1874:(2015) – District Judge Callie V. S. "Ginny" Granade ruled that Alabama's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional, violating the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause, on January 23. Days later, she issued an order clarifying her ruling, saying that all Alabama probate judges, who issue marriage licenses, must comply with the order. She stayed her order for two weeks to allow state defendants time to seek a stay from a higher court. On February 3, the Eleventh Circuit denied the stay, after denying a stay in a similar case out of Florida months before. On February 9, as the order was set to take effect, the U.S. Supreme Court also denied the stay.
3489:
36:
1478:
Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the
Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the
1482:
A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.
45:
2929:
4230:
4027:
4023:
3879:
3871:
1490:, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.
3875:
3930:
3922:
3804:
3800:
3926:
3634:
3630:
2413:
1866:. Decision was reversed by Eleventh Circuit, which held that secular humanism was not a violation of the Establishment Clause as it is not a system of belief constituting a "religion".
4016:
4012:
3626:
3622:
3562:
213:
The United States
Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Alabama represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of February 2, 2021 the
4038:
4034:
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3856:
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4139:
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3811:
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1399:
3984:
3972:
3895:
3891:
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3778:
3731:
3727:
3951:
3941:
3885:
3936:
3645:
1994:
3846:
3841:
3794:
2915:
4172:
3826:
3773:
3655:
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3640:
1062:
4134:
4129:
4065:
4044:
3995:
3821:
3605:
2406:
1370:
4176:
3916:
3831:
3737:
3690:
3600:
3557:
2939:
2423:
1850:
1831:
1259:
188:
99:
3768:
3695:
3567:
3537:
3446:
225:
The United States
District Court for the Southern District of Alabama is one of three federal judicial districts in Alabama. Court for the District is held at
200:
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3990:
3542:
3522:
3512:
3476:
1347:
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686:
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3547:
3532:
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3517:
3507:
2059:
968:
921:
2301:
2276:
2399:
1109:
874:
827:
77:
1486:
When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as
1015:
780:
733:
556:
521:
416:
4225:
1863:
1300:
1250:
1203:
486:
3352:
638:
451:
381:
55:
4144:
4103:
2054:
1453:
Recess appointment; formally nominated on
January 5, 1864, confirmed by the Senate on January 20, 1864, and received commission the same day.
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4070:
3330:
4060:
3439:
4220:
4200:
3455:
2078:
3432:
4108:
3345:
1511:
Seat reassigned from the
District of Alabama on March 10, 1824, by 4 Stat. 9 (concurrent with Northern District)
3466:
2136:
2095:
1835:
2907:
2391:
4090:
3499:
3471:
3338:
3109:
1541:
705:
4154:
3319:
149:
2239:"Issues of Consistency in the Federal Death Penalty: A Roundtable Discussion on the Role of the U.S. Attorney"
4149:
4180:
3577:
3393:
3360:
3175:
3021:
587:
341:
122:
3142:
3114:
1943:
270:
2327:
3403:
3031:
2988:
2983:
1931:
1672:
1591:
Seat reassigned solely to
Northern and Middle Districts on August 2, 1886, by 24 Stat. 213
1516:
1479:
court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.
