United States Senate

2307:. Committee chairs are elected, but, in practice, seniority is rarely bypassed. The chairs hold extensive powers: they control the committee's agenda, and so decide how much, if any, time to devote to the consideration of a bill; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports. This last role was particularly important in mid-century, when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial. They also have considerable influence: senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not. The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century, largely in the 1970s. Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it, than they were before reform. The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases as the ranking member. 2484:, justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). Typically, a nominee is the first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee. Thereafter, the nomination is considered by the full Senate. The majority of nominees are confirmed; however, in a small number of cases each year, Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history). 1729:(CSRS). FERS has been the Senate's retirement system since January 1, 1987, while CSRS applies only for those senators who were in the Senate from December 31, 1986, and prior. As it is for federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants' contributions. Under FERS, senators contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. The amount of a senator's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. The starting amount of a senator's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $ 60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $ 35,952. 846: 2203:

vote. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; senators respond when their name is called. Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. A majority of those voting determines whether the motion carries. If the vote is tied, the vice president, if present, is entitled to cast a

1938:, for they are not an elected member of the Senate) in the case of a tie, but are not required to. For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the vice president's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates "in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives", so that the total votes could be counted). Since the 1950s, vice presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as swearing in new senators, joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated. 2103:

speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of the debate. Customarily, the majority leader and minority leader are accorded priority during debates even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, who is addressed as "Mr. President" or "Madam President", and not to another member; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state or position, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia", "the gentleman from California", or "my distinguished friend the chairman of the Judiciary Committee". Senators address the Senate standing next to their desks.

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extent of information and stability of character, requires at the same time that the senator should have reached a period of life most likely to supply these advantages; and which, participating immediately in transactions with foreign nations, ought to be exercised by none who are not thoroughly weaned from the prepossessions and habits incident to foreign birth and education. The term of nine years appears to be a prudent mediocrity between a total exclusion of adopted citizens, whose merits and talents may claim a share in the public confidence, and an indiscriminate and hasty admission of them, which might create a channel for foreign influence on the national councils.

2154:. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body – this includes amending provisions regarding the filibuster – a two-thirds majority is required. In practice, the threat of filibuster is more important than its use; almost any motion that does not have the support of three-fifths of the Senate effectively fails. This means that 41 senators can make a filibuster happen. Historically, cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required 927: 2618:

disproportionate amounts of federal funding when compared to voters from larger states. Ian Millhiser argues that the points made in favor of the status quo do not hold up since some states vote the same as large states, and that the current system was just a political compromise to unite 13 sovereign nations after the Revolutionary War. He also documents 21st century examples of how this malaportionment has led to the party receiving the most votes losing control of the Senate (and as a result, the Judiciary) and predicts the trend looks set to continue and possibly increase.

891: 139: 125: 10364: 2422: 2667:, in his book "America's Constitution: A Biography," explains that the Senate's structure is integral to the federal system, ensuring that smaller states have a voice in the democratic process. Stanford political theorist Bruce E. Cain writes that equal representation in the Senate "fosters a more inclusive and representative democracy, where diverse regional interests are considered in the legislative process" ensuring that legislation must account for a wide array of perspectives, promoting broader national cohesion. 365: 36: 523: 2325: 1658:, however, changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. The Twentieth Amendment also states that the Congress shall assemble at least once every year, and allows the Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires. Article 1, Section 3, provides that the president has the power to convene Congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion. 2446: 2071:" is placed when the leader's office is notified that a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure. A hold may be placed for any reason and can be lifted by the senator who placed it at any time. A senator may place a hold simply to review a bill, to negotiate changes to the bill, or to kill the bill. A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration. 1702: 6208: 6326: 1902: 1643:), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union. The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election, except when a vacancy is being filled. 2253: 1858: 2376:, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds. Historically, the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House. However, when the Senate originates an appropriations bill, the House simply refuses to consider it, thereby settling the dispute in practice. The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the 4760: 1950:

delegates the responsibility of presiding to a majority-party senator who presides over the Senate, usually in blocks of one hour on a rotating basis. Frequently, freshmen senators (newly elected members) are asked to preside so that they may become accustomed to the rules and procedures of the body. It is said that, "in practice they are usually mere mouthpieces for

1326:, sets three qualifications for senators: (1) they must be at least 30 years old; (2) they must have been citizens of the United States for at least nine years; and (3) they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election. The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives. In 2118:. The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute. However, the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved. 1475:(also known as a "jungle primary" or "top-two primary") is held in which all candidates participate in a single primary regardless of party affiliation and the top two candidates in terms of votes received at the primary election advance to the general election, where the winner is the candidate with the greater number of votes. In Louisiana, the 1623:

authority to the legislature – not the people or the state generally – it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy.

2060:. Unanimous consent agreements are typically negotiated beforehand by party leaders. A senator may block such an agreement, but in practice, objections are rare. The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate, and may warn members who deviate from them. The presiding officer sometimes uses the 2644:

James Madison emphasized that the Senate serves as a check against the potential tyranny of the majority, ensuring that the interests of smaller states are not drowned out by the more populous ones. This was despite Madison being initially opposed to equal suffrage before coming around to support it.

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The Constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to "check and balance" the powers of other elements of the federal government. These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president's government appointments; also the

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The Senate's right to amend general appropriation bills has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the

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The Senate uses committees (and their subcommittees) for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. Formally, the whole Senate appoints committee members. In practice, however, the choice of members is made by the political parties. Generally, each

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On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, cameras are turned off, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to

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Political scientist William F. Connelly Jr., in his book "James Madison Rules America: The Constitutional Origins of Congressional Partisanship," argues that this structure "provides stability and continuity, balancing the rapidly changing political winds of the House of Representatives". Yale legal

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When the debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The Senate often votes by voice vote. The presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "Yea/Aye" (in favor of the motion) or "Nay" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice

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wrote of the Senate, "the degree of unequal representation in the U.S. Senate is by far the most extreme profound violation of the democratic idea of political equality among citizens." The countermajoritarianism is rooted in two features. First, the Senate's apportionment scheme, which apportions

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was exercised by both major parties in the 2010s to weaken the filibuster for confirmations. Supporters generally consider the filibuster to be an important protection for the minority views and a check against the unfettered single-party rule when the same party holds the Presidency and a majority

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that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats; if two or more parties are tied, the vice president's affiliation determines which party is the majority party. The next-largest party is known as the minority party. The president pro tempore, committee

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I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion;

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In 2004, Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day, but that conflicted with each other. The effect of the ballot-approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator. Because the 17th Amendment vests the power to grant that

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It must be acknowledged that this complicated check on legislation may in some instances be injurious as well as beneficial; and that the peculiar defense which it involves in favor of the smaller States, would be more rational, if any interests common to them, and distinct from those of the other

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Filibustered bills require a three-fifths majority to overcome the cloture vote (which usually means 60 votes). To pass a bill, a simple majority (usually 51 votes) is needed. Some news media have confused the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill with

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is frequently debated as the Constitution specifies a simple majority threshold to pass legislation, and some critics feel the de facto three-fifths threshold for general legislation prevents beneficial laws from passing. Steven Wirls argues that the filibuster, elevated in importance in 1917, was

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Debate, like most other matters governing the internal functioning of the Senate, is governed by internal rules adopted by the Senate. During a debate, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer, but the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to

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explicitly demonstrates otherwise. A senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll and notes which members are present. In practice, senators rarely request quorum calls to establish the quorum as present; instead, quorum calls are generally

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for "president for a time"), who presides over the chamber in the vice president's absence and is, by custom, the senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service. Like the vice president, the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate, but typically

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Except for the president of the Senate (who is the vice president), the Senate elects its own officers, who maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents. Many non-member officers are

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disqualifies as senators any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution but who later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States. This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War, was intended to prevent those

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On the one hand, some claim the U.S. Senate has a bias against Republicans. However, since 1920, Democrats have controlled the Senate for about 58 years. During most of that period Senate Democrats earned a larger share of Senate seats than their share of the national House vote. Since filibuster

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trials. A senator may call for and force a closed session if the motion is seconded by at least one other member, but an agreement usually occurs beforehand. If the Senate does not approve the release of a secret transcript, the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately

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A senator must be thirty years of age at least; as a representative must be twenty-five. And the former must have been a citizen nine years; as seven years are required for the latter. The propriety of these distinctions is explained by the nature of the senatorial trust, which, requiring greater

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The Senate's structure gives states with smaller populations the same number of senators (two) as states with larger populations. Historian Daniel Wirls contends that this structure makes the Senate "non-democratic", while Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that the Senate is America's most minoritarian

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presides over the trial. During an impeachment trial, senators are constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation. Conviction requires a two-thirds majority of the senators present. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the

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By tradition, seniority is a factor in the selection of physical offices and in party caucuses' assignment of committees. When senators have been in office for the same length of time, a number of tiebreakers are used, including comparing their former government service and then their respective

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The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties. The Constitution provides that the president may only "make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur" in order to benefit from the Senate's advice and consent and give each state an equal vote in the process. However, not all

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In May 2021, Oklahoma permitted its governor again to appoint a successor who is of the same party as the previous senator for at least the preceding five years when the vacancy arises in an even-numbered year, only after the appointee has taken an oath not to run in either a regular or special

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mails one of three forms to the state's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new senator. If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state's other seat, each seat is contested separately. A senator elected in a

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The Senate (not the judiciary) is the sole judge of a senator's qualifications. During its early years, however, the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members. As a result, four senators who failed to meet the age requirement were nevertheless admitted to the Senate:

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By the beginning of the 21st century, two-thirds of legislatures globally had become unicameral, with the remaining upper houses tending to become more representative or less powerful; in contrast, the U.S. Senate remained an outlier by not following what Ziblatt and Levitsky refer to as a

1448:, depending on the state) with the general election following a few months later. In most of these states, the nominee may receive only a plurality, while in some states, a runoff is required if no majority was achieved. In the general election, the winner is the candidate who receives a 2495:

remains valid only temporarily; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in

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Each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party. By custom, the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle. Forty-eight of the desks date back to 1819, when the Senate chamber was reconstructed after the original contents were destroyed in the 1812

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estimating in 2018 that Democrats would need to keep winning the popular vote by more than 6% to maintain control of the Senate. Elizabeth Rusch and Daniel Lazare argue that the Senate's structure gives voters from small states disproportionate influence and allows them to benefit from

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presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays. Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television, usually by

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provides that "All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives". As a result, the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes. Furthermore, the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate

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sent to the national archives. The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy. In 1973, the House adopted a rule that all committee sessions should be open unless a majority on the committee voted for a closed session.

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Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair (usually a member of the majority party). Formerly, committee chairs were determined purely by seniority; as a result, several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even

2600:(undemocratic) institution. The disparity in population between the most and least populous states has grown over time. In 1790, Virginia had 10 times the population of Rhode Island, while California had 70 times the population of Wyoming in 2020. U.S. citizens in the 2087:

used to temporarily delay proceedings. Usually, such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate. Once the need for a delay has ended, a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.

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Holds can be overcome, but require time-consuming procedures such as filing cloture. Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the leader, and are sometimes referred to as "secret holds". A senator may disclose the placement of a hold.

869:. Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, bribery and intimidation gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators. 2161:

If the Senate invokes cloture, the debate does not necessarily end immediately; instead, it is limited to up to 30 additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote. The longest filibuster speech in the Senate's history was delivered by

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with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as

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The approval of both houses is required for any bill, including a revenue bill, to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a

1399:. By the early years of the 20th century, the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums. Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the 3773: 1845:

chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party. Independents and members of third parties (so long as they do not

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the session. Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or deliberations during

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erroneously stating "The vote was 58–39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws. That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure".

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provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the

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began. The Senate's legislative and executive business is managed and scheduled by the Senate's majority leader, who on occasion negotiates some matters with the Senate's minority leader. A prominent practice in the Senate is the

2279:. Each standing committee may consider, amend, and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Furthermore, each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction. (For instance, the 2149:

is a tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking

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and the idea of a proportional "people's house" were widely popular, discussions about Senate representation proved contentious. In the end, some small states—unwilling to give up their equal power with larger states under the

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of each senator, since 2009, is $ 174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $ 193,400. In 2003, at least 40 senators were millionaires; by 2018, over 50 senators were millionaires (partly due to inflation).

2565:. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Electoral College deadlocks are rare. The Senate has only broken a deadlock once; in 1837, it elected 6593: 2864:

Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the

7000: 2003:, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The assistant secretary of the Senate aids the secretary's work. Another official is the 3864: 3660: 6198: 2654:

States, would otherwise be exposed to peculiar danger. But as the larger States will always be able, by their power over the supplies, to defeat unreasonable exertions of this prerogative of the lesser States…

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have never been represented in the Senate. One analysis of democracies by Harvard professors Daniel Ziblatt and Steven Levitsky found that only Argentina and Brazil's upper chambers deviate further from the

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Today, whereas a populous state like Texas is granted equal suffrage to smaller states, Texas has a congressional delegation several times larger than many smaller states in the House of Representatives.

