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903:. A provisional government was formed, most of whose members had helped drive out the House of Orange 18 years earlier. However, they realised that it would be better in the long term to offer leadership of the new government to William Frederik themselves rather than have him imposed by the allies. Accordingly, William Frederick was installed as the "sovereign prince" of a new
1315:
parts of the south, attempts to enforce the use of Dutch language were particularly resented among the elite. Many
Belgians believed that the United Netherlands' constitution discriminated against them. Though they represented 62 percent of the population, they were only allocated 50 percent of the
1286:
in politics and education. In the southern provinces of
Antwerp, East-, West-Flanders, Limburg (1819), and the bilingual South Brabant (1823); Dutch was made the sole official language. While in the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Liège, Namur; French was maintained as official language but Dutch was
1009:
From the start, the administrative system proved controversial. Representation in the 110-seat House of
Representatives, for example, was divided equally between south and north, although the former had a larger population. This was resented in the south, which believed that the government was
203:
1369:, a major military offensive into Belgium. Though initially successful, the French intervened to support the Belgians and the invasion had to be abandoned. After a period of tension, a settlement was agreed at the
923:, which combined are almost all of what is now Belgium. For all intents and purposes, William Frederik had completed his family's three-century dream of uniting the Low Countries under a single rule.
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dominated by northerners. Additionally, the king had somewhat greater power than is the case for Dutch and
Belgian monarchs today. Most notably, the ministers were responsible solely to him.
201:
1044:
The United
Netherlands was divided into 17 provinces and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg which was constitutionally distinct. All of these provinces can trace their origin to a medieval
202:
1287:
gradually introduced into education. Although French was still used to some degree in administration in both North and South. In the Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg, French was the
862:. After two years of fighting, the Austrian Netherlands and Liège were captured by the French in 1794 and annexed into France. The Dutch Republic collapsed in 1795 and became
3124:
576:
19:
This article is about the kingdom between the end of the
Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the independence of Luxembourg and Belgium in 1839. For the modern kingdom, see
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Differences between
Southern and Northern Netherlands were never totally resolved. The two were divided by the issue of religion because the south was strongly
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in 1839. The Dutch recognised
Belgian independence, in exchange for territorial concessions. The frontier between the two countries was finally fixed by the
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seats in the House and less in the Senate while the state extracted money from the richer south to subsidise the north. By the mid-1820s, a
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1072:). Their status changed when they came under French rule, when their administration was centralised, reducing their powers. They included:
1358:, radicalising the movement. Belgium was declared an independent state on 4 October 1830. A constitutional monarchy was established under
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began to affect the
Southern Netherlands where a number of modern industries emerged, encouraged by figures such as
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was signed, fixing the border between the two states and guaranteeing Belgian independence and neutrality as the
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which allocated the region to the Dutch as William had advocated. That August, William Frederik was made
481:
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The Kingdom did not cease to exist at this time and continues to the present day; however; this is when
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were no longer under the jurisdiction of the Dutch Crown and both became independent sovereign states.
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1967:
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1258:) was created in 1825 to encourage trade with the colonies. William I also embarked on a program of
953:
and parts of the Liège to Prussia on 31 May 1815. In exchange, William also gained control over the
893:. It was taken for granted that any new regime would have to be headed by the son of the last Dutch
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1769:
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40:
731:) as it existed between 1815 and 1830. The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the
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Fighting between Belgian rebels and the Dutch military expedition in Brussels in September 1830
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resented the state's encroachment on its traditional privileges, especially in education. In
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1494:"Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands :: Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin"
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William I actively supported economic modernisation. Modern universities were established
8:
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William I refused to accept the secession of Belgium. In August 1831, he launched the
2331:
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1813:
1764:
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907:. The future of the Southern Netherlands, however, was less clear. In June 1814, the
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A British cartoon, satirising the "wedding" of Belgium and the Netherlands at the
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in France. A military intervention in September failed to defeat the rebels in
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1250:) was created in 1822 to encourage industrialisation in the south, while the
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Economically, the United Netherlands prospered. Supported by the state, the
2872:
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1920:
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The Belgian Revolution broke out on 25 August 1830, inspired by the recent
1325:
1282:
Willem I felt that one nation must have one language and began a policy of
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In 1813, the Netherlands was liberated from French rule by Prussian and
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Algemeene Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter Begunstiging van de Volksvlijt
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In exchange for the Southern Netherlands, William agreed to cede the
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1032:
New Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Luxemburg, 1815
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1220:
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Discussions on the future of the region were still ongoing at the
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and refused to recognise Belgian independence until 1839 when the
735:
through the fusion of territories that had belonged to the former
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The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy 1783-1919 Vol I
1049:
1259:
1216:
1053:
994:. Beneath the king was a bicameral legislature known as the
1244:
General Netherlands Society for Advancing National Industry
1381:
with the Dutch, though ceding some territory to Belgium.
