology".

9405: 9107: 8965: 8382: 6426:

Drummond, S (2001). "The Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Cerebral Responses to Cognitive Performance".

4964:"Sustaining attention to simple tasks: a meta-analytic review of the neural mechanisms of vigilant attention" 1096: 445: 416: 215: 17: 7061: 1394:. It was his belief that psychological processes can only be understood in terms of goals and consequences. 624:

There have been multiple theories regarding divided attention. One, conceived by cognitive scientist Daniel

10133: 10070: 9970: 9781: 9620: 9392: 8809: 8542: 7833: 7734: 7621: 6694: 3094:

Strayer DL, Drews FA (2007). "Multitasking in the automobile". In Kramer AF, Wiegmann DA, Kirlik A (eds.).

1837: 1647: 1439: 503: 408: 205: 9921: 9581: 9561: 9398: 9325: 9313: 8457: 8280: 7056: 6178:"The dorsal attention network mediates orienting toward behaviorally relevant stimuli in spatial neglect" 1468: 344:, and the relationship between attention and other behavioral and cognitive processes, which may include 5801:

Itti L, Koch C, Niebur E (1998). "A Model of Saliency-Based Visual Attention for Rapid Scene Analysis".

9916: 9372: 9207: 9172: 9067: 8884: 8377: 7959: 7884: 7717: 2333:

Kaufman, E. L.; Lord, M. W.; Reese, T. W.; Volkmann, J. (1949). "The Discrimination of Visual Number".

2238:"Internally Generated Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition" 1193:

children have learned to pay attention to several events at once in order to make useful observations.

365: 31: 6876: 4765: 3762:

Hunt AR, Kingstone A (December 2003). "Covert and overt voluntary attention: linked or independent?".

1009:

Competitive selection is the process that determines which information gains access to working memory.

10138: 10030: 9386: 9152: 9062: 8512: 8487: 8427: 6947: 5991:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2766. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 3978:

Cheal M, Lyon DR (November 1991). "Central and peripheral precuing of forced-choice discrimination".

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to the exclusion of other stimuli. It is the selective concentration on discrete information, either

210: 78: 5863: 3141: 560:, shows the incorporation of focused attention and combination of features in the role of attention. 10102: 10080: 9960: 9883: 9015: 8532: 7997: 7942: 7917: 7747: 7724: 7674: 7579: 7123: 6984: 6870: 5815: 2889:. Plenum Series in Russian Neuropsychology. Translated by Krotova D. Plenum Press. pp. 70–71. 2193:

Andelman-Gur, Michal M.; Fried, Itzhak (2023-08-18). "Consciousness: a neurosurgical perspective".

1788: 1702: 1352: 1252: 1214: 925:

The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity.

428:

became interested in this type of research that combines sophisticated experimental paradigms from

294: 274: 6675: 6282:

Humphreys GW, Sui J (2016). "Attentional control and the self: The Self-Attention Network (SAN)".

5594: 5217:"Neuronal synchronization along the dorsal visual pathway reflects the focus of spatial attention" 5172:

Kaiser J, Lutzenberger W (December 2003). "Induced gamma-band activity and human brain function".

2645:

Castiello U, Umiltà C (April 1990). "Size of the attentional focus and efficiency of processing".

1525:

renewed their interest in attention when the dominant epistemology shifted from positivism (i.e.,

1522: 1404:

to study attention and it was considered a major field of intellectual inquiry by authors such as

388:. Thus, many of the discoveries in the field of attention were made by philosophers. Psychologist 305:, less than 1% of the visual input data stream of 1MByte/sec can enter the bottleneck, leading to 10055: 9508: 9332: 9226: 8950: 8930: 8904: 8819: 8342: 7684: 7450: 7244: 3535: 1762: 1737: 1306: 456: 369: 306: 234: 5011:

Robertson IH, O'Connell R (2010). "Vigilant attention.". In Nobre AC, Nobre K, Coull JT (eds.).

943:

This refers to the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands.

10045: 9908: 9836: 9801: 9518: 9431: 9192: 9127: 8960: 8317: 8273: 8091: 8051: 7952: 7921: 7559: 7347: 7214: 7016: 6330:"Two Polarities of Attention in Social Contexts: From Attending-to-Others to Attending-to-Self" 5858: 5810: 4698: 3243: 3136: 3103: 1778: 1773: 1742: 1624: 1366: 1169: 1095:

Another commonly used model for the attention system has been put forth by researchers such as

916: 433: 419:(then already renowned for his influential work on visual selective attention) and neurologist 353: 349: 325: 5608:

Correa-Chavez M, Barbara R (2009). "Cultural variation in children's attention and learning".

1247:

research has asserted that damage to gray matter within the brain results in spatial neglect.

