United States Army Air Service

495:. (The term "Air Service" had been in use in France since June 13, 1917, to describe the function of aviation units attached to the American Expeditionary Force.) It delayed the appointment of a director as long as the BAP operated as a separate executive bureau. In August, the Senate completed its investigation of the Aircraft Board, and while it found no criminal culpability, it reported that massive waste and delay in production had occurred. As a result, the Director of Aircraft Production (who was also chairman of the Aircraft Board), John D. Ryan, was appointed to the vacant position of Second Assistant Secretary of War and designated as Director of Air Service, nominally in charge of the DMA. The Department of Justice report followed two months later and also blamed the delays on administrative and organizational deficiencies in the Aviation Section. Ryan's appointment came too late for any effective consolidation of both agencies, continuing an obstructive division of authority that was never resolved during the war. 675: 788:, each regiment consisting of four battalions of five companies totaling more than 3,600 men. The key innovative element was the use of junior officers recruited from the automobile industry as "technical officers" to supervise maintenance. In February 1918, Colonel S.D. Waldon of the Signal Corps returned from observing British factory and field methods in aviation operations, just as the Bureau of Aircraft Production concluded that the French were unable to meet their aircraft production goals. Waldon recommended that the regiments be reorganized for aircraft instead of automobile mechanics. The change came too late to affect the 1st and 2nd Regiments, which landed in France in March 1918, but both the 3rd and 4th Regiments reorganized, delaying their deployment until the end of July. By the Armistice all four regiments were configured as aircraft repair and maintenance units, and designated 1529: 517: 1525:. Each army would have an Air Service attack wing (one attack and two pursuit groups) and an observation group, each corps and division would have an observation squadron, and a seventh attack wing-observation group would be reserved for the Expeditionary Force's general headquarters. A single bombardment group was planned, relegating bombardment to the most minor of roles. All aviation units would be under the command of ground officers at all levels. While promoting unity of command within the service as its most important principle, the plan obviated concentration of forces by its air units. This structure provided the principles by which the Air Service and Air Corps operated until 1935. 3513:

destroyed. A preliminary assessment by the USAF (Historical Study 73) identified 69 Air Service aces using later accounting methods (the British practice of dividing kills into "partial credit" fractions for multiple shooters). Its final product, USAF Historical Study 133, placed the total at 71 aces. The studies did not change the original credits awarded, however, and official credits remain as published in World War I. The review distinguished between 491 kills made by one pilot against one aircraft, and an additional 342 kills that resulted in 1022 partial credits. None of the figures, however, includes kills made by members while they previously served in a foreign air service.

831: 189: 181: 2553: 1031: 2209:, former military officers now in industry, and the wartime head of the Board of Aircraft Production. The actual purpose of the Morrow Board was to minimize the political impact of the Mitchell trial, and Coolidge directed that it issue its findings by the end of November, to pre-empt the findings of not only the military court but also of the Lampert Committee that might be contrary to the Morrow Board. Its report was released on December 3. The major result of the Morrow Board was to maintain the status quo. It also made the recommendation, adopted in 1926, that the Air Service be renamed the 75: 1196: 5860: 1423: 1414:. In 1921, the three groups based within the United States were sequentially numbered one through three and assigned different combat roles. The fourth was inactivated. The next year the groups overseas were numbered four through six as "composite" groups. In 1922 plans were formulated for three more groups to flesh out the anticipated GHQ Air Force, but only one, the 9th Observation, was formed. The 7th Bombardment and 8th Fighter Groups were designated but not activated until the end of the decade. 726: 759:. Air Service staff planning had been inefficient, with considerable internal dissension as well as conflict between its members and those of Pershing's General Staff. Aircraft and unit totals lagged far behind those promised in 1917. Officers in the combat units balked at taking orders from Foulois' non-flying staff. Considerable house-cleaning of the existing staff resulted from Patrick's appointment, bringing in experienced staff officers to administrate, and tightening up lines of communication. 2236: 1271: 370: 933: 3129: 2078:

Mitchell received the vacant position of Director of Military Aeronautics, but its responsibilities had been transferred to Menoher by Executive Order 3066 to end the dual status mess of the DMA and BAP, and his position was titular only. Instead he became Third Assistant Executive (in effect, S-3), chief of the new Training and Operations Group, where he installed like-minded airmen who had served with him France as division heads and used the position to expound his theories.

1860: 2262: 6436: 1349: 576:. In December 1917, after receiving 1,400 of the cadets, the French requested that further movement of cadets be halted because of training backlogs of as much as six months, and no further student pilots were sent to France until they had completed their primary training and been commissioned. During the backlog, more than 1,000 cadets were used as cooks, guards, laborers and other menial jobs, while paid at cadet salary (in the grade and rank of 713:

school to gain administrative experience in aviation matters. Mitchell, Bolling and Dodd were promoted to colonel and given senior positions in the Air Service hierarchy. Bolling was made Director of Air Service Supply (DASS) to administer the "Zone of the Line of Communications" (sic), later called the Service of Supply, and Dodd was named Director of Air Service Instruction (DAI). Kenley proved to be only an interim commander, as Brig. Gen.

612:(3,400) was the most numerous, although only 1,213 were shipped overseas, and only 1,087 of those assembled, most used in observation units. The facilities of the Air Service in the United States totaled 40 flying fields, 8 balloon fields, 5 schools of military aeronautics, 6 technical schools, and 14 aircraft depots. 16 additional training schools were located in France, and officers also trained at three schools operated by the Allies. 2248: 2228: 43: 2470: 440:, which used considerable amounts of metallic materials instead, and the priority of mass-producing spare parts was neglected. Though individual areas within the aviation industry responded well, the industry as a whole failed. Efforts to mass-produce European aircraft under license largely failed because the aircraft, made by hand, were not amenable to the more precise American manufacturing methods. At the same time the 432:

control. Established by the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (OCSO) as one of the operating components of the Aviation Section, its task was to unify and coordinate the various agencies involved but its head was a commissioned former member of the APB who did nothing to create any effective coordination. Moreover, the largely wood and fabric airframe designs of World War I did not lend themselves to being made with the

2061: 3115: 1637: 2358:, which carried enough fuel for 14 hours of flight. However he had left Rockwell on February 21 intending to complete the flight within 24 hours, making just one stop in Dallas, Texas, but was thwarted by bad weather and engine problems. One month later, taking off at 1:00 a.m. of March 25, he repeated the attempt going in the opposite direction, but developed engine problems while flying low in a fog near 2151: 400:, a lawyer and military aviation pioneer, together with a commission of over 100 members, to Europe in the summer of 1917 to determine American aircraft needs, recommend priorities for acquisition and production, and negotiate prices and royalties. Congress passed a series of legislation in the next three months that appropriated huge sums for development of military aviation, including the largest single 3101: 701:, first used the term "Air Service" in a memo to the chief of staff of the AEF on 20 June 1917. The term also appeared on July 5, 1917, in AEF General Order (G.O.) No. 8, in tables detailing staff organization and duties. Mitchell replaced Dodd on 30 June 1917, with the position renamed "Chief of Air Service" and its duties described. After Mitchell was superseded in September by Kenly, he remained as 3801:

opponents of an independent air force over the next two decades. Foulois, a firebrand who later learned to work within the system, had been reduced in rank from brigadier general to captain by the armistice and was stung by the comments. In a solicited statement following Menoher's, he acidly defied the General Staff to name one instance in which it had done anything constructive towards aviation.

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former infantry division commanders, appointed to report back to Congress on the proposed legislation. In October it predictably argued that unity of command and conformity to Army discipline overrode all other considerations. Support for the New and Curry bills evaporated and resulted in the passage of the less radical National Defense Act of 1920 conforming to the desires of the General Staff.

381: 737: 3400:, on February 20. The squadron had just received its Nieuport 28 aircraft but without guns mounted. To gain experience, Miller accompanied two other American officers on a voluntary patrol over the lines in SPADs borrowed from the French. They encountered a German patrol and Miller was killed when his German opponent gained the advantage on him. He was two weeks short of his 35th birthday. 3085:* The Air Corps became a subordinate component of the Army Air Forces on 20 June 1941, and was abolished as an administrative organization on 9 March 1942. It continued to exist as one of the combat arms of the Army (along with Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Corps of Engineers, and Signal Corps) until abolished by reorganization provisions of the National Security Act of 1947 (61 1212:

conducting and supporting the dangerous duty of spotting for the artillery at the front. In all, 211 squadrons of all types trained in Great Britain, with 71 arriving in France before the Armistice. At its peak establishment in November 1918, the Air Service was based at 31 stations in the Services of Supply (rear areas) and 78 aerodromes in the Zone of Advance (combat area).

1267:, while those shipped from the United States for assembly in France were delivered to Air Service Production Center No. 2, built on the site of a former pine forest at Romorantin. Ferry operations of over 6,300 new aircraft to the air depots in "often...far from perfect" weather conditions resulted in the successful delivery of 95% and the loss of only eight pilots. 1401:. In addition, the 1st Day Bombardment Group was formed to control four bombardment squadrons at Kelly, while the 1st Pursuit Group of four pursuit squadrons relocated from Selfridge Field, Michigan, to add their weight to the effort. Collectively the three groups (the entire combat strength of the Air Service in the continental United States) comprised the 1228:. Rickenbacker finished the war as the leading American ace, with 26 aircraft destroyed. 35 balloon companies also deployed in France, 17 at the front and six en route to the Second Army, and made 1,642 combat ascensions totaling 3,111 hours of observation. 13 photographic sections were assigned to observation squadrons and made 18,000 aerial photographs. 3886:

backup oxygen supply just before losing consciousness. Schroeder began his aviation career as a civilian mechanic in 1910, an exhibition flyer in 1913, and joined the Aviation Section in 1916, becoming the Army's chief test pilot at McCook in 1918. He left the service in 1925, joined Curtiss-Wright in 1928, and became vice president of safety for

1204:"Though the casualties in the air force were small compared with the total strength, the casualty rate of the flying personnel at the front was somewhat above the Artillery and Infantry rates... The results of allied and American experience at the front indicate that two aviators lose their lives in accidents for each aviator killed in battle." — 2738: 763:

conduct observation of enemy movements. The heart of the proposed force would be its 101 observation squadrons (52 corps observation and 49 army observation), to be distributed to three armies and 16 corps. In addition, 60 pursuit squadrons, 27 night-bombardment squadrons, and 14 day-bombardment squadrons were to conduct supporting operations.

995:. However the tendency was toward formation flying, for pursuit as well as for bombardment operations, as a defensive tactic. The dispersal of squadrons among the army ground units (each corps and division had an observation squadron attached) made coordination of air activities difficult, so that squadrons were organized by functions into 2142:), which outlined strategy and tactics for the air arm. Patrick was also critical of the policy that placed air units under the command of corps commanders and proposed that only observation squadrons should be part of the ground forces, with all combat forces centralized under the control of an air force attached to General Headquarters. 366:) to solve emerging engineering and production problems. The reorganization of the Aviation Section had been inadequate in resolving problems in training, leaving the United States totally unprepared to fight an air war in Europe. The Aviation Section consisted of 131 officers, 1087 enlisted men, and approximately 280 airplanes. 2130:

by budget cuts to the degree that it could no longer meet its peacetime obligations, much less mobilize for war. In one of the Air Service's first inclusions in the army's promotion system after becoming a combatant arm, among the 669 lieutenant colonels on the 1922 candidate list for colonel, the first Air Service member (

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pilots and 769 observers serving at the front. The observers trained in France included 825 artillery officers from the infantry divisions who volunteered to fill a critical shortage in 1918. After the Armistice, the schools graduated 675 additional pilots and 357 observers to serve with the Third Army Air Service in the

2190:. Mitchell's conviction on December 17, 1925, followed by three days the Lampert Committee's recommendations for creation of a unified air force independent of the Army and Navy; creation of "assistant secretaries for air" in the War, Navy, and Commerce Departments; and establishment of a Department of National Defense. 287:. 71 pursuit pilots were credited with shooting down five or more German aircraft while in American service. Overall the Air Service destroyed 756 enemy aircraft and 76 balloons in combat. 17 balloon companies also operated at the front, making 1,642 combat ascensions. 289 airplanes and 48 balloons were lost in battle. 884:, achieved the first aerial victory by the U.S. military while flying as a gunner-observer with a French day bombing squadron on February 5, 1918. As other squadrons were organized, they were sent overseas, where they continued their training. The first U.S. squadron to see combat, on February 19, 1918, was the 531:, and some who were still in training. None were familiar with the control systems being used in Europe. Like the rest of the Army, the Aviation Section concluded that training Reserve officers was the solution to its manpower needs and sent a panel of three representatives from each of six U.S. universities to 2182:

already antagonized the flag and general officers of both services with speeches and articles delivered in 1923 and 1924, and the Army refused to retain him as Assistant Chief of the Air Service when his term expired in March 1925. He was reduced in rank to colonel by Secretary Weeks and exiled to the Eighth