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Senate elections. The last time Republicans earned the same was in the 1920s. Equal representation for smaller states was pivotal for the legislative accomplishments of the Clinton presidency, like the

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at the age of 29, which was only 13 days prior to his 30th birthday on November 20, 1972. Therefore, he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973.

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The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states):

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international agreements are considered treaties under U.S. domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude

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federal officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. If the sitting president of the United States is being tried, the

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requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office. Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion, such as

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Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the

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in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton and both Trump trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.

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The House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted (one resigned before the Senate could complete the trial). Only three presidents have been impeached:

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Article I, Section 3: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; each Senator shall have one vote."

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now be bypassed, so that chairs do run the risk of being deposed by their colleagues. See in particular p. 17, for the unreformed Congress, and pp.188–9, for the Stevenson reforms of 1977.

1987:. Floor leaders act as the party chief spokesmen. The Senate majority leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes. Each party elects an 6583: 1619:

In September 2009, Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late senator Edward Kennedy until the special election in January 2010.

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defendant be banned from holding office. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.

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Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments; it tries all impeachments, and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes.

751:, who is traditionally the most senior member of the Senate's majority party, presides over the Senate, and more often by rule allows a junior senator to take the chair, guided by the 7218: 7188: 2487:

The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a

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The remaining thirty-eight states provide for gubernatorial appointments, "with the appointed senator serving the balance of the term or until the next statewide general election".

6482: 5141: 4263: 2181:" by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster. This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours. 11278: 7690: 7183: 7092: 4843:, the Constitution provides the origination requirement for revenue bills, whereas tradition provides the origination requirement for appropriation bills. See Sullivan, John. " 12883: 8662: 8226: 7228: 6880: 4379: 1783:, who represents New York, may be identified as "D–New York" or (D-NY). And sometimes they are identified as to whether they are the junior or senior senator in their state ( 8457: 8211: 7406: 6535: 2596:

seats based on states rather than population, resulting in a small-state advantage. Second, the filibuster enables a minority of the chamber to block action in the chamber.

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party honors the preferences of individual senators, giving priority based on seniority. Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength.

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Apart from rules governing civility, there are few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches pertain to the matter before the Senate.

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for vice president, the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. The Senate conducts trials of officials who have been

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wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills, as distinguished from bills that levy taxes. See Wilson, Woodrow.

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wherever present, references to page numbers in superscripts refer to the electronic (.pdf) pagination, not as found printed on the bottom margin of displayed pages.

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have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960, the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments to the Supreme Court.

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principle than the U.S. Senate does. This disparity in representation between large and small states has increasingly favored Republicans since the 1960s, with

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The Seventeenth Amendment permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place.

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The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts

5503: 3965: 2502:, although the Senate's advice and consent are required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal. 2395:

Although the Constitution gave the House the power to initiate revenue bills, in practice the Senate is equal to the House in the respect of spending. As

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Senate procedure depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs and traditions. The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by

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special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six-year term expires (i.e. not for a full-term).

1164: 1020: 748: 236: 14860: 4177: 2695:, at a time when Democrats earned more seats in lower population states like North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, West Virginia, Nebraska and Iowa. 2591:

The Senate has been characterized as uniquely counter-majoritarian institutions in relation to legislatures in other countries. Political scientist

2480:

of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies,

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The Constitution set the date for Congress to convene — Article 1, Section 4, Clause 2, originally set that date for the third day of December. The

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to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. However, courts have upheld the validity of such agreements.

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was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 (on the next June 19) to take the oath of office. On November 7, 1972,

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appointments to high offices, approve or reject treaties, and try cases of impeachment brought by the House. The Senate and the House provide a

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sits in a chair in the front of the Senate chamber. The powers of the presiding officer of the Senate are far less extensive than those of the

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from serving. That Amendment, however, also provides a method to remove that disqualification: a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress.

1368: 1310: 835: 8773: 4285: 3002: 2291:.) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate. Standing committees also oversee the departments and 1681:

to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators:

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grants each state (and Congress, if it so desires to implement a uniform law) the power to legislate a method by which senators are elected.

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in the Senate without that state's consent. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959.

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justified this arrangement by arguing that the "senatorial trust" called for a "greater extent of information and stability of character":

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Along with earning salaries, senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees, and are fully

799:. The Connecticut Compromise provided, among other things, that each state—regardless of population—would be represented by two senators. 14144: 13987: 13882: 13627: 13365: 12485: 12396: 12138: 12123: 12005: 10329: 10174: 9585: 9213: 9089: 9058: 8872: 8810: 8527: 8143: 7859: 7740: 7458: 7411: 7005: 6407: 4797: 2578: 2227: 1999:

In addition to the vice president, the Senate has several officers who are not members. The Senate's chief administrative officer is the

1951: 1087: 752: 701: 5309: 4941: 4625: 4255: 3919: 2935: 14840: 14341: 13970: 13485: 13480: 13470: 12843: 12572: 11820: 9926: 9647: 9275: 9120: 8841: 8309: 8007: 7648: 7087: 4650: 2110: 2033: 1201: 578: 5057: 1965:. The presiding officer calls on senators to speak (by the rules of the Senate, the first senator who rises is recognized); ruling on 845: 14514: 14139: 14082: 13975: 13804: 13246: 11749: 10112: 9368: 9151: 7448: 7374: 6927: 6815: 6540: 4847: 2685: 2404:

objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.

1984: 1978: 1969:(objections by senators that a rule has been breached, subject to appeal to the whole chamber); and announcing the results of votes. 1817: 1038: 756: 328: 305: 282: 259: 4919: 4370: 14186: 13982: 13475: 12963: 12903: 12463: 12118: 12010: 11860: 10474: 10439: 10423: 10143: 9864: 9244: 8713: 8657: 7997: 7963: 7745: 7300: 7295: 7110: 6545: 992: 987: 6293: 1459:, a runoff between the top two candidates occurs if the plurality winner in the general election does not also win a majority. In 926: 14794: 14092: 14065: 14024: 14019: 13992: 13922: 13809: 13605: 13412: 13000: 12824: 12722: 12354: 11337: 11298: 11102: 10990: 7854: 7730: 7623: 7500: 7290: 5473: 3559: 2704: 2601: 2178: 2134: 705: 5823:(2010); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on 14774: 14193: 13902: 13585: 13490: 13320: 13268: 13229: 12796: 12791: 12645: 12582: 12535: 12513: 12478: 12133: 11989: 10926: 10807: 10456: 8763: 8448: 8352: 8255: 7658: 7583: 6957: 6503: 6397: 2385: 2130: 2037: 2011:

handle routine police work, with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight. Other employees include the

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presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. One hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a

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requires that vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election. Whenever a senator must be appointed or elected, the

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due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less

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There are presently three Senate office buildings located along Constitution Avenue, north of the Capitol. They are the

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Every member, when he speaks, shall address the chair, standing in his place, and when he has finished, shall sit down.

2535: 1710: 1303: 4867: 3138: 1775:" before their names. Senators are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state; for example, 657:. In total, the Senate consists of 100 members. From its inception in 1789 until 1913, senators were appointed by the 14875: 14464: 14176: 14156: 14107: 14097: 13965: 13887: 13864: 13824: 13688: 13678: 13555: 13530: 13437: 13417: 12895: 12685: 12411: 11793: 11349: 11038: 11002: 10871: 10823: 10743: 10679: 10599: 10567: 10535: 8471: 8325: 8081: 7568: 7077: 7027: 6530: 5688: 5287: 4551: 3952: 3739: 3635: 3294: 2965: 2562: 2515: 1790: 1640: 1392: 1002: 964: 866: 709: 658: 654: 472: 91: 6830: 4346: 3177: 1686:

and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.

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debated more about how to award representation in the Senate than about any other part of the Constitution. While

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of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to

2040:, the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a 1726: 1417:

Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years,

2271:

Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as

15132: 15091: 15010: 14980: 14812: 14629: 14579: 14519: 14454: 14278: 14198: 13872: 13819: 13735: 13725: 13693: 13622: 13610: 13565: 13452: 13350: 13212: 13132: 13122: 12908: 12765: 12468: 12426: 12369: 12143: 12054: 11552: 11150: 10775: 10663: 8740: 8584: 8565: 8548: 8262: 8250: 8133: 8061: 4988:"Recess Appointments To The Federal Judiciary: An Unconstitutional Transformation Of Senate Advice And Consent" 4779: 3961: 3170:"The Rapid Sequence of Events Forcing the Senate's Hand: A Reappraisal of the Seventeenth Amendment, 1890–1913" 2714: 2671:

rules were revised in 1975, the Democratic Party earned filibuster-proof supermajorities three times after the

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by the House. The Senate has typically been considered both a more deliberative and prestigious body than the

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Democracy More or Less: America's Political Reform Quandary (Cambridge Studies in Election Law and Democracy)

4536: 2430: 2007:

who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate premises. The

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to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed as present unless a

1696: 747:; the vice president may vote only if the Senate is equally divided. In the vice president's absence, the 14694: 14396: 14166: 14117: 13932: 13834: 13757: 13639: 13535: 13360: 13345: 13283: 12918: 12873: 12680: 12562: 12416: 11198: 11050: 10942: 10922: 10803: 10791: 10755: 8862: 8570: 8395: 8279: 7992: 7317: 7039: 6902: 3860: 2793: 2345: 2284: 2140: 1647:

comprises Senators whose six-year terms are set to expire on January 3, 2025. There is no constitutional

1569:– provide for gubernatorial appointments, but also require a special election on an accelerated schedule. 1472: 1445: 1274: 685: 6282: 5982:

The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights

3424: 2772:

does not caucus with the Democrats, but is "formally aligned with the Democrats for committee purposes".

14985: 14639: 14539: 14070: 13940: 13772: 13752: 13740: 13550: 13540: 13222: 13127: 12740: 12730: 12257: 12252: 12242: 12237: 11759: 11130: 10970: 8615: 8400: 7327: 6988: 6168: 6065:. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885; also 15th ed. 1900, repr. by photoreprint, Transaction books, 2002. 3360: 3270:

Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think

2261: 2121:

Within the United States, the Senate is sometimes referred to as "world's greatest deliberative body".

1885:

traditionally sits to the presiding officer's left, regardless of which party has a majority of seats.

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Lee, Frances E. (June 16, 2006). "Agreeing to Disagree: Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship, 198".

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Taking Text and Structure Seriously: Reflections on Free-Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation

2016: 1849:

support either of the larger parties) are not considered in determining which is the majority party.

792: 227: 14589: 4289: 3682: 3111:

Stewart, Charles; Reynolds, Mark (January 1, 1990). "Television Markets and U.S. Senate Elections".

2936:"Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia registers as independent, citing 'partisan extremism'" 14845: 14825: 13762: 13142: 13112: 13107: 13097: 12863: 12819: 12660: 12421: 12207: 12071: 11885: 11825: 11246: 11178: 11114: 10859: 10691: 10643: 10627: 10587: 10499: 8533: 7970: 6820: 6107: 3486:"The Folkways of the United States Senate: Conformity to Group Norms and Legislative Effectiveness" 2761: 2292: 2167: 1052: 4435: 15035: 15000: 14830: 14654: 14346: 13256: 12992: 12750: 11717: 11218: 10974: 10851: 10555: 8520: 8464: 8274: 7884: 7715: 7573: 7563: 7353: 7280: 6897: 6299: 5733: 2639: 2276: 2000: 1504: 1357: 1353: 1078: 802:

First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient

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and candidates receiving a majority of the votes is declared the winner, skipping a run-off. In

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Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers

4794: 4052: 14784: 14764: 14739: 14689: 14439: 13907: 13590: 12705: 12262: 12227: 12222: 12165: 12148: 11878: 11341: 11302: 11242: 11106: 11018: 10994: 10978: 10835: 10707: 8372: 7588: 7515: 7428: 7423: 6932: 5821:

Congress and the Nation XII: 2005–2008: Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses

5795:

Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress

5319: 4948: 4632: 3911: 2940: 1906: 1890: 1805:

a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have been expelled in the Senate's history:

1488: 1241: 732: 607: 534: 466: 4657: 4369: 73: 14970: 14940: 14885: 14734: 14649: 14604: 14594: 14584: 14259: 13387: 13261: 13152: 11962: 11942: 11890: 11840: 11781: 11712: 11234: 11034: 10930: 10899: 10819: 10811: 10635: 10288: 8576: 8332: 8189: 7980: 7890: 7827: 7761: 7710: 7285: 6949: 6228: 5049: 4876: 2610: 2166:(D-SC), who spoke for over 24 hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the 1616:– the governor must appoint someone of the same political party as the previous incumbent. 1456: 721: 395: 4844: 4025: 8: 15055: 15050: 14754: 14624: 14356: 13799: 13715: 13525: 13241: 12926: 12557: 11754: 11310: 11294: 11258: 11122: 11090: 11058: 11010: 10883: 10611: 10507: 10483: 8682: 8289: 8240: 8002: 7953: 7638: 7505: 5412:"The Senate Has Always Favored Smaller States. It Just Didn't Help Republicans Until Now" 5265:

You call this democracy? : how to fix our government and deliver power to the people

5019:"SCOTUS for law students (sponsored by Bloomberg Law): Recess appointments and the Court" 4911: 4840: 2692: 2511: 2450: 2288: 1196: 693: 457: 14270: 5915:

Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations.

