2761:
1049:
31:
99:
678:
facility who build and operate the associated instruments and work with visiting scientists to mount experiments with them. This access and support is provided without charge to qualified scientific groups, with priority based on recommendations by expert review panels. All six research offices support scientific user facilities at national laboratories.
1178:
Most national laboratories maintained staffs of local researchers as well as allowing for visiting researchers to use their equipment, though priority to local or visiting researchers often varied from lab to lab. With their centralization of resources (both monetary and intellectual), the national
677:
The DOE Office of
Science operates an extensive network of 28 national scientific user facilities. A total of over 30,000 scientific users from universities, national laboratories, and technology companies use these facilities to advance their research and development. The staff of experts at each
1162:
took over the future of the wartime laboratories, extending their lives indefinitely (they were originally thought of as temporary creations). Funding and infrastructure were secured to sponsor other "national laboratories" for both classified and basic research, especially in
78:
organizations under management and operating (M&O) contracts with the DOE. The
National Laboratory system was established in the wake of World War II, during which the United States had quickly set-up and pursued advanced scientific research in the sprawling
1488:
The Z Division of LANL was established as a separate laboratory, Sandia, in 1948. Previous M&O contractors for SNL were the
University of California (1948-1949), AT&T Corporation (1949-1993), and Lockheed Martin (1993-2017). See more details at
91:
The DOE is the nation's largest sponsor of research in the physical sciences and engineering, and is second to the
Department of Defense in supporting computer sciences and mathematics. Most of that research is performed by the national laboratories.
4085:
1909:
The Basic Energy
Science program provides support for twelve user facilities, principally for the study of chemistry and materials: five x-ray light sources, five nanoscale research centers, and two neutron scattering centers.
4078:
3744:
4071:
1111:
at the
University of Chicago allowed for a large number of expert scientists to collaborate towards defined goals as never before, and with government resources of unprecedented scale at their disposal.
4025:
2406:
The High Energy
Physics program provides support for three user facilities, one multi-stage accelerator complex supporting a broad physics program, and two accelerator test facilities.
4510:
3960:
1088:
4445:
4422:
1273:
as a detector of gamma rays, is used as the powerful source of gamma rays. The Hulk ends up hurling it through the iconic dome of the
Advanced Light Source, which was designed by
17:
4020:
3993:
1323:
is the only laboratory which is government owned – government operated (GOGO), or managed directly by the DOE. The others are government owned – contractor operated (GOCO).
2681:
1650:
The
Advanced Scientific Computing Research program provides support for four user facilities, three high-performance computing centers and a high-volume research network.
3505:
3456:
2649:
3849:
3314:
1788:
4273:
2891:
3328:
4540:
4486:
4432:
3971:
3818:
3468:
4530:
3801:
3785:
3540:
1462:
Previous M&O contractors for LANL were the
University of California (1943-2007) and Los Alamos National Laboratory, LLC (2007-2018). See more details at
4545:
3715:
3598:
2956:
2799:
722:
117:
Three multipurpose security labs principally support the nuclear security mission, while also using their capabilities to perform a wide range of research.
4384:
1194:, is one of the largest (if not the largest) scientific research systems in the world. The DOE provides about a third of the total national funding for
3022:
4535:
3911:
3534:
3405:
3056:
71:
4374:
4260:
3673:
3363:
2844:
2824:
2674:
524:
111:
Each multipurpose science laboratory possesses a number of core capabilities and facilities that enable a wide range of multidisciplinary research.
4215:
3430:
2829:
3499:
3424:
3029:
2812:
2781:
2740:
1187:
400:
2089:
4525:
4471:
4440:
4341:
4110:
4094:
3835:
3357:
3307:
1077:
128:
All 17 of the laboratories are listed below, along with the location, establishment date, and the organization that currently operates each.
3952:
3369:
3039:
2769:
2071:
4550:
4450:
3824:
3807:
3250:
3112:
2667:
2256:
786:
2533:
4515:
4379:
4349:
4296:
4235:
3903:
3812:
3393:
3158:
3100:
1072:, it was only in this wartime period that significant resources were committed to scientific problems, under the auspices first of the
868:
114:
Each of the single program science laboratories focuses its research on fundamental research in a particular field of physical science.
4407:
1119:, created several secret sites for the purpose of bomb research and material development, including a laboratory in the mountains of
95:
Although the national laboratories form an integrated system, each of them has its individual mission, capabilities, and structure.