16:
1815–1830 kingdom including the Netherlands and Belgium
1291:
official language while German was used in education.
766:
The polity collapsed in 1830 with the outbreak of the
1457:, Encyclopædia Universalis. Retrieved on 4 July 2021.
965:
with the Netherlands, though it remained part of the
869:
1388:
751:
between the major European powers. The polity was a
1331:
1518:The Intellectual Origins of the Belgian Revolution
1468:The Intellectual Origins of the Belgian Revolution
1455:La parenthèse française et hollandaise (1795-1830)
1377:in 1843. Luxembourg became an autonomous state in
3387:
1242:in 1817. Lower education was also extended. The
938:". William used the occasion to declare himself
905:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
554:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
1891:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
3348:Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution
977:
3416:States and territories disestablished in 1839
2989:
2138:
2028:
582:Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)
1040:Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
917:Governor-General of the Southern Netherlands
854:broke out in 1792 and France was invaded by
169:
109:
1127:(split between Belgium and the Netherlands)
986:, the king retained significant control as
187:
95:
3411:States and territories established in 1815
2996:
2982:
2379:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2145:
2131:
2035:
2021:
213:
3426:1839 disestablishments in the Netherlands
1060:, apart from Antwerp (previously part of
942:on 16 March 1815 as William I. After the
223: Location of the Netherlands in 1815
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
3136:List of members of the National Congress
2152:
2081:
1341:
1194:
1035:
1027:
1012:
873:
39:This article includes a list of general
2374:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
3421:1815 establishments in the Netherlands
3388:
3317:Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)
1869:constituent country within the kingdom
1262:building that saw the creation of the
711:) is the unofficial name given to the
2977:
2126:
934:attempted to return to power in the "
3373:1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross
3196:Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst
1294:
1199:Dutch troops in the Flemish city of
982:Though the United Netherlands was a
25:
701:Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
231: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
13:
3401:Former states in the Low Countries
1277:
1190:
1064:) and Limburg (previously part of
870:Creation of the United Netherlands
826:in the north was independent; the
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3437:
3396:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
3273:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
3055:Provisional Government of Belgium
2117:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
2104:
1498:neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de
1256:Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij
901:William Frederik of Orange-Nassau
693:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
3291:Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)
3057:(September 1830 – February 1831)
2110:
2004:
1587:
1405:
1391:
1332:Belgian Revolution and secession
1179:The United Netherlands was also
780:, the Netherlands was left as a
655:
641:
627:
613:
599:
574:
560:
546:
199:
149:
135:
30:
3084:Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier
2075:
1320:had formed in Belgium, uniting
1227:emerged as major trading port.
3212:Étienne Constantin de Gerlache
2054:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1448:
1183:with overseas colonies in the
842:, while both were part of the
196:("Those in whom Dutch blood")
1:
3100:; July 1831 – December 1865)
2399:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
1604:Prehistory of the Netherlands
1441:
1426:Belgium–Netherlands relations
972:
951:Principality of Orange-Nassau
814:was a patchwork of different
795:
3090:; February 1831 – July 1831)
3061:National Congress of Belgium
2087:The Low Countries, 1780-1940
1079:(part of modern-day Belgium)
1023:
335:semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
3406:Former monarchies of Europe
3327:Treaty of Maastricht (1843)
3120:Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)
1384:
1252:Netherlands Trading Society
978:Constitution and government
838:- the former being part of
10:
3442:
2165:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1973:Inventions and discoveries
1916:Whaling in the Netherlands
1581:History of the Netherlands
1335:
1309:Catholic Church in Belgium
957:, which was elevated to a
852:War of the First Coalition
846:. In the aftermath of the
799:
721:Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
713:Kingdom of the Netherlands
595:Kingdom of the Netherlands
97:Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
92:Kingdom of the Netherlands
21:Kingdom of the Netherlands
18:
3340:
3312:London Conference of 1830
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2491:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
2421:
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2235:Development urban centers
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1272:Brussels–Charleroi canals
1085:(part of the Netherlands)
1066:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
946:, discussions continued.
836:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
808:French Revolutionary Wars
745:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
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3332:Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)
3227:Albert Goblet d'Alviella
3007:and the independence of
2047:
1004:House of Representatives
913:Eight Articles of London
709:Royaume uni des Pays-Bas
405:House of Representatives
3358:Civic Guard Merit Medal
3322:Treaty of London (1839)
3296:Siege of Antwerp (1832)
3067:Constitution of Belgium
1483:(Cambridge 1922) p. 263
984:constitutional monarchy
911:secretly agreed to the
753:constitutional monarchy
60:more precise citations.