1224:. They flew more than 35,000 hours over the front lines. The Air Service conducted 150 bombing missions, the longest 160 miles behind German lines, and dropped 138 tons (125 kg) of bombs. Its squadrons had confirmed destruction of 756 German aircraft and 76 German balloons, creating 71 Air Service 1477:, and given a permanent organization with a fixed complement of personnel. However this also legislated the form of the Air Service to that desired by the General Staff to maintain the aviation arm as an auxiliary component controlled by ground commanders in furtherance of the mission of the infantry. 3839:

Under the terminology of the day, in TR 440-15, "air service aviation" denoted an auxiliary force (primarily observation units) supporting the ground forces, while "air force aviation" described a combat force whose primary mission was to gain control of the air, then destroy the most important enemy

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The situation at Air Service headquarters was described as "a tangled mess" before Patrick brought order. Pershing acknowledges that Foulois requested relief before he was replaced, but the request came only after Foulois became aware of the severity of Pershing's displeasure and attempts in April to

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Mitchell's first project, undertaken at McCook Field, in Dayton, Ohio, was for the creation of a heavily armored attack plane for supporting ground forces. Although the designs that resulted were not practical and did not meet Mitchell's specifications for aircraft that could land troops behind enemy

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The Air Service replaced its wartime structure with the formation of six permanent groups in 1919, four of which were based in the United States and two overseas. The first of the new groups, the Army Surveillance Group, was organized in July to direct the operations of three squadrons patrolling the

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As with the ground forces, the most veteran units of the Air Service were selected to form the new Air Service. A pursuit unit, the 94th "Hat in the Ring" Aero Squadron; a day bombardment squadron, the 166th; and four observation squadrons (1st, 12th, 88th, and 9th Night) were initially assigned. The

842:

The United States adopted a national insignia for all military aircraft in May 1917 using the colors specified for the U.S. flag, consisting of a white five-pointed star inside of a blue circumscribed circle, with a red circle in the center of the star having a diameter tangent to the pentagon of the

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was formally created on 3 September 1917 by the publication of AEF G.O. No. 31 and remained in being until demobilized in 1919. Kenly, an artillery officer, had been a student the previous winter in the Field Officers Course at the Aviation School in San Diego, then served as executive officer of the

290:

The Air Service was the first form of the air force to have an independent organizational structure and identity. Although officers concurrently held rank in various branches, after May 1918 their branch designation in official correspondence while on aviation assignment changed from "ASSC" (Aviation

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This source is four volumes on Air Service activities in World War I, reproduced from summary reports of the 30-volume "Gorrell's History" of the Air Service, AEF. Compiled and written in 1919 by Col. Edgar S. Gorrell, AS, USA, and a staff of several hundred at Tours, it has been updated by research

3556:

U.S. balloon losses were 35 destroyed by German fighters, 12 by antiaircraft guns, and 1 that broke its cable and came down behind the lines. Balloons were attacked 89 times, resulting in 125 parachute jumps by balloon observers, but only one death occurred, that of 1st Lt. Cleo J. Ross, 8th Balloon

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Baer was also the first Air Service ace, not Campbell, his achievements preceding each of Campbell's by more than a month, fully credited by the USAF Historical Research Agency (AFHRA). The omission of these from so many accounts is almost certainly due to the attachment of the 103rd to French units

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in France, to be Director of the Air Service to replace Secretary Ryan, signaling to the nation and the airpower proponents its intent to keep the air arm under the direction of the ground forces. Foulois was reduced to his permanent establishment rank of captain and assigned to head a minor agency.

607:

By November 11, 1918, the Air Service both overseas and domestically had 195,024 personnel (20,568 officers; 174,456 enlisted men) and 7,900 aircraft, constituting five per cent of the United States Army. 32,520 personnel served in the Bureau of Aircraft Production and the remainder in the Division

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in 1923, composed of general staff officers who fully endorsed Patrick's views, and adopted the policy in regulations. The War Department acknowledged the necessity of improving its Air Service and desired to implement the Lassiter Board's recommendations, which it termed "Major Project No. 4", but

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Patrick was not hostile to aviation, however. He underwent flight training and obtained his wings, then issued a series of reports to the War Department emphasizing the need to expand and modernize the Air Service. In his first annual report in 1922, he warned that the Air Service had been degraded

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seemed sympathetic to the airpower advocates, but legislators consistently voted against them, to conserve the status quo. The doctrinal differences between the military services were both defined and intensified by struggles for funds caused by the skimpy budgets authorized for the War Department,

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There is hereby created an Air Service. The Air Service shall consist of one Chief of Air Service with the rank of major-general, one assistant with the rank of brigadier-general, 1,514 officers in grades from colonel to second lieutenant, inclusive, and 16,000 enlisted men, including not to exceed

1340:" of the AEF as a model. Menoher created an advisory board representing the key branches of the Army, and appointed an Executive to coordinate policy between four groups, each headed by an Assistant Executive: Supply, Information, Training and Operations, and Administrative. With the signing of the 858:

On May 6, 1918 Foulois established a policy authorizing creation of emblems for aviation units, and ordered all squadrons to create an official insignia to be painted on each side of an airplane fuselage: "The squadron will design their own insignia during the period of organizational training. The

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In contrast, the United States Navy operated ten anti-submarine/convoy patrol stations in France, five in Ireland, one in England, and four bombing bases: three in France and one in Italy. Four of the bases operated balloons and dirigibles. In addition it had reception bases in France and England,

2126:. Although an engineer and not an aviator, Patrick had been Pershing's Chief of Air Service in France, where his primary duty had been to coordinate the activities of Foulois and Mitchell, then rivals. Patrick had also testified before Congress against Mitchell's plan for an independent air force. 2113:

of California, and initially garnered strong support, the opposition of the Army's wartime leaders (especially General Pershing) frustrated the effort at the start. In August 1919 Gen. Menoher was assigned to chair a board consisting of himself and three other generals, all artillery officers and

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received all newly arrived Air Service troops, distributing them to 26 training fields and schools throughout the central and western regions of the country. Flying training schools, equipped with 2,948 airplanes, supplied 1,674 fully trained pilots and 851 observers to the Air Service, with 1,402

599:

in the United States and were assigned to newly created squadrons or as instructors. 1,609 more were commissioned in Europe, with their commissions backdated in February and March 1918 to those of their peers trained in the United States. Pilots in Europe completed an advanced phase in which they

563:

as the primary trainer. Primary flying training school usually produced a candidate for commissioning in 15 to 25 hours of flight. At the assurance of the French that they could be rapidly trained in all phases, 1,700 cadets who had graduated from ground school were sent to Europe to undertake the

482:

of May 20, 1918, to issue Executive Order No. 2862 that suspended for the duration of the war plus six months the statutory responsibilities of the Aviation Section and removed the DMA entirely from the Signal Corps (reporting directly to the Secretary of War). The DMA was assigned the function of

431:

to the secretaries of War and the Navy. Even so, the Aircraft Board in practice had little control over procurement contracts and functioned mostly as an information provider between industrial, governmental, and military entities. Nor did the "Equipment Division" of the Signal Corps exercise such

3885:

from the engine exhaust. On this second attempt, the Le Peré fell more than 30,000 feet in three minutes (the climb to altitude had taken 107 minutes). When he regained consciousness at 3,000 feet, Schroeder was nearly blind from frozen eyes because he had raised his frosted goggles to locate his

940:

The first American balloon group arrived in France on December 28, 1917. It separated into four companies that were assigned individually to training centers and instructed in French balloon procedures, then equipped with Caquot balloons, winches, and parachutes. The 2d Balloon Company joined the

783:

The United States recognized that French skilled labor was severely limited by war casualties, and promised to train and deploy 7,000 automobile mechanics to aid the French Motor Transport Corps. In December 1917 the Aviation Section developed a maintenance organization of four large units termed

762:

Pershing had in September 1917 called for creation of 260 U.S. air combat squadrons by December 1918, but slowness of the buildup reduced that on August 17, 1918, to a final plan for 202 by June 1919. In Pershing's view, the two functions of the AEF's Air Service were to repel German aircraft and

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The overwhelming bulk of the appropriation, $ 525M, was allotted for equipment including 22,600 aircraft, with the next highest amount, $ 41M, for construction. Training received only $ 1M. The figures had been hastily assembled as a response to a telegram to President Wilson from French premier

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in October 1924 to investigate Patrick's criticisms. Mitchell testified before the committee and, upset by the failure of the War Department to even negotiate with the Navy in order to save the reforms of the Lassiter Board, harshly criticized Army leadership and attacked other witnesses. He had

550:

The first phase was an eight-week ground school course conducted by the Schools of Military Aeronautics Division, organized at the six (later eight) American universities, and commanded by Bingham. The first class at the ground schools began 21 May 1917 and concluded 14 July 1917, graduating 147

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High altitude testing was extremely dangerous. "Shorty" Schroeder conducted a number of tests in February 1920 and twice lost consciousness when exceeding 30,000 feet, once when his oxygen regulator failed, and the second (the record setter) when the supply was exhausted and he was subjected to

3502:

In October 1919 Col. Edgar S. Gorrell appeared before the Frear subcommittee on aviation expenditures and presented a table showing that the Allies had a total of 6,748 combat ("service") aircraft of all types on the day of the armistice. The French had the most (3,321), followed by the British

3327:

itemizes the total number sent overseas as 1,710, of which 300 were diverted in England, so his figure likely includes those who did receive their training. Bingham stated that the cadets sent to France had been Honor Graduates of the ground course. The failure of the French to train these best

2287:

To further promote the air service, and to recruit pilots, in 1919 General Mitchell ordered a mission to fly around the border of the continental United States. Commanded by Col. Rutherford Hartz, and piloted by Lt. Ernest Emery Harmon, "The Around The Rim Flight" took off from Bolling Field in

1384:

Complete demobilization of the Air Service was accomplished within a year. By November 22, 1919, the Air Service had been reduced to one construction, one replacement, and 22 flying squadrons; 32 balloon companies; 15 photographic sections; and 1,168 officers and 8,428 enlisted men. The combat

1344:

on June 28, 1919, President Wilson relinquished his war powers under the Overman Act, and on July 11 Congress granted legislative authority to continue the Air Service as a temporary independent branch of the War Department for another year, easing fears of airmen that the Air Service would be

1215:

The 740 combat airplanes equipping the units at the front on November 11, 1918, were approximately 11% of the total combat aircraft strength of the Allied forces. The 45 squadrons in the Zone of Advance had 767 pilots, 481 observers, and 23 aerial gunners, covering 137 kilometers of front from

254:

as the nation's air force; and March 19, 1919, establishing a military Director of Air Service to control all aviation activities. Its life was extended for another year in July 1919, during which time Congress passed the legislation necessary to make it a permanent establishment. The National

3800:

Foulois and Menoher testified together at subcommittee hearings on the bill, at which time Menoher characterized aviators as "temperamental" and suggested that their enthusiasm for an independent air service was the result of a desire for personal promotion, a theme often repeated by numerous

1211:

The Air Service, American Expeditionary Force, totaled 78,507 personnel (7,738 officers and 70,769 enlisted men) at the armistice. Of this total, 58,090 served in France; 20,075 in England; and 342 in Italy. Balloon troops made up approximately 17,000 of the Air Service, with 6,811 in France,

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The actual number of American aces is disputed. Gorrell's History reported 118 aces, when the Air Service followed the French practice of crediting each aviator participating in a kill with a whole victory, prompting a review by USAF from 1965–1969 to identify the actual number of aircraft

766:

Without the time or infrastructure in the United States to equip units to send overseas using aircraft designed and built in the U.S., the AEF Air Service acquired Allied aircraft designs already in service with the French and British air services. On August 30, 1917, the American and French

1509:

The Air Service of 1925 numbered five airship companies, an airship service company, 32 tactical squadrons (eight pursuit, eight bombardment, two attack, and 14 observation), six school squadrons, and 11 service squadrons. Half of the pursuit and bombardment squadrons and three each of the

315:, and the majority of the nation's political leadership favored integration of all military aviation into the Army and Navy. Aided by a wave of pacifism following the war that drastically cut military budgets, opponents of an independent air force prevailed. The Air Service was renamed the 2322:

Air Service pilots established world records in altitude, distance, and speed. Speed in particular attracted public attention and, although a number of speed records were set in cross-country flying, records were also set on measured courses. Mitchell himself set a world speed record of

961:

the Air Service AEF consisted of 32 squadrons (15 pursuit, 13 observation, and 4 bombing) at the front, while by November 11, 1918, 45 squadrons (20 pursuit, 18 observation, and 7 bombardment) had been assembled for combat. During the war, these squadrons played important roles in the

558:

Out of more than 40,000 applicants, 22,689 were accepted and 17,540 completed ground school training. Approximately 15,000 advanced to primary (preliminary) flying training, a six-to-eight week course conducted by both military and civilian flying instructors, using variants of the

1500:

and three overseas departments created by the Act, primarily in support of the ground forces. The Chief of the Air Service retained command of training schools, depots, and support activities exempted from corps area control. The headquarters of the Air Service was housed in the

1071:

Despite their fractious relationship, Mitchell and Foulois were of one mind on the necessity of forming an "air force" to centralize control over tactical aviation. In the St-Mihiel Offensive, commencing September 12, 1918, the American and French offensive against the German

507:

was appointed to the vacancy on January 2, 1919, but the patchwork nature of laws and executive orders that had created the various parts of the Air Service prevented him from exercising all their legal powers and ending the unity of command problems caused by dual authority.