4149:
3933:
3860:
3511:
3476:
3300:
3176:
2924:
2789:
2732:
2722:
425:
4481:
4364:
4283:
4182:
3981:
3563:
3528:
3379:
3265:
3090:
2951:
921:
735:
4316:
4044:
3843:
3655:
3462:
3034:
1937:
1159:
497:
3730:
3618:
3107:
3063:
2936:
2631:
1320:
1270:
1100:
1092:
593:
375:
347:
155:
1139:. Hanford and Oak Ridge were administered by private companies, and Los Alamos was administered by a public university (the
4207:
3606:
3416:
3281:
3233:
3153:
3075:
2993:
1068:
victory. Though the United States government had begun seriously investing in scientific research for national security in
844:
531:
320:
1411:
4520:
4394:
4172:
4117:
3987:
3879:
3441:
3324:
3124:
3119:
2983:
2588:
1073:
994:
885:
292:
3292:
4252:
3999:
3755:
3213:
3136:
2690:
2520:
3,197,261.8 kUSD out of a total of 9,816,132.9 kUSD is provided by the DOE. The fraction was higher (~40%) in FY 2016 (
1234:
1191:
1104:
561:
47:
4063:
4320:
4225:
4167:
3893:
3667:
2988:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2745:
2713:
770:
123:
One multipurpose environmental laboratory focuses on the research supporting the DOE's environmental management work.
2504:
4455:
3661:
2978:
4187:
4030:
3916:
3868:
3738:
2998:
2866:
3922:
3260:
3051:
2973:
2914:
2858:
2650:
Science.energy.gov: U.S. Department of Energy; Ten-Year Plans for the Office of Science's National Laboratories
1517:
1464:
1358:
1128:
909:
432:
265:
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4402:
4291:
4220:
3887:
3795:
3647:
3592:
3571:
3387:
3228:
3080:
1136:
208:
1652:
1428:
120:
Each of the three energy technology labs focuses its research on a particular sector of energy technologies.
4412:
4331:
4311:
3941:
3586:
3141:
2408:
2332:
1912:
1814:
1259:
459:
4131:
3345:
3255:
3129:
2904:
2702:
1255:
1152:
856:
654:
359:
183:
102:
The Department of Energy executes the research to support its missions through 17 national laboratories.
4306:
3635:
3044:
2929:
1626:
706:
1541:
The Midwestern Research Institute and MRI Global managed NREL from 1977 to 2008. See more details at
4354:
4192:
4162:
3684:
3612:
3399:
3238:
3095:
3085:
3017:
962:
950:
641:
618:
2521:
4417:
4240:
4197:
4157:
3580:
3557:
2909:
2850:
2834:
2623:
1140:
1108:
634:
599:
238:
167:
55:
4326:
4138:
4052:
3146:
2961:
1048:
751:
465:
189:
4230:
4012:
3068:
2966:
2919:
1065:
833:
803:
438:
406:
325:
2505:"Federal obligations for research in physical sciences, by agency and detailed field: FY 2019"
1812:
The Biological and Environmental Research program provides support for three user facilities.
4177:
4098:
3692:
2941:
2819:
1386:
1186:
The national laboratory system, administered first by the Atomic Energy Commission, then the
1168:
1144:
821:
567:
503:
489:
298:
249:
3487:
2617:
2007:
1580:
663:
610:
580:
548:
516:
481:
451:
417:
392:
367:
353:
339:
312:
304:
284:
257:
230:
214:
200:
175:
161:
8:
4301:
3641:
3322:
3245:
331:
1167:, with each national laboratory centered around one or many expensive machines (such as
4093:
3492:
1124:
1096:
647:
59:
2510:. National Science Foundation - National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
4268:
3763:
3482:
3223:
3191:
2946:
2807:
2709:
2659:
2627:
1885:
1207:
1203:
1116:
1056:
The system of national laboratories started with the massive scientific endeavors of
933:
381:
148:
80:
63:
1412:"Swords to Plowshares: A Short History of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1943-1993)"
1338:
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (National Science Foundation)
3196:
1274:
1245:
1172:
980:
537:
3745:
National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research
3206:
3201:
2899:
1515:
The University of California managed LLNL from 1952 to 2007. See more details at
1406:
1402:
1225:
1148:
984:
271:
221:
1385:
Previous management and operations (M&O) contractors for ORNL were founding
98:
2644:
2563:
1682:
1543:
1415:
1295:
1155:
outside Chicago, and at other academic institutions spread across the country.
626:
75:
40:
United States Department of Energy National Laboratories and Technology Centers
4504:
2330:
The Fusion Energy Sciences program provides support for two user facilities.
1398:
1081:
67:
2654:
2357:
3218:
3181:
1609:
1250:
1132:
1057:
1444:
Associated Universities, Incorporated managed Brookhaven from 1947 to 1998
2053:
1789:"ESnet launches next generation network to enhance collaborative science"
1570:
The Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC managed SRNL from 2008 to 2021.