3205:de Gerlache Government
3148:Provisional Government
3077:First Belgian monarchs
2838:Decorations and medals
2287:Burgundian Netherlands
2011:Netherlands portal
1844:Sovereign Principality
1697:Burgundian Netherlands
1347:
1303:and the north largely
1204:
1041:
1033:
1020:
921:Prince-Bishop of Liège
882:
830:was split between the
761:House of Orange-Nassau
728:
720:
708:
700:
272:(official in Wallonia)
188:
170:
110:
96:
3341:Monuments and honours
2833:Customs and etiquette
2089:. Oxford: Clarendon.
1747:Dutch colonial empire
1533:(London 1964) p. 86-7
1345:
1209:Industrial Revolution
1198:
1039:
1031:
1016:
877:
864:a French client state
729:Royaume des Belgiques
262:Common languages
111:Royaume des Belgiques
3258:Charles de Brouckère
3232:Sylvain Van de Weyer
3217:Charles de Brouckère
3176:Sylvain Van de Weyer
3098:King of the Belgians
3040:La muette de Portici
2868:Orders of knighthood
2501:World Heritage Sites
2404:Coronavirus pandemic
2394:European debt crisis
2367:Dutch Liberation Day
2292:Habsburg Netherlands
2119:at Wikimedia Commons
1702:Habsburg Netherlands
1436:Southern Netherlands
1375:Treaty of Maastricht
1328:against Dutch rule.
967:German Confederation
832:Austrian Netherlands
828:Southern Netherlands
741:Austrian Netherlands
441:Constitution adopted
287:Northwestern Yiddish
190:Wien NeĂŞrlands Bloed
3363:1830 Star of Honour
3241:Lebeau I Government
3222:Alexandre Gendebien
3191:Joseph Vanderlinden
3181:Feuillien de Coppin
3156:Alexandre Gendebien
2476:Mountains and hills
2327:Batavian Revolution
2307:Spanish Netherlands
2302:Seventeen Provinces
1824:First French Empire
1809:Batavian Revolution
1712:Spanish Netherlands
1707:Seventeen Provinces
1559:(London 1964) p. 89
1546:(London 1964) p. 88
1318:union of opposition
1070:Duchy of Gelderland
955:Duchy of Luxembourg
747:in order to form a
568:First French Empire
3253:Étienne de Sauvage
3125:Frédéric de Mérode
3024:Belgian Revolution
3017:Belgian Revolution
3005:Belgian Revolution
2727:Telecommunications
2337:Kingdom of Holland
1901:Amsterdam EntrepĂ´t
1819:Kingdom of Holland
1421:Orangism (Belgium)
1399:Netherlands portal
1367:Ten Days' Campaign
1348:
1338:Belgian Revolution
1205:
1042:
1034:
1021:
992:head of government
944:Battle of Waterloo
928:Congress of Vienna
889:troops during the
883:
880:Congress of Vienna
790:Kingdom of Belgium
768:Belgian Revolution
454:Belgian Revolution
428:Congress of Vienna
415:Late modern period
3381:
3380:
3139:
3108:Important figures
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2970:
2938:
2937:
2778:
2777:
2679:
2678:
2656:Political parties
2592:Foreign relations
2514:
2513:
2384:Same-sex marriage
2332:Batavian Republic
2312:Eighty Years' War
2282:Holy Roman Empire
2115:Media related to
2045:
2044:
1814:Batavian Republic
1732:Eighty Years' War
1692:Holy Roman Empire
1687:Lower Lotharingia
1295:Regional tensions
860:Holy Roman Empire
848:French Revolution
844:Holy Roman Empire
840:Habsburg monarchy
822:(1568–1648). The
820:Eighty Years' War
810:(1792–1802), the
689:
688:
667:
666:
663:
662:
587:
586:
356:• 1815–1830
275:Frisian languages
204:
177:("I will uphold")
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2760:Public transport
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2245:Frankish Kingdom
2208:Migration Period
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2100:
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2058:
2037:
2030:
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2009:
2008:
2007:
1951:Colonial history
1941:Military history
1882:Economic history
1737:Dutch Golden Age
1672:Frankish Kingdom
1636:Migration Period
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1410:
1409:
1408:
1401:
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1394:
1371:Treaty of London
1215:who created the
1181:a colonial power
1062:Duchy of Brabant
786:Treaty of London
659:
658:
651:Neutral Moresnet
645:
644:
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609:Duchy of Limburg
603:
602:
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467:Treaty of London
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56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
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3353:Congress Column
3336:
3300:
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3186:FĂ©lix de MĂ©rode
3171:Louis de Potter
3142:
3132:
3115:Charles Niellon
3103:
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3069:(February 1831)
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2913:Coat of arms
2883:Prostitution
2796:Architecture
2737:Trade unions
2717:Polder model
2702:Central bank
2671:Water boards
2597:Human rights
2587:Homelessness
2557:Demographics
2547:Constitution
2357:World War II
2351:
2347:Principality
2163:Part of the
2086:
2076:Bibliography
2056:
1945:List of wars
1921:Polder model
1859:World War II
1848:
1789:List of wars
1556:
1555:D Richards,
1551:
1543:
1542:D Richards,
1538:
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1529:D Richards,
1525:
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936:Hundred Days
925:
909:Great Powers
894:
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749:buffer state
712:
692:
690:
536:Succeeded by
535:
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493:• 1817
252:Largest city
186:
182:
167:Motto:
166:
157:Coat of arms
72:
66:October 2010
63:
44:
3263:Paul Devaux
3161:André Jolly
3011:(1830–1839)
2930:Terminology
2878:Pornography
2619:Enforcement
2609:Immigration
2582:Health care
2562:Drug policy
2441:Earthquakes
2436:Delta Works
2297:Renaissance
2203:Cananefates
2154:Netherlands
1906:Tulip mania
1864:Netherlands
1765:Cape Colony
1761:East Indies
1682:Lotharingia
1622:Cananefates
1520:(2018) p. 4
1516:S Marteel,
1466:S Marteel,
1201:Dendermonde
1185:East Indies
959:grand duchy
806:Before the
770:. With the
755:, ruled by
676:Netherlands
531:Preceded by
399:Lower house
384:Upper house
371:Legislature
58:introducing
3390:Categories
3368:Iron Cross
3134:(see also
3029:Rattachism
2853:Literature
2843:Irreligion
2651:Parliament
2577:Euthanasia
2552:Corruption
2322:Golden Age
2066:Luxembourg
1983:Healthcare
1968:Literature
1503:2021-07-08
1479:A W Ward,
1442:References
1149:Overijssel
1101:Gelderland
973:Government
896:stadhouder
796:Background
782:rump state
684:Luxembourg
623:Luxembourg
482:Population
324:Government
312:Demonym(s)
279:Limburgish
41:references
3094:Leopold I
2848:Languages
2747:Transport
2697:AEX index
2641:Provinces
2624:Law Firms
2572:Elections
2567:Education
2496:Volcanoes
2456:Gas field
2414:Geography
2186:Roman Era
1751:evolution
1631:Roman era
1232:in Leuven
1169:(Belgium)
1157:(Belgium)
1139:(Belgium)
1133:(Belgium)
1115:(Belgium)
1107:Groningen
1095:Friesland
1091:(Belgium)
1058:bishopric
1024:Provinces
757:William I
497:5.563.119
361:William I
297:Religion
256:Amsterdam
242:The Hague
127:1815–1839
3305:Treaties
3034:Orangism
2958:Category
2893:Religion
2806:Cannabis
2722:Taxation
2712:Euronext
2666:Military
2532:Abortion
2520:Politics
2277:Guelders
2260:Flanders
2226:Dorestad
2217:Frisians
2085:(1988).
1993:Religion
1988:Heraldry
1957:Language
1837:Monarchy
1774:Americas
1741:painting
1725:Republic
1661:Medieval
1641:Frisians
1572:a series
1570:Part of
1385:See also
1356:Brussels
1322:liberals
1289:de facto
1240:in Ghent
1236:in Liège
1221:Wallonia
1203:in 1820
1046:lordship
963:personal
932:Napoleon
919:and the
858:and the
834:and the
816:polities
773:de facto
506:Currency
246:Brussels
3009:Belgium
2949:Outline
2903:Symbols
2816:Cuisine
2784:Culture
2755:Cycling
2732:Tourism
2685:Economy
2631:Monarch
2537:Cabinet
2481:Regions
2471:Mammals
2461:Islands
2273:Brabant
2264:Holland
2230:Utrecht
2195:Chamavi
2173:History
2062:Belgium
1778:Guianas
1626:Chamavi
1225:Antwerp
1173:Zeeland
1161:Utrecht
1125:Limburg
1119:Holland
1113:Hainaut
1083:Drenthe
1077:Antwerp
998:with a
887:Russian
856:Prussia
778:Belgium
759:of the
680:Belgium
637:Belgium
465:•
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238:Capital
183:Anthem:
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3088:Regent
2963:Portal
2908:Anthem
2873:People
2811:Cinema
2707:Energy
2486:Rivers
2431:Cities
2221:Franks
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2191:Frisii
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2863:Music
2858:Media
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2426:Birds
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1260:canal
1217:steel
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1131:Liège
1054:duchy
930:when
717:Dutch
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