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Posner MI, Cohen YP (1984). "Components of visual orienting". In Bouma H, Bouwhuis D (eds.).

2472: 1564: 1530: 1415: 855:. Research has shown that it is related to other aspects of the executive functions, such as 474: 3235: 3095: 10025: 9928: 9831: 9771: 9680: 9675: 9571: 9513: 9498: 9339: 9177: 9117: 9010: 8814: 8694: 8347: 7990: 7974: 7853: 7611: 7564: 7554: 7342: 7290: 7178: 6238: 5755: 5287: 5049: 4561: 4290: 3716: 3659: 3648:"High-frequency, long-range coupling between prefrontal and visual cortex during attention" 2682:"The extent of processing of noise elements during selective encoding from visual displays" 1692: 1682: 1534: 1138: 1054:

Exogenous attentional guidance in humans and monkeys is by a bottom-up saliency map in the

754: 557: 516: 429: 48: 8745: 336:

and signals that generate attention, the effects of these sensory cues and signals on the

8: 9938: 9868: 9112: 9025: 8674: 8502: 8322: 8121: 8021: 7712: 7596: 7544: 7512: 7492: 7259: 5741:"Action Recognition by an Attention-Aware Temporal Weighted Convolutional Neural Network" 2531: 2368:

Averbach, Emanuel (1963). "The span of apprehension as a function of exposure duration".

2298:

Fernberger, Samuel W. (1921). "A Preliminary Study of the Range of Visual Apprehension".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

6242: 5759: 5291: 4565: 4550:"Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention" 4470:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

4294: 4233: 4167:"Exogenous and endogenous control of attention: the effect of visual onsets and offsets" 3720: 3663: 2493: 10123: 10013: 9756: 9734: 9729: 9647: 9642: 9598: 9412: 9379: 9182: 9162: 9137: 9132: 9077: 8796: 8417: 8387: 8218: 8203: 8041: 7986: 7979: 7947: 7848: 7843: 7795: 7773: 7742: 7569: 6890: 6763: 6614: 6606: 6594: 6554: 6541: 6521: 6502: 6494: 6356: 6329: 6307: 6259: 6226: 6202: 6177: 6158: 6110: 6085: 6010: 5960: 5934: 5886: 5828: 5778: 5688: 5662: 5610:

Psychology and the Real World: Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society

5567: 5524: 5481: 5433: 5408: 5384: 5359: 5313: 5256: 5197: 5154: 5107: 5061: 4988: 4963: 4944: 4909: 4845: 4801: 4741: 4716: 4690: 4635: 4608: 4584: 4549: 4490: 4465: 4446: 4313: 4278: 4245: 4147: 4003: 3960: 3916: 3873: 3822: 3680: 3647: 3592: 3474: 3407: 3375: 3350: 3217: 3162: 3006: 2863: 2817: 2809: 2797: 2758: 2350: 2315: 2270: 2237: 2071: 2046: 1573: 1556: 1479: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1077: 1070: 1025: 606: 595: 591: 436:(EEG) had long been used to study the brain activity underlying selective attention by 227: 118: 8608: 6439: 5894: 4434: 3775: 2983: 2381: 1369:

later expanded this view and stated that we can attend to up to four items at a time.

1287:, there are two types of distracting factors affecting focus – sensory and emotional. 9933: 9893: 9846: 9670: 9652: 9540: 9097: 9057: 9042: 8770: 8699: 8679: 8563: 8447: 8254: 8242: 8213: 8061: 7932: 7907: 7863: 7790: 7768: 7669: 7606: 7574: 7549: 7517: 7502: 7412: 7382: 7320: 7183: 7160: 7153: 7133: 7128: 7113: 7086: 7031: 6999: 6897: 6848: 6807: 6770: 6738: 6598: 6559: 6486: 6451: 6443: 6408: 6400: 6361: 6299: 6264: 6207: 6150: 6115: 6066: 6000: 5952: 5876: 5783: 5719: 5680: 5628: 5559: 5555: 5516: 5512: 5473: 5438: 5389: 5305: 5248: 5189: 5158: 5146: 5099: 5053: 5016: 4993: 4948: 4913: 4872: 4865: 4849: 4837: 4793: 4785: 4746: 4682: 4640: 4609:"Perceptual Load Affects Eyewitness Accuracy and Susceptibility to Leading Questions" 4589: 4530: 4495: 4438: 4400: 4359: 4318: 4237: 4188: 4139: 4053: 3995: 3908: 3904: 3877: 3865: 3857: 3814: 3810: 3779: 3744: 3739: 3704: 3685: 3584: 3512: 3508: 3478: 3429: 3421: 3411: 3380: 3329: 3247: 3236: 3197: 3154: 3107: 3096: 3076: 3041: 3002: 2955: 2926: 2898: 2868: 2848: 2844: 2821: 2801: 2766: 2750: 2662: 2658: 2627: 2512: 2420: 2385: 2257: 2218: 2210: 2141: 2095: 2076: 2047:"Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging" 1994: 1964: 1918: 1893: 1863: 1747: 1707: 1697: 1672: 1652: 1386: 1272: 489:, “attention” should be understood as “the state of concentration of an individual’s 302: 293:

of limited cognitive processing resources. Attention is manifested by an attentional

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Strayer DL, Cooper JM, Turrill J, Coleman J, Medeiros-Ward N, Biondi F (June 2013).