613:
534:
1976:
1970:
1961:
4210:
3049:
3003:
1988:
1612:
1526:
940:
658:
258:
4215:
3276:
2611:
2561:
2083:
1922:
1907:
290:
254:
246:
242:
4098:
3373:
3296:
2841:
2686:
2576:
2446:
1827:
1705:
Seat established on March 18, 1966, by 80 Stat. 75 (concurrent with Middle
District)
1662:
1642:
1561:
1319:
1081:
799:
298:
282:
266:
262:
250:
139:
2186:
4171:
does not have a district court or federal territorial court; federal matters there go to the
3488:
3378:
3152:
3059:
2965:
2780:
2596:
2566:
2353:"Southern District of Alabama | Meet the U.S. Attorney | United States Department of Justice"
2161:
2111:
1735:
1715:
1128:
464:
294:
1889:
4205:
3383:
3286:
2731:
2701:
2691:
2656:
2571:
1859:
1839:
1710:
Seat reassigned solely to the
Southern District on June 2, 1970, by 84 Stat. 294
1652:
1441:
1175:
286:
1955:
1949:
8:
3230:
3195:
3170:
3104:
3084:
3069:
3054:
2681:
2555:
1551:
752:
2238:
1536:
Seat made concurrent with Middle
District on February 6, 1839, by 5 Stat. 315
3388:
3281:
3248:
3185:
3099:
3079:
2993:
2856:
2751:
2746:
2716:
1822:
1773:
1581:
1437:
1272:
893:
206:
The
District was established on March 10, 1824, with the division of the state into a
3398:
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3210:
3205:
3119:
3026:
2955:
2896:
2846:
2831:
2791:
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2258:
2049:
1870:
1783:
1725:
1622:
1222:
987:
499:
2213:"Ed Vulevich, former prosecutor who served as interim U.S. attorney in Mobile, dies"
3413:
3291:
3190:
3180:
3147:
3074:
2960:
2937:
2891:
2861:
2826:
2706:
2696:
2675:
2646:
2606:
2525:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2421:
2250:
2033:
1895:
1855:
1794:
642:
359:
127:
3253:
2998:
2836:
2591:
2536:
2501:
2027:
1883:
1843:
1683:
1571:
846:
539:
504:
469:
434:
429:
399:
364:
237:
226:
60:
2212:
2099:
4168:
3424:
3200:
3124:
3094:
3064:
2866:
2821:
2815:
2756:
2640:
2616:
2491:
2486:
2440:
277:
230:
82:
4194:
3408:
3301:
3225:
3220:
2885:
2741:
2581:
2531:
2496:
2262:
2254:
2009:
1746:
1632:
1487:
1034:
592:
394:
346:
180:
2851:
2786:
2736:
2726:
2651:
2601:
3089:
2796:
2721:
2711:
196:
3215:
2386:
35:
4231:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama
3363:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama
2382:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama
1327:
1280:
1230:
1183:
1136:
1089:
1042:
995:
948:
901:
854:
807:
760:
713:
666:
621:
177:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama
24:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama
2381:
2137:"Bicentennial Celebration of United States Attorneys, 1789–1989"
160:
1398:
From 1839 to 1849, Judge Crawford was jointly appointed to the
192:
1826:(1983) – Court affirmed that silent prayer was permissible in
1607:
Seat established on August 2, 1886, by 24 Stat. 213
1462:
From 1966 to 1970, Judge Pittman was jointly appointed to the
1768:
Seat established on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333
2387:
United States Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama
1440:; formally nominated on January 23, 1860, confirmed by the
937:
1444:
on January 30, 1860, and received commission the same day.
1316:
1078:
796:
1125:
195:
claims and claims against the U.S. government under the
44:
1851:
Smith v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County
1172:
749:
3477:
List of United States district and territorial courts
2302:"Deborah Jean Johnson Rhodes — Department of Justice"
1269:
2328:"U.S. Attorney Deborah Rhodes announces resignation"
2079:
U.S. District Courts of Alabama, Legislative history
2060:
List of United States federal courthouses in Alabama
1762:
1699:
1601:
1505:
1219:
984:
655:
843:
4081:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
314:
4192:
3454:
2326:Jillian Kramer, Press-Register (April 5, 2009).
1031:
1858:were unconstitutional, running contrary to the
1059:
610:
16:United States federal district court in Alabama
2325:
1854:(1987) – Court rules that textbooks promoting
1344:
3440:
3346:
2923:
2407:
2055:List of current United States district judges
1153:
890:
702:
683:
2277:"David Preston York — Department of Justice"
965:
220:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
777:
281:Division comprises the following counties:
241:Division comprises the following counties:
4066:Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
3447:
3433:
3353:
3339:
2930:
2916:
2414:
2400:
1830:public schools. Decision was reversed by
871:
824:
1381:
1379:
1297:
1247:
1106:
1012:
730:
4226:Courts and tribunals established in 1824
4076:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
2236:
2000:Charles S. Spunner-White, Jr (1969-1977)
1405:
1200:
918:
2024:Deborah Jean Johnson Rhodes (2005-2009)
56:John Archibald Campbell U.S. Courthouse
4193:
1493:
1389:and the Southern Districts of Alabama.
1376:
3428:
3334:
2911:
2395:
2210:
4125:Former United States district courts
2003:William A. Kimbrough, Jr (1977-1981)
1498:
1428:, and Southern Districts of Alabama.
1838:, both ruling that it violated the
13:
3487:
3467:Supreme Court of the United States
1816:
1466:and Southern Districts of Alabama.
78:United States Post Office Building
14:
4242:
2940:Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals
2424:Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals
2375:
2211:Kirby, Brendan (April 17, 2012).