890: 14835: 14744: 14714: 14664: 14544: 14509: 14459: 14391: 13039: 13027: 12745: 12735: 12712: 12695: 12091: 11835: 11830: 11702: 10906: 10723: 10009: 9792: 9005: 8672: 8362: 7700: 7618: 7558: 7438: 6442: 5682: 4706:

describes this process; one of the reforms is that seniority within the majority party

3521: 3513: 3120: 3093: 3085: 2789: 2582: 2503: 2492: 2477: 2373: 2368: 1760: 1678: 1566: 1464: 1449: 1396: 1251: 1146: 1073: 673: 461: 15040: 6331: 6077:

On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000

3556: 1991:, who works to ensure that his party's senators vote as the party leadership desires. 1789:). Unless in the context of elections, they are rarely identified by which one of the 1360:(aged 28 in 1818). Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since. In 1934, 872:

In contrast to the House of Representatives, the Senate has historically had stronger

14995: 14925: 14890: 14769: 14729: 14679: 14619: 14614: 14494: 14489: 14401: 14386: 14326: 13782: 12938: 12290: 11788: 11707: 11692: 11170: 11146: 10962: 10946: 10771: 10659: 8986: 8442: 8406: 8385: 7842: 7578: 7525: 7485: 7470: 7157: 6012: 6000: 5988: 5707: 5668: 5643: 5640:

James Madison Rules America: The Constitutional Origins of Congressional Partisanship

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has argued that the Senate's arcane rules have rendered it obsolete and ineffective.

2057: 1829: 1476: 1327: 1217: 1117: 838:

stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its

744: 619: 14574: 10408: 5975:

From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952

4893:, Chapter III: "Revenue and Supply". Text common to all printings or "editions"; in 4598: 3097: 2569:. The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice. 1491:

is used to nominate and elect candidates for federal offices, including the Senate.

894:

Members of the United States Senate by class from the staggered term system for the

15015: 14870: 14850: 14674: 14559: 14484: 14361: 14351: 14336: 14321: 13698: 13545: 13251: 13071: 12081: 11922: 11905: 11900: 11739: 11250: 11138: 10843: 10363: 10090: 9916: 9544: 9439: 9420: 8819: 8204: 7603: 7453: 7272: 6341: 6287: 5149: 3497: 3330: 3200: 3069: 2878:"Senate group eyes Social Security changes as Biden hits Republicans over benefits" 2801: 2605: 2421: 2367:

Bills may be introduced in either chamber of Congress. However, the Constitution's

1759:

is the senior senator from New York, having served in the senate since 1999, while

1441: 1426: 1361: 1122: 795:—threatened to secede and won the day by a vote of 5–4 in what became known as the 755:. In the early 1920s, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their 736: 661:

of their respective states. However, since 1913, following the ratification of the

538: 480: 444: 438: 138: 124: 9761: 6346: 5542: 4555: 3857:"Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election" 3390: 15086: 14965: 14704: 14684: 14659: 14634: 14609: 14599: 14554: 14549: 14504: 14469: 13407: 13183: 13081: 12853: 12153: 12086: 11855: 11776: 11722: 11202: 11042: 10910: 10875: 10827: 10795: 10747: 10683: 10603: 10571: 10539: 9749: 9470: 9315: 9203: 9110: 8955: 8732: 8419: 7369: 7277: 6058: 5970:. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995 (Democratic majority leader 1950–52) 5800: 5376: 5259: 5224: 5090: 4871: 4851: 4826: 4801: 4411: 4146: 3956: 3563: 2719: 2664: 2614: 2488: 2362: 1966: 1841: 1644: 666: 622:

to pass or defeat federal legislation. The Senate has exclusive power to confirm

289: 6055:

U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s)

3897: 3829: 3770:"Kentucky lawmakers override veto of Mitch McConnell-backed Senate vacancy plan" 1437:

rules for independent and minor party candidates also vary from state to state.

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The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement

3204: 2765: 2746: 2543: 2520: 2434: 2396: 2190: 2163: 1806: 1597: 1138: 980: 839: 6032:

The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841

5283: 5198: 5154: 4078: 3639: 3242: 3139:"When the House and the Senate Are Controlled by Different Parties, Who Wins?" 2328: 15111: 15081: 15076: 14431: 12858: 12158: 11967: 11602: 10914: 10731: 10651: 10338: 10319: 9966: 9873: 9780: 9699: 9637: 9501: 9377: 8781: 7837: 7663: 7443: 7250: 6256: 6243: 6147: 5515: 5163: 3509: 3081: 2758: 2155: 2091: 1780: 1772: 1756: 1665:; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a 1609: 1550: 1434: 1331: 611: 599: 591: 522: 364: 266: 217: 5504:"America's electoral system gives the Republicans advantages over Democrats" 5343:"'Our moment is now': can Washington DC statehood finally become a reality?" 3304: 15071: 14920: 14855: 14371: 13165: 13137: 12192: 11154: 10779: 10667: 10245: 10102: 9947: 9854: 9730: 9606: 9575: 9532: 9346: 9141: 9129: 9017: 8943: 8912: 8794: 8708: 7932: 7832: 7480: 7475: 5314: 5263: 5178: 4864: 4770: 4682: 4678: 3222: 2551: 2547: 2115: 1874: 1821: 1527: 1519: 803: 787: 243: 63: 5600:

Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point

5233:

Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point

3728: 2445: 1444:

is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties (and a select few

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was created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2006

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The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940–1952

5947:

The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment

3284: 2797: 2754: 2592: 2083: 2068: 1809:, for treason, in 1797, and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the 1747:

The senator in each state with the longer time in office is known as the

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Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate

3169: 2953:

Manchin will continue to caucus with Democrats and keep his chairmanship

2189:

prominently and persistently wielded in defense of white supremacy. The

14313: 12305: 12111: 11937: 11932: 11850: 10059: 9594: 9513: 9408: 9389: 9265: 9234: 9222: 9160: 9098: 9079: 9036: 8924: 8893: 5940:

Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990

5781:

First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century

5083: 3517: 2909:"Sanders calls Sinema 'corporate Democrat' who 'sabotaged' legislation" 2785: 2738: 2631: 2481: 2381: 2146: 1934: 1771:

Like members of the House of Representatives, Senators use the prefix "

1460: 1345: 646: 335: 6039:

Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976

5954:

Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation

3124: 3089: 2078:

The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a

1701: 13794: 13787: 10226: 10040: 9935: 9451: 9327: 9172: 7904: 7510: 6294:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present

5933:

The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate

5183:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 2, 40, 44. 3848: 2213: 1813: 1546: 1531: 1468: 1365: 1175: 6316: 3683:"The Term of A Senator – When Does It Begin and End? – Senate 98-29" 3501: 11977: 11927: 10152: 10133: 9885: 9823: 8479:

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

7897: 7348: 6320: 6138: 5928:(Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information) 4912:"This Is What Happened Last Time a Cabinet Nomination Was Rejected" 4865:

Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions

3729:"U.S. Senate Vacancies: Contemporary Developments and Perspectives" 3073: 3060:

Amar, Vik D. (January 1, 1988). "The Senate and the Constitution".

2846: 2524: 2461: 2304: 2296: 2050: 1601: 1589: 1585: 677: 672:

As the upper chamber of Congress, the Senate has several powers of

2437:

in 1868; by one vote, the Senate exonerated Johnson on charges of

7418: 6310: 5642:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (published June 16, 2010). 2769: 2750: 2531: 2272: 2151: 1901: 1613: 1593: 1577: 1562: 1096: 765: 2514:

without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make

1932:

serves as president of the Senate. They may vote in the Senate (

641:

The composition and powers of the Senate are established by the

8284: 7879: 6350: 3224:

The Senate : from white supremacy to governmental gridlock

2781: 2079: 1718: 1661:

A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a

1581: 1538: 1523: 1484: 1154: 3799:"House approves appointment process for U.S. Senate vacancies" 2842:"Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" 1914:

also hired to run various day-to-day functions of the Senate.

1861:

A typical Senate desk on the floor of the United States Senate

1824:

in 1995. The Senate has also censured and condemned senators;

614:. Together, the Senate and the House have the authority under 8458:

Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

6332:

Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present

4050: 3227:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 40. 2742: 2425:

The Senate has the power to try impeachments; shown above is

2252: 2061: 1946: 1881:

traditionally sits to the presiding officer's right, and the

1857: 1558: 1480: 815: 57:

https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/article-1/section-3/

5831:

vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication.

3289:. Stephen Wirls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3168:

Joseph S. Friedman, undergraduate student (March 30, 2009).

7530: 5706:. Cambridge University Press (published December 8, 2014). 4947:. US Senate, Congressional Research Service. Archived from 2041: 1866: 1796: 1605: 849:

Graph showing historical party control of the U.S. Senate,

743:

serves as presiding officer and president of the Senate by

5949:. Transaction Books, 1995. (Popular elections of senators) 4626:"Secret Sessions of Congress: A Brief Historical Overview" 2530:

The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to

2207:. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails. 1820:

when faced with expulsion proceedings – for example,

14300: 7251:

Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media

5993:

Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents

5805:

The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate

5180:

The Senate: from white supremacy to governmental gridlock

4897:

it is Vol.4 (1968), p.91; for unchanged text, see p. 13,

3174:

Curej – College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal

1816:. Although no senator has been expelled since 1862, many 1721:

after five years of service. Senators are covered by the

739:, the nation's capital. Despite not being a senator, the 553: 6272: 5920:

Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. (1998).

5078:

For an example, and a discussion of the literature, see

2710:

Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate

1763:

is New York's junior senator, having served since 2009.

1677:

The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or

1455:

However, in five states, different methods are used. In

6046:

Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress

5814:

Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees

5774:

The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History

6005:

The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion

4820:

Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics

3884: 3882: 2587:

United States Congress § Outside income and gifts

1425:. Senators are elected by their state as a whole. The 1376:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

10438: 6025:

Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869–1901

1877:

pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle. The

8381:

List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex

6099:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

3805:. Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs. May 27, 2021. 4371:"Filibusters and arcane obstructions in the Senate" 3879: 15128:Legislative branch of the United States government 8762: 7927: 5006:– via Penn Law Legal Scholarship Repository. 4854:", Library of Congress (accessed August 26, 2013). 3167: 1941:The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a 1477:blanket primary is considered the general election 1421:, and occur simultaneously with elections for the 5764:U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs) 4147:"Use of the Honorable for U.S. Elected Officials" 3692:. United States Printing Office. pp. 14–15. 865:in 1913, senators were elected by the individual 665:, senators have been elected through a statewide 15109: 13006:Native American recognition in the United States 8500:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door 8067:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations 6084:The American Congress: The Building of Democracy 5474:"American democracy's Senate problem, explained" 3577:"1801–1850, November 16, 1818: Youngest Senator" 3413: 2993: 2991: 2966:"Sinema Trashes Dems: 'Old Dudes Eating Jell-O'" 1835: 1576:In ten states within the final category above – 6152:Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993 5597: 5371: 5223: 5097:, Vol. 108, No. 6. (April 1995), pp. 1221–1303. 4051:Sean Loughlin and Robert Yoon (June 13, 2003). 3110: 6143:Historical Almanac of the United States Senate 2384:approved by Parliament have originated in the 14286: 13403:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 11587: 10424: 8748: 6371: 6072:Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. (Early history) 5625:The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 4517:. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006 4480:"Senate reform: Lazing on a Senate afternoon" 3821: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 2988: 2491:without the Senate's advice and consent. The 1924:Presiding Officer of the United States Senate 1865:At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a 1304: 643:Article One of the United States Constitution 6300:United States Senate Calendars and Schedules 6091: 6017:The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction 5637: 5574:"America's democracy is failing. Here's why" 4830:, pp. 155–156 (Transaction Publishers 2002). 4768: 4573:"How majority rule works in the U.S. Senate" 4020: 4018: 4016: 2764:with the Democratic Party; independent Sen. 2329:Senate Building, Washington DC, HD from 35mm 8528:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way 5381:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind" 4567: 4565: 3985: 3983: 2579:Democratic backsliding in the United States 2283:considers nominees for judgeships, and the 2228:Closed sessions of the United States Senate 824: 808: 14293: 14279: 11601: 11594: 11580: 10431: 10417: 8755: 8741: 6385: 6378: 6364: 5961:The American Senate: An Insider's History. 5952:Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. 5598:Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). 4450:"World's greatest deliberative body watch" 3767: 3711: 2310: 1391:Originally, senators were selected by the 1311: 1297: 579:Standing Rules of the United States Senate 521: 137: 123: 13016:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 6273:The United States Senate Official Website 6133:Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992 6070:The Invention of the United States Senate 6053:Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat. 5571: 5443:"How to Stop the Minority-Rule Doom Loop" 5440: 5153: 4795:The Invention of the United States Senate 4675:American Dictionary of National Biography 4651:"Secret Sessions of the House and Senate" 4013: 3832:. Massachusetts Great and General Court. 3453: 3451: 3286:The Invention of the United States Senate 2906: 2686:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 2413:, which includes members of both bodies. 2124: 1979:Party leaders of the United States Senate 1324:Article I, Section 3, of the Constitution 708:. If no candidate receives a majority of 92:Learn how and when to remove this message 15123:1789 establishments in the United States 8714:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 6224:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 6207: 6007:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 5793:David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. 5602:. New York: Crown. pp. 4, 206–209. 5471: 4562: 4428:"The World's Greatest Deliberative Body" 4339:"Presiding Loses Its Prestige in Senate" 4110:"Traditions of the United States Senate" 3980: 3483: 3383: 2444: 2420: 2287:considers nominees for positions in the 2251: 1900: 1856: 1797:Expulsion and other disciplinary actions 1700: 1697:United States Congress § Privileges 889: 844: 64:https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1248598962 45:lists the same citations more than once. 13067:List of counties and county equivalents 7481:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) 6441: 6041:Sharpe, 1999 (Senate Democratic leader) 6011: 5999: 5987: 5741:from the original on September 11, 2024 5663:Amar, Akhil Reed (September 13, 2005). 5622: 5472:Yglesias, Matthew (December 17, 2019). 5409: 5391:from the original on September 20, 2023 5029:from the original on September 11, 2024 5016: 4857: 4752: 4508: 4336: 4256:"Senate Chamber Desks – Desk Occupants" 3855:DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). 3828:DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). 3793: 3791: 3776:from the original on September 11, 2024 3311:from the original on September 11, 2024 2933: 2705:Divided government in the United States 2135:Reconciliation (United States Congress) 14: 15110: 10457:United States House of Representatives 6958:Caucuses of the United States Congress 6338:Works by or about United States Senate 5963:Oxford University Press, 2013. 455 pp. 5726: 5553:from the original on December 20, 2022 5540: 5353:from the original on February 13, 2023 5047: 5017:Wermiel, Stephen (February 15, 2013). 4922:from the original on December 10, 2020 4740:from the original on February 10, 2014 4367: 4314:. United States Senate. Archived from 4312:"Glossary Term: president pro tempore" 4288:. United States Senate. Archived from 4157:from the original on November 24, 2020 4144: 4126:from the original on December 11, 2018 4089:from the original on November 12, 2019 4059:from the original on December 23, 2020 3941:United States Constitution, Article VI 3809:from the original on February 13, 2023 3699:from the original on December 22, 2020 3663:from the original on February 19, 2021 3650: 3617:from the original on December 24, 2023 3587:from the original on December 26, 2002 3465:from the original on November 24, 2020 3448: 3423:. uspolitics.about.com. Archived from 3331:"Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: 3149:from the original on November 21, 2023 3005:from the original on November 27, 2022 2416: 2131:Filibuster in the United States Senate 1994: 1690: 1413:List of United States Senate elections 930:Great Seal of the United States Senate 886:List of current United States senators 604:United States House of Representatives 14274: 11575: 11560:Lists of past U.S. state legislatures 10412: 8736: 7926: 7249: 6440: 6359: 6150:, with the Senate Historical Office. 6130:Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830–1993 5825:Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 5729:"How Democrats Lost Their Majorities" 5522:from the original on February 6, 2023 5484:from the original on February 6, 2023 5453:from the original on February 6, 2023 5422:from the original on February 4, 2023 5340: 5258: 5254: 5252: 5205:from the original on December 8, 2023 5176: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5108:"Complete list of impeachment trials" 4985: 4786: 4490:from the original on October 14, 2010 4266:from the original on January 21, 2022 4236:from the original on October 26, 2020 4206:from the original on October 18, 2012 4032:from the original on January 14, 2021 3922:from the original on December 8, 2020 3854: 3830:"Temporary Appointment of US Senator" 3827: 3726: 3550: 3371:from the original on November 9, 2020 3341:from the original on January 14, 2012 3282: 3249:from the original on December 8, 2023 3220: 3216: 3214: 2907:Schonfeld, Zach (December 11, 2022). 2854:from the original on December 8, 2020 2248:United States congressional committee 1954:, who whispers what they should do". 1739:Seniority in the United States Senate 1386: 5959:MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker. 5786:Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, 5701: 5662: 5060:from the original on January 7, 2021 4910:King, Elizabeth (February 3, 2017). 4909: 4648: 4623: 4579:from the original on January 7, 2021 3867:from the original on January 8, 2021 3836:from the original on August 29, 2019 3788: 3401:from the original on August 30, 2010 3267: 3059: 2976:from the original on October 8, 2023 2915:from the original on August 31, 2023 2888:from the original on August 31, 2023 2625: 2015:, who is elected by the Senate, and 1917: 1226:Vice presidential tie-breaking votes 731:is located in the north wing of the 29: 6589:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded 6313:(U.S. Government Publishing Office) 6106:The following are published by the 5956:. U. of Chicago Press 1999. 304 pp. 5790:(1975); new edition every two years 5665:America's Constitution: A Biography 5572:Millhiser, Ian (January 30, 2020). 5541:Lazare, Daniel (December 2, 2014). 5050:"Restore the Senate's Treaty Power" 5048:Bolton, John R. (January 5, 2009). 4805:(Taylor & Francis 2004). p. 188 4734:"Constitution of the United States" 4175: 4053:"Millionaires populate U.S. Senate" 4026:"US Congress Salaries and Benefits" 3912:"Dates of Sessions of the Congress" 3890:"Stevens could keep seat in Senate" 3727:Neale, Thomas H. (April 12, 2018). 3651:Brooks, James (December 14, 2020). 3276: 3190: 3180:from the original on July 24, 2019. 2999:"Constitution of the United States" 2731: 2691:and the Obama presidency, like the 2649:Madison writes about this tradeoff: 1723:Federal Employees Retirement System 938:History of the United States Senate 778:History of the United States Senate 764:on some matters and its remedy the 741:vice president of the United States 598:. The United States Senate and the 24: 6194: 6068:Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. 5906:Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 5899:Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 5892:Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972 5885:Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976 5878:Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980 5871:Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984 5864:Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988 5857:Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992 5850:Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996 5843:Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001 5836:Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004 5591: 5441:Jentleson, Adam (April 12, 2021). 5249: 5130: 4792:Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. 4599:"Yea or Nay? Voting in the Senate" 4575:. Nieman Watchdog. July 31, 2009. 4368:Packer, George (January 7, 2009). 3968:from the original on July 28, 2018 3896:. October 28, 2009. Archived from 3738:. Congressional Research Service. 3211: 2784:(for its primary elections only), 2536:chief justice of the United States 2516:congressional-executive agreements 925: 25: 15144: 12412:Director of National Intelligence 10440:Legislatures of the United States 8472:Progress of Civilization Pediment 8326:Congressional Pictorial Directory 7179:By length of service historically 6175: 5829:Congress and the Nation 2009–2012 5638:Connelly Jr., William F. (2010). 5146:American Political Science Review 4986:Pyser, Steven M. (January 2006). 4605:from the original on May 11, 2011 4382:from the original on July 1, 2014 4226:"Senate Chamber Desks – Overview" 4107: 3745:from the original on June 5, 2018 3611:Constitution of the United States 3544:Constitution of the United States 3490:American Political Science Review 3047:Constitution of the United States 3029:Constitution of the United States 2221: 2173:Under certain circumstances, the 2064:of the Senate to maintain order. 2027: 901: 702:other federal executive officials 680:, as well as the confirmation of 14515:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12568:Government Accountability Office 10362: 8340:Official Congressional Directory 7959:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) 6324: 6206: 5720: 5695: 5656: 5631: 5310:"Non-voting members of Congress" 5290:from the original on May 2, 2022 4763: This article incorporates 4758: 4649:Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008). 4624:Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008). 3461:. U.S. Senate official website. 3025:"Article 1, Section 3, Clause 1" 2378:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2323: 2175:Congressional Budget Act of 1974 1972: 836:Article Five of the Constitution 676:. These include the approval of 363: 34: 15097:List of legislatures by country 8149:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper 6996:Arab and Middle Eastern members 6893:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group 6428:Lists of United States Congress 6347:Congressional Chronicle: Senate 5908:(1965), the first of the series 5827:and the annual CQ almanac. The 5757: 5727:Showah, Robert (July 5, 2022). 5616: 5565: 5534: 5496: 5465: 5434: 5403: 5365: 5334: 5302: 5217: 5170: 5142:"Senate Countermajoritarianism" 5100: 5072: 5041: 5010: 4979: 4966: 4934: 4903: 4883: 4833: 4808: 4726: 4713: 4692: 4667: 4642: 4617: 4591: 4543: 4509:Quinton, Jeff (July 27, 2003). 4502: 4472: 4442: 4420: 4394: 4361: 4330: 4304: 4286:"Glossary Term: vice president" 4278: 4248: 4218: 4192: 4169: 4145:Hickey, Robert (May 18, 2020). 4138: 4101: 4071: 4044: 3945: 3934: 3904: 3761: 3675: 3644: 3629: 3599: 3569: 3532: 3477: 3439: 3353: 3323: 3261: 3184: 3161: 3131: 3104: 3053: 3035: 3017: 2177:provides for a process called " 1755:. For example, majority leader 1727:Civil Service Retirement System 806:. The name is derived from the 650: 15092:List of abolished upper houses 14211:Separation of church and state 12427:National Reconnaissance Office 12370:President of the United States 11553:List of U.S. state legislators 8764:Current United States senators 8251:Congressional Research Service 7998:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) 7001:Asian Pacific American members 5783:Congressional Quarterly, 1991. 5410:Drutman, Lee (July 29, 2020). 5341:Greve, Joan E. (May 3, 2021). 4780:Congressional Research Service 4434:. July 5, 1993. Archived from 3772:. Louisville Courier Journal. 2958: 2934:Mascaro, Lisa (May 31, 2024). 2927: 2900: 2870: 2834: 2811: 2775: 2715:Elections in the United States 2356: 2342:Dirksen Senate Office Building 2338:Russell Senate Office Building 2258:Dirksen Senate Office Building 2194:in both the House and Senate. 1818:senators have chosen to resign 1785: 27:Upper house of the US Congress 13: 1: 8486:Surrender of General Burgoyne 7843:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) 7006:Asian Pacific American Caucus 6599:Lost re-election in a primary 6317:Works by United States Senate 6048:. U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995 5687:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 4992:Journal of Constitutional Law 4403:Senate Procedure and Practice 4337:Mershon, Erin (August 2011). 3459:"Direct Election of Senators" 3193:Legislative Studies Quarterly 3113:Legislative Studies Quarterly 2827: 2454: 2241: 1836:Majority and minority parties 879: 851:U.S. House of Representatives 690:justices of the Supreme Court 76:to identify unique citations. 