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Evidence shows that preattentive focuses are accurate due to illusory conjunctions.

437: 282: 128: 113: 6295: 5964: 5692: 5485: 5095: 4279:"Bottom-up saliency and top-down learning in the primary visual cortex of monkeys" 3980:

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology

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Treisman A, Vieira A, Hayes A (1992). "Automaticity and Preattentive Processing".

1099:. He divides attention into three functional components: alerting, orienting, and 30:

This article is about the psychological concept of attention. For other uses, see

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practices are clinical interventions that emphasize training attention functions.

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Hodgson TL, Muller HJ (1999). "Attentional Orienting in Two-dimensional Space".

3612:"Selective attention and serial processing in briefly presented visual displays" 3150: 1960: 1627:, however, "provided elegant solution to" what had once been a "heated debate". 9903: 9818: 9808: 9796: 9712: 9685: 9630: 9576: 9286: 9236: 8864: 8775: 8704: 8689: 8659: 8634: 8588: 8573: 8568: 8467: 8407: 8392: 8372: 8362: 8357: 8327: 8198: 8162: 8056: 7654: 7601: 7427: 7397: 7377: 7364: 6885: 5142: 4905: 4554:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Carmody J (2009). "Evolving Conceptions of Mindfulness in Clinical Settings".

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Rueda MR, Rothbart MK, McCandliss BD, Saccomanno L, Posner MI (October 2005).

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Freeman FN (1912). "Grouped objects as a concrete basis for the number idea."

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movements; reflexive and controlled. Reflexive movements are commanded by the

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10.1002/1520-6696(197907)15:3<242::AID-JHBS2300150305>3.0.CO;2-O

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The second aspect is called top-down processing, also known as goal-driven,