1877:
304:
1967:Nicholas E. Stallworth 1926-1927
564:
309:As of October 1, 2021:
43:
34:
3472:United States courts of appeals
2345:
2319:
2294:
2269:
2230:
2204:
2179:
2154:
2129:
2104:
2039:Sean P. Costello (2021-present)
2015:Edward Vulevich, Jr (1993-1995)
1904:George I. S. Walker (1842-1846)
1473:
4221:1824 establishments in Alabama
2938:Senior district judges of the
2422:Active district judges of the
2089:
2072:
2021:David Preston York (2002-2005)
1940:Morris D. Wickersham 1897-1904
1456:
1447:
1431:
1392:
1363:
1:
4201:United States district courts
4071:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
2065:
4140:Eastern District of Illinois
4061:Court of International Trade
3456:United States federal courts
1901:George W. Gayle (1838-1842)
199:, which are appealed to the
187:) is a federal court in the
7:
3394:Charles Randolph Butler Jr.
2243:Federal Sentencing Reporter
2043:
2006:William R. Favre, Jr (1981)
1985:Percy C. Fountain 1948-1956
10:
4247:
4145:District of the Canal Zone
2187:"Meek, Alexander Beaufort"
1937:Joseph N. Miller 1893-1897
4163:
4117:
4089:
4053:
3576:
3498:
3485:
3462:
3369:
3310:
3262:
3239:
3161:
3133:
3040:
3012:
2974:
2946:
2875:
2805:
2770:
2665:
2630:
2545:
2515:
2460:
2430:
2018:J. Don Foster (1995-2000)
1982:Albert J. Tully 1943-1948
1928:John D. Burnett 1885-1889
1767:
1709:
1704:
1606:
1590:
1535:
1510:
1420:Jointly appointed to the
1385:Jointly appointed to the
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
221:Organization of the court
158:
148:
138:
133:
121:
113:
105:
95:
51:
42:
33:
28:
23:
4104:Northern Mariana Islands
2255:10.1525/fsr.2001.14.1.52
2237:Campbell, Robin (2001).
941:Harry Theophilus Toulmin
2191:Encyclopedia of Alabama
2166:Encyclopedia of Alabama
2116:Encyclopedia of Alabama
2084:Federal Judicial Center
1919:John P. Southworth 1869
1916:A. J. Requier 1850-1858
210:and Southern district.
3492:
3374:Daniel Holcombe Thomas
1320:Richard W. Vollmer Jr.
1082:Daniel Holcombe Thomas
800:George Washington Lane
215:United States attorney
4181:its own Supreme Court
3491:
3379:Thomas Virgil Pittman
1995:Vernol R. Jansen, Jr.
1129:Thomas Virgil Pittman
465:Charles R. Butler Jr.
217:is Sean P. Costello.
134:Officers of the court
4173:District of Columbia
3656:District of Columbia
3384:William Brevard Hand
3361:Chief judges of the
1932:Morris D. Wickersham
1860:Establishment Clause
1840:Establishment Clause
1442:United States Senate
1402:District of Alabama.
1369:Reassigned from the
1176:William Brevard Hand
4135:District of Potomac
4130:District of Orleans
2162:"Forsyth Jr., John"
2010:J. B. Sessions, III
1944:William H. Armbecht
1913:Peter Hamilton 1850
1494:Succession of seats
1371:District of Alabama
753:William Giles Jones
4155:District of Berlin
4091:Territorial courts
3493:
3389:Alex T. Howard Jr.
2112:"Hitchcock, Henry"
1971:Alexander C. Birch
1956:Alexander D. Pitts
1836:U.S. Supreme Court
1823:Wallace v. Jaffree
1438:Recess appointment
1273:Alex T. Howard Jr.