2117:

Mitchell was not discouraged by the failure of his first proposal. He recognized the value of public opinion in the debate and changed tactics, embarking on a publicity campaign on behalf of military aviation. General Menoher, when he was unable to persuade Secretary of War

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production squadrons; 86 balloon companies; six balloon group headquarters; 15 construction companies; 55 photographic sections; and a few miscellaneous units. Its personnel strength was 19,189 officers and 178,149 enlisted men. Its aircraft inventory consisted primarily of

779:

pursuits for delivery by July 1, 1918. By the armistice, the AEF actually received 4,874 aircraft from the French, in addition to 258 from Great Britain, 19 from Italy, and 1,213 of American manufacture, for a total of 6,364 airplanes. 1,664 were classed as training craft.

291:

Section, Signal Corps) to "AS, USA" (Air Service, United States Army). After July 1, 1920, its personnel became members of the Air Service branch, receiving new commissions. During the war its responsibilities and functions were split between two coordinate agencies, the

2093:, and commercial operations. His goal was not only independent and centralized control of airpower, but also encouragement of the peacetime U.S. aviation industry. Mitchell insisted that the debate be both "broad and civil". Foulois, however, complained bitterly to the 1302:

Air Service combat losses were 289 airplanes and 48 balloons with 235 airmen killed in action, 130 wounded, 145 captured, and 654 Air Service members of all ranks dead of illness or accidents. Air Service personnel were awarded 611 decorations in combat, including 4

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Washington, D.C., on July 24, 1919. The crew of five also included Lotha Smith, Jack Harding, and Gerosala Dobias. The first circumnavigation of the country by air was successfully completed with the landing of their Martin MB1 back at Bolling Field on Nov 9, 1919.

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to California. While using public pronouncements for propaganda purposes, Mitchell also fostered within the Air Service advances in aeronautical science that would not only increase its effectiveness as a military service, but would also generate public support.

1505:

in Washington, D.C., and consisted of an executive staff including the chiefs of the Finance and Medical Sections, and four divisions, each administered by a chief: Personnel Group, Information Group (Intelligence), Training and War Plans Group, and Supply Group.

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strength of the Air Service was only four pursuit and four bombardment squadrons. Although the leaders of the reorganized Air Service persuaded the General Staff to increase the combat strength to 20 squadrons by 1923, the balloon force was demobilized, including

717:

replaced him on 27 November 1917, arriving in France with a large but untrained staff of non-aviators. This resulted in considerable resentment from Mitchell's smaller staff already in place, many of whom in key positions, including Bolling, Dodd and Lt. Col.

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The 1st, 2nd, and 32nd Divisions formed the III Corps; the 3rd, 4th, and 42nd Divisions the IV Corps; and the 89th and 90th Divisions the VII Corps. Five other divisions (5th, 7th, 28th, 33rd, and 79th) guarded the line of communications through Belgium and

2406:

and back, a distance of 8,690 miles (14,000 km), between July 15 and October 20, 1920. Flying across the northern United States and southern Canada in 15 legs, the flight reached Nome on August 23 in 56 hours of flying time, but was prohibited by the

843:

interior points of the star. The insignia was ordered painted on both wingtips of the upper surface of the top wing, the lower surface of bottom wings, and the fuselage of all Army aircraft on 17 May 1917. However due to concerns about confusion with

1128:

On April 15, 1919, the Second Army Air Service in France also closed down. Its former air units were transferred to the Third Army Air Service in Germany. The Third Army and its air service were inactivated in July 1919 after the signing of the

448:

with continued responsibility for training and operations but with no influence on acquisition or doctrine. In the end the decision-making process in aircraft procurement was badly fragmented and production on a large scale proved impossible.

1496:(from 1920 to 1925 this position was held by Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell). The primary missions of the Air Service were observation and pursuit aviation, and its tactical squadrons in the United States were controlled by the commanders of nine 2068:

While this debate focused largely on the controversial Mitchell, its early star was Foulois. Both returned from France with combat leadership experience in aviation, expecting to become the peacetime leaders of the Air Service. Instead, the

302:

The seven-year history of the post-war Air Service was marked by a prolonged debate between adherents of airpower and the supporters of the traditional military services about the value of an independent Air Force. Airmen such as Brig. Gen.

2163:

the Coolidge administration proved a major obstacle, choosing to economize by radically cutting military budgets, particularly the Army's. Patrick's proposal that appropriations for the Air Service be coordinated with the larger budget of

1112:

area, and be prepared to resume combat if peace treaty negotiations failed. Three corps were formed from eight of the Army's most experienced divisions, and Mitchell was appointed Chief of Air Service, Third Army, on November 14, 1918.

2274:

To positively influence U.S. public opinion and thereby enlist political support in Congress in his crusade for an independent air force, General Mitchell conducted a publicity campaign on behalf of airpower. On August 14, 1919, the

461:, a harshly vocal critic of the board. Borglum had exchanged letters with President Wilson, a personal friend, from which he assumed an appointment to investigate had been authorized, which the administration soon denied. Both the 3791:, a former infantryman and advocate of submission to "proper authority," was Menoher's deputy executive officer and urged him to relieve Mitchell and his followers if they did not cease their advocacy of an independent air force. 1042:

was activated August 26, 1918, marking the commencement of large scale coordinated U.S. air operations. Foulois was named chief of the First Army Air Service over Mitchell, who had been directing air operations as chief of the

3810:

In all, 12 bills and resolutions for a separate air force/department were proposed in Congress between the end of World War I and June 1920, of which only Sen. New's S. 3348 ever emerged from committee. (Mooney and Layman, p.

1548:(130 ordered 1920–1922), the mass-produced version of the MB-2 bomber developed in 1920. Mitchell used the NBS-1 as the primary striking weapon during his demonstration in July 1921 off the Virginia coast that resulted in the 498:

Following the Armistice, Ryan resigned on November 27, leaving both the BAP and DMA, as well as the original Aircraft Board, leaderless. In addition certain powers, primarily those of dealing legally with the government-owned

1558:

Aeronautical development became the responsibility of the Technical Section, Air Service, created January 1, 1919, consolidating the Aircraft Engineering Department BAP, the Technical Section DMA, and the Testing Squadron at

1389:, and personnel shrank even further, to just 880 officers. By July 1924, the Air Service inventory was 457 observation planes, 55 bombers, 78 pursuit planes, and 8 attack aircraft, with trainers to make the total number 754. 2373:

On September 4, 1922, Doolittle completed the first transcontinental crossing in a single day, from Pablo Beach to Rockwell Field, in 21 hours, 20 minutes, a distance of 2,163 mi (3,481 km) flying a DH-4 of the

1047:

Air Service since March, but Foulois voluntarily relinquished his post to Mitchell and became the Assistant Chief of Air Service, Tours, to unsnarl delays in personnel, supply, and training. Mitchell went on to become a

5292:

WEATHER DELAYS FLIGHT TO COAST – Squadron of Pathfinders Will Start on Transcontinental Trip Today. PLANE BIDS CITY GOOD-BYE Dance to Tunes from Radio Telephone as Craft Circles OverTimes Building. – View Article –

1117:

demobilization of the AEF accelerated in December and January, and all but two of these squadrons returned to the United States. Mitchell was replaced in January as commander of the Third Army Air Service by Col.

278:

that conducted the combat operations of U.S. military aviation, began field service in the spring of 1918. By the end of the war, the Air Service used 45 squadrons to cover 137 kilometers (85 miles) of front from

912:

of the 103rd Aero Squadron, and formerly a member of the Lafayette Flying Corps, on March 11. The first victories credited to American-trained pilots came on April 14, 1918, when Lieutenants Alan F. Winslow and

2292:

lines, the project led Mitchell to closely supervise aircraft development, not only at McCook but in Europe as well. On October 30, 1919, the McCook Field engineers tested the first reversible-pitch propeller.

5825: 490:

This arrangement lasted only until the War Department implemented the executive order on May 24 by issuing General Order No. 51 to coordinate the two independent agencies, with an eventual goal of creating a

469:

began investigations into possible fraudulent dealings. President Wilson also acted by appointing a Director of Aircraft Production on April 28, 1918, and abolished the Air Division of the OCSO, creating a

2393:

biplane set world altitude records over McCook Field of 33,114 ft (10,093 m) on February 27, 1920, by Maj. Rudolph W. Schroeder; and 34,507 ft (10,518 m) on September 28, 1921, by Lt.

608:

of Military Aeronautics. The Air Service commissioned over 17,000 reserve officers. More than 10,000 mechanics were trained to service the American aircraft fleet. Of aircraft manufactured in America, the

3738:

The National Defense Act of 1920 was a modification of the National Defense Act of 1916. It had its origins in and is often referred to by contemporary writings as the "Army Reorganization Act of May 18,

3337:

999 were commissioned in France, 406 in Italy, and 204 in Britain. In addition, 178 graduated from RAF schools in Canada, and 975 graduated from schools in France between the armistice and January 1919.

1618:, to train officers for higher command and to instruct in doctrine and the employment of military aviation. The Engineering Division created an air engineering school at McCook Field and moved it to 1086:

squadrons in coordinated operations. Observation and pursuit planes supported ground forces, while the other two-thirds of the aerial force bombed and strafed behind enemy lines. Later, during the

396:

in May 1917, consisting of members of the Army, Navy and industry, to study the Europeans' experience in aircraft production and the standardization of aircraft parts. The Board dispatched Major

1574:

A formal training establishment was also created by the Air Service on February 25, 1920, when the War Department authorized the establishment of service schools. Flying training, originally at

547:, to organize a training program on the Canadian model. A three-phase Flying Cadet program came into being, and although systematic, pressing needs for manpower saw many overlaps of the phases. 6281: 2311:. Economy measures by the Air Service prevented the project from being fully completed, but contributed to a growing determination within the Air Service to set new aviation records for speed, 5798: 6139: 6205: 5808: 5803: 3142: 478:

brought back from France to be its head, to separate supervision of aviation from the duties of the Chief Signal Officer. Less than a month later, Wilson used a war powers provision of the

5847: 5830: 3157: 1099: 664: 6748: 2858: 6115: 6103: 3531:

The Air Service AEF established eight Aviation Instruction Centers in Europe: 1st (Paris, aviation mechanics), 2nd (Tours, primary flying), 3rd (Issoudun, advanced flying), 4th (

5813: 3033: 6758: 2379: 1068:

was created immediately after the armistice to provide aviation support to the army of occupation, primarily from veteran units transferred from the First Army Air Service.

457:

The Aircraft Board came under severe criticism for failure to meet goals or its own claims of aircraft production, followed by a highly publicized personal investigation by

6738: 3493:

Quoting Mitchell, there were 196 American-made, 16 British-made, and 528 French-made aircraft. By function these were 330 pursuit, 293 observation and 117 day bombardment.

5842: 3748:

The chiefs of these four divisions correlate to the modern general staff positions G-1, −2, −3, and −4. The Engineering Division remained located at McCook Field, Ohio.

689:

arrived in Paris just four days after the United States declared war and established an office for the American "air service." Upon his arrival in France in June 1917,

6753: 5982: 3199:, Alfred Goldberg, editor; USAF Historical Study 138) to 280 by Hennessy. In any case, the Aviation Section had more than twice as many aircraft as pilots to fly them. 6200: 6132: 3464:

Day bombardment squadrons had 25 aircraft including spares, and 18 pilots. Night bombardment squadrons had 14 aircraft including spares, 10 pilots, and 10 observers.

503:, had been delegated to Ryan by name, not to his position as Director of Aircraft Production, and as such could not be legally conferred on any successor. Maj. Gen. 3522:

Colombey-les-Belles was located behind the lines near the front but its excellent camouflage kept it "remarkably free" from air attack. Maurer 1978, Vol. I, p. 119.

5893: 2097:

about the historical neglect and indifference of the Army to its air service. Although two bills to create Mitchell's proposed department were introduced, in the

1263:; and 12 air park squadrons maintained the combat and training forces. Aircraft acquired from European sources were accepted at Aircraft Acceptance Park No. 1 at 295:(DMA) and the Bureau of Aircraft Production (BAP), each reporting directly to the Secretary of War, creating a dual authority over military aviation that caused 487:

created a Bureau of Aircraft Production (BAP), a military organization with a civilian director, as a separate executive bureau to provide the aircraft needed.