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(1912). 2158:Wilhelm Wundt. (1912). 1823:Encyclopædia Britannica 1738:Nonverbal communication 1307:Inattentional blindness 1168:predominantly learn by 457:psychological construct 370:artificial intelligence 350:psychological vigilance 307:inattentional blindness 10046:Fascination with death 9909:Political polarization 9837:Availability heuristic 9802:Television consumption 9387:The Emperor's New Mind 9193:Problem of other minds 9128:Introspection illusion 8961:Holonomic brain theory 8318:Alfred North Whitehead 8092:George Armitage Miller 8052:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 7215:Experiential avoidance 6716:Archives of Psychology 6712:"Mental set and shift" 6659:Runes DD, ed. 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Roediger III 7708:False memory syndrome 7680:Misinformation effect 7660:Imagination inflation 7230:Ironic process theory 6995:Cognitive flexibility 6583:Psychological Science 6102:10.1093/cercor/bhn250 6033:Biological Psychology 5376:10.1093/cercor/bhw225 2786:Psychological Science 2405:Developmental Science 1913:Goldstein EB (2011). 1617:Treisman's refinement 1576:and were extended by 1554: 1445: 1416:Hermann von Helmholtz 1056:primary visual cortex 915:Sustained attention ( 818:primary visual cortex 511: 475:shared intentionality 40: 10026:Criticism of Netflix 9832:Availability cascade 9772:Information overload 9681:Attention management 9676:Attention inequality 9572:Human-interest story 9514:Behavioral modernity 9499:Cognitive psychology 9340:Cosmic Consciousness 9178:Philosophical zombie 9118:Higher consciousness 9011:Animal consciousness 8815:Double-aspect theory 8348:Christopher Peacocke 7612:Motivated forgetting 6792:Psychological Review 5333:Psychological Review 4721:The Behavior Analyst 3326:Cognitive Psychology 3302:Attention and Effort 3129:Psychological Review 2950:. 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Atkinson 7839:Effects of exercise 7713:Memory implantation 7597:Interference theory 7513:Selective retention 7493:Meaningful learning 7260:Thought suppression 6710:Jersild AT (1927). 6648:. pp. 411–412. 6243:2009CBio...19.R958K 5760:2018Senso..18.1979W 5458:Brain and Cognition 5413:Brain and Cognition 5292:2014Sci...344..424B 4566:2005PNAS..10214931R 4295:2018PNAS..11510499Y 4289:(41): 10499–10504. 3721:2001PNAS...98.5363C 3664:2009Sci...324.1207G 3299:Kahneman D (1973). 2183:, 1973), pp. 35-36. 2026:on January 17, 2015 1888:Zhaoping L (2014). 1668:Attentional control 1336:Nicolas Malebranche 1279:Distracting factors 1235:Hemispatial neglect 1229:Hemispatial neglect 1101:executive attention 1064:superior colliculus 971:Vigilant attention: 853:executive functions 837:attentional control 822:superior colliculus 680:superior colliculus 197:Numerical cognition 89:Pattern recognition 9757:Influence-for-hire 9735:Media multitasking 9730:Human multitasking 9648:Tabloid television 9599:Media manipulation 9413:Wider than the Sky 9380:The Conscious Mind 9183:Philosophy of mind 9163:Neurophenomenology 9138:Locked-in syndrome 9133:Knowledge argument 8797:Philosophy of mind 8418:George Henry Lewes 8388:Douglas Hofstadter 8219:Andriy Slyusarchuk 8042:Hermann Ebbinghaus 7948:Involuntary memory 7849:Memory improvement 7834:Effects of alcohol 7796:Transactive memory 7774:Politics of memory 7743:Exceptional memory 6844:10.3758/BF03196622 6532:(1641): 20130205. 6397:10.1111/bjop.12148 5174:The Neuroscientist 5013:Attention and Time 4733:10.1007/bf03393171 4184:10.3758/bf03211619 3956:10.3758/BF03208827 3629:10.3758/BF03207451 3367:10.5709/acp-0209-2 3223:. New York: Crown. 3182:Applied Ergonomics 2921:Matlin MW (2013). 2699:10.3758/BF03198630 2623:10.3758/BF03211502 2590:10.3758/BF03212870 2552:10.3758/bf03334699 2530:Jonides J (1983). 2014:Raichle M (1999). 1989:Johnson A (2004). 1574:dichotic listening 1561: 1557:Tilburg University 1480:John Ridley Stroop 1437:, in his textbook 1402:mental chronometry 1398:Franciscus Donders 1241:unilateral neglect 1219:temporal attention 1149:Cultural variation 1078:lateral inhibition 1071:superior colliculi 1026:frontal eye fields 941:Divided attention: 905:Focused attention: 704:to that location. 607:dichotic listening 596:Distracted driving 592:Human multitasking 513: 283:trains of thought. 79:Object recognition 43: 10111: 10110: 9934:Fake news website 9894:Spiral of silence 9847:Confirmation bias 9671:Attention economy 9653:Yellow journalism 9541:Social psychology 9450: 9449: 9148:Mind–body problem 9098:Flash suppression 9058:Cartesian theater 9043:Binocular rivalry 8989: 8988: 8855:Mind–body dualism 8784: 8783: 8771:Victor J. Stenger 8746:Erwin Schrödinger 8700:Stanislas Dehaene 8680:Michael Gazzaniga 8564:Donald D. Hoffman 8448:John Polkinghorne 8428:Gottfried Leibniz 8263: 8262: 8227: 8226: 8214:Cosmos Rossellius 8062:Marcia K. Johnson 7933:Exosomatic memory 7918:Context-dependent 7908:Absent-mindedness 7791:Memory conformity 7769:Collective memory 7670:Memory conformity 7607:Memory inhibition 7526: 7525: 7518:Tip of the tongue 7273: 7272: 7032:Critical thinking 7000:Cognitive liberty 6871:"Attention" 6776:978-0-631-15751-9 6744:978-0-7619-4746-2 6031:Kalat JW (2013). 6006:978-3-540-40722-5 5985:Behnke S (2003). 5882:978-1-4244-1179-5 5825:10.1109/34.730558 5809:(11): 1254–1259. 5769:10.3390/s18071979 5725:978-3-319-92006-1 5370:(11): 4136–4147. 5022:978-0-19-956345-6 4878:978-0-89862-738-1 4527:10.1002/dev.20350 4476:(1377): 1915–27. 4342:Journal of Vision 3658:(5931): 1207–10. 