1180:
1069:
1061:
2382:
1491:
1034:
The Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET) @ SLAC
30:
4193:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs
2718:
2655:
Energy.gov: DOE Budget Page, with link to National Laboratories budgets
1120:
243:
43:
2479:
1979:
1333:
2206:
1390:
1199:
472:
106:
The chart shows the nature of the research done at each laboratory.
54:. The primary mission of the DOE national laboratories is to conduct
3010:
3005:
1394:
1012:
51:
2043:
1453:
University Research Associates managed Fermilab from 1967 to 2007.
1334:"Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2020–21"
3961:
Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development
2281:
1677:
1596:
1238:
1220:
1195:
1164:
192:, 1941 (Argonne was named the first National Laboratory in 1946)
2306:
3769:
2775:
Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, & Energy Response
2750:
2480:"FACET-II Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests"
3994:
Networking and Information Technology Research and Development
2645:
Energy.gov: Department of Energy National Laboratories website
1158:
After the war and its scientific successes, the newly created
86:
3709:
2025:
1746:
1680:
ratings of supercomputers, including the top ranked system.
698:
Number of staff (approx.)/ number of scientific users (2021)
1703:
27:
Laboratories owned by the United States Department of Energy
4124:
3506:
United States Army Medical Research and Development Command
3351:
3186:
2619:
The National Labs: Science in an American System, 1947–1974
2454:
2231:
2156:
2114:
1997:
1771:
1359:"The State of the DOE National Laboratories (2020 edition)"
1266:
1087:
During the Second World War, centralized sites such as the
3808:
Food and Drug Administration science and research programs
2181:
4026:
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
2139:
1860:
1721:
1115:
In the course of the war, the Allied nuclear effort, the
70:. Sixteen of the seventeen DOE national laboratories are
4511:
United States Department of Energy national laboratories
2433:
510:
Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (since 2007)
1962:
4487:
White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy
4198:
Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement
3819:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
3469:
Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center
2689:
2538:
didn't get quite so right about the Energy Department"
2072:"About the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource"
1722:"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center"
684:
Office of Science National Scientific User Facilities
672:
3802:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3541:
Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity
3406:
United States Forest Service Research and Development
3370:
Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs
1544:"History National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"
3716:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
2800:
Under Secretary of Energy for Science and Innovation
1676:
The DOE operates 5 of the top 20 HPC systems in the
1060:, in which several new technologies, especially the
723:
National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
4385:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
1839:
1052:
The official seal of the U.S. Department of Energy.
1008:Accelerator complex supporting physics experiments
714:Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF) @ ANL
543:Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (since 2008)
4021:House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
3912:Research and Innovative Technology Administration
1581:"About Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL)"
72:federally funded research and development centers
4502:
4375:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
4261:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
3674:Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center
3364:Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
2845:Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy
2825:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
1522:University of California Office of the President
1469:University of California Office of the President
588:Office of Fossil Energy & Carbon Management
525:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
18:United States Department of Energy National Labs
4216:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3431:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
412:Jefferson Science Associates, LLC (since 2006)
74:administered, managed, operated and staffed by
3425:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2782:Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security
2741:Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
1188:Energy Research and Development Administration
782:Facility for environmental molecular sciences
703:Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR)
574:Battelle Savannah River Alliance (Since 2021)
401:Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
4541:United States Department of Energy facilities
4472:Environmental Science Services Administration
4125:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
4079:
3352:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3308:
3170:Energy Department Facilities and Reservations
2830:Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
2675:
2383:"National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade"
2207:"The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences"
1861:"Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory"
1237:is located in the fictional town of Hawkins,
1078:Office of Scientific Research and Development
4531:Nuclear weapons program of the United States
4274:National Laboratories and Technology Centers
3850:Coast Guard Research and Development Center
3457:Army Combat Capabilities Development Command
2770:Under Secretary of Energy for Infrastructure
2157:"The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies"
2140:"The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies"
787:Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
143:Number of employees/ Annual budget (FY2021)
4546:Science and technology in the United States
4451:U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate
3825:Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation
1429:"ORNL Review: Sixty Years of Great Science"
879:Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs)
762:Biological and Environmental Research(BER)
278:Brookhaven Science Associates (since 1998)
87:The laboratories and their research mission
4446:Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation
4380:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4297:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
4086:
4072:
3813:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
3394:National Institute of Food and Agriculture
3315:
3301:
2682:
2668:
2054:"LCLS-II, A World-Class Discovery Machine"
869:Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
798:Facility for integrative genomic science
445:Triad National Security, LLC (Since 2018)
58:(R&D) addressing national priorities:
4408:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
3710:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
2413:US Department of Energy Office of Science
2337:US Department of Energy Office of Science
2261:US Department of Energy Office of Science
2115:"The Center for Functional Nanomaterials"
2094:US Department of Energy Office of Science
1942:US Department of Energy Office of Science
1917:US Department of Energy Office of Science
1819:US Department of Energy Office of Science
1747:"Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility"
1657:US Department of Energy Office of Science
1631:US Department of Energy Office of Science
1614:US Department of Energy Office of Science
4536:Research institutes in the United States
3770:Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
3512:Engineer Research and Development Center
2790:National Nuclear Security Administration
2751:Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy
2561:
1269:, a model of the Gamma Sphere, built at
1047:
426:National Nuclear Security Administration
97:
34:Map of the 17 DOE National Laboratories.