4556: 748:

Pershing restated the responsibilities of the Air Service AEF with G.O. No. 81, May 29, 1918, in which he replaced Foulois as Chief of Air Service AEF with a

6576: 5934: 3822: 3310:

The course of study could not "be predetermined as to length", dependent "in large measure on the weather, the supply of 'spares', and a man's own ability".

2496: 596: 373: 6768: 1299:

provided 766 pursuit pilots. 169 students and 49 instructors died in training accidents. Balloon candidates made 4,224 practice ascensions while training.

2415:. The first nonstop endurance flight across the U.S., made in 26 hours and 50 minutes at an average speed of 98.76 mph, was made May 2–3, 1923, from 697:

met with Mitchell, who advised Pershing that his office was ready to proceed with any project Pershing might require. Pershing's aviation officer, Major

6624: 1078: 6127: 5790: 5773: 2378:. Mitchell concluded that accomplishing the same feat by "daylight only", making only a single stop at Kelly Field, had tremendous value, and staged a 6763: 6473: 6220: 5723: 3387:

The first two squadrons so authorized were the 1st and 103rd Aero Squadrons in recognition of their prior service in Mexico and France, respectively.

3162: 1631: 1231:

43 flying training, air park (supply), depot (maintenance), and construction squadrons were located in the Services of Supply. A major air depot at

580:), for which they became derisively known as the "Million-Dollar Guard". The backlog was finally cleared by opening an Air Service primary school at 174: 2186:

in San Antonio as air officer, where his continuing, reckless, and increasingly strident criticisms prompted President Calvin Coolidge to order his

6291: 5919: 5837: 5778: 5507: 4061: 3234:

Nearly all of Ryan's time between his appointment and the armistice was spent in Europe familiarizing himself with the Air Service. (Holley, p. 69)

6248: 5820: 859:

design must be submitted to the Chief of Air Service, AEF, for approval. The design should be simple enough to be recognizable from a distance."

6386: 6225: 6183: 6178: 5756: 3172: 2279:, a provisional squadron, began a cross-country educational tour that supported the "1919 Air Service Transcontinental Recruiting Convoy" from 921:

scored. The first mission by an American squadron across the lines occurred April 11, when the 1st Aero Squadron, led by its commander, Major

674: 5471: 5410: 4591: 4025: 3929: 6173: 5898: 5768: 3557:

Company. Allowing a new observer to jump first, Ross parachuted on the afternoon of September 26, 1918 when his balloon was set on fire by a

2930: 3609:

The Aviation Section of the Signal Corps was a statutory entity and would have legally resumed its functions without the action by Congress.

3570:

Col. Bolling was the highest-ranked casualty, killed in action in ground combat on March 26, 1918, while on a tour of the Somme battlefield.

6098: 5279:

Grower, 1st Lt. R. W., to Hazelhurst Field, to accompany the Air Service Transcontinental Recruiting Convoys, then to station in this city.

2315:, distance, and endurance, which in turn contributed not only to technical improvements (and favorable publicity) but also advancements in 1407:. In January 1920 only the surveillance group continued the patrols, which gradually diminished until June 1921 when they ceased entirely. 6511: 2206: 1308: 3871:"The Select Committee of Inquiry into the Operations of the U.S. Air Services", chaired by Rep. Florian Lampert (Republican, Wisconsin). 2389:

Despite the emphasis in the press on speed, the Air Service also established a number of altitude, distance, and endurance records. The

1528: 6263: 3431: 3152: 2500: 2219:

within the Navy Department, and thus the change was only cosmetic and the Air Corps remained as an auxiliary arm to the ground forces.

6165: 6122: 5746: 5460: 4803: 2197:, a "blue ribbon" panel convened by President Coolidge in September 1925 to make a general inquiry into U.S. aviation. Headed by an 2024:

and the supporters of the traditional military services about the value of an independent Air Force, spurred by the creation of the

415:

Although it considered creation of a separate aviation department to act as the centralized authority for decision-making, both the

6539: 6415: 6324: 6258: 6243: 5868: 5751: 3045: 1019:

the AEF had 14 heavier-than-air groups (7 observation, 5 pursuit, and 2 bombardment). Of these 14 groups, only the 1st Pursuit and

441: 2342:

The practical and military applications of speed were not ignored, however. On February 24, 1921, 1st Lt. William D. Coney of the

2036:

officers who made up the overwhelming majority of Army pilots, and a few like-minded politicians and newspapers. Opposed were the

1090:, Mitchell employed a smaller concentration of airpower, nearly all American this time, to keep the German army on the defensive. 6728: 6301: 6215: 6210: 3346:

The five "schools of military aeronautics" still operating at the armistice were at Cornell, Princeton, Texas, Cal, and Illinois.

2442:. The Air Service set up support facilities along the proposed route and in April 1924 sent a flight of four aircraft west from 6319: 6110: 5783: 2756: 2171: 2106: 2074: 1462: 1008: 600:

received specialized training in pursuit, bombing, or observation at Air Service schools acquired from the French at Issoudun,

3729:

The surveillance group and all of its surveillance squadrons, flying the DH-4B, were re-designated "attack" in September 1921.

6466: 6286: 5716: 5077: 4941: 4198: 4170: 3269: 1470: 946: 3365:

Pershing requested 125 balloon companies, and the United States manufactured nearly a thousand Caquot balloons in 1918–1919.

6733: 6556: 6534: 6506: 6410: 5967: 5093:

U.S. Army Recruiting News, A Bulletin of Recruiting Information Issued by the Direction of the Adjutant General of the Army

2086: 1356:

At the end of November 1918, the Air Service consisted of 185 flying, 44 construction, 114 supply, 11 replacement, and 150

795:

The primary aircraft used by the AEF at the front (the "Zone of Advance") were the SPAD XIII (877), Nieuport 28 (181), and

420: 5544: 1549: 722:, were immediately displaced. Mitchell, however, was not replaced and became a source of persistent discord with Foulois. 6405: 6371: 6328: 5623: 4488: 3051: 2343: 2053:

first by the penurious policies of the Republican administrations in the 1920s, and then by the fiscal realities of the

466: 328: 251: 963: 6672: 6667: 6619: 6195: 6055: 5947: 4641: 3257: 552: 6420: 6238: 5537: 5523: 5437: 5396: 5375: 5046: 4997: 4963: 4902: 4713: 4233: 3989: 3692: 3654:) Surveillance Squadrons. In January 1920 the group, now re-designated the 1st Surveillance Group, was joined by the 3225:

at the end of May urging the U.S. to contribute 4,500 aircraft; 5,000 pilots; and 50,000 mechanics to the war effort.

2642: 2408: 1710: 1502: 1474: 423:

opposed it, and on October 1, 1917, Congress instead legalized the existence of the APB and changed its name to the "

130: 6296: 991:

Observation planes often operated individually, as did pursuit pilots to attack a balloon or to meet the enemy in a

6743: 6697: 6501: 6459: 6439: 6381: 6332: 5914: 5709: 5678: 4568: 3561:. The burning balloon descended at twice the rate of the parachute and enveloped Ross, who fell nearly 1000 meters. 3057: 2949: 1328:

Executive Order 3066, issued by President Wilson on March 19, 1919, formally consolidated the BAP and DMA into the

812: 471: 332: 292: 949:, becoming the "first complete American Air Service unit in history to operate against an enemy on foreign soil." 6707: 6233: 5952: 5924: 3619: 3285: 3147: 2070: 1619: 1560: 1038:

Each army and corps echelon of the ground forces had a chief of air service designated to direct operations. The

479: 416: 347: 235: 988:

as one of its pilots, achieved distinguished records in combat and remained a permanent part of the air forces.

6551: 6376: 6366: 5561: 3540: 3420: 3397: 749: 623:, Assistant Director of the DMA, was ordered to put together a daily route for moving mail by airplane between 4110:

The American Air Service: A Record of its Problems, Its Difficulties, Its Failures, and Its Final Achievements

2427:. The feat was followed in August by a flight in which a DH-4 stayed aloft for more than 37 hours by means of 6496: 6391: 6344: 3277: 3072: 2920: 2482: 2439: 2432: 753: 732:

in livery of Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, 94th Aero Squadron. Note U.S. national insignia painted on wheel hubs.

690: 616: 516: 271: 5597: 3328:

candidates came as a bitter disappointment to the Air Service and was extremely detrimental to their morale.

1636: 6629: 6356: 6340: 5693: 3717: 3655: 3375: 2700: 2210: 2082: 2020:

The seven-year history of the post-war Air Service was essentially a prolonged debate between adherents of

1848: 1370: 901: 852: 808: 741: 652: 316: 1513:

The General Staff produced a mobilization plan that in the event of war would create a field force of six

5291: 2935: 2351: 2251: 1118: 1087: 1027:

formation, the 1st Pursuit Wing, made up of the 2d Pursuit, 3rd Pursuit, and 1st Day Bombardment Groups.

958: 873: 428: 5257: 3597: 3247:

only for the duration of pilot training. Those that washed out were discharged and subject to the draft.

2390: 855:, was instead ordered painted on all U.S. aircraft operating in Europe, remaining in effect until 1919. 6702: 6657: 6634: 5957: 3766:

Other service schools established were the Pursuit School at Rockwell Field, the Bombardment School at

2972: 2567: 2216: 2033: 1292: 1279: 1105: 914: 500: 5382:

The American Army in the World War, A Divisional Record Of The American Expeditionary Forces in Europe

5342: 2257:, and Lts. John Richter, Virgil Hine, and Frank Seifert conduct first mid-air refueling, June 27, 1923 551:

cadets and enrolling another 1,430. By mid-November, 3,140 had graduated and more than 500 had become

6350: 5962: 5883: 5763: 5609:

United States Air Service overview, history and 90th Anniversary celebration photos at www.usaww1.com

3579:

The large number of DSC awards is due to it being the only other combat valor award at the time. The

3029: 2583: 2416: 2280: 1607: 1315:). 210 decorations were awarded to aviators by France, 22 by Great Britain, and 69 by other nations. 1000: 380: 5013: 4516:, Manufacturers Aircraft Association, Inc. (1920), Doubleday, Page, and Company. Appendix I, p. 276. 3596:

The issue was so important that Wilson took the draft of the order with him to France to attend the

1453:. 759-88), the Air Service was statutorily recognized as a combatant arm of the line along with the 1286:

A large training establishment was also set up. In France the Air Service Concentration Barracks at

1030: 1023:

had their lineage continued into the post-war Air Service. In July 1918 the AEF organized its first

896:. The first U.S. aviator killed in action during aerial combat occurred March 8, 1918, when Captain 6253: 6190: 5482: 5452: 5405: 4602: 4036: 3942: 3771: 2866: 2515: 2276: 830: 188: 180: 5628: 5317: 2552: 970:, and the Meuse-Argonne. Several units, including the 94th Pursuit Squadron under the command of 643:

trainers modified to carry mail, began the mail service on May 15. It later extended the route to

6614: 6602: 6482: 6085: 5732: 3078: 2304: 1240: 1057: 1044: 811:

operated as the main trainer for the Air Service. Balloon companies operated the French-designed

528: 521: 363: 231: 27: 3446:

Each pursuit squadron was authorized 25 aircraft, including seven reserve spares, and 18 pilots.

3419:

Until June 1918, designated Company B, 2nd Balloon Squadron. The 2nd Balloon Company is now the

2167:(in effect, shared), was rejected by the Navy, and the reorganization could not be implemented. 2158:

The response to the proposal was three boards and committees. The Secretary of War convened the

945:

on February 26, 1918. On March 5 it took over the line and began operations supporting the U.S.

5553: 3938: 3643: 3265: 2760: 2666: 2094: 2049: 1822: 1773: 1611: 1599: 1579: 1248: 1065: 1039: 971: 967: 893: 343: 5381: 2366:. He crashed into a tree trying to land and was severely injured, dying five days later in a 5613: 5037:

Shiner, Lt. Col. John F. (1997). "From Air Service to Air Corps: The Era of Billy Mitchell,"

4671: 4339: 4140: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3631: 3273: 3010: 2960: 2954: 2655: 2617: 2589: 2545: 2375: 2265: 1587: 1052:

and chief of the Army Group Air Service in mid-October 1918, succeeded at First Army by Col.

996: 978: 918: 412:

was in widespread if unofficial usage to collectively describe all aspects of Army aviation.

3428: 2122:

to silence Mitchell, resigned his position on October 4, 1921, and was replaced by Maj.Gen.