3497:Child Development 3417:978-0-12-386491-8 3113:978-0-19-530572-2 2961:978-0-333-79261-2 2932:978-1-118-14896-9 2904:978-1-4613-5441-3 2854:978-0-262-26750-2 2647:Acta Psychologica 2000:978-0-7619-2760-0 1924:978-1-285-76388-0 1869:978-0-7167-0110-1 1748:Ovsiankina effect 1708:Informal learning 1698:Flow (psychology) 1673:Attentional shift 1653:Attention seeking 1613:Broadbent's model 1552: 1387:personal equation 1332:Daniel E. Berlyne 1302:Failure to attend 1273:Williams syndrome 1215:spatial attention 1209:In the domain of 1131:central executive 979:Neural correlates 576:The Working Brain 558:Balint's syndrome 402:The Soul and Life 364:and the study of 252: 251: 41:Focused attention 16:(Redirected from 10166: 10139:Mental processes 9956:Knowledge divide 9852:Crowd psychology 9842:Bandwagon effect 9614:Public relations 9531:Media psychology 9477: 9470: 9463: 9454: 9453: 9440: 9439: 9430: 9429: 9272:Unconscious mind 8900:Reflexive monism 8895:Property dualism 8870:New mysterianism 8830:Epiphenomenalism 8810:Computationalism 8805:Anomalous monism 8793: 8792: 8685:Michael Graziano 8655:Francisco Varela 8559:Carl Gustav Jung 8523:Thomas Metzinger 8493:Martin Heidegger 8473:Kenneth M. Sayre 8333:Bertrand Russell 8308: 8307: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8267: 8266: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8194:Jonathan Hancock 8147:Robert Stickgold 8117:Richard Shiffrin 8072:Elizabeth Loftus 8012: 8011: 7928:Childhood memory 7735:Research methods 7617:Repressed memory 7592:Forgetting curve 7580:transient global 7451:Autobiographical 7361: 7360: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7277: 7276: 6970:Mental processes 6964: 6957: 6950: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6911:Ward LM (2008). 6907: 6895: 6881: 6873: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6804:10.1037/h0039515 6787: 6781: 6780: 6768: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6733:Harré R (2002). 6730: 6724: 6723: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6693:James W (1890). 6690: 6684: 6683: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6557: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6359: 6349: 6328:Kuang S (2016). 6325: 6316: 6315: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6262: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6188:(38): 12557–65. 6173: 6167: 6166: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6113: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6063:10.1037/a0023957 6046: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6019: 6018: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5967:. 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Ceci 8027:Robert A. Bjork 8003: 7922:state-dependent 7896: 7868: 7800: 7781:Cultural memory 7757: 7753:Memory disorder 7729: 7689: 7631: 7522: 7432: 7407: 7352: 7309: 7304: 7274: 7269: 7198: 7165: 7073: 7052:Problem solving 7037:Decision-making 6971: 6968: 6904: 6868: 6865: 6863:Further reading 6860: 6823: 6819: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6731: 6727: 6708: 6704: 6691: 6687: 6672: 6668: 6657: 6653: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6575: 6571: 6518: 6514: 6467: 6463: 6424: 6420: 6377: 6373: 6326: 6319: 6280: 6276: 6237:(20): R958–62. 6231:Current Biology 6223: 6219: 6174: 6170: 6131: 6127: 6090:Cerebral Cortex 6082: 6078: 6051:Neuropsychology 6047: 6040: 6029: 6022: 6007: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5933:(4): 996–1010. 5922: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5883: 5864:10.1.1.579.1650 5850: 5844: 5840: 5799: 5795: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5704: 5700: 5661:(4): 996–1010. 5651: 5642: 5635: 5621: 5617: 5606: 5602: 5583: 5579: 5540: 5536: 5507:(11): 1085–95. 5497: 5493: 5454: 5450: 5405: 5401: 5364:Cerebral Cortex 5356: 5352: 5329: 5325: 5286:(6182): 424–7. 5272: 5268: 5213: 5209: 5170: 5166: 5123: 5119: 5090:(1–2): 369–78. 5080: 5073: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5009: 5005: 4960: 4956: 4925: 4921: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4861: 4857: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4762: 4758: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4605: 4601: 4560:(41): 14931–6. 4546: 4542: 4511: 4507: 4462: 4458: 4419: 4412: 4375: 4371: 4334: 4330: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4217: 4211: 4200: 4163: 4159: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4084: 4080: 4069: 4065: 4034: 4030: 4019: 4015: 3976: 3972: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3889: 3885: 3841: 3834: 3795: 3791: 3760: 3756: 3701: 3697: 3644: 3637: 3608: 3604: 3564: 3558: 3543: 3528: 3524: 3493: 3486: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3418: 3396: 3392: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3322: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3232: 3228: 3213: 3209: 3178: 3174: 3142:10.1.1.140.3655 3125: 3121: 3114: 3092: 3088: 3057: 3053: 3022: 3018: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2883: 2879: 2855: 2833: 2829: 2782: 2778: 2747:10.2307/1423032 2731: 2727: 2716: 2707: 2678: 2674: 2643: 2639: 2602: 2598: 2569: 2560: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2470: 2469: 2443: 2432: 2401: 2397: 2366: 2362: 2347:10.2307/1418556 2331: 2327: 2312:10.2307/1413479 2296: 2292: 2286:Elem Sch Teach. 2283: 2279: 2234: 2230: 2191: 2187: 2174: 2170: 2166:, 1973), p. 16. 2157: 2153: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2102: 2092: 2088: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1987: 1976: 1945: 1932: 1925: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1886: 1877: 1870: 1851: 1847: 1834: 1830: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1713:Joint attention 1678:Binding problem 1663:Attention theft 1633: 1540: 1519: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1461: 1424:Walter Benjamin 1375: 1328: 1323: 1304: 1281: 1269:autism spectrum 1261: 1237: 1231: 1211:computer vision 1207: 1151: 1066:(optic tectum). 