12573:Government Publishing Office 12041:Technological and industrial 8493:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 8436:The Apotheosis of Washington 8170:Chief Administrative Officer 8008:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) 6288:Standing Rules of the Senate 6034:. U. of Michigan Press, 1996 5268:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 3962:"U.S. Senate Oath of Office" 3484:Matthews, Donald R. (1959). 2636:Pluralism (political theory) 2572: 2439:high crimes and misdemeanors 2351: 2022: 1952:the Senate's parliamentarian 1928:Under the Constitution, the 1840:The "majority party" is the 1732: 1649:limit to the number of terms 1494: 1406: 1011:United States Vice President 896:118th United States Congress 876:of conduct for its members. 117:118th United States Congress 7: 14045:Women's reproductive health 13011:Federally recognized tribes 12874:Public utilities commission 12778:Public Health Service Corps 12681:Code of Federal Regulations 12563:Congressional Budget Office 12417:Central Intelligence Agency 12323:Water supply and sanitation 11750:Declaration of Independence 8658:Health and Fitness Facility 8450:Declaration of Independence 7219:Killed or wounded in office 7040:Congressional Jewish Caucus 7013:Hispanic and Latino members 6334:, via Texas Tech University 6323:(public domain audiobooks) 5995:. Harvard University Press. 5977:. Susquehanna U. Press 2000 5140:Evans, C. Lawrence (2024). 3861:Massachusetts General Court 3361:"Hawaii becomes 50th state" 2794:nonpartisan blanket primary 2698: 2346:Hart Senate Office Building 2285:Foreign Relations Committee 2260:, used for hearings by the 2141:Clay pigeon floor procedure 1896: 1473:nonpartisan blanket primary 861:Before the adoption of the 10: 15149: 13223:Red states and blue states 13128:City commission government 13123:Council–manager government 8072:Interparliamentary Affairs 7993:Congr. Budget Office (CBO) 7629:Riddick's Senate Procedure 7056:Gender and sexual identity 6169:Government Printing Office 6164:Riddick's Senate Procedure 6019:. Oxford University Press. 5761: 4825:February 12, 2021, at the 4800:February 12, 2021, at the 4559:(Procedure in the Senate). 3562:November 23, 2021, at the 3205:10.3162/036298008784311000 2629: 2576: 2360: 2262:Senate Judiciary Committee 2256:Committee Room 226 in the 2245: 2225: 2138: 2128: 1976: 1921: 1852: 1736: 1694: 1431:United States Constitution 1410: 883: 775: 771: 706:federal uniformed officers 567:United States Constitution 15064: 14811: 14793: 14753: 14430: 14312: 14232: 14058: 13931: 13863: 13516: 13512: 13503: 13451: 13316: 13307: 13203: 13174: 13151: 13090: 13057: 13048: 12991: 12979:Comparison of governments 12954: 12917: 12894: 12810: 12790: 12721: 12659: 12581: 12504: 12362: 12353: 12349: 12340: 12062: 12053: 11998: 11958:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 11799:drafting and ratification 11772:Articles of Confederation 11685: 11619: 11610: 11547: 11359: 11277: 10473: 10446: 10371: 10360: 8802: 8770: 8701: 8678:Old Supreme Court Chamber 8643: 8593: 8558: 8547: 8391:Congressional Prayer Room 8371: 8308: 8239: 8157: 8106: 8099: 8054: 8028: 8021: 7944: 7940: 7922: 7872: 7838:Congress Hall (1790–1800) 7789: 7780: 7754: 7672: 7551: 7362: 7336: 7260: 7256: 7245: 7184:Current members by wealth 7171: 7119: 7103: 7055: 6966: 6948: 6941: 6915: 6868: 6784: 6777: 6617: 6609:Elected but did not serve 6559: 6496: 6460: 6453: 6449: 6436: 6393: 6092:Official Senate histories 6051:Weller, Cecil Edward Jr. 5924:, 6th ed. Washington DC: 5917:Cambridge U. Press, 2001. 5904:Congressional Quarterly, 5897:Congressional Quarterly, 5890:Congressional Quarterly, 5883:Congressional Quarterly, 5876:Congressional Quarterly, 5869:Congressional Quarterly, 5862:Congressional Quarterly, 5855:Congressional Quarterly, 5848:Congressional Quarterly. 5841:Congressional Quarterly, 5816:U. Press of Kansas, 2004. 5155:10.1017/S0003055424000510 4942:"Recess Appointments FAQ" 4850:October 16, 2015, at the 4535:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3557:Federalist Papers, No. 62 3272:. Ecco. pp. 153–154. 2390:constitutional convention 2322: 2317: 2197: 2097: 1791:three classes of senators 1766: 1751:, while the other is the 1369:was elected to the Senate 793:Articles of Confederation 577: 572: 565: 560: 551: 546: 529: 520: 515: 502: 489: 436: 431: 421: 371: 362: 354: 349: 326: 303: 280: 257: 234: 208: 203: 192:January 3, 2023 186: 181: 171: 153: 148: 136: 122: 115: 108: 14780:Northern Mariana Islands 13998:Prescription drug prices 13118:Mayor–council government 13108:Coterminous municipality 13098:Consolidated city-county 12864:Agriculture commissioner 12514:House of Representatives 12422:National Security Agency 12072:Contiguous United States 11318:Northern Mariana Islands 7971:Architect of the Capitol 7833:Federal Hall (1789–1790) 6974:African-American members 6398:House of Representatives 6108:Senate Historical Office 6082:Zelizer, Julian E., ed. 6063:Congressional Government 5926:Congressional Quarterly. 5922:Congress and Its Members 5913:Cooper, John Milton Jr. 5834:Congressional Quarterly 5819:Congressional Quarterly 5779:Baker, Richard A., ed., 5627:. Yale University Press. 5089:January 8, 2021, at the 4895:Papers of Woodrow Wilson 4891:Congressional Government 4880:, Vol. 4, p. 330 (1919). 4870:January 7, 2021, at the 4515:Backcountry Conservative 4202:. Senate Chamber Desks. 2725: 2299:witnesses and evidence. 2168:Civil Rights Act of 1957 2038:House of Representatives 2036:for operation. Like the 1423:House of Representatives 1047:the United States Senate 909:This article is part of 718:House of Representatives 696:, regulatory officials, 655:staggered six-year terms 638:branches of government. 14083:Criticism of government 13428:Social welfare programs 13021:State-recognized tribes 12006:Outline of U.S. history 11718:Continental Association 8521:Washington at Princeton 8465:Apotheosis of Democracy 7885:Congressional Quarterly 7574:Executive communication 7564:Blue slip (U.S. Senate) 7521:Suspension of the rules 7047:Native American members 6473:By shortness of service 6156:essays reprinted online 5938:Hernon, Joseph Martin. 5734:The Wall Street Journal 4685:; in general, Ritchie, 4511:"Thurmond's Filibuster" 4410:March 23, 2019, at the 4028:. Usgovinfo.about.com. 3043:"Seventeenth Amendment" 2804:, for their respective 2792:additionally utilize a 2640:Tyranny of the majority 2472:The president can make 2311:Senate office buildings 2001:secretary of the Senate 1989:assistant leader (whip) 1905:The Senate side of the 1672: 1630: 1505:secretary of the Senate 1379:who had sided with the 1356:(aged 28 in 1816), and 1354:Armistead Thomson Mason 1263:Senate office buildings 606:, comprise the federal 344:since January 20, 2021 321:since January 20, 2021 298:since January 20, 2021 275:since January 20, 2021 211:President of the Senate 143:Flag of the U.S. Senate 130:Seal of the U.S. Senate 14342:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14145:Environmental movement 13988:Health insurance costs 13883:Educational attainment 13408:Federal Reserve System 13366:Science and technology 12869:Insurance commissioner 12407:Intelligence Community 12102:minor outlying islands 11865:Civil rights movement 10448:United States Congress 8688:Webster Page Residence 8663:House Recording Studio 8507:Revolutionary War Door 8268:Register of Copyrights 7849:Biographical Directory 7318:"Necessary and Proper" 6858:Policy Committee Chair 6836:Policy Committee Chair 6387:United States Congress 6202: 6182:Listen to this article 5984:. Harcourt Brace, 1996 5177:Wirls, Daniel (2021). 4765:public domain material 4178:"Too Many Honorables?" 3607:"Fourteenth Amendment" 3566:, Library of Congress. 3540:"Article 1, Section 3" 3283:Wirls, Daniel (2004). 3221:Wirls, Daniel (2021). 2656: 2567:Richard Mentor Johnson 2499:Myers v. United States 2465: 2442: 2406: 2264: 2125:Filibuster and cloture 1910: 1862: 1706: 1688: 1350:John Jordan Crittenden 1341: 1066:Politics and procedure 931: 898: 858: 825: 809: 797:Connecticut Compromise 649:is represented by two 596:United States Congress 252:since January 3, 2023 165:United States Congress 72:Please consider using 18:United States Senators 15133:National upper houses 14520:Republic of the Congo 13971:Immigrant health care 13486:Transportation safety 13481:Transportation policy 13471:Public transportation 12541:President pro tempore 12397:Executive departments 12166:National Park Service 11821:Territorial evolution 11361:Legislative elections 8787:President pro tempore 8013:Technology Assessment 7434:Dear Colleague letter 7429:Continuing resolution 7424:Concurrent resolution 6903:Republican Conference 6843:Republican Conference 6804:President pro tempore 6536:Born outside the U.S. 6278:Sortable contact data 6257:38.89056°N 77.00889°W 6201: 6119:The Senate, 1789–1989 5966:McFarland, Ernest W. 5762:Further information: 5623:Farrand, Max (1911). 5379:(September 5, 2023). 5231:(2023). "Chapter 6". 4845:How Our Laws Are Made 4200:"Seating Arrangement" 2941:Associated Press News 2850:. November 14, 2012. 2651: 2622:democratizing trend. 2464:are visible by desks. 2448: 2424: 2401: 2361:Further information: 2255: 2019:, who are appointed. 1943:president pro tempore 1907:United States Capitol 1904: 1891:Burning of Washington 1860: 1704: 1683: 1651:a senator may serve. 1501:Seventeenth Amendment 1452:of the popular vote. 1411:Further information: 1401:Seventeenth Amendment 1336: 1257:Senate Reception Room 1242:United States Capitol 1058:Republican Conference 1021:President pro tempore 929: 893: 863:Seventeenth Amendment 848: 749:president pro tempore 745:virtue of that office 663:Seventeenth Amendment 630:on the powers of the 608:bicameral legislature 602:of the Congress, the 535:United States Capitol 467:Instant-runoff voting 237:President pro tempore 48:The reason given is: 15118:United States Senate 14140:Environmental issues 13805:Political ideologies 13704:Indigenous languages 12904:List of legislatures 12701:separation of powers 12402:Independent agencies 12328:World Heritage Sites 11963:September 11 attacks 11886:Spanish–American War 11826:Mexican–American War 11782:Confederation period 11713:Continental Congress 11288:District of Columbia 10464:United States Senate 8577:Mountains and Clouds 8333:Congressional Record 8190:Floor Services Chief 8077:Law Revision Counsel 7828:Continental Congress 7323:Power of enforcement 7286:Contempt of Congress 7189:From multiple states 7142:Mormon (LDS) members 6950:Congressional caucus 6594:Served a single term 6526:Expelled or censured 6468:By length of service 6233:More spoken articles 6167:. Washington, D.C.: 6044:VanBeek, Stephen D. 5973:Malsberger, John W. 5702:Cain, Bruce (2014). 5543:"Abolish the Senate" 5322:on November 23, 2010 5112:United States Senate 4954:on December 29, 2017 4877:Minnesota Law Review 4292:on November 30, 2016 4260:United States Senate 4230:United States Senate 4117:United States Senate 4079:"Wealth of Congress" 3995:United States Senate 3916:United States Senate 3894:Anchorage Daily News 3690:United States Senate 3657:Anchorage Daily News 3581:United States Senate 3393:Article 1, Section 1 3391:"U.S. Constitution: 3268:Litt, David (2020). 3062:The Yale Law Journal 2611:one person, one vote 2602:District of Columbia 2512:executive agreements 2489:congressional recess 2474:certain appointments 2411:conference committee 1985:Senate party leaders 1963:speaker of the House 1705:U.S. Senate salaries 1639:into thirds (called 1489:ranked-choice voting 919:United States Senate 782:The drafters of the 588:United States Senate 110:United States Senate 14720:Trinidad and Tobago 14445:Antigua and Barbuda 13983:Health care finance 13476:Rail transportation 13242:Imperial presidency 12964:State constitutions 12909:List of legislators 12859:Auditor/Comptroller 12832:Lieutenant governor 12558:Library of Congress 12449:Diplomatic Security 12092:Indian reservations 11755:American Revolution 11350:U.S. Virgin Islands 8601:Building Commission 8082:Legislative Counsel 8003:Library of Congress 7964:Comptroller General 7954:Congressional staff 7639:Senatorial courtesy 7028:Hispanic Conference 6443:Members and leaders 6262:38.89056; -77.00889 6253: / 6075:Zelizer, Julian E. 5812:Comiskey, Michael. 5235:. New York: Crown. 5118:on December 2, 2010 4841:Library of Congress 4673:See, for examples, 4460:on February 4, 2021 4454:The Washington Post 4438:on August 11, 2009. 4349:on February 8, 2017 4318:on December 5, 2016 4188:on January 1, 2016. 4151:formsofaddress.info 4001:on January 14, 2021 3427:on November 1, 2012 2693:Affordable Care Act 2504:Recess appointments 2451:U.S. Senate chamber 2417:Checks and balances 2374:appropriation bills 2289:Department of State 2281:Judiciary Committee 2111:rules of the Senate 1995:Non-member officers 1909:in Washington, D.C. 1691:Salary and benefits 1656:Twentieth Amendment 1352:(aged 29 in 1817), 1348:(aged 29 in 1806), 1197:Senatorial courtesy 1045:Party leadership of 1003:Women in the Senate 682:Cabinet secretaries 188:New session started 50:DuplicateReferences 14941:Kingdom of Ireland 14886:Dominican Republic 14530:Dominican Republic 14093:affirmative action 14066:Capital punishment 14025:Poverty and health 14020:Physician shortage 13993:Health care prices 13923:Standard of living 13606:standard of living 13413:Financial position 13040:Hawaiian home land 13028:Indian reservation 13001:Tribal sovereignty 12844:Secretary of state 12713:United States Code 12629:Territorial courts 12601:Associate Justices 12486:Inspector generals 11973:War in Afghanistan 11836:Reconstruction era 11703:Stamp Act Congress 11279:Other legislatures 10475:State legislatures 8673:Old Senate Chamber 8539:VP Bust Collection 8363:United States Code 8295:Jefferson Building 7988:Cap. Guide Service 7855:Divided government 7772:Seal of the Senate 7736:Select and special 7701:Discharge petition 7654:Tie-breaking votes 7619:Recess appointment 7559:Advice and consent 7439:Discharge petition 7382:Appropriation bill 7291:Declaration of war 6483:Non-voting members 6283:Senate Chamber Map 6203: 6013:Ritchie, Donald A. 6001:Ritchie, Donald A. 5989:Ritchie, Donald A. 5095:Harvard Law Review 5054:The New York Times 4769:James V. Saturno. 4723:, pp .44, 175, 209 4702:, p. 44. Zelizer, 4663:on August 6, 2009. 4638:on August 6, 2009. 4108:Baker, Richard A. 3143:The New York Times 2972:. March 23, 2023. 2737:Independent Sens. 2583:Universal suffrage 2493:recess appointment 2478:advice and consent 2466: 2443: 2429:'s drawing of the 2369:Origination Clause 2265: 1983:Each party elects 1911: 1863: 1761:Kirsten Gillibrand 1744:state population. 1707: 1393:state legislatures 1387:Elections and term 1252:Old Senate Chamber 1147:Recess appointment 1074:Advice and consent 932: 899: 867:state legislatures 859: 674:advice and consent 452:Varies in 4 states 15105: 15104: 14757:other territories 14595:Japan (post-1947) 14540:Equatorial Guinea 14268: 14267: 14228: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14194:National security 13903:Income inequality 13783:Statue of Liberty 13586:income inequality 13499: 13498: 13491:Trucking industry 13303: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13230:Foreign relations 13218:Electoral College 13199: 13198: 12987: 12986: 12939:District attorney 12786: 12785: 12613:Courts of appeals 12336: 12335: 12049: 12048: 11990:COVID-19 pandemic 11943:Feminist Movement 11789:American frontier 11708:Thirteen Colonies 11569: 11568: 10406: 10405: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8639: 8638: 8443:Statue of Freedom 8407:Statue of Freedom 8386:Brumidi Corridors 8358:Statutes at Large 8312:Publishing Office 8235: 8234: 8095: 8094: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7868: 7867: 7816:election disputes 7804:speaker elections 7767:Mace of the House 7614:Presiding Officer 7579:Executive session 7526:Unanimous consent 7486:Multiple referral 7471:Lame-duck session 7241: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7167: 7166: 6967:Ethnic and racial 6911: 6910: 6898:Democratic Caucus 6821:Democratic Caucus 6773: 6772: 6199: 6148:Hatfield, Mark O. 6086:(2004) (overview) 6030:Swift, Elaine K. 5771:Baker, Richard A. 5609:978-0-593-44307-1 5275:978-0-358-17692-3 5242:978-0-593-44307-1 5190:978-0-8139-4691-7 4918:. Time USA, LLC. 4839:According to the 4176:Mewborn, Mary K. 3234:978-0-8139-4691-7 3145:. July 11, 2018. 