6075: 6070: 5972: 5429: 3396:

Miller had assumed command of the 95th upon its arrival at its first station at the front,

3281: 3134: 2982: 2791: 2746: 2684: 2509: 2491: 2367: 2359: 2098: 1816: 1785: 1762: 1739: 1722: 1699: 1676: 1403: 1341: 1252: 1130: 1024: 1020: 1012: 889: 851:

similar to those used by the Allied Powers, in the former color arrangement of the defunct

639:. The Air Service, using six pilots (four instructor pilots and two new graduates) and six 462: 1076:

was supported by 1,481 airplanes directed by Mitchell, totaling 24 Air Service, 58 French

527:

The United States began the World War with 65 pilots, a few of which were veterans of the

8: 6080: 6065: 6060: 5583: 3244: 3025: 2991: 2986: 2966: 2825: 2752: 2712: 2680: 2573: 2450:. Six months later, two aircraft completed the flight. Even if considered as primarily a 2308: 1808: 1522: 1232: 1195: 888:, a pursuit unit flying with French forces and composed largely of former members of the 885: 881: 824: 577: 437: 401: 20: 6692: 3931:

USAF Historical Study 89, The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941

2457:

Kelly and Macready, Doolittle, and the crews of the circumnavigation flight all won the

844: 346:

to vastly increase the appropriations for the Aviation Section in 1916, it nevertheless

6652: 6639: 6597: 6566: 6045: 5992: 5977: 5942: 5888: 5265: 4127:

Ideas, Concepts, and Doctrines: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force 1907–1960

3775: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3455:

Observation squadrons had 24 airplanes including 6 spares, 18 pilots, and 18 observers.

3261: 3014: 3001: 2978: 2910: 2905: 2891: 2769: 2447: 2328: 2198: 2045: 1996: 1982: 1394: 1362: 1333: 1275: 1122: 1073: 974: 926: 640: 560: 504: 351: 312: 260: 227: 90: 6516: 5528:

Shiner, Lt. Col. John F., "From Air Service to Air Corps: The Era of Billy Mitchell,"

5449:

The U.S. Air Service in World War I, Volume I: The Final Report and A Tactical History

3243:

All cadets were enlisted into the Signal Corps or Reserve Signal Corps in the rank of

2454:, the flight was a brilliant accomplishment in which five nations had already failed. 6361: 6050: 6025: 5647: 5634: 5533: 5519: 5501: 5433: 5392: 5371: 5042: 4993: 4959: 4898: 4709: 4229: 4055: 3985: 3639: 3167: 3019: 2901: 2819: 2781: 2695: 2525: 2505: 2399: 2363: 2316: 2102: 1750: 1591: 1583: 1537: 1536:

The principal pursuit planes of the Air Service were the MB-3 (50 in inventory), the

1493: 1466: 1053: 1049: 827:

of 32,200 cubic-foot (912 cubic meters) capacity, deploying one balloon per company.

540: 350:

proposing an aviation department incorporating all aspects of military aviation. The

5618: 2737: 2613: 1510:

observation and service squadrons were based outside the continental United States.

1217: 280: 6544: 6143: 6030: 6015: 6005: 5666: 5653: 5640: 5624:

50th Aero Squadron Harold Goettler and Erwin Bleckley to be Honored October 7, 2009

5603: 4527: 4418:

The U.S. Air Service in World War I; Volume II: Early Concepts of Military Aviation

3887: 3663: 3659: 3635: 2941: 2847: 2814: 2807: 2676: 2660: 2638: 2632: 2599: 2579: 2428: 2395: 2383: 2336: 2110: 2054: 2037: 2029: 1826: 1541: 1398: 1337: 1312: 1176: 1169: 1148: 982: 719: 714: 698: 694: 632: 601: 592: 475: 296: 275: 134: 5660: 5423: 3862:

The Coolidge administration boasted of cutting the War Department's budget by 75%.

2134:) was 354th. Patrick supported and issued the first air doctrine for the service, 1449:

With the passage of the National Defense Act, June 4, 1920 (Public Law 66-242, 41

1422: 705:

chief through his influence on Kenly as Air Commander, Zone of the Advance (ACA).

6607: 6040: 6035: 6020: 6010: 6000: 5614:

United States Air Service interactive Google Map of bases, etc. at www.usaww1.com

5446: 5414: 3882: 3767: 3435: 3222: 3120: 2945: 2775: 2647: 2604: 2519: 2478: 2451: 2424: 2332: 2331:. A later world speed record of 232 mph (373 km/h) was made by 1st Lt. 2176: 2025: 1575: 1221: 1083: 909: 897: 679: 648: 636: 620: 544: 484: 433: 284: 243: 6561: 3788: 3623: 2895: 2872: 2835: 2801: 2765: 2670: 2608: 2535: 2529: 2347: 2164: 1796: 1304: 1162: 1064:

as chief but was not ready for operations until just before the armistice. The

725: 686: 458: 424: 397: 389: 304: 247: 223: 110: 4492: 2235: 1410:

Another group was organized overseas in 1920 to administrate squadrons in the

1270: 369: 6722: 6400: 6396: 4078:, July 12, 1917, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 1; July 26, 1917, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 84-85. 3627: 3005: 2829: 2787: 2718: 2595: 2458: 2412: 2202: 2187: 2123: 2119: 2003: 1485: 1287: 1183: 1061: 932: 820: 756: 624: 565: 264: 162: 80: 5039:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force Vol. I

768: 6571: 5574: 5481:. Maxwell AFB: Historical Research Division, Air University. Archived from 4035:. Maxwell AFB: Historical Research Division, Air University. Archived from 3651: 3558: 3106: 2916: 2724: 2628: 2561: 2403: 2300: 2254: 2240: 2131: 1859: 1568: 1564: 1545: 1260: 628: 6451: 5701: 5579:, May 2006, Vol. 89, No. 5, the Air Force Association, Arlington, Virginia 3410:

until July 1918, of which observers such as Lahm were unaware at the time.

1563:, which was renamed the Engineering Division on March 19 and relocated to 3584: 3580: 3543:, French aviation school), 7th (Clermont-Ferrand, bombardment), and 8th ( 3424: 2926: 2885: 2879: 2730: 2706: 2623: 2487: 2469: 2420: 2041: 1687: 1595: 1411: 1378: 1374: 922: 776: 772: 729: 635:

He assigned the task to the Executive Officer for Flying Training, Major

404:

for a single purpose to that time, $ 640 million in the Aviation Act (40

359: 308: 307:

supported the independent air concept. The Army's senior leadership from

256: 239: 144: 4395: 3209: 2261: 1282:, and Kenneth Marr of the 94th Aero Squadron pose next to a Nieuport 28. 5456:

from the USAF Center for Air Force History, Maxwell AFB. OCLC 564839002

4112:, Appleton and Company, pp. 215–219; and Bassett, John Spencer (1919). 3647: 2797: 2689: 2539: 2355: 2324: 2183: 1664: 1497: 1366: 1348: 1225: 985: 800: 796: 609: 3984:, "Volume II: Early Concepts of Military Aviation", Diane Publishing, 1544:(48 acquired in 1924–25). The only bomber ordered in quantity was the 5530:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

5516:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

4226:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

3143:

List of Air Service American Expeditionary Force aerodromes in France

2841: 2296: 1016: 942: 804: 100: 2944:, gunnery expert, and highest ranking USAAF officer shot down and a 2327:

on October 18, 1922, at the Pulitzer Trophy competition of the 1922

2227: 2064:

Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell, Assistant Chief of Air Service, 1920–1925

408:. 243), passed July 24, 1917. By the time the bill passed, the term 5428:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. p. 5407:

Volume One – Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 – August 1942

3958:, p. 149, Appendix 2 Redesignations of the Army Air Arm, 1907–1942. 3158:

Organization of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force

2995: 2438:

The greatest achievement of these projects, however, was the first

2346:

completed a transcontinental flight of 22.5 hours flying time from

2312: 2021: 1777: 1714: 1615: 1603: 1454: 1296: 1100:

Organization of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force

992: 877: 816: 665:

Organization of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force

585: 539:'s pilot training program. The Chief Signal Officer assigned Major 234:. It was established as an independent but temporary branch of the 5546:

The Army and Its Air Corps: Army Policy toward Aviation, 1919–1941

4592:"The World War I Diary of Colonel Frank P. Lahm, Air Service, AEF" 4491:. Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. Archived from 3670:, Appendix 2, USAF Historical Research Center (1987), pp. 455–456. 2875:, aviation pioneer, first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean 2869:, WWI flying ace, General of Mexican Air Force, commercial pioneer 2857: 2247: 651:

to its small fleet, carrying mail until August 12, 1918, when the

591:

The U.S. training program produced more than 10,000 pilots as new

5557: 4458:

The Army and its Air Corps: Army Policy Toward Aviation 1919–1941

4224:

Mortenson, Daniel R. (1997). "The Air Service in the Great War,"

3323:

Bingham (1920), p. 80, gives the number as 1,800, but a table in

2981:, aircraft designer of two Pulitzer Trophy winning aircraft, the 2651: 2461:

for the respective years in which they accomplished their feats.

2443: 2215:, but in doing so Congress denied it the autonomy enjoyed by the 2090: 2060: 1458: 1386: 1236: 1109: 848: 835: 803:(696) and Breguet 14 (87) for daylight bombing, and the DH-4 and 595:

in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps (S.O.R.C.). 8,688 received

532: 355: 42: 19:

Not to be confused with the United States Army World War II unit

5600:, listing of 567 citations for gallantry for Air Service members 2150: 2028:

in 1918. On one side were Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell, Brig. Gen.

685:

Sent to Europe in March 1917 as an observer, Lieutenant Colonel

5629:

History of the US 22nd Aero Squadron by Arthur R. Brooks (.pdf)

3544: 3301:

stated that the number of graduates in the first class was 132.

3069:

U.S. Army Air Corps 2 July 1926 – 20 June 1941*

2402:

leading a flight of four DH-4s from Mitchel Field, New York to

1754: 1691: 1357: 1244: 1004: 644: 569: 536: 5466:, Air University Press, Maxwell AFB, Alabama (large PDF file). 4895:

A Grandstand Seat: the American Balloon Service in World War I

908:. The first aerial victory in an American unit was by 1st Lt. 4215:, "Volume I: The Final Report and a Tactical History", p. 93. 3532: 2380:

dawn-to-dusk transcontinental flight across the United States

2323:

222.97 mph (358.84 km/h) over a closed course in a

1800: 1668: 1518: 1336:

undertook a sweeping re-organization on March 15, using the "

1256: 905: 736: 581: 573: 4627:

Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p. 379, as to both date and location.

4001:

Hennessy, Juliette A. (1958). USAF Historical Study No. 98:

3971:, Center for Air Force History, March 1955 edition, pp. 4–5. 3830:(TR), which stated combat principles for each combatant arm. 2205:, the board was made up of a federal judge, the head of the 1332:. Anticipating the order, Director of Air Service Maj. Gen. 1125:

and former commander of the American 17th Pursuit Squadron.

1003:, organized in April 1918 to patrol the Toul Sector between 615:

A byproduct of the training program was the creation of the

362:, came too quickly (less than eight months after its use in 255:

Defense Act of 1920 assigned the Air Service the status of "

5387:

Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1983).

4975:""Director of Army Air Service Explains the Organization", 3967:

Finney, Robert T. (1955). USAF Historical Studies No. 100:

3536: 2592:, UCLA graduate manager and Los Angeles City Council member 2073:

appointed Maj. Gen. Charles Menoher, who had commanded the

1514: 1264: 876:, which sailed from New York in August 1917 and arrived at 767:

governments agreed to a contract for the purchase of 1,500

5514:

Mortenson, Daniel R., "The Air Service in the Great War,"

2822:, aviation pioneer and first certified U.S. military pilot 1393:

border with Mexico, where revolution had broken out, from

3374:

The U.S. roundel had the same color order as that of the

3039: 925:, flew a photo reconnaissance mission to the vicinity of 872:

The first U.S. aviation squadron to reach France was the

384:

World War I recruiting poster calling for skilled workers

6749:

Military history of the United States during World War I

5608: 4003:

The United States Army Air Arm, April 1861 to April 1917

2154:

Maj. Gen. Mason Patrick, Chief of Air Service, 1921–1926

483:

procuring and training a combat force. In addition, the

337: 5295:. New York Times (1919-08-14). Retrieved on 2013-08-17. 5076:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMooney_and_Layman1944 (

4940:

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4669: 4337: 4197:

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4138: 2010: 16:

1918-1926 air warfare service of the United States Army

5848:

Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

5380:

Browne, G Waldo, and Pillsbury, Rosencrans W. (1921).

3618:

The squadrons of the Army Surveillance Group were the

3535:, a liaison detachment to the French air force), 5th ( 2145: 543:, an adventurer and reserve officer on the faculty of 218:

and before its legislative establishment in 1920, the

5831:

House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

4366: 3849:

The policy set forth by Patrick was published in the

2957:, ace with RFC and USAS, post-war pulp fiction writer 2464: 6759:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1926

5062:, USAF Historical Research Center (1987), pp. 99–101 3096: 2994:, Olympic athlete, commercial aviation pioneer, and 2411:

from completing the first flight to Asia across the

807:(557) for observation and photo reconnaissance. The 319:

in 1926 as a compromise in the continuing struggle.