1045:parietal cortex 999:at the center: 981: 954: 896:patients after 885: 865: 747:peripheral cues 725: 698: 675:Overt orienting 669: 664: 642: 598: 588: 571: 506: 500: 426:neuroscientists 394:Juan Luis Vives 378: 330:neuropsychology 248: 188:Problem solving 183:Decision making 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10172: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10006: 10000: 9998: 9997:Related topics 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9931: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9913: 9911: 9904:Digital divide 9900: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9828: 9826: 9819:Cognitive bias 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9809:Sticky content 9806: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9797:Binge-watching 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9727: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9713:Digital zombie 9710: 9709: 9708: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9686:Attention span 9683: 9678: 9673: 9667: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9631:Sensationalism 9628: 9623: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9596: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9577:Junk food news 9574: 9564: 9559: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9506: 9501: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9480: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9457: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9434: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9287:Visual masking 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9237:Sentiocentrism 9234: 9229: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8865:Neutral monism 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Interactionism 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8776:Wolfgang Pauli 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8705:Steven Laureys 8702: 8697: 8692: 8690:Patrick Wilken 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8660:Gerald Edelman 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8635:Benjamin Libet 8632: 8627: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8589:Max Wertheimer 8586: 8581: 8576: 8574:Gustav Fechner 8571: 8569:Franz Brentano 8566: 8561: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8543:William Seager 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8518:René Descartes 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8468:Keith Frankish 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8408:Galen Strawson 8405: 8400: 8395: 8393:Edmund Husserl 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8373:David Papineau 8370: 8365: 8363:David Chalmers 8360: 8358:Daniel Dennett 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8328:Baruch Spinoza 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8293: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8270: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8245: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8199:Paul R. McHugh 8196: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8057:Ivan Izquierdo 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7994: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7915: 7910: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7814: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7710: 7705: 7699: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7655:Hindsight bias 7652: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7602:Memory erasure 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7560:post-traumatic 7557: 7552: 7547: 7536: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7498:Personal-event 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7428:Working memory 7425: 7417: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7398:Motor learning 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7314:Basic concepts 7311: 7310: 7303: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7240:Mental fatigue 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6908: 6903:978-0062114860 6902: 6882: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6837:(4): 697–702. 6817: 6782: 6775: 6750: 6743: 6725: 6702: 6685: 6666: 6651: 6636: 6624: 6589:(5): 368–373. 6569: 6512: 6477:(5): 180–184. 6461: 6418: 6391:(3): 419–433. 6371: 6317: 6274: 6217: 6168: 6141:(1): 184–201. 6125: 6096:(10): 2331–7. 6076: 6038: 6020: 6005: 5997:10.1007/b11963 5977: 5974:on 2013-03-01. 5910: 5881: 5838: 5816:10.1.1.53.2366 5793: 5731: 5724: 5698: 5640: 5633: 5615: 5600: 5597:on 2015-01-10. 5577: 5534: 5491: 5448: 5399: 5350: 5339:(5): 391–408. 5323: 5266: 5207: 5164: 5117: 5071: 5028: 5021: 5003: 4974:(4): 870–900. 4954: 4919: 4900:(3): 270–280. 4884: 4877: 4855: 4811: 4776:(3): 321–340. 4756: 4707: 4704:on 2013-06-26. 4650: 4599: 4540: 4505: 4456: 4410: 4369: 4328: 4269: 4198: 4157: 4114: 4105: 4094:(3): 615–648. 4078: 4063: 4028: 4013: 3970: 3949:(3): 490–495. 3926: 3883: 3832: 3789: 3754: 3695: 3635: 3622:(5): 321–326. 3602: 3541: 3522: 3503:(3): 898–912. 3484: 3439: 3416: 3390: 3341: 3335:978-1133313915 3334: 3311: 3291: 3259: 3252: 3226: 3207: 3172: 3119: 3112: 3086: 3051: 3016: 2997:(3): 215–230. 2974: 2960: 2938: 2931: 2910: 2903: 2877: 2853: 2827: 2792:(2): 106–110. 2776: 2741:(2): 341–362. 2725: 2705: 2692:(1): 155–160. 2672: 2653:(3): 195–209. 2637: 2596: 2558: 2522: 2484: 2430: 2411:(5): 568–584. 2395: 2360: 2325: 2306:(1): 121–133. 2290: 2277: 2228: 2185: 2168: 2151: 2132:(3): 242–252. 2111: 2086: 2037: 2006: 1999: 1974: 1955:(4): 1079–90. 