2884:. March 3, 2023. 2819:Louisiana primary 2817:Louisiana uses a 2806:primary elections 2647:Federalist No. 62 2626:Counter-arguments 2563:Electoral College 2559:Twelfth Amendment 2431:impeachment trial 2427:Theodore R. Davis 2334: 2333: 2277:foreign relations 2205:tie-breaking vote 2186:Senate filibuster 2058:unanimous consent 2046:presiding officer 1959:presiding officer 1918:Presiding officer 1871:presiding officer 1830:Robert Torricelli 1667:senator-designate 1627:Senate election. 1397:popular elections 1328:Federalist No. 62 1321: 1320: 1218:Unanimous consent 1118:Executive session 1053:Democratic Caucus 1031:Presiding officer 820:council of elders 659:state legislature 628:check and balance 624:U.S. presidential 620:U.S. Constitution 584: 583: 102: 101: 94: 16:(Redirected from 15140: 14986:Northern Ireland 14951:Japan (pre-1947) 14946:Irish Free State 14295: 14288: 14281: 14272: 14271: 14248: 14241: 14128:African American 14010:Health insurance 13898:Household income 13768:National symbols 13699:American English 13672:Federal holidays 13581:household income 13514: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13314: 13313: 13252:Anti-Americanism 13176:Special district 13103:Independent city 13072:County executive 13055: 13054: 12849:Attorney general 12808: 12807: 12797:Federal District 12380:Executive Office 12360: 12359: 12351: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12107:populated places 12087:federal enclaves 12082:federal district 12060: 12059: 11923:American Century 11906:Great Depression 11901:Roaring Twenties 11861:Women's suffrage 11740:Halifax Resolves 11733:Founding Fathers 11728:military history 11693:Pre-colonial era 11617: 11616: 11596: 11589: 11582: 11573: 11572: 11562: 11555: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11421: 11414: 11407: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11379: 11372: 11352: 11345: 11329: 11313: 11306: 11290: 11270: 11254: 11238: 11222: 11206: 11190: 11174: 11158: 11142: 11126: 11110: 11094: 11078: 11062: 11046: 11030: 11014: 10998: 10982: 10966: 10950: 10934: 10918: 10902: 10895: 10879: 10863: 10847: 10831: 10815: 10799: 10783: 10767: 10751: 10735: 10719: 10703: 10687: 10671: 10655: 10639: 10623: 10607: 10591: 10575: 10559: 10543: 10527: 10511: 10495: 10466: 10459: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10410: 10409: 10395: 10386: 10377: 10366: 10349: 10337: 10318: 10306: 10287: 10275: 10256: 10244: 10225: 10213: 10194: 10182: 10163: 10151: 10132: 10120: 10101: 10089: 10070: 10058: 10039: 10027: 10008: 9996: 9977: 9965: 9946: 9934: 9915: 9903: 9884: 9872: 9853: 9841: 9822: 9810: 9791: 9779: 9760: 9748: 9729: 9717: 9698: 9686: 9667: 9655: 9636: 9624: 9605: 9593: 9574: 9562: 9543: 9531: 9512: 9500: 9481: 9469: 9450: 9438: 9419: 9407: 9388: 9376: 9357: 9345: 9326: 9314: 9295: 9283: 9264: 9252: 9233: 9221: 9202: 9190: 9171: 9159: 9140: 9128: 9109: 9097: 9078: 9066: 9047: 9035: 9016: 9004: 8985: 8973: 8954: 8942: 8923: 8911: 8892: 8880: 8861: 8849: 8830: 8818: 8793: 8780: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8734: 8733: 8556: 8555: 8373:Capitol Building 8347:U.S. Gov. Manual 8300:Madison Building 8263:Copyright Office 8227:Sergeant at Arms 8185:Floor Operations 8104: 8103: 8026: 8025: 7942: 7941: 7924: 7923: 7787: 7786: 7604:Morning business 7491:House procedures 7454:Joint resolution 7258: 7257: 7247: 7246: 7127:Buddhist members 6946: 6945: 6782: 6781: 6604:Switched parties 6551:Switched parties 6488:Unseated members 6478:Youngest members 6458: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6438: 6437: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6342:Internet Archive 6328: 6327: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6223: 6221: 6210: 6209: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6183: 6161:Frumin, Alan S. 6121:. Four volumes. 6023:Rothman, David. 6020: 6008: 5996: 5931:Gould, Lewis L. 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5686: 5678: 5667:. 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Archived from 4655: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4631:. Archived from 4630: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4549:Reconciliation, 4547: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4456:. Archived from 4446: 4440: 4439: 4424: 4418: 4401:Martin B. Gold, 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4373: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4345:. Archived from 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4184:. Archived from 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4125: 4114: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3997:. Archived from 3987: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3949: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3900:on May 28, 2009. 3886: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3768:Morgan Watkins. 3765: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3744: 3733: 3724: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3573: 3567: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3496:(4): 1064–1089. 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3455: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3068:(6): 1111–1130. 3057: 3051: 3050: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2838: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2802:two-round system 2779: 2773: 2735: 2606:U.S. territories 2459: 2456: 2386:House of Commons 2327: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2032:The Senate uses 2005:sergeant at arms 1883:Republican Party 1879:Democratic Party 1779:majority leader 1442:primary election 1440:In 45 states, a 1427:Elections Clause 1362:Rush D. Holt Sr. 1313: 1306: 1299: 1123:Morning business 906: 905: 828: 812: 737:Washington, D.C. 733:Capitol Building 556: 539:Washington, D.C. 525: 509:November 5, 2024 496:November 8, 2022 481:Two-round system 469: 445:Plurality voting 411: 399: 394: 384: 373:Political groups 367: 228:January 20, 2021 199: 197: 141: 127: 106: 105: 97: 90: 86: 83: 77: 74:named references 38: 37: 30: 21: 15148: 15147: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15108: 15107: 15106: 15101: 15087:Multicameralism 15060: 14807: 14789: 14756: 14749: 14426: 14308: 14299: 14269: 14264: 14251: 14244: 14237: 14220: 14206:Opioid epidemic 14123:Native American 14103:intersex rights 14054: 14050:Life expectancy 14040:Medical deserts 14030:Race and health 13927: 13913:Personal income 13859: 13763:National anthem 13596:personal income 13561:Economic issues 13495: 13447: 13295: 13195: 13184:School district 13170: 13153:Minor divisions 13147: 13086: 13044: 12983: 12969:Statutory codes 12950: 12913: 12890: 12800: 12795: 12782: 12717: 12674:civil liberties 12655: 12646:Other tribunals 12625:District courts 12577: 12536:current members 12519:current members 12500: 12434:Law enforcement 12332: 12045: 11994: 11985:Great Recession 11856:Progressive Era 11846:Native genocide 11777:Perpetual Union 11765:Treaty of Paris 11723:United Colonies 11681: 11606: 11600: 11570: 11565: 11558: 11551: 11543: 11536: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11396: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11368: 11355: 11348: 11332: 11316: 11309: 11293: 11286: 11273: 11257: 11241: 11225: 11209: 11193: 11177: 11161: 11145: 11129: 11113: 11097: 11081: 11065: 11049: 11033: 11017: 11001: 10985: 10969: 10953: 10937: 10921: 10905: 10898: 10882: 10866: 10850: 10834: 10818: 10802: 10786: 10770: 10754: 10738: 10722: 10706: 10690: 10674: 10658: 10642: 10626: 10610: 10594: 10578: 10562: 10546: 10530: 10514: 10498: 10482: 10469: 10462: 10455: 10442: 10437: 10407: 10402: 10393: 10384: 10375: 10367: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10347: 10346: 10342: 10335: 10334: 10323: 10316: 10315: 10311: 10304: 10303: 10292: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10272: 10261: 10254: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10241: 10230: 10223: 10222: 10218: 10211: 10210: 10199: 10192: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10179: 10168: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10149: 10148: 10137: 10130: 10129: 10125: 10118: 10117: 10106: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10086: 10075: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10056: 10055: 10044: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10024: 10013: 10006: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9993: 9982: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9963: 9962: 9951: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9932: 9931: 9920: 9913: 9912: 9908: 9901: 9900: 9889: 9882: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9869: 9858: 9851: 9850: 9846: 9839: 9838: 9827: 9820: 9819: 9815: 9808: 9807: 9796: 9789: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9776: 9765: 9758: 9757: 9753: 9746: 9745: 9734: 9727: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9714: 9703: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9684: 9683: 9672: 9665: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9652: 9641: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9621: 9610: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9591: 9590: 9579: 9572: 9571: 9567: 9560: 9559: 9548: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9528: 9517: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9497: 9486: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9466: 9455: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9436: 9435: 9424: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9405: 9404: 9393: 9386: 9385: 9381: 9374: 9373: 9362: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9343: 9342: 9331: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9311: 9300: 9293: 9292: 9288: 9281: 9280: 9269: 9262: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9249: 9238: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9218: 9207: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9187: 9176: 9169: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9156: 9145: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9126: 9125: 9114: 9107: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9094: 9083: 9076: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9063: 9052: 9045: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9032: 9021: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9002: 9001: 8990: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8971: 8970: 8959: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8940: 8939: 8928: 8921: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8908: 8897: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8877: 8866: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8846: 8835: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8815: 8798: 8791: 8778: 8766: 8761: 8731: 8718: 8697: 8645: 8635: 8589: 8550: 8543: 8420:Hall of Columns 8367: 8311: 8304: 8242: 8231: 8212:Parliamentarian 8153: 8144:Parliamentarian 8091: 8050: 8017: 7946: 7936: 7929:Capitol Complex 7910: 7864: 7860:Party divisions 7776: 7750: 7668: 7552:Senate-specific 7547: 7402:Closed sessions 7370:Act of Congress 7358: 7332: 7328:Taxing/spending 7252: 7233: 7224:Party switchers 7193:Died in office 7163: 7115: 7099: 7068:Equality Caucus 7051: 7023:Hispanic Caucus 6962: 6937: 6907: 6864: 6769: 6613: 6555: 6492: 6445: 6432: 6389: 6384: 6325: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6225: 6219: 6217: 6214:This audio file 6211: 6204: 6195: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6094: 6089: 6059:Wilson, Woodrow 5945:Hoebeke, C. H. 5801:Caro, Robert A. 5766: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5700: 5696: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5636: 5632: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5416:FiveThirtyEight 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5373:Ziblatt, Daniel 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5276: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5229:Ziblatt, Daniel 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5138: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5091:Wayback Machine 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4984: 4980: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4908: 4904: 4888: 4884: 4872:Wayback Machine 4862: 4858: 4852:Wayback Machine 4838: 4834: 4827:Wayback Machine 4813: 4809: 4802:Wayback Machine 4791: 4787: 4775: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4704:On Capitol Hill 4697: 4693: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4563: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4518: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4412:Wayback Machine 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4182:Washington Life 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3989: 3988: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3766: 3762: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3731: 3725: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3649: 3645: 3634: 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which the 2030: 2025: 1997: 1981: 1975: 1967:points of order 1926: 1920: 1899: 1869:from which the 1855: 1842:political party 1838: 1801:The Senate may 1799: 1769: 1741: 1735: 1699: 1693: 1675: 1633: 1537:Eight states – 1497: 1415: 1409: 1389: 1317: 1286: 1285: 1222: 1206: 1190: 1169: 1143: 1127: 1111: 1049: 1046: 1035: 1007: 999: 998: 981:Hill committees 971: 970: 953:Current members 904: 888: 882: 822:, derived from 780: 774: 766:vote on cloture 753:parliamentarian 552: 541: 537: 533: 505: 492: 485: 465: 454: 453: 448: 441: 424: 409: 392: 391: 382: 374: 345: 343: 331: 322: 320: 308: 299: 297: 290:Mitch McConnell 285: 283:Minority Leader 276: 274: 262: 260:Majority Leader 253: 251: 239: 230: 225: 213: 195: 193: 189: 174: 167: 162: 144: 132: 111: 98: 87: 81: 78: 71: 70: 67: 60: 53: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15146: 15136: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15068: 15066: 15062: 15061: 15059: 15058: 15056:Weimar Germany 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15011:Russian Empire 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14876:Czechoslovakia 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14831:British Guiana 14828: 14823: 14817: 14815: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14805: 14799: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14788: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14765:American Samoa 14761: 14759: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14725:United Kingdom 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14525:Czech Republic 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14436: 14434: 14428: 14427: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14318: 14316: 14310: 14309: 14298: 14297: 14290: 14283: 14275: 14266: 14265: 14263: 14262: 14257: 14250: 14249: 14242: 14234: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14226: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14162:Mass shootings 14159: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14150:Climate change 14147: 14137: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14088:Discrimination 14085: 14080: 14079: 14078: 14068: 14062: 14060: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13943: 13937: 13935: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13878:American Dream 13875: 13869: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13845:Transportation 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13778:Mount Rushmore 