140:U.S. Attorney
4188:
4187:
4150:District of China
3870:North Carolina (
3500:Courts of appeals
3422:
3421:
3404:William H. Steele
3399:Callie V. Granade
3328:
3327:
2905:
2904:
2050:Courts of Alabama
1908:Alexander B. Meek
1871:Searcy v. Strange
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1756:
1755:
1693:
1692:
1595:
1594:
1359:
1358:
1223:Emmett Ripley Cox
988:Robert Tait Ervin
562:
561:
535:William H. Steele
500:Callie V. Granade
173:
172:
150:U.S. Marshal
4238:
4054:Specialty courts
4022:West Virginia (
3449:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3414:Jeff Beaverstock
3355:
3348:
3341:
3332:
3331:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2034:Richard W. Moore
1923:George M. Duskin
1896:John Forsyth, Jr
1856:secular humanism
1832:Eleventh Circuit
1760:
1759:
1697:
1696:
1599:
1598:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1418:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1367:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1020:
1019:
1018:
992:
991:
990:
973:
972:
971:
945:
944:
943:
926:
925:
924:
898:
897:
896:
879:
878:
877:
851:
850:
849:
832:
831:
830:
804:
803:
802:
785:
784:
783:
757:
756:
755:
738:
737:
736:
710:
709:
708:
691:
690:
689:
663:
662:
661:
659:William Crawford
643:Operation of law
618:
617:
616:
569:
568:
360:Jeff Beaverstock
330:Term of service
312:
311:
189:Eleventh Circuit
169:
166:
164:
162:
144:Sean P. Costello
128:Jeff Beaverstock
123:Chief Judge
100:Eleventh Circuit
70:
47:
38:
21:
20:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4211:Mobile, Alabama
4191:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4159:
4113:
4085:
4049:
3947:South Carolina
3578:District courts
3572:
3494:
3481:
3458:
3453:
3423:
3418:
3365:
3359:
3329:
3324:
3306:
3258:
3235:
3157:
3129:
3036:
3008:
2970:
2942:
2936:
2906:
2901:
2871:
2801:
2766:
2661:
2626:
2541:
2511:
2456:
2426:
2420:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2359:. March 3, 2021
2357:www.justice.gov
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2094:
2090:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2046:
2028:Kenyen R. Brown
1977:Francis H. Inge
1884:Henry Hitchcock
1880:
1864:First Amendment
1844:First Amendment
1819:
1817:Court decisions
1814:
1496:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1346:
1345:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1298:
1271:
1270:
1249:
1248:
1221:
1220:
1202:
1201:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1154:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1107:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1060:
1033:
1032:
1014:
1013:
986:
985:
967:
966:
939:
938:
929:seat abolished
920:
919:
892:
891:
873:
872:
847:Richard Busteed
845:
844:
826:
825:
798:
797:
779:
778:
751:
750:
732:
731:
704:
703:
685:
684:
657:
656:
612:
611:
601:
584:Active service
567:
430:Terry F. Moorer
426:District Judge
391:District Judge
307:
223:
201:Federal Circuit
159:
96:Appeals to
91:
90:
89:
86:
72:
68:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4244:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Selma, Alabama
4213:
4208:
4203:
4186:
4185:
4169:American Samoa
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
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1800:2018–present
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2306:Congress.gov
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2281:Congress.gov
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882:resignation
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602:termination
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3842:New Jersey
3753:Louisiana (
3646:Connecticut
3060:Schlesinger
3050:Kovachevich
2607:Badalamenti
2526:Beaverstock
2036:(2017-2021)
2030:(2009-2017)
2012:(1981-1993)
1898:(1835-1838)
1892:(1830-1835)
1890:John Elliot
1886:(1825-1830)
1795:Beaverstock
1663:Vollmer Jr.
1348:G.H.W. Bush
588:Chief Judge
106:Established
29:(S.D. Ala.)
4195:Categories
4000:Virginia (
3901:Oklahoma (
3810:Missouri (
3783:Michigan (
3742:Kentucky (
3700:Illinois (
3610:Arkansas (
3312:S. Georgia
3264:N. Georgia
3241:M. Georgia
3163:S. Florida
3135:N. Florida
3085:Whittemore
3042:M. Florida
3014:S. Alabama
2976:N. Alabama
2948:M. Alabama
2877:S. Georgia
2807:N. Georgia
2772:M. Georgia
2667:S. Florida
2632:N. Florida
2547:M. Florida
2517:S. Alabama
2462:N. Alabama
2432:M. Alabama
2066:References
1788:2002–2016
1778:1986–1996
1774:Howard Jr.
1740:1988–2005
1736:Butler Jr.