29:
4482:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
4423:Combat Capabilities Development Command
4183:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
3982:Office of Science and Technology Policy
3599:Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance
3529:Marine Corps Combat Development Command
1704:"Argonne Leadership Computing Facility"
1277:around 1940 for the 184-inch cyclotron.
922:Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
736:Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility
50:(DOE) for scientific and technological
14:
4503:
4317:Natural Resources Conservation Service
3919:Research, Engineering, and Development
3656:Air Force Life Cycle Management Center
2026:"National Synchrotron Light Source II"
1288:
898:Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
766:Facility for atmospheric observations
498:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
4067:
3619:Operational Test and Evaluation Force
3296:
2663:
2564:"Real Experiment Stars in Hulk Movie"
1865:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
1321:National Energy Technology Laboratory
1271:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1213:
1151:research, leading to the creation of
1143:). Additional success was had at the
594:National Energy Technology Laboratory
387:Fermi Research Alliance (since 2007)
376:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
348:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
156:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
4526:Nuclear history of the United States
3607:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
3282:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2182:"The Center for Nanoscale Materials"
2090:"Nanoscale Science Research Centers"
2076:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
2058:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
2048:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
1551:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1026:The Accelerator Test Facility @ BNL
845:National Synchrotron Light Source II
695:User facility name & laboratory
532:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
321:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
3988:U.S. Global Change Research Program
3535:Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory
2387:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
1074:National Defense Research Committee
995:National Spherical Torus Experiment
886:Center for Functional Nanomaterials
673:National Scientific User Facilities
556:Office of Environmental Management
293:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
24:
4551:United States Department of Energy
4350:Science and Technology Directorate
4265:Office of Environmental Management
4000:National Nanotechnology Initiative
3844:Science and Technology Directorate
3360:Office of Research and Development
2691:United States Department of Energy
2610:
748:High-performance research network
562:Savannah River National Laboratory
137:Location & Establishment date
48:United States Department of Energy
25:
4562:
4516:Laboratories in the United States
4433:Executive Office of the President
4321:National Water and Climate Center
4168:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
4095:United States government agencies
3894:FBI Science and Technology Branch
3668:Air Force Institute of Technology
3325:research and development agencies
2882:Western Area Power Administration
2877:Southwestern Power Administration
2872:Southeastern Power Administration
2746:Energy Information Administration
2638:
2562:Brumfiel, Geoff (June 17, 2003).
2358:"DIII-D national fusion facility"
1080:, organized and administered by
773:facility (ARM) @ PNNL (lead lab)
771:Atmospheric Radiation Measurement
4456:Council on Environmental Quality
4236:Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
3662:Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center
2759:
1465:"Los Alamos National Laboratory"
1229:, a fictional laboratory called
4342:Department of Homeland Security
4188:United States Geological Survey
4111:Environmental Protection Agency
4031:Office of Technology Assessment
3917:Federal Aviation Administration
3869:United States Geological Survey
3739:Institute of Education Sciences
3358:Environmental Protection Agency
2867:Bonneville Power Administration
2581:
2555:
2526:
2497:
2472:
2447:
2426:
2400:
2375:
2350:
2324:
2307:"The Spallation Neutron Source"
2299:
2282:"The High Flux Isotope Reactor"
2274:
2257:"Neutron Scattering Facilities"
2249:
2224:
2199:
2174:
2132:
2107:
2082:
2064:
2036:
2018:
1990:
1955:
1930:
1903:
1878:
1853:
1832:
1806:
1764:
1739:
1714:
1696:
1670:
1644:
1602:
1590:
1573:
1564:
1535:
1518:"Livermore National Laboratory"
1509:
4118:Global Change Research Program
3923:Federal Highway Administration
2859:Power Marketing Administration
2459:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2144:Los Alamos National Laboratory
2119:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2044:"Linear Coherent Light Source"
2030:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1482:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1379:
1351:
1326:
1313:
1179:labs serve as an exemplar for
944:Neutron Scattering Facilities
910:Center for Nanoscale Materials
817:X-ray light source facilities
433:Los Alamos National Laboratory
266:Brookhaven National Laboratory
13:
1:
4477:United States Fish Commission
4403:Air Force Research Laboratory
4292:Agricultural Research Service
3888:National Institute of Justice
3796:National Institutes of Health
3648:Air Force Research Laboratory
3572:Naval Medical Research Center
3388:Agricultural Research Service
2311:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2286:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2211:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1751:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1627:"User Facilities at a Glance"
1281:
973:Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)
209:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
4413:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
4312:Foreign Agricultural Service
3942:Office of Financial Research
1998:"The Advanced Photon Source"
1886:"DOE Joint Genome Institute"
1414:. 2012-10-17. Archived from
1260:Sandia National Laboratories
1023:Accelerator test facilities
814:Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
460:Sandia National Laboratories
7:
4132:National Science Foundation
3500:Test and Evaluation Command
3346:National Science Foundation
2703:James V. Forrestal Building
2616:Westwick, Peter J. (2003).