13775: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13749: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13718: 13713: 13712: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13675: 13674: 13664: 13659: 13658: 13657: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13636: 13635: 13630: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13522: 13520: 13507: 13501: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13457: 13455: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13398:Federal budget 13395: 13390: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13336:Communications 13333: 13328: 13317: 13311: 13305: 13304: 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12816: 12814: 12805: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12769: 12768: 12766:National Guard 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12727: 12725: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12683: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12669:Bill of Rights 12665: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12639:list of judges 12636: 12634:list of courts 12622: 12621: 12620: 12618:list of judges 12610: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12587: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12553:Capitol Police 12550: 12549: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12521: 12510: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12482: 12481: 12476: 12474:Secret Service 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12387:Vice President 12384: 12383: 12382: 12377: 12366: 12364: 12357: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12267: 12266: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12171:National Parks 12163: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12131: 12126: 12124:Extreme points 12121: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12063: 12057: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11811:Federalist Era 11808: 11807: 11806: 11804:Bill of Rights 11801: 11791: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11752: 11747: 11745:Lee Resolution 11742: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11695: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11623: 11621: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: articles 11599: 11598: 11591: 11584: 11576: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11556: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11541: 11534: 11527: 11520: 11513: 11506: 11499: 11492: 11485: 11478: 11471: 11464: 11457: 11450: 11443: 11436: 11429: 11422: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11380: 11373: 11365: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11353: 11346: 11330: 11314: 11307: 11295:American Samoa 11291: 11283: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11255: 11239: 11223: 11207: 11191: 11175: 11159: 11143: 11127: 11111: 11099:South Carolina 11095: 11079: 11063: 11047: 11031: 11015: 10999: 10987:North Carolina 10983: 10967: 10951: 10935: 10919: 10903: 10896: 10880: 10864: 10848: 10832: 10816: 10800: 10784: 10768: 10752: 10736: 10720: 10704: 10688: 10672: 10656: 10640: 10624: 10608: 10592: 10576: 10560: 10544: 10528: 10512: 10496: 10479: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10460: 10452: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10436: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10413: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10391: 10382: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10344: 10343: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10313: 10312: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10282: 10281: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10251: 10250: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10220: 10219: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10189: 10188: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10158: 10157: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10127: 10126: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10096: 10095: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10065: 10064: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10034: 10033: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10003: 10002: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9972: 9971: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9941: 9940: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9910: 9909: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9879: 9878: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9848: 9847: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9817: 9816: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9786: 9785: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9755: 9754: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9724: 9723: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9693: 9692: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9662: 9661: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9631: 9630: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9600: 9599: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9569: 9568: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9538: 9537: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9507: 9506: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9476: 9475: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9445: 9444: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9414: 9413: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9383: 9382: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9352: 9351: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9321: 9320: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9290: 9289: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9259: 9258: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9228: 9227: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9197: 9196: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9166: 9165: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9135: 9134: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9104: 9103: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9073: 9072: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9042: 9041: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9011: 9010: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8980: 8979: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8949: 8948: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8918: 8917: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8887: 8886: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8856: 8855: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8825: 8824: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8760: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8737: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8668:Senate chamber 8665: 8660: 8655: 8653:Botanic Garden 8649: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8606:office lottery 8603: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8553: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8514:Columbus Doors 8510: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8430:Visitor Center 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8377: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8322: 8320:Public Printer 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8290:Adams Building 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8247: 8245: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7973: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7938: 7937: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7811:Senate history 7808: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7686:ranking member 7678: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7649:Standing Rules 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7624:Reconciliation 7621: 7616: 7611: 7609:Nuclear option 7606: 7601: 7598:Senate Journal 7594: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7536:Line-item veto 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7501:Reconciliation 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7392:Budget process 7389: 7384: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7313:Naturalization 7310: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7254: 7253: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7152:Quaker members 7149: 7147:Muslim members 7144: 7139: 7137:Jewish members 7134: 7129: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7035:Jewish members 7032: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7010: 7009: 7008: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6933:Gerrymandering 6930: 6925: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6788: 6786: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6446: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6383: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6329: 6314: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6226: 6212: 6205: 6193: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176:External links 6174: 6173: 6172: 6159: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6037:Valeo, Frank. 6035: 6028: 6021: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5980:Mann, Robert. 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5918: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5817: 5810: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5776:Krieger, 1988. 5767: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5719: 5713:978-1107612266 5712: 5694: 5674:978-1400062621 5673: 5655: 5649:978-0742599659 5648: 5630: 5615: 5608: 5590: 5564: 5533: 5495: 5464: 5433: 5402: 5364: 5333: 5301: 5274: 5248: 5241: 5216: 5189: 5169: 5129: 5099: 5080:Laurence Tribe 5071: 5040: 5023:SCOTUSblog.com 5009: 4978: 4965: 4933: 4902: 4882: 4856: 4832: 4815:Woodrow Wilson 4807: 4785: 4751: 4736:. Senate.gov. 4725: 4712: 4691: 4666: 4641: 4616: 4601:. Senate.gov. 4590: 4561: 4542: 4501: 4471: 4441: 4419: 4393: 4376:The New Yorker 4360: 4329: 4303: 4277: 4247: 4217: 4191: 4168: 4137: 4100: 4070: 4043: 4012: 3979: 3944: 3933: 3903: 3878: 3847: 3820: 3787: 3760: 3710: 3674: 3643: 3628: 3598: 3568: 3549: 3531: 3476: 3447: 3438: 3412: 3382: 3352: 3322: 3295: 3275: 3260: 3233: 3210: 3199:(2): 199–222. 3183: 3160: 3130: 3119:(4): 495–523. 3103: 3074:10.2307/796343 3052: 3034: 3016: 3001:. Senate.gov. 2987: 2957: 2926: 2899: 2869: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2810: 2774: 2766:Kyrsten Sinema 2747:Bernie Sanders 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2627: 2624: 2574: 2571: 2544:Andrew Johnson 2521:Laurence Tribe 2476:only with the 2435:Andrew Johnson 2418: 2415: 2397:Woodrow Wilson 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2332: 2331: 2320: 2319: 2312: 2309: 2246:Main article: 2243: 2240: 2226:Main article: 2223: 2222:Closed session 2220: 2199: 2196: 2191:nuclear option 2179:reconciliation 2164:Strom Thurmond 2126: 2123: 2099: 2096: 2034:Standing Rules 2029: 2028:Daily sessions 2026: 2024: 2021: 2009:Capitol Police 1996: 1993: 1977:Main article: 1974: 1971: 1930:vice president 1922:Main article: 1919: 1916: 1898: 1895: 1854: 1851: 1837: 1834: 1807:William Blount 1798: 1795: 1768: 1765: 1753:junior senator 1749:senior senator 1737:Main article: 1734: 1731: 1695:Main article: 1692: 1689: 1674: 1671: 1632: 1629: 1598:North Carolina 1574: 1573: 1570: 1535: 1518:Four states – 1496: 1493: 1408: 1405: 1388: 1385: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247:Senate chamber 1244: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1202:Standing Rules 1199: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1139:Nuclear option 1136: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1084:Closed session 1081: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1018: 1006: 1005: 1000: 997: 996: 990: 983: 979: 977: 975:Former members 972: 969: 968: 962: 955: 951: 946: 945: 941: 940: 934: 933: 922: 921: 915: 914: 903: 902:Qualifications 900: 881: 878: 840:equal suffrage 776:Main article: 773: 770: 729:Senate chamber 686:federal judges 645:. Each of the 582: 581: 575: 574: 570: 569: 563: 562: 558: 557: 549: 548: 544: 543: 531:Senate Chamber 527: 526: 518: 517: 513: 512: 506: 503: 500: 499: 493: 490: 487: 486: 484: 483: 470: 451: 450: 449: 442: 437: 434: 433: 429: 428: 425: 423:Length of term 422: 419: 418: 417: 416: 401: 400: 389: 375: 372: 369: 368: 360: 359: 356: 352: 351: 347: 346: 334: 332: 327: 324: 323: 311: 309: 304: 301: 300: 288: 286: 281: 278: 277: 265: 263: 258: 255: 254: 242: 240: 235: 232: 231: 216: 214: 209: 206: 205: 201: 200: 190: 187: 184: 183: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 158: 157: 155: 151: 150: 146: 145: 142: 134: 133: 128: 120: 119: 113: 112: 109: 100: 99: 82:September 2024 69: 68: 66:(refs: 14, 83) 61: 47: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15145: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15082:Tricameralism 15080: 15078: 15077:Unicameralism 15075: 15073: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15063: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14814: 14810: 14804: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14796: 14795:Non-UN states 14792: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14758: 14755:Dependent and 14752: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14437: 14435: 14433: 14429: 14423: 14422:United States 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14317: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14296: 14291: 14289: 14284: 14282: 14277: 14276: 14273: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14247: 14243: 14240: 14236: 14235: 14231: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14135:Energy policy 14133: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14077: 14076:incarceration 14074: 14073: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13961:Prenatal care 13959: 13957: 13956:Birth control 13954: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13934: 13930: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13893:Homeownership 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13866: 13862: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13656: 13653: 13652: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13616:working class 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13576:homeownership 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13356:Manufacturing 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13292: 13289: 13285: 13284:Third parties 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13267: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13236: 13233: 13232: 13231: 13228: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13202: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13154: 13150: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13089: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13047: 13041: 13038: 13034: 13031: 13030: 13029: 13026: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12994: 12990: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12916: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12798: 12793: 12789: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12714: 12711: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12688: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12662: 12658: 12652: 12651:U.S. attorney 12649: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12596:Chief Justice 12594: 12593: 12592: 12591:Supreme Court 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12503: 12497: 12496:Public policy 12494: 12492: 12491:Civil service 12489: 12487: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12432: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12339: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12176: 12172: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12159:Sierra Nevada 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12097:insular zones 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11968:War on Terror 