6739:

20th-century history of the United States Air Force

6698:

Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

4169:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMooney_and_Layman (

3539:, mechanics, closed soon after being opened), 6th ( 3197:

A History of the United States Air Force, 1907–1957

2784:, aviation pioneer; first trans-Atlantic solo pilot 2085:-level Department of Aviation equal to the War and 1582:in California, moved to Texas, divided between the 1323: 1190: 5826:House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces 5665:is available for free viewing and download at the 5652:is available for free viewing and download at the 5639:is available for free viewing and download at the 3075: 20 June 1941 – 18 September 1947* 2878:Leonard J. Povey, barnstormer and inventor of the 2844:, pioneer in aerial refueling and bombing doctrine 2089:to control all aviation, including sea-based air, 1978:John D. Ryan (August 28, 1918 – November 27, 1918) 1598:. A technical school for mechanics was located at 6754:Military units and formations established in 1918 5470:Mooney, Charles C. and Layman, Martha E. (1944). 5135: 5133: 5071: 4935: 4324:Manufacturers' Aircraft Association, Inc. (1920) 4192: 4024:Mooney, Charles C. and Layman, Martha E. (1944). 3163:Organization of the U.S. Army Air Service in 1925 2616:, pilot and aircraft designer, chief engineer at 2386:fighter developed from the R-6 for that purpose. 1632:Organization of the U.S. Army Air Service in 1925 1426:MB-3A of 94th Pursuit Squadron, 1st Pursuit Group 1104:Promptly after the armistice, the AEF formed the 904:, was shot down while on a voluntary patrol near 6720: 4892: 4706:The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917–1919 3757:The school squadrons were created in early 1923. 2778:, first U.S. born ace, while flying with the RFC 1492:, and an assistant chief created in the rank of 678:World War I recruiting poster, 1917. Artwork by 5662:AIR FORCE STORY, THE – AFTER THE WAR, 1918–1923 5619:1st Pursuit Group history at www.1stfighter.com 5462:Combat squadrons of the Air Force, World War II 5033: 5031: 4979:, Friday, March 21, 1919, Vol. 8 No. 567, p. 5. 4778: 4776: 3195:The airplane figure is variously given as 250 ( 1417: 452: 358:on April 6, 1917, putting the United States in 5649:ACTIVITIES OF THE U.S. ARMY AIR SERVICE (1925) 5604:1st Pursuit Group history at www.acepilots.com 5384:, Overseas Book Co, Manchester, New Hampshire. 5130: 4676:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 55. 4344:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 56. 4145:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 51. 3941:: Center For Air Force History. Archived from 3173:United States Army World War I Flight Training 2894:, highest ranking U.S. ace of World War I and 2813:James Ely Miller, first U.S. military aviator 2607:, air racer, aeronautical engineer, leader of 2481:, aviation pioneer; Commanding General of the 2231:Curtiss R-6 racer, 1922 Pulitzer Trophy winner 1854: 1108:to march immediately into Germany, occupy the 941:French 91st Balloon Company at the front near 880:on September 3. A member of the squadron, Lt. 588:to preliminary training for a period of time. 322: 230:between 1918 and 1926 and a forerunner of the 6467: 5717: 5223: 4164: 3503:(1,758), the Italians (812) and then the U.S. 3314:, September 27, 1917, Vol. I, No. 12, p. 370. 2931:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 2295:This effort resulted in the development of a 274:, a separate entity under commanding General 5506:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5028: 4790: 4788: 4773: 4381: 4379: 4362: 4360: 4060:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3600:, and cabled its promulgation to Washington. 3208:Approximately $ 14 billion in 2015 dollars. 2542:; first high-ranking casualty of World War I 2138:(patterned on Army Training Regulation 10-5 1625: 1532:NBS-1 (MB-2) and pursuit in combat practice. 1093: 584:and devoting part of the advanced school at 6769:1926 disestablishments in the United States 6481: 5731: 5585:Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, Table 3 5472:"Origin of Military Aeronautics, 1907–1935" 4825: 4823: 4026:"Origin of Military Aeronautics, 1907–1935" 2832:and advocate of universal military training 2207:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 1967: 564:entire flying portion of their training in 26:For the current active service branch, see 6474: 6460: 5724: 5710: 5014:"THE BIRTH OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE" 3066: 24 May 1918 – 2 July 1926 3060: 20 May 1918 – 24 May 1918 1550:sinking of the captured German battleship 710:Air Service, American Expeditionary Forces 520:World War I recruiting poster. Artwork by 4811: 4785: 4376: 4357: 3820:In 1923 Army doctrine was organized into 2733:, barnstormer and aviation records-setter 2715:, pilot of The Around The Rim Flight 1919 1295:. The 3rd Aviation Instruction Center at 658: 6764:1918 establishments in the United States 5366:Bowman, Martin W., "Background to War", 5091:"United States Army Air Service Posts". 4820: 4665: 4663: 3969:History of the Air Corps Tactical School 2856: 2736: 2622:Lee Duncan, animal trainer and owner of 2551: 2473:2nd Lt. Charles A. Lindbergh, March 1925 2468: 2423:transport monoplane by Macready and Lt. 2260: 2246: 2234: 2226: 2149: 2059: 2040:of the Army, its senior leadership from 1863:NBS-1s of the 2nd Bomb Group, April 1926 1858: 1844:while inactive (1923), re-activated 1928 1635: 1622:when that base was established in 1924. 1527: 1421: 1347: 1269: 1194: 1029: 931: 829: 735: 724: 673: 515: 379: 368: 5391:, Air Force Historical Studies Office, 5335: 5307:, April 12, 1921, Vol. V No. 4, p. 6-7. 5008: 5006: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4550: 4548: 4525: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3840:forces on land or sea. (Futrell, p. 40) 3826:, which were general in character, and 3484:and training bases in France and Italy. 3081: 18 September 1947 – present 2679:, strategic bombing pioneer, president 2307:, and a streamlined engine design, the 2222: 1136: 847:, in early 1918 a red, blue, and white 786:Motor Mechanics Regiments, Signal Corps 427:", transferring its functions from the 47:Branch insignia of the Army Air Service 6721: 5920:Operational Test and Evaluation Center 5784:Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 5469: 5421: 5343:"Records of the Army Air Forces (AAF)" 5323:. Alaska Wing, Commemorative Air Force 5310: 4990:Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power 4519: 4158: 4095: 4093: 4023: 3583:was not authorized until 1932 and the 3040:Lineage of the United States Air Force 2709:, All-American college football player 2431:. The Fokker T-2 is on display at the 2398:. A distance record was set by Capt. 1199:Air Combat – Western Front World War I 1060:was activated on October 12 with Col. 6455: 5705: 5109:, March 18, 1920, Vol. V No. 12, p. 1 4673:Annual Report of the Secretary of War 4660: 4398:, Aerofiles.com. Retrieved 2016-01-05 4341:Annual Report of the Secretary of War 4331: 4328:, Doubleday, page and Co., pp. 80–81. 4248:, July 19, 1917. Vol. I, No. 2, p. 55 4142:Annual Report of the Secretary of War 4132: 3927: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3378:but in diameters of equal proportion. 2641:, law professor and president of the 2499:, founder and first president of the 2015: 867: 771:bombers-reconnaissance planes; 2,000 338:Background of the wartime Air Service 5542: 5360: 5060:Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939 5003: 4630: 4589: 4583: 4554: 4545: 4481: 4423: 4125:Futrell, Robert Frank (1971, 1991). 3916: 3668:Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939 2969:, first U. S. military aerial victor 2685:Air Transport Association of America 2011:Debate over an independent Air Force 1235:; three other maintenance depots at 1206:Report of the Secretary of War, 1919 1007:and Apremont in support of the U.S. 952: 5389:The Army Air Forces In World War II 4528:"Chapter 2: Organizational Emblems" 4213:The U.S. Air Service in World War I 4090: 3982:The U.S. Air Service in World War I 3778:, and the Airship School at Brooks. 3046:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps 2382:in the summer of 1924 in a Curtiss 2201:and personal friend of Coolidge's, 2146:Investigating committees and boards 597:ratings of Reserve Military Aviator 329:Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps 13: 6673:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 6668:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 6421:Air & Space Forces Association 5838:Senate Committee on Armed Services 5479:U.S.A.F. Historical Studies No. 25 4297:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, pp. 101–103 4033:U.S.A.F. Historical Studies No. 25 4005:, USAF Historical Division, p. 196 3902: 3153:List of American Balloon Squadrons 2465:Notable members of the Air Service 1840:¹Inactivated (1921), redesignated 270:In France, the Air Service of the 120:195,024 men, 7,900 aircraft (1918) 14: 6780: 5591: 3356:rein in his own staff had failed. 3048:1 August 1907 – 18 July 1914 2772:(RFC) and early airline executive 2643:University of Southern California 511: 250:: on May 24, 1918, replacing the 220:"Air Service, United States Army" 6708:Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section 6435: 6434: 6333:Division of Military Aeronautics 5858: 5757:Under Secretary of the Air Force 5679:Division of Military Aeronautics 5298: 5285: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5121: 5112: 5100: 5084: 5065: 5052: 4982: 4969: 4948: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4670:United States. War Dept (1919). 4354:Mortenson (1997), pp. 52 and 55. 4338:United States. War Dept (1919). 4139:United States. War Dept (1919). 3874: 3865: 3856: 3843: 3833: 3814: 3804: 3794: 3781: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3732: 3723: 3698: 3673: 3612: 3603: 3590: 3573: 3564: 3127: 3113: 3099: 3058:Division of Military Aeronautics 2919:pioneer test pilot, who led the 2518:, World War I ace, commander of 2140:Doctrines Principles and Methods 2006:(October 5, 1921 – July 2, 1926) 1999:(June 4, 1920 – October 4, 1921) 1985:(January 2, 1919 – June 4, 1920) 1540:(200 acquired 1920–23), and the 1484:was authorized with the rank of 1440:Section 13a, Public Law 242, 41 1324:Consolidation of the Air Service 1191:Statistical summary, World War I 936:Goodyear Type R "Caquot" balloon 472:Division of Military Aeronautics 388:The administration of President 342:Although war in Europe prompted 333:Division of Military Aeronautics 293:Division of Military Aeronautics 187: 179: 122:9,954 men, 1,451 aircraft (1926) 73: 41: 5685:United States Army Air Service 4956:Billy Mitchell (The Art of War) 4926:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.46-47. 4886: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4829:Maurer, Vol. I, pp.119 and 126. 4797: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4698: 4689: 4686:Maurer (1978), Vol. I., p. 171. 4680: 4621: 4507: 4472: 4469:Maurer (1978), Vol. II, p. 412. 4463: 4450: 4441: 4438:Maurer (1978), Vol. II, p. 125. 4432: 4429:Maurer (1978), Vol. II, p. 113. 4410: 4401: 4388: 4348: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4261:, Yale University Press, p. 52. 4251: 4239: 4218: 4205: 4186: 4177: 4149: 4119: 4116:, Alfred A. knopf, pp. 181–184. 4102: 4081: 4069: 3679:The 1st Day Bombardment Group: 3550: 3525: 3516: 3506: 3496: 3487: 3477: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3413: 3403: 3390: 3381: 3368: 3359: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3317: 3304: 3291: 3250: 3237: 3228: 3214: 3148:List of American Aero Squadrons 3054:18 July 1914 – 20 May 1918 1345:demobilized out of existence. 1330:Air Service, United States Army 999:, the first of these being the 799:(103) as pursuit aircraft, the 790:Air Service Mechanics Regiments 669: 535:from 7 to 11 May 1917 to study 6729:United States Army Air Service 6645:United States Army Air Service 6620:Canadian Air Force (1918–1920) 6512:Aircraft of the Central Powers 6507:Aircraft of the Entente Powers 6244:Reserve Officer Training Corps 6201:Judge Advocate General's Corps 5843:Senate Subcommittee on Airland 5821:House Armed Services Committee 4838:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p. 119. 4743:Maurer(1978). Volume I, p. 51. 4601:. AFHRA (USAF). Archived from 4367:Thomas, Capt. Shipley (1920). 4315:Maurer (1978), Vol. I., p. 97. 4259:An Explorer in the Air Service 4129:, Air University Press, p. 21. 4017: 4008: 3995: 3974: 3961: 3421:2d Special Operations Squadron 3299:An Explorer in the Air Service 3202: 3189: 3052:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 3013:, World War II general in the 1594:(advanced flying training) at 845:the markings of enemy aircraft 252:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 204:United States Army Air Service 36:United States Army Air Service 1: 6392:Women Airforce Service Pilots 4897:. Praeger. pp. 135–136. 4883:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.110. 4874:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.106. 4865:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.112. 4856:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.105. 4695:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.391. 4640:Schiver, Patricia T. (1980). 4599:USAF Historical Study No. 141 4532:A Guide to Air Force Heraldry 4489:"U.S. Naval Aircraft Marking" 4460:, Air University Press, p. 19 4447:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 11 4279:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p. 94. 