1930: 1923: 1905: 1898: 1875: 1868: 1845: 1828: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1799:Working memory 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1658:Attention span 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1521:In the 1950s, 1518: 1515: 1469:task switching 1460: 1457: 1374: 1371: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1303: 1300: 1280: 1277: 1271:disorders and 1260: 1257: 1233:Main article: 1230: 1227: 1206: 1203: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1127: 1124: 1121:norepinephrine 1097:Michael Posner 1082: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1052: 1041: 1028:(FEF) and the 1018: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004:Working memory 997:working memory 980: 977: 976: 975: 968: 953: 950: 945: 944: 938: 932: 926: 912: 884: 883:Clinical model 881: 864: 861: 857:working memory 851:as one of the 796: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783:cognitive load 724: 721: 668: 665: 663: 660: 641: 638: 587: 584: 570: 567: 562: 561: 553: 499: 496: 461:intentionality 421:Marcus Raichle 417:Michael Posner 390:John B. Watson 377: 374: 346:working memory 250: 249: 247: 246: 239: 232: 224: 221: 220: 219: 218: 213: 208: 200: 199: 193: 192: 191: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 162: 161: 155: 154: 148: 147: 141: 140: 134: 133: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 108: 107: 101: 100: 94: 93: 92: 91: 86: 81: 76: 68: 67: 61: 60: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10171: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10004:Computer rage 10002: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9976:United States 9974: 9973: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9951:Filter bubble 9949: 9945: 9944:United States 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9879:Peer pressure 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9725:Doomscrolling 9723: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536:Media studies 9534: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9488:human factors 9485: 9478: 9473: 9471: 9466: 9464: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9443: 9435: 9433: 9425: 9424: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9173:Phenomenology 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9103:Hallucination 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8835:Functionalism 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8761:Roger Penrose 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8751:Marvin Minsky 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8741:Eugene Wigner 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8731:Annaka Harris 8729: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8665:Giulio Tononi 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8650:Francis Crick 8648: 8646: 8645:Christof Koch 8643: 8641: 8640:Bernard Baars 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8604:William James 8602: 8600: 8599:Wilhelm Wundt 8597: 8595: 8594:Sigmund Freud 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8579:Julian Jaynes 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538:William Lycan 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8458:Joseph Levine 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8433:Immanuel Kant 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8398:Frank Jackson 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8297:Consciousness 8291: 8286: 8284: 8279: 8277: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8178:Clive Wearing 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Endel Tulving 8140: 8138: 8137:Anne Treisman 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097:Brenda Milner 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8082:James McGaugh 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8047:Sigmund Freud 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7991:retrospective 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7970:Muscle memory 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7817:Art of memory 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7665:Memory biases 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7645:Confabulation 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7637:Memory errors 7634: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7555:post-hypnotic 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Rote learning 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Hyperthymesia 7481: 7479: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7446:Active recall 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7343:Consolidation 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179:Consolidation 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 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4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727:(2): 289–92. 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4673:(3): 339–54. 4672: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521:(2): 107–18. 4520: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4389:(1): 183–92. 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4355:10.1167/8.5.1 4351: 4348:(5): 1.1–18. 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4259:on 2015-04-20 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4130:(2): 135–52. 4129: 4125: 4118: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4044:(4): 523–30. 4043: 4039: 4032: 4024: 4017: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986:(4): 859–80. 3985: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899:(2): 534–41. 3898: 3894: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715:(9): 5363–7. 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3640: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3465:(3): 264–74. 