2589:"The Advanced Light Source"
2455:"Accelerator Test Facility"
2186:Argonne National Laboratory
2012:Argonne National Laboratory
2002:Argonne National Laboratory
1963:"The Advanced Light Source"
1708:Argonne National Laboratory
1683:"Top500 November 2022 list"
1231:Hawkins National Laboratory
1153:Argonne National Laboratory
1015:Accelerator Complex @ FNAL
983:National Fusion Facility @
857:Linac Coherent Light Source
655:Battelle Memorial Institute
360:Battelle Memorial Institute
184:Argonne National Laboratory
10:
4567:
4521:Energy research institutes
4307:Food and Nutrition Service
4150:Department of the Interior
3636:Air Force Materiel Command
3275:Related Independent Agency
2892:National Laboratory System
2733:Deputy Secretary of Energy
2723:Deputy Secretary of Energy
2161:Sandia National Laboratory
1496:Sandia National Laboratory
1064:, proved decisive for the
1043:
1005:High Energy Physics (HEP)
813:
707:High-performance computing
689:Sponsoring program office
4464:
4431:
4393:
4363:
4355:United States Coast Guard
4340:
4284:Department of Agriculture
4282:
4251:
4206:
4163:Bureau of Land Management
4148:
4105:
4043:
4011:
3970:
3951:
3932:
3902:
3878:
3859:
3834:
3784:
3754:
3729:
3702:
3683:
3628:
3613:Naval Postgraduate School
3564:Naval Research Laboratory
3550:
3521:
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3400:Economic Research Service
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2890:
2857:
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2798:
2780:
2768:
2757:
2731:
2697:
2542:U.S. Department of Energy
1366:U.S. Department of Energy
1300:U.S. Department of Energy
1206:, and other areas of the
1022:
1004:
975:
972:
963:Spallation Neutron Source
951:High Flux Isotope Reactor
943:
878:
816:
761:
705:
702:
683:
642:Idaho National Laboratory
633:
619:Morgantown, West Virginia
607:
604:
592:
587:
555:
523:
478:
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458:
424:
147:
4418:Office of Naval Research
4226:Marine Fisheries Service
4158:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3558:Office of Naval Research
3463:Army Research Laboratory
2851:Office of Nuclear Energy
2835:Office of Nuclear Energy
2624:Harvard University Press
2484:SLAC National Laboratory
1599:managed INL before 2005.
1160:Atomic Energy Commission
1141:University of California
1109:Metallurgical Laboratory
900:(CINT) @ LANL & SNL
635:Office of Nuclear Energy
600:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
239:Ames National Laboratory
168:University of California
56:research and development
4327:Rural Utilities Service
4139:Smithsonian Institution
4053:Federal Judicial Center
3925:Research and Technology
2232:"The Molecular Foundry"
2008:"About the APS Upgrade"
1840:"ARM Research Facility"
1793:Energy Sciences Network
1776:Energy Sciences Network
1296:"National Laboratories"
752:Energy Sciences Network
473:Honeywell International
466:Albuquerque, New Mexico
190:DuPage County, Illinois
140:Operating organization
4208:Department of Commerce
3577:Naval Warfare Centers
3327:of the United States (
1653:"ASCR User Facilities"
1053:
834:Advanced Photon Source
804:Joint Genome Institute
439:Los Alamos, New Mexico
407:Newport News, Virginia
326:Menlo Park, California
195:UChicago Argonne, LLC
103:
35:
4441:Climate Policy Office
4395:Department of Defense
4365:Department of Health
4178:National Park Service
4173:Bureau of Reclamation
4099:environmental science
3776:National Laboratories
3693:Space Systems Command
3477:CCDC Armaments Center
2820:Office of Electricity
2409:"HEP User Facilities"
2333:"FES User Facilities"
1938:"X-Ray Light Sources"
1913:"BES User Facilities"
1815:"BER User Facilities"
1387:University of Chicago
1265:In the 2003 film The
1169:particle accelerators
1145:University of Chicago
1051:
822:Advanced Light Source
605:Department of Energy
568:Aiken, South Carolina
504:Livermore, California
490:Livermore, California
299:Princeton, New Jersey
250:Iowa State University
101:
33:
4253:Department of Energy
1262:prior to Season One.