3178: 3022:, Wisconsin State Assemblyman 2921:first aerial circumnavigation 2433:National Air and Space Museum 2172:U.S. House of Representatives 2081:In 1919, Mitchell proposed a 1640:World War I recruiting poster 1586:(primary flying training) at 1309:Distinguished Service Crosses 1034:Formation of DH-4 day bombers 981:, which had "balloon buster" 862: 501:Spruce Production Corporation 474:(DMA) with Brigadier General 6630:Imperial Russian Air Service 5694:United States Army Air Corps 5518:, Vol. I, Chapter 2 (1997), 5447:Maurer Maurer (ed.) (1978). 4992:, Indiana University Press, 4917:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.27. 4847:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.78. 4782:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.17. 4761:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.26. 4752:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.85. 4526:Russell, William M. (1985). 4478:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.71. 4306:Mortenson (1997), pp. 52–53. 4087:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 7 3980:Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1978). 3913:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 9 3770:, the Observation School at 3376:Imperial Russian Air Service 2904:, youngest son of President 1960: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1821: 1772: 1770:First Army Observation Group 1749: 1732: 1709: 1686: 1663: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1418:National Defense Act of 1920 853:Imperial Russian Air Service 691:American Expeditionary Force 453:Aircraft production failures 444:of the OCSO was renamed the 272:American Expeditionary Force 7: 6734:United States Army aviation 6693:Imperial German Air Service 5747:Department of the Air Force 5598:Military Times Hall of Fame 4456:Tate, Dr. James P. (1998). 4014:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p.8 3693:166th Bombardment Squadrons 3598:Versailles peace conference 3092: 2973:George Augustus Vaughn, Jr. 2501:Air Line Pilots Association 1855:Annual Air Service strength 1608:Air Service Tactical School 1318: 752:classmate and non-aviator, 604:, and Tours, respectively. 429:Council of National Defense 364:Mexico chasing Pancho Villa 323:Creation of the Air Service 10: 6785: 6703:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons 5752:Secretary of the Air Force 5532:Vol. I, Chapter 3 (1997), 5464:, USAF Historical Study 82 5318:"Remembering Our Heritage" 5247:Shiner (1997), p. 102-103. 5118:Shiner (1997), pp. 72, 74. 4977:The Official U.S. Bulletin 3656:12th Surveillance Squadron 2032:, a cadre of young former 1629: 1156:Chiefs of Air Service, AEF 1121:, a combat veteran of the 1097: 1021:1st Day Bombardment Groups 815:Type R, a winch-tethered, 662: 326: 25: 18: 6683: 6585: 6525: 6489: 6429: 6310: 6272: 6156: 6094: 5991: 5933: 5907: 5876: 5867: 5856: 5739: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5422:Holley, I.B. Jr. (1997). 5202:Futrell (1991), pp. 40–41 5127:Tate (1998), pp. 185–188. 5074:, p. 116, Appendix 4 4893:Lebow, Eileen F. (1998). 4567:(Nov–Dec). Archived from 4396:"The Airmail Takes Wings" 4108:Sweetser, Arthur (1919). 3928:Greer, Thomas H. (1985). 3823:Field Service Regulations 3547:, Italy; primary flying). 3288:were added shortly after. 3256:The initial six were the 3030:governor of New Hampshire 2913:, author and screenwriter 2888:– Hollywood choreographer 2661:Benjamin Delahauf Foulois 2650:, organizer of the first 2419:, to Rockwell Field in a 2417:Roosevelt Field, New York 1730:1st Day Bombardment Group 1626:Groups of the Air Service 1094:Army of occupation duties 1001:I Corps Observation Group 964:Battle of Château-Thierry 394:Aircraft Production Board 257:combatant arm of the line 226:service component of the 173: 168: 155: 150: 140: 126: 116: 106: 96: 86: 68: 60: 52: 40: 35: 6254:Airman Leadership School 6056:Thirteenth Expeditionary 5894:Field Operating Agencies 5368:USAAF Handbook 1939–1945 5211:Maurer (1987), pp. 72–73 4954:Cooke, James J. (2002). 4704:Cooke, James J. (1996). 4642:"The Caquot Flies Again" 4407:Mortenson (1997), p. 43. 3774:, the Balloon School at 3258:University of California 2861:Verville in January 1925 2768:, ace while flying with 2741:2d Lt. Quentin Roosevelt 2707:Charles W. "Chic" Harley 2528:, artillery officer and 2391:Packard-Le Peré LUSAC-11 2339:race at the 1925 Races. 2277:All American Pathfinders 2193:The third board was the 1973:Directors of Air Service 1968:Heads of the Air Service 1488:to replace the previous 1247:; four supply depots at 1106:Third United States Army 1058:Air Service, Second Army 957:By the beginning of the 6744:Aviation in World War I 6635:Royal Italian Air Corps 6615:Australian Flying Corps 6603:Royal Naval Air Service 6483:Aviation in World War I 6239:Officer Training School 5733:United States Air Force 5459:Maurer, Maurer (1986), 5345:. National Archives.gov 5305:Air Service News Letter 5107:Air Service News Letter 4988:Hurley, Alfred (2006). 4958:, Lynne Rienner Press, 4590:Lahm, Frank P. (1970). 4555:Frey, Royal D. (1968). 4416:Maurer, Maurer (1978). 4257:Bingham, Hiram (1920). 3718:147th Pursuit Squadrons 3210:US Inflation Calculator 3079:United States Air Force 2794:and air tactics pioneer 2698:, writer, co-author of 2692:, Hollywood stunt flyer 2654:service and founder of 2556:Lt Gen. James Doolittle 2440:flight around the world 2136:Fundamental Conceptions 1817:9th Group (Observation) 1786:7th Group (Observation) 1763:6th Group (Observation) 1661:Army Surveillance Group 1490:Director of Air Service 1088:Meuse-Argonne offensive 1066:Air Service, Third Army 1040:Air Service, First Army 1015:was formed, and by the 959:Meuse-Argonne Offensive 619:. On May 3, 1918, Col. 617:American airmail system 522:Charles Livingston Bull 493:Director of Air Service 374:Junior Military Aviator 232:United States Air Force 28:United States Air Force 6664:Japanese air services 6282:Awards and decorations 5915:District of Washington 5908:Direct Reporting Units 5554:Maxwell Air Force Base 5072:Mooney and Layman 1944 4936:Mooney and Layman 1944 4817:Thomas (1920), p. 390. 4794:Thomas (1920), p. 387. 4369:The History of the AEF 4288:Cameron (1999), p. 197 4270:Bingham (1920), p. 53. 4193:Mooney and Layman 1944 4183:Futrell (1971), p. 28. 3939:Maxwell Air Force Base 3089:. 495), 26 July 1947. 3064:Air Service, U.S. Army 2862: 2742: 2667:Harold Ernest Goettler 2557: 2538:, general counsel for 2474: 2271: 2258: 2244: 2232: 2155: 2105:of Indiana and in the 2095:United States Congress 2065: 1864: 1847:²Original 7 groups of 1740:2d Group (Bombardment) 1641: 1533: 1447: 1436:2,500 flying cadets... 1427: 1353: 1283: 1209: 1200: 1079:Aéronautique Militaire 1035: 1011:. On May 5, 1918, the 937: 894:Lafayette Flying Corps 839: 745: 733: 682: 659:Air Service of the AEF 524: 385: 377: 6594:British air services 6557:Aerial reconnaissance 6325:Aeronautical Division 5193:Shiner (1997), p. 96. 5175:Shiner (1997), p. 82. 5166:Tate(1998), pp. 9–10. 5139:Shiner (1997), p. 73. 4734:Cooke (1996), p. 216. 4725:Cooke (1996), p. 208. 4646:Air University Review 4561:Air University Review 4557:"Air Service Relived" 4385:Thomas (1920), p. 385 4371:. George H. Doran Co. 3398:Villeneuve-les-Vertus 3034:ambassador to Britain 3011:Charles A. Willoughby 2961:George E. Stratemeyer 2955:Elliott White Springs 2938:, classical violinist 2867:Ralph Ambrose O'Neill 2860: 2820:Thomas DeWitt Milling 2740: 2721:, oil pioneer, author 2656:Consolidated Aircraft 2618:Buhl Aircraft Company 2590:Stephen W. Cunningham 2555: 2546:Arthur Raymond Brooks 2510:United States Senator 2483:U. S. Army Air Forces 2472: 2409:U.S. State Department 2266:Douglas World Cruiser 2264: 2250: 2238: 2230: 2153: 2063: 1990:Chiefs of Air Service 1862: 1809:4th Group (Composite) 1793:1st Observation Group 1700:5th Group (Composite) 1684:2nd Observation Group 1656:Redesignation (date) 1639: 1630:Further information: 1542:Curtiss PW-8/P-1 Hawk 1531: 1429: 1425: 1351: 1273: 1202: 1198: 1142:Aviation Officer, AEF 1098:Further information: 1033: 979:27th Pursuit Squadron 935: 919:94th Pursuit Squadron 902:95th Pursuit Squadron 833: 739: 728: 677: 663:Further information: 641:Curtiss JN-4H "Jenny" 519: 467:Department of Justice 442:Aeronautical Division 383: 372: 210:) (also known as the 6196:Aeronautical ratings 5795:Three-star generals 5543:Tate, James (1998). 5238:Greer (1985), p. 28. 5229:Shiner (1997), p.97. 5095:. February 15, 1925. 4770:Cooke (1996), p. 198 4571:on November 16, 2007 4155:Holley (1997), p. 69 4114:Our War With Germany 4099:Holley (1997), p. 68 3828:Training Regulations 3135:United States portal 3073:U.S. Army Air Forces 2983:Verville-Packard R-1 2852:Mutiny on the Bounty 2838:, airpower visionary 2810:, Hollywood director 2792:Lafayette Escadrille 2701:Mutiny on the Bounty 2677:Edgar Staley Gorrell 2631:, commander of U.S. 2574:Clarence Chamberlain 2570:, first American ace 2564:, comic strip artist 2492:Princeton University 2435:in Washington, D.C. 2368:Natchez, Mississippi 2360:Crowville, Louisiana 2352:Pablo Beach, Florida 2223:Advances in aviation 1747:3d Observation Group 1647:Original Designation 1482:Chief of Air Service 1352:Curtiss JN-4 trainer 1342:Treaty of Versailles 1137:Chiefs, AEF Aviation 1131:Treaty of Versailles 890:Lafayette Escadrille 838:in Europe, 1918–1919 392:created an advisory 6649:Greek air services 6490:People and aircraft 5993:Numbered Air Forces 5774:Vice Chief of Staff 5636:THE CALL OF THE AIR 5488:on 27 December 2010 5184:Greer (1985), p. 16 5157:Tate(1998), pp. 8–9 5148:Greer (1985), p. 23 4608:on 5 September 2012 4495:on 15 November 2010 4394:Glines, Carroll F. 4246:Air Service Journal 4076:Air Service Journal 4042:on 27 December 2010 3851:Tenth Annual Report 3704:1st Pursuit Group: 3312:Air Service Journal 3245:private first class 3026:John Gilbert Winant 2992:Eugene Luther Vidal 2987:Verville-Sperry R-3 2967:Stephen W. Thompson 2826:John Purroy Mitchel 2766:Reed Gresham Landis 2757:U.S. Representative 2713:Ernest Emery Harmon 2681:Stutz Motor Company 2648:Reuben Hollis Fleet 2635:during World War II 2522:during World War II 2497:David Lewis Behncke 2479:Henry Harley Arnold 2174:then appointed the 1723:1st Group (Pursuit) 1561:Wilbur Wright Field 1233:Colombey-les-Belles 1179:, November 27, 1917 1177:Benjamin D. Foulois 1172:, September 3, 1917 1163:William L. Mitchell 968:St-Mihiel Offensive 886:103rd Aero Squadron 882:Stephen W. Thompson 825:observation balloon 693:commanding general 578:private first class 438:automotive industry 236:U.S. War Department 21:Air Service Command 6640:Romanian Air Corps 6625:French Air Service 6598:Royal Flying Corps 6567:Flight over Vienna 6351:The U.S. Air Force 6264:Fitness Assessment 6221:Chief of Chaplains 6140:Civilian auxiliary 5889:Air National Guard 5791:Four-star generals 5577:Air Force Magazine 5413:2016-10-18 at the 5266:The New York Times 5220:Tate (1998), p. 30 4805:AIR FORCE Magazine 4514:Aircraft Year Book 4326:Aircraft Year Book 3992:, pp. 105 and 240. 3776:Lee Hall, Virginia 3434:2011-09-14 at the 3015:United States Army 2979:Alfred V. Verville 2927:Carl Andrew Spaatz 2911:John Monk Saunders 2906:Theodore Roosevelt 2892:Eddie Rickenbacker 2863: 2770:Royal Flying Corps 2753:Fiorello LaGuardia 2743: 2731:Frank Monroe Hawks 2683:, first president 2663:, aviation pioneer 2639:Fred Dow Fagg, Jr. 2576:, aviation pioneer 2558: 2490:, star athlete at 2475: 2344:91st Aero Squadron 2333:James H. Doolittle 2329:National Air Races 2309:Verville R-3 Racer 2272: 2259: 2245: 2233: 2156: 2120:John Wingate Weeks 2066: 2016:Framing the issues 1997:Charles T. Menoher 1983:Charles T. Menoher 1865: 1759:September 30, 1919 1736:September 18, 1919 1733:Kelly Field, Texas 1642: 1534: 1503:Munitions Building 1471:Corps of Engineers 1428: 1395:Brownsville, Texas 1367:de Havilland DH-4B 1354: 1293:Army of Occupation 1284: 1276:Eddie Rickenbacker 1201: 1123:Royal Flying Corps 1036: 975:Eddie Rickenbacker 938: 840: 819:-filled, captive " 746: 742:95th Aero Squadron 734: 683: 610:de Havilland DH-4B 529:Mexican Expedition 525: 386: 378: 352:declaration of war 313:United States Navy 261:United States Army 228:United States Army 216:"U.S. Air Service" 131:Munitions Building 6716: 6715: 6658:Naval Air Service 6552:Bombing of cities 6535:Strategic bombing 6449: 6448: 6234:Air Force Academy 6152: 6151: 5779:Director of Staff 5700: 5699: 5691:Succeeded by 5425:Ideas and Weapons 5361:Reference sources 4708:. Preager Press. 4165:Mooney and Layman 3666:. Maurer Maurer, 3640:Eagle Pass, Texas 3325:Gorrell's History 3297:Bingham's memoir 3168:Philippine Scouts 3020:Albert J. Winegar 2975:, World War I Ace 2902:Quentin Roosevelt 2782:Charles Lindbergh 2761:Mayor of New York 2749:, World War I ace 2696:James Norman Hall 2582:, adventurer and 2548:, World War I ace 2526:Erwin R. Bleckley 2506:Hiram Bingham III 2400:St. Clair Streett 2350:, California, to 2325:Curtiss R-6 racer 2317:aviation medicine 2299:with retractable 2199:investment banker 1965: 1964: 1849:US Army Air Corps 1837: 1836: 1707:1st Pursuit Group 1677:3d Group (Attack) 1592:10th School Group 1584:11th School Group 1494:brigadier general 1338:divisional system 1313:oak leaf clusters 1050:brigadier general 1013:1st Pursuit Group 953:Units and tactics 900:, commanding the 874:1st Aero Squadron 593:first lieutenants 541:Hiram Bingham III 398:Raynal C. Bolling 197: 196: 6776: 6653:Army Air Service 6476: 6469: 6462: 6453: 6452: 6438: 6437: 6337:Army Air Service 6329:Aviation Section 6144:Civil Air Patrol 5874: 5873: 5862: 5861: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5703: 5702: 5676:Preceded by 5673: 5672: 5667:Internet Archive 5654:Internet Archive 5641:Internet Archive 5575:"2006 Almanac," 5571: 5569: 5568: 5551: 5511: 5505: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5487: 5476: 5443: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5274: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5128: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5035: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5010: 5001: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4783: 4780: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4637: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4607: 4596: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4552: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4364: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4222: 4216: 4211:Maurer, (1978). 