3464: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3281:on 2013-10-28 3277: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3253:9781412940818 3249: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188:(6): 1041–6. 3187: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3135:(1): 101–30. 3134: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3067:(5): 419–24. 3066: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 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1920: 1916: 1909: 1901: 1899:9780199564668 1895: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1784:Visual search 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1718:Immanuel Kant 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1688:Consciousness 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1621:Diana Deutsch 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1597:Anne Treisman 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1487: 1485: 1484:Stroop Effect 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465:Ulric Neisser 1456: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1435:William James 1431: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406:Sigmund Freud 1403: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1382:Wilhelm Wundt 1379: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1330:Psychologist 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1236: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115:lobes of the 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 998: 994: 989: 986: 972: 969: 966: 962: 960: 956: 955: 949: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 922: 921:concentration 918: 913: 910: 906: 903: 902: 901: 899: 895: 891: 880: 876: 872: 870: 860: 858: 854: 850: 849:basal ganglia 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 793: 790: 787: 784: 780: 779: 778: 775: 773: 769: 766: 762: 758: 756: 750: 748: 744: 740: 737: 733: 729: 720: 718: 713: 711: 710:parietal lobe 705: 703: 695: 691: 689: 685: 681: 676: 672: 659: 656: 650: 647: 637: 633: 631: 627: 622: 618: 614: 612: 608: 602: 597: 593: 583: 581: 577: 566: 559: 554: 550: 549: 548: 544: 542: 537: 531: 529: 528:William James 524: 522: 518: 510: 505: 495: 492: 491:consciousness 488: 483: 478: 476: 471: 467: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 373: 371: 367: 363: 362:mental health 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287:consciousness 284: 280: 279:William James 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 245: 240: 238: 233: 231: 226: 225: 223: 222: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201: 198: 195: 194: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138:Metacognition 136: 135: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 95: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 39: 33: 19: 18:Uninteresting 10098:Technophobia 10086:Technophilia 9929:Echo chamber 9787:Rage farming 9662: 9567:Infotainment 9411: 9397: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9312: 9257:Subconscious 9217: 9203:Quantum mind 9020: 8695:Roger Sperry 8670:Karl Pribram 8618:Neuroscience 8528:Thomas Nagel 8403:Fred Dretske 8378:David Pearce 8353:Colin McGinn 8209:Ben Pridmore 8127:Larry Squire 8037:Susan Clancy 7996: 7880:Memory sport 7805:Other topics 7695:False memory 7650:Cryptomnesia 7627:Weapon focus 7587:Decay theory 7348:Neuroanatomy 7337: 7307:Human memory 7209: 6925:(10): 1538. 6922: 6918:Scholarpedia 6916: 6891: 6875: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6798:(1): 80–90. 6795: 6791: 6785: 6764: 6734: 6728: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6695: 6688: 6679: 6669: 6660: 6654: 6645: 6639: 6627: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6337: 6333: 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In lower 1049:saliency map 1019: 990: 982: 970: 957: 946: 940: 934: 928: 914: 904: 894:brain damage 886: 877: 873: 866: 830: 797: 776: 772:central cues 771: 767: 760: 759: 751: 746: 742: 738: 731: 730: 726: 714: 706: 693: 692: 688:frontal lobe 674: 673: 670: 651: 643: 640:Simultaneous 634: 623: 619: 615: 603: 599: 579: 575: 572: 563: 545: 541:visual angle 532: 525: 514: 479: 450: 442:neuroimaging 406: 401: 397: 379: 358: 334:sensory cues 322:neuroscience 311: 303:human vision 271:subjectively 258: 254: 253: 152:Metalanguage 97: 9862:Moral panic 9792:Screen time 9626:News values 9562:Gatekeeping 9504:Externality 8890:Physicalism 8885:Parallelism 8880:Panpsychism 8850:Materialism 8825:Emergentism 8715:Wolf Singer 8584:Kurt Koffka 8513:Philip Goff 8488:Michael Tye 8483:Max Velmans 8463:Karl Popper 8453:John Searle 8438:John Eccles 8423:Georges Rey 8067:Eric Kandel 8015:Researchers 7987:Prospective 7938:Free recall 7892:Shas Pollak 7545:anterograde 7461:Declarative 7069:Prospection 7042:Imagination 7005:Forecasting 6985:Association 6722:(89): 5–82. 5754:(7): 1979. 4929:Mindfulness 4429:(1): 9–16. 3575:(1): 3–25. 2948:"Attention" 1854:Anderson JR 1728:Mindfulness 1527:behaviorism 1428:distraction 1392:voluntarism 1158:Jules Henry 1090:gamma waves 1060:vertebrates 965:Mindfulness 959:Mindfulness 847:cortex and 835:attention, 521:falsifiable 275:objectively 10118:Categories 10076:Social bot 10066:Sealioning 9824:Conformity 9609:Propaganda 9594:Media bias 9587:Soft media 9282:Upanishads 9083:Experience 9048:Blindsight 8875:Nondualism 8756:Max Planck 8736:David Bohm 8552:Psychology 8443:John Locke 8368:David Hume 8311:Philosophy 8102:Lynn Nadel 7980:intertrial 7965:Metamemory 7953:flashbacks 7873:In society 7570:retrograde 7532:Forgetting 7503:Procedural 7413:Short-term 7383:Eyewitness 7250:Mental set 7129:Peripheral 7079:Perception 7062:strategies 6896:. 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