1192:Department of Energy
1190:, and currently the
1137:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
1089:Radiation Laboratory
354:Richland, Washington
305:Princeton University
215:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
162:Berkeley, California
4302:Farm Service Agency
3642:Air Armament Center
2714:Secretary of Energy
1133:Hanford, Washington
332:Stanford University
224:(since April 2000)
62:, the environment,
4367:and Human Services
4013:Legislative branch
3493:Watervliet Arsenal
3488:Benét Laboratories
1214:In popular culture
1125:Robert Oppenheimer
1097:Ernest O. Lawrence
1054:
976:Fusion Facilities
648:Idaho Falls, Idaho
104:
60:energy and climate
36:
4495:
4494:
4269:Office of Science
4061:
4060:
3836:Homeland Security
3764:Office of Science
3725:
3724:
3483:Picatinny Arsenal
3290:
3289:
3192:Kansas City Plant
3108:Pacific Northwest
2808:Office of Science
2710:Jennifer Granholm
2632:978-0-674-00948-6
1610:"User Facilities"
1492:"A Bold Heritage"
1405:(1984–1995), and
1397:(ca. 1945–1947),
1208:physical sciences
1204:materials science
1117:Manhattan Project
1041:
1040:
934:Molecular Foundry
709:(HPC) facilities
692:Type of facility
670:
669:
382:Batavia, Illinois
149:Office of Science
81:Manhattan Project
64:national security
16:(Redirected from
4558:
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4081:
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3974:of the President
3972:Executive Office
3953:Veterans Affairs
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3197:Nevada Test Site
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1275:Arthur Brown Jr.
1173:nuclear reactors
1131:), and sites at
1076:, and later the
981:DIII-D (tokamak)
847:(NSLS-II) @ BNL
681:
680:
538:Golden, Colorado
131:
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46:overseen by the
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2611:Further reading
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1403:Martin Marietta
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1226:Stranger Things
1216:
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985:General Atomics
754:(ESnet) @ LBNL
725:(NERSC) @ LBNL
675:
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272:Upton, New York
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42:is a system of
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2701:Headquarters:
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2640:
2639:External links
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997:(NSTX) @ PPPL
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953:(HFIR) @ ORNL
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924:(CNMS) @ ORNL
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871:(SSRL) @ SLAC
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859:(LCLS) @ SLAC
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789:(EMSL) @ PNNL
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738:(OLCF) @ ORNL
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666:1,818,000,000
659:
657:(since 2005)
651:
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627:Albany, Oregon
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527:
521:
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519:2,217,000,000
512:
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494:
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484:2,813,000,000
477:
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454:3,648,000,000
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253:
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234:
233:2,130,000,000
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205:
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171:
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145:
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138:
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125:
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118:
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108:
88:
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76:private-sector
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4563:
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4231:Ocean Service
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2622:. Cambridge:
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2110:
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2055:
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2013:
2009:
2003:
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1968:
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1866:
1862:
1856:
1841:
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1820:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1772:"About ESnet"
1767:
1752:
1748:
1742:
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1723:
1717:
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1497:
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1441:
1434:. p. 21.