4209: 4203: 4202: 4195:, pp. 36–37 4190: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4167:, pp. 32–35 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4136: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4030: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3948:on 13 March 2013 3947: 3936: 3925: 3914: 3911: 3891: 3888:United Air Lines 3878: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3772:Henry Post Field 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3702: 3696: 3677: 3671: 3664:Douglas, Arizona 3616: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3429:2 SOS fact sheet 3417: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3102: 2942:Delmar T. Spivey 2848:Charles Nordhoff 2815:killed in action 2808:Norman Z. McLeod 2633:Eighth Air Force 2600:Civil Air Patrol 2580:Merian C. Cooper 2568:Douglas Campbell 2512:from Connecticut 2429:aerial refueling 2396:John A. Macready 2356:DeHavilland DH-4 2337:Schneider Trophy 2281:Hazelhurst Field 2111:Charles F. Curry 2087:Navy Departments 2075:Rainbow Division 2055:Great Depression 2030:Benjamin Foulois 2004:Mason M. Patrick 1867: 1866: 1644: 1643: 1399:Nogales, Arizona 1280:Douglas Campbell 1170:William L. Kenly 1149:Townsend F. Dodd 915:Douglas Campbell 801:DeHaviland DH-4B 720:Edgar S. Gorrell 715:Benjamin Foulois 699:Townsend F. Dodd 695:John J. Pershing 653:U.S. Post Office 633:Washington, D.C. 602:Clermont-Ferrand 476:William L. Kenly 421:Navy Departments 376:wings, 1917–1918 297:unity of command 276:John J. Pershing 244:executive orders 191: 183: 163:Mason M. Patrick 135:Washington, D.C. 79: 77: 76: 45: 33: 32: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6685: 6679: 6608:Royal Air Force 6587: 6581: 6527: 6521: 6485: 6480: 6450: 6445: 6425: 6416:Service numbers 6387:National Museum 6345:Army Air Forces 6312: 6306: 6274: 6268: 6226:Chief Scientist 6216:Medical Service 6211:Security Forces 6158: 6148: 6133:Security Forces 6090: 5987: 5929: 5903: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5735: 5730: 5696: 5687: 5681: 5659:The short film 5646:The short film 5633:The short film 5594: 5566: 5564: 5549: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5474: 5440: 5415:Wayback Machine 5363: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5290: 5286: 5272: 5270: 5269:. July 23, 1919 5260: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5058:Maurer Maurer, 5057: 5053: 5036: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4970: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4668: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4120: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3979: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3934: 3926: 3917: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3883:carbon monoxide 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3768:Ellington Field 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3703: 3699: 3678: 3674: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3551: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3436:Wayback Machine 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3255: 3251: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3223:Alexandre Ribot 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3121:Aviation portal 3119: 3114: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3042: 3002:William Wellman 2936:Albert Spalding 2850:, co-author of 2776:Frederick Libby 2727:, film director 2605:Jimmy Doolittle 2598:, Chief of the 2520:Tenth Air Force 2516:Clayton Bissell 2467: 2452:publicity stunt 2425:Oakley G. Kelly 2362:, southeast of 2335:in winning the 2225: 2148: 2132:James E. Fechet 2026:Royal Air Force 2018: 2013: 1970: 1857: 1797:Ft. Stotsenburg 1782:October 1, 1919 1719:August 22, 1919 1711:Selfridge Field 1696:August 15, 1919 1634: 1628: 1578:in Florida and 1576:Carlstrom Field 1467:Coast Artillery 1463:Field Artillery 1420: 1334:Charles Menoher 1326: 1321: 1305:Medals of Honor 1193: 1165:, June 30, 1917 1151:, June 13, 1917 1139: 1102: 1096: 1084:Royal Air Force 955: 898:James E. Miller 870: 865: 740:Nieuport 28 in 680:J. Paul Verrees 672: 667: 661: 637:Reuben H. Fleet 621:Henry H. Arnold 514: 505:Charles Menoher 485:executive order 455: 436:methods of the 434:mass production 340: 335: 327:Main articles: 325: 200: 192: 186: 184: 157: 121: 74: 72: 48: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6782: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6684:Central Powers 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6591: 6589: 6586:Entente Powers 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6562:Fokker Scourge 6559: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6479: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6362:Airman's Creed 6359: 6357:Air Force Band 6354: 6347: 6341:Army Air Corps 6322: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6249:Basic Training 6246: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6191:Specialty Code 6188: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5983:USAFE–AFAFRICA 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5935:Major commands 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5769:Chief of Staff 5761: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5657: 5644: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5593: 5592:External links 5590: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5572: 5562:Air University 5540: 5526: 5512: 5467: 5457: 5444: 5438: 5418: 5417: 5401: 5400: 5385: 5378: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5334: 5309: 5297: 5284: 5249: 5240: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5129: 5120: 5111: 5099: 5083: 5064: 5051: 5027: 5002: 4981: 4968: 4966:, pp. 108–109. 4947: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4903: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4819: 4810: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4659: 4629: 4620: 4582: 4544: 4518: 4506: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4409: 4400: 4387: 4375: 4356: 4347: 4330: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4250: 4238: 4217: 4204: 4185: 4176: 4157: 4148: 4131: 4118: 4101: 4089: 4080: 4068: 4016: 4007: 3994: 3973: 3960: 3915: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3842: 3832: 3813: 3803: 3793: 3789:Oscar Westover 3780: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3731: 3722: 3697: 3672: 3611: 3602: 3589: 3572: 3563: 3549: 3524: 3515: 3505: 3495: 3486: 3476: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3412: 3402: 3389: 3380: 3367: 3358: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3316: 3303: 3290: 3249: 3236: 3227: 3213: 3201: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3124: 3110: 3094: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3023: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2989: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963:, USAF General 2958: 2952: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2914: 2908: 2899: 2896:Medal of Honor 2889: 2883: 2876: 2873:Clyde Pangborn 2870: 2855: 2854: 2845: 2839: 2836:Billy Mitchell 2833: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2802:Medal of Honor 2795: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2763: 2750: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2674: 2671:Medal of Honor 2664: 2658: 2645: 2636: 2626: 2620: 2614:Etienne Dormoy 2611: 2609:Doolittle Raid 2602: 2593: 2587: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2536:Raynal Bolling 2533: 2530:Medal of Honor 2523: 2513: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2466: 2463: 2348:Rockwell Field 2239:LUSAC-11 over 2224: 2221: 2165:Naval aviation 2160:Lassiter Board 2147: 2144: 2071:War Department 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1831:August 1, 1922 1829: 1820: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1627: 1624: 1610:was set up at 1419: 1416: 1377:fighters, and 1369:scout planes, 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1218:Pont-à-Mousson 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186:, May 29, 1918 1180: 1173: 1166: 1153: 1152: 1138: 1135: 1095: 1092: 1054:Thomas Milling 954: 951: 869: 866: 864: 861: 834:U.S. aircraft 769:Breguet 14 B.2 687:Billy Mitchell 671: 668: 660: 657: 649:Curtiss R-4LMs 553:rated officers 513: 512:Pilot training 510: 459:Gutzon Borglum 454: 451: 425:Aircraft Board 390:Woodrow Wilson 339: 336: 324: 321: 317:Army Air Corps 305:Billy Mitchell 299:difficulties. 281:Pont-à-Mousson 248:Woodrow Wilson 224:aerial warfare 198: 195: 194: 177: 171: 170: 166: 165: 161:Major General 159: 153: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 111:Aerial warfare 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 46: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6781: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6682: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6584: 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6117: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6087: 6086:Twenty-Second 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5899:Installations 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5663: 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3877: 3868: 3859: 3852: 3846: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3807: 3797: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3735: 3726: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628:Laredo, Texas 3625: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3519: 3509: 3499: 3490: 3480: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3362: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3125: 3122: 3111: 3108: 3097: 3090: 3088: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3006:film director 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2830:New York City 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2788:Raoul Lufbery 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747:Field Kindley 2745: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719:Arthur Harvey 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2596:John F. Curry 2594: 2591: 2588: 2586:film producer 2585: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2459:Mackay Trophy 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:Bering Strait 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:90th Squadron 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2229: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2203:Dwight Morrow 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2188:court-martial 2185: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2124:Mason Patrick 2121: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:General Staff 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1955: 1947: 1940: 1931: 1923: 1916: 1907: 1899: 1892: 1883: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1823:Mitchel Field 1818: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1805:March 3, 1920 1804: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774:Langley Field 1769: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612:Langley Field 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:Chanute Field 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:major general 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1288:Saint-Maixent 1281: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1185: 1184:Mason Patrick 1181: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1119:Harold Fowler 1114: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1062:Frank P. Lahm 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:26th Division 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 987: 984: 980: 976: 973: 969: 965: 960: 950: 948: 944: 934: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 860: 856: 854: 850: 846: 837: 832: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:Salmson 2 A.2 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 781: 778: 774: 770: 764: 760: 758: 757:Mason Patrick 755: 754:Major General 751: 743: 738: 731: 727: 723: 721: 716: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 681: 676: 666: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 625:New York City 622: 618: 613: 611: 605: 603: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 566:Great Britain 562: 561:Curtiss Jenny 556: 554: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 523: 518: 509: 506: 502: 496: 494: 488: 486: 481: 477: 473: 468: 464: 460: 450: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 402:appropriation 399: 395: 391: 382: 375: 371: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 348:tabled a bill 345: 334: 330: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 300: 298: 294: 288: 286: 282: 277: 273: 268: 266: 265:major general 262: 258: 253: 249: 246:of President 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:"Air Service" 209: 205: 199:Military unit 190: 182: 178: 176: 172: 167: 164: 160: 154: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 81:United States 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 44: 39: 34: 29: 22: 6686:air services 6644: 6588:air services 6572:Bloody April 6433: 6411:Thunderbirds 6336: 6273:Uniforms and 5925:USAF Academy 5814:2020–present 5684: 5661: 5648: 5635: 5584: 5576: 5565:. 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