1730:1981–1988
1720:1966–1981
1677:2003–2017
1667:1990–2000
1657:1971–1989
1647:1951–1971
1637:1935–1950
1627:1917–1935
1617:1887–1916
1586:1875–1886
1576:1863–1874
1566:1861–1863
1556:1859–1861
1546:1849–1859
1531:1826–1849
1521:1824–1826
1341:2000–2003
1335:1990–2000
1332:1926–2003
1294:1996–2011
1291:1989–1994
1288:1986–1996
1285:1924–2011
1238:1981–1988
1235:1935–2021
1197:1989–2008
1194:1981–1989
1191:1971–1989
1188:1924–2008
1157:L. Johnson
1150:1981–2012
1147:1971–1981
1144:1966–1981
1141:1916–2012
1103:1971–2000
1100:1966–1971
1097:1951–1971
1094:1906–2000
1050:1935–1950
1047:1883–1950
1009:1935–1949
1003:1917–1935
1000:1863–1949
956:1887–1916
953:1838–1916
909:1875–1886
906:1832–1901
894:John Bruce
862:1863–1874
859:1822–1898
815:1861–1863
812:1806–1863
768:1859–1861
765:1808–1883
721:1849–1859
718:1792–1859
706:John Gayle
687:J.Q. Adams
674:1826–1849
671:1784–1849
629:1824–1826
626:1768–1835
600:Reason for
581:Born–died
550:2010–2017
547:2003–2017
515:2003–2010
512:2002–2016
480:1994–2003
477:1988–2005
410:2017–2021
271:Washington
197:Tucker Act
3795:Minnesota
3715:Indiana (
3675:Georgia (
3660:Florida (
3585:Alabama (
3302:Totenberg
3115:Honeywell
3110:Covington
2984:Blackburn
2961:Albritton
2792:Treadwell
2752:Leibowitz
2717:Rosenberg
2657:Wetherell
2363:March 26,
2337:March 26,
2311:March 25,
2286:March 25,
2263:1053-9867
2196:March 26,
2171:March 26,
2146:March 25,
2121:March 26,
2100:§ 81
1997:1961-1969
1991:1956-1961
1979:1935-1943
1973:1927-1935
1964:1922-1926
1958:1913-1922
1952:1912-1913
1946:1904-1912
1934:1889-1893
1925:1877-1885
1910:1846-1850
1260:11th Cir.
969:Cleveland
557:G.W. Bush
522:G.W. Bush
417:G.W. Bush
185:S.D. Ala.
165:.uscourts
3827:Nebraska
3774:Maryland
3651:Delaware
3641:Colorado
3176:Gonzalez
3143:Stafford
3105:Presnell
2956:Thompson
2867:Geraghty
2857:Grimberg
2702:Williams
2697:Martinez
2676:Altonaga
2577:Chappell
2562:Merryday
2556:Corrigan
2447:Huffaker
2222:April 3,
2044:See also
1633:McDuffie
1527:Crawford
1426:Northern
1387:Northern
781:Buchanan
259:Escambia
208:Northern
52:Location
4045:Wyoming
3996:Vermont
3971:Texas (
3822:Montana
3606:Arizona
3568:Federal
3297:Pannell
3148:Collier
3080:Lazzara
3075:Bucklew
3055:Fawsett
3027:Granade
3004:Hopkins
2994:Johnson
2966:Watkins
2862:Calvert
2781:Gardner
2747:Becerra
2737:Singhal
2647:Rodgers
2612:Mizelle
2587:Mendoza
2572:Scriven
2502:Manasco
2482:Haikala
2477:Coogler
2471:Proctor
1862:of the
1842:of the
1784:Granade
1763:Seat 4
1716:Pittman
1700:Seat 3
1613:Toulmin
1602:Seat 2
1572:Busteed
1506:Seat 1
875:Lincoln
828:Lincoln
338:Active
291:Marengo
255:Conecuh
247:Choctaw
243:Baldwin
4177:Hawaii
3917:Oregon
3890:Ohio (
3832:Nevada
3738:Kansas
3726:Iowa (
3691:Hawaii
3601:Alaska
3287:Thrash
3277:Cooper
3201:Lenard
3196:Hurley
3191:Graham
3186:Moreno
3153:Hinkle
3120:Dalton
3095:Steele
3090:Antoon
3065:Conway
3032:Steele
3022:Butler
2999:Bowdre
2852:Boulee
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2757:Damian
2742:Cannon
2722:Altman
2707:Gayles
2652:Winsor
2641:Walker
2602:Berger
2597:Barber
2567:Howard
2537:Moorer
2532:DuBose
2261:
2142:. 1989
2098:
1808:
1747:DuBose
1684:Moorer
1673:Steele
1643:Thomas
1464:Middle
1422:Middle
1400:Middle
1355:death
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1301:Reagan
1251:Reagan
1211:death
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1110:Truman
1070:death
1023:death
1016:Wilson
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734:Taylor
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193:patent
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2732:Smith
2712:Bloom
2682:Moore
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2582:Byron
2492:Burke
2441:Marks
2140:(PDF)
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1582:Bruce
1552:Jones
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1204:Nixon
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