1430:
1418:on 2012-10-17
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1401:(1947–1984),
1400:
1399:Union Carbide
1396:
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1382:
1367:
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1085:
1083:
1082:Vannevar Bush
1079:
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1063:
1059:
1050:
1036:
1033:
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1025:
1021:
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1007:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
986:
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978:
971:
967:
965:(SNS) @ ORNL
964:
960:
959:
955:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
936:(TMF) @ LBNL
935:
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826:
824:(ALS) @ LBNL
823:
819:
812:
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806:(JGI) @ LBNL
805:
801:
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522:
518:
513:
511:
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505:
502:
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496:
495:
491:
488:
487:
483:
476:
475:(since 2017)
474:
467:
464:
461:
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453:
448:
446:
443:
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405:
402:
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389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
373:
369:
364:
362:(since 1965)
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
341:
336:
334:(since 1962)
333:
330:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
314:
309:
307:(since 1951)
306:
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297:
294:
291:
290:
286:
281:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
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252:(since 1947)
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210:
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197:
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188:
185:
182:
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177:
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170:(since 1931)
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65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
4497:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4097:involved in
4034:
3775:
3522:Marine Corps
2618:
2598:February 19,
2596:. Retrieved
2592:
2583:
2573:February 19,
2571:. Retrieved
2567:
2557:
2547:February 19,
2545:. Retrieved
2541:
2535:
2528:
2512:. Retrieved
2499:
2489:February 24,
2487:. Retrieved
2483:
2474:
2464:February 24,
2462:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2439:February 24,
2437:. Retrieved
2428:
2418:February 24,
2416:. Retrieved
2412:
2402:
2392:February 20,
2390:. Retrieved
2386:
2377:
2367:February 20,
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2342:February 20,
2340:. Retrieved
2336:
2326:
2316:February 19,
2314:. Retrieved
2310:
2301:
2291:February 19,
2289:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2266:February 19,
2264:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2241:February 19,
2239:. Retrieved
2236:Berkeley Lab
2235:
2226:
2216:February 19,
2214:. Retrieved
2210:
2201:
2191:February 19,
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2166:February 19,
2164:. Retrieved
2160:
2149:February 19,
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2124:February 19,
2122:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
2099:February 19,
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2001:
1992:
1984:Berkeley Lab
1983:
1972:February 15,
1970:. Retrieved
1967:Berkeley Lab
1966:
1957:
1947:February 19,
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1922:February 14,
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1905:
1895:February 20,
1893:. Retrieved
1890:Berkeley Lab
1889:
1880:
1870:February 20,
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1845:February 20,
1843:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:February 20,
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1798:February 14,
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1781:February 14,
1779:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1756:February 14,
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1741:
1731:February 14,
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1688:February 14,
1686:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:February 14,
1660:. Retrieved
1656:
1646:
1636:February 14,
1634:. Retrieved
1630:
1619:February 14,
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1592:
1575:
1566:
1556:February 14,
1554:. Retrieved
1550:
1537:
1527:February 14,
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1511:
1501:February 14,
1499:. Retrieved
1495:
1484:
1474:February 14,
1472:. Retrieved
1468:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1381:
1371:February 11,
1369:. Retrieved
1365:
1353:
1343:February 11,
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1315:
1305:February 11,
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
1290:
1256:Walter White
1251:Breaking Bad
1249:
1230:
1224:
1185:
1177:
1157:
1123:directed by
1114:
1086:
1058:World War II
1055:
945:
912:(CNM) @ ANL
897:
888:(CFN) @ BNL
880:
836:(APS) @ ANL
797:
781:
765:
739:
726:
710:
676:
653:
613:681,000,000
583:400,000,000
573:
551:393,000,000
509:
471:
444:
420:135,000,000
395:596,000,000
370:727,000,000
342:434,000,000
287:572,000,000
277:
220:
127:
105:
94:
90:
44:laboratories
39:
37:
3685:Space Force
3380:Agriculture
3337:Independent
3224:Rocky Flats
3177:Fernald NLO
2514:27 December
1409:(1995–2000)
1233:run by the
1223:web series
1181:Big Science
1070:World War I
1062:atomic bomb
315:83,000,000
260:58,000,000
222:UT–Battelle
4505:Categories
3786:Health and
3621:(OPTEVFOR)
3052:Los Alamos
2974:Brookhaven
2719:David Turk
2434:"Fermilab"
1422:2019-05-03
1282:References
1258:works for
1129:Los Alamos
1121:New Mexico
1101:laboratory
1018:500/1,725
850:375/1,022
839:450/3,686
827:200/1,159
809:250/2,180
743:180/1,696
730:130/8,751
717:170/1,168
244:Ames, Iowa
4035:(defunct)
3846:(S&T)
3747:(NIDILRR)
3731:Education
3629:Air Force
3508:(USAMRDC)
3479:(CCDCAC)
3459:(CCDCOM)
3408:(R&D)
3081:Oak Ridge
3035:Livermore
1726:NERSC.gov
1391:U.S. Army
1200:chemistry
874:150/1030
3990:(USGCRP)
3934:Treasury
3861:Interior
3852:(CG RDC)
3772:(ARPA-E)
3766:(DOE SC)
3676:(AFOTEC)
3658:(AFLCMC)
3601:(NCCOSC)
3593:Undersea
3543:(MCOTEA)
3471:(CCDCSC)
3417:Commerce
3339:agencies
3323:Federal
3006:Fermilab
2937:Berkeley
1395:Monsanto
1389:and the
1107:and the
1105:Berkeley
1013:Fermilab
1000:300/358
968:450/483
956:100/202
927:108/656
903:100/721
862:326/720
792:180/801
776:100/960
403:(TJNAF)
52:research
4465:Defunct
3984:(OSTP)
3880:Justice
3821:(BARDA)
3804:(NIOSH)
3712:(DARPA)
3638:(AFMC)
3587:Surface
3531:(MCCDC)
3442:Defense
3366:(IARPA)
3207:Area 20
3202:Area 19
3182:Hanford
2994:NSLS II
2905:Argonne
1678:Top 500
1597:Bechtel
1244:In the
1239:Indiana
1221:Netflix
1219:In the
1196:physics
1165:physics
1149:reactor
1044:History
1037:25/111
989:NA/429
939:67/654
915:54/702
891:65/571
650:, 1949
629:, 2005
621:, 1946
602:, 1910
596:(NETL)
570:, 1952
564:(SRNL)
540:, 1977
534:(NREL)
506:, 1952
500:(LLNL)
492:, 1956
468:, 1948
441:, 1943
435:(LANL)
409:, 1984
384:, 1967
378:(FNAL)
356:, 1965
350:(PNNL)
328:, 1962
301:, 1951
295:(PPPL)
274:, 1947
246:, 1947
217:, 1943
211:(ORNL)
164:, 1931
158:(LBNL)
4033:(OTA)
3871:(USGS)
3827:(CMMI)
3815:(AHRQ)
3756:Energy
3670:(AFIT)
3650:(AFRL)
3609:(NAWS)
3595:(NUWC)
3589:(NSWC)
3583:(NAWC)
3574:(NMRC)
3560:(ONR)
3537:(MCWL)
3514:(ERDC)
3502:(ATEC)
3433:(NOAA)
3427:(NIST)
3396:(NIFA)
3354:(NASA)
3219:Pantex
3142:Sandia
3069:Albany
3057:DARHTF
2957:NERSCC
2630:
2534:"What
1066:Allied
1029:16/80
644:(INL)
479:13,400
462:(SNL)
449:14,150
268:(BNL)
186:(ANL)
68:health
66:, and
4002:(NNI)
3963:(ORD)
3944:(OFR)
3890:(NIJ)
3798:(NIH)
3741:(IES)
3718:(USU)
3703:Other
3695:(SSC)
3664:(NWC)
3644:(AAC)
3615:(NPS)
3566:(NRL)
3465:(ARL)
3402:(ERS)
3390:(ARS)
3348:(NSF)
3214:NHHOR
3040:NARAC
3018:Idaho
2925:ATLAS
2508:(PDF)
1584:(PDF)
1547:(PDF)
1432:(PDF)
1362:(PDF)
1248:show
757:135/
661:5,700
608:1,400
514:8,000
390:1,757
365:4,100
337:1,684
282:2,989
228:4,368
198:3,532
173:3,395
134:Name
3551:Navy
3450:Army
3329:list
3261:Y-12
3256:WIPP
3234:ETEC
3229:SSFL
3187:K-25
3159:SSRL
3154:SLAC
3137:SRNL
3130:TFTR
3125:NSTX
3120:PPPL
3113:EMSL
3101:NCCS
3096:HFIR
3091:CNMS
3076:NREL
3064:NETL
3030:JLab
3023:RESL
2999:RHIC
2989:NSLS
2952:NCEM
2900:Ames
2813:OSTI
2628:ISBN
2600:2023
2575:2023
2549:2023
2516:2021
2491:2023
2466:2023
2441:2023
2420:2023
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2101:2023
1974:2023
1949:2023
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1529:2023
1503:2023
1476:2023
1373:2023
1345:2023
1319:The
1307:2023
1267:Hulk
1135:and
1095:and
1011:The
979:The
961:The
949:The
932:The
920:The
908:The
896:The
884:The
867:The
855:The
832:The
820:The
802:The
664:US$
611:US$
581:US$
549:US$
546:2685
517:US$
482:US$
452:US$
418:US$
393:US$
368:US$
340:US$
313:US$
285:US$
258:US$
231:US$
201:US$
176:US$
38:The
3581:Air
3251:SPR
3246:SRS
3239:SRE
3086:SNS
3045:NIF
3011:TeV
2984:CFN
2979:AGS
2967:JGI
2962:ESN
2942:ALS
2930:EMC
2920:APS
2915:CNM
2910:NBL
1246:AMC
1235:DOE
1175:).
1171:or
1147:in
1103:at
1099:'s
1093:MIT
1091:at
578:900
415:759
310:414
255:310
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2947:MF
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