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11948:LGBT Movement 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11609: 11604: 11603:United States 11597: 11592: 11590: 11585: 11583: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11561: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11549: 11546: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11514: 11511: 11507: 11504: 11500: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11458: 11455: 11451: 11448: 11444: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11402: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11374: 11371: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11227:West Virginia 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10923:New Hampshire 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10804:Massachusetts 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10429: 10427: 10422: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10383: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10370: 10365: 10352: 10340: 10333: 10331: 10325: 10321: 10309: 10302: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10278: 10271: 10269: 10263: 10259: 10247: 10240: 10238: 10232: 10228: 10216: 10209: 10207: 10201: 10197: 10185: 10178: 10176: 10170: 10166: 10154: 10147: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10123: 10116: 10114: 10108: 10104: 10092: 10085: 10083: 10077: 10073: 10061: 10054: 10052: 10046: 10042: 10030: 10023: 10021: 10015: 10011: 9999: 9992: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9968: 9961: 9959: 9953: 9949: 9937: 9930: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9906: 9899: 9897: 9891: 9887: 9875: 9868: 9866: 9860: 9856: 9844: 9837: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9813: 9806: 9804: 9798: 9794: 9782: 9775: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9751: 9744: 9742: 9736: 9732: 9720: 9713: 9711: 9705: 9701: 9689: 9682: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9658: 9651: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9627: 9620: 9618: 9612: 9608: 9596: 9589: 9587: 9581: 9577: 9565: 9558: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9534: 9527: 9525: 9519: 9515: 9503: 9496: 9494: 9488: 9484: 9472: 9465: 9463: 9457: 9453: 9441: 9434: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9410: 9403: 9401: 9395: 9391: 9379: 9372: 9370: 9364: 9360: 9348: 9341: 9339: 9333: 9329: 9317: 9310: 9308: 9302: 9298: 9286: 9279: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9255: 9248: 9246: 9240: 9236: 9224: 9217: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9193: 9186: 9184: 9178: 9174: 9162: 9155: 9153: 9147: 9143: 9131: 9124: 9122: 9116: 9112: 9100: 9093: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9069: 9062: 9060: 9054: 9050: 9038: 9031: 9029: 9023: 9019: 9007: 9000: 8998: 8992: 8988: 8976: 8969: 8967: 8961: 8957: 8945: 8938: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8914: 8907: 8905: 8899: 8895: 8883: 8876: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8852: 8845: 8843: 8837: 8833: 8821: 8814: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8790: 8788: 8783: 8782:Kamala Harris 8777: 8775: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8753: 8751: 8746: 8744: 8739: 8738: 8735: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8642: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8425:Statuary Hall 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8280:Poet Laureate 8278: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8238: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8222:Reading Clerk 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8062:Congr. Ethics 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7921: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7794:House history 7792: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7746:Subcommittees 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7731:List (Senate) 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7664:Treaty Clause 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7459:Joint session 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7444:Enrolled bill 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7244: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7132:Hindu members 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7094: 7093:current House 7091: 7089: 7088:Issues Caucus 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928:Apportionment 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: → 6419: 6416: ← 6415: 6411: 6409: 6408:Joint session 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6307:Senate Manual 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6234: 6230: 6215: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5942:Sharpe, 1997. 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5508:The Economist 5505: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5395:September 20, 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5134: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4969: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4860: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4557: 4556:§ 641(e) 4553: 4546: 4538: 4532: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4484:The Economist 4481: 4475: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4122: 4119:. p. 4. 4118: 4111: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3953:5 U.S.C. 3948: 3942: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3840:September 28, 3835: 3831: 3824: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3636:2 U.S.C. 3632: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3442: 3431:September 17, 3426: 3422: 3416: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3296:0-8018-7438-6 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2954: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2820: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2759:West Virginia 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2550:in 1998, and 2549: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2433:of President 2432: 2428: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2316: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2239: 2236: 2229: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2206: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2156:supermajority 2153: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2092:George Packer 2088: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1973:Party leaders 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1793:they are in. 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1781:Chuck Schumer 1778: 1774: 1773:The Honorable 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757:Chuck Schumer 1754: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1703: 1698: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1663:senator-elect 1659: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1610:West Virginia 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Massachusetts 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1446:third parties 1443: 1438: 1436: 1435:Ballot access 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1332:James Madison 1329: 1325: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1040: 1039:Party leaders 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1001: 994: 991: 989: 985: 984: 982: 978: 976: 973: 966: 963: 961: 957: 956: 954: 950: 949: 948: 947: 943: 942: 939: 936: 935: 928: 924: 923: 920: 917: 916: 912: 908: 907: 897: 892: 887: 877: 875: 870: 868: 864: 856: 852: 847: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 827: 821: 817: 813: 811: 805: 800: 798: 794: 789: 785: 779: 769: 767: 763: 758: 757:floor leaders 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:flag officers 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:United States 609: 605: 601: 600:lower chamber 597: 593: 592:upper chamber 589: 580: 576: 571: 568: 564: 559: 555: 550: 545: 542:United States 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 516:Meeting place 514: 510: 507: 504:Next election 501: 497: 494: 491:Last election 488: 482: 478: 474: 471: 468: 463: 459: 456: 455: 446: 443: 440: 439:Voting system 435: 430: 426: 420: 414: 408: 407: 406: 405: 404:Minority (49) 397: 390: 387: 381: 380: 379: 378:Majority (51) 376: 370: 366: 361: 357: 353: 348: 341: 337: 333: 330: 329:Minority Whip 325: 318: 314: 310: 307: 306:Majority Whip 302: 295: 291: 287: 284: 279: 272: 268: 267:Chuck Schumer 264: 261: 256: 249: 245: 241: 238: 233: 229: 223: 219: 218:Kamala Harris 215: 212: 207: 202: 191: 185: 180: 176: 170: 166: 161: 156: 152: 147: 140: 135: 131: 126: 121: 118: 114: 107: 104: 96: 93: 85: 75: 65: 62: 59:(refs: 7, 24) 58: 55: 54: 51: 46: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 15072:Bicameralism 15036:Soviet Union 15026:South Africa 14891:East Germany 14841:Burkina Faso 14700:South Africa 14421: 14306:legislatures 14304:of national 14302:Upper houses 14177:Human rights 14157:Gun politics 14108:Islamophobia 14098:antisemitism 13966:Hospice care 13908:Middle class 13888:Homelessness 13865:Social class 13825:Social class 13689:Human rights 13679:Homelessness 13591:middle class 13556:Demographics 13531:Architecture 13438:Unemployment 13418:Labor unions 13166:Town meeting 13143:City council 13138:City manager 12879:State police 12741:Marine Corps 12731:Armed Forces 12706:civil rights 12686:Constitution 12530: 12258:Southwestern 12253:Southeastern 12243:Northwestern 12238:Northeastern 12203:Mid-Atlantic 12193:Great Plains 11911:World War II 11794:Constitution 11698:Colonial era 11677:2008–present 11115:South Dakota 11083:Rhode Island 11067:Pennsylvania 11003:North Dakota 10463: 10328: 10297: 10266: 10235: 10204: 10173: 10142: 10111: 10080: 10049: 10018: 9987: 9956: 9925: 9894: 9863: 9832: 9801: 9770: 9739: 9708: 9677: 9657:Cortez Masto 9646: 9615: 9584: 9553: 9522: 9491: 9460: 9429: 9398: 9367: 9336: 9305: 9274: 9243: 9212: 9181: 9150: 9119: 9088: 9057: 9026: 8995: 8987:Hickenlooper 8964: 8933: 8902: 8871: 8840: 8809: 8795:Patty Murray 8785: 8772: 8709:Capitol Hill 8575: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8441: 8434: 8405: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8324: 7933:Capitol Hill 7903: 7896: 7889: 7848: 7726:List (House) 7721:List (Joint) 7691:Of the Whole 7597: 7590: 7589:Jefferson's 7476:Magic minute 7229:Slave owners 7212:2000–present 7158:Sikh members 7156: 7063:LGBT members 6989:Black Caucus 6765:118th (2023) 6760:117th (2021) 6755:116th (2019) 6750:115th (2017) 6745:114th (2015) 6740:113th (2013) 6735:112th (2011) 6730:111th (2009) 6725:110th (2007) 6720:109th (2005) 6715:108th (2003) 6710:107th (2001) 6705:106th (1999) 6700:105th (1997) 6695:104th (1995) 6690:103rd (1993) 6685:102nd (1991) 6680:101st (1989) 6675:100th (1987) 6402: 6292: 6238: 6162: 6151: 6142: 6118: 6105: 6097: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5809:Knopf, 2002. 5803: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5758:Bibliography 5743:. 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Retrieved 2845: 2836: 2813: 2777: 2733: 2688: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2643: 2620: 2598: 2590: 2556: 2552:Donald Trump 2548:Bill Clinton 2541: 2529: 2508: 2497: 2486: 2471: 2467: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2366: 2335: 2301: 2270: 2266: 2231: 2212: 2211:for example 2209: 2201: 2183: 2172: 2160: 2144: 2120: 2116:calendar day 2108: 2105: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2055: 2031: 1998: 1982: 1956: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1912: 1887: 1875:semicircular 1864: 1839: 1822:Bob Packwood 1800: 1784: 1770: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1716: 1708: 1684: 1676: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1653: 1637:1st Congress 1634: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1575: 1528:Rhode Island 1520:North Dakota 1513: 1510: 1498: 1454: 1439: 1419:Election Day 1416: 1390: 1373: 1342: 1337: 1322: 960:by seniority 918: 871: 860: 831: 823: 819: 807: 804:Roman Senate 801: 788:bicameralism 784:Constitution 781: 726: 724:atmosphere. 671: 667:popular vote 640: 587: 585: 561:Constitution 447:in 46 states 403: 402: 377: 244:Patty Murray 103: 88: 79: 44: 15031:South Korea 14976:New Zealand 14906:El Salvador 14836:British Raj 14821:Afghanistan 14785:Puerto Rico 14775:Isle of Man 14690:Saint Lucia 14670:Philippines 14650:Netherlands 14585:Ivory Coast 14417:Switzerland 14407:South Sudan 14182:Immigration 14113:LGBT rights 14015:Food safety 13850:Video games 13443:Wall Street 13423:Public debt 13326:Agriculture 13262:nationalism 12974:Uniform act 12896:Legislative 12803:Territorial 12761:Coast Guard 12756:Space Force 12506:Legislative 12301:Red (South) 12291:Mississippi 12213:New England 12149:Appalachian 12119:Earthquakes 12016:Discoveries 12011:Demographic 11953:Vietnam War 11896:World War I 11891:Imperialism 11841:Indian Wars 11816:War of 1812 11334:Puerto Rico 10852:Mississippi 10580:Connecticut 10397:Independent 8683:Power Plant 8275:Law Library 7976:Cap. Police 7945:Legislative 7634:Senate hold 7541:Pocket veto 7516:Sponsorship 7496:Quorum call 7296:Impeachment 6670:99th (1985) 6665:98th (1983) 6660:97th (1981) 6655:96th (1979) 6650:95th (1977) 6645:94th (1975) 6640:93rd (1973) 6635:92nd (1971) 6630:91st (1969) 6625:90th (1967) 6618:New members 6260: / 6115:Robert Byrd 6101:, 1774–1989 5526:February 6, 5488:February 6, 5457:February 6, 5426:February 4, 5357:January 31, 4998:(1): 61–114 4353:February 8, 4270:January 21, 4093:November 8, 3957:§ 3331 3749:October 13, 3667:January 10, 3365:History.com 3315:January 30, 2798:Mississippi 2755:Joe Manchin 2593:Robert Dahl 2482:ambassadors 2458: 1873 2382:money bills 2380:, in which 2357:Legislation 2235:impeachment 2090:Journalist 2084:quorum call 1811:Confederate 1709:The annual 1679:affirmation 1555:Mississippi 1543:Connecticut 1381:Confederacy 1160:Quorum call 698:ambassadors 688:(including 616:Article One 396:Independent 313:Dick Durbin 173:Term limits 160:Upper house 15112:Categories 14971:Mauritania 14861:Costa Rica 14803:Somaliland 14735:Uzbekistan 14710:Tajikistan 14625:Madagascar 14605:Kazakhstan 14216:Xenophobia 14005:Disability 13946:Healthcare 13855:Visual art 13800:Philosophy 13746:television 13736:newspapers 13726:journalism 13716:Literature 13628:attainment 13279:Republican 13274:Democratic 13247:Ideologies 13208:Corruption 12773:NOAA Corps 12696:preemption 12691:federalism 12306:Rio Grande 12208:Midwestern 12188:West Coast 12183:East Coast 12026:Inventions 11938:Space Race 11933:Korean War 11916:home front 11851:Gilded Age 11211:Washington 10955:New Mexico 10939:New Jersey 10548:California 10388:Democratic 10379:Republican 10010:Whitehouse 9793:Gillibrand 9545:Hyde-Smith 9421:Van Hollen 9006:Blumenthal 8820:Tuberville 8646:facilities 8353:Serial Set 8241:Library of 8217:Postmaster 8180:Doorkeeper 8041:Historical 7696:Conference 7674:Committees 7659:Traditions 7584:Filibuster 7337:Privileges 7111:Physicians 7104:Occupation 6853:Vice-Chair 6454:Membership 6245:38°53′26″N 6229:Audio help 6220:2006-08-04 5284:1124772479 5199:1248598962 4744:January 1, 4494:October 4, 4386:October 4, 4036:October 2, 4005:October 2, 3991:"Salaries" 3972:January 8, 3405:January 8, 3345:January 8, 3243:1248598962 3009:January 8, 2980:August 31, 2919:August 31, 2892:August 31, 2865:Democrats. 2828:References 2790:Washington 2786:California 2739:Angus King 2632:Federalism 2630:See also: 2577:See also: 2557:Under the 2344:, and the 2242:Committees 2147:filibuster 2139:See also: 1935:ex officio 1777:Democratic 1725:(FERS) or 1567:Washington 1465:Washington 1461:California 1358:John Eaton 1346:Henry Clay 1213:Traditions 1134:Filibuster 1102:Committees 884:See also: 880:Membership 857:since 1855 855:Presidency 853:, and the 834:in Latin. 830:, meaning 762:filibuster 653:who serve 554:senate.gov 511:(34 seats) 498:(35 seats) 413:Republican 386:Democratic 336:John Thune 204:Leadership 196:2023-01-03 15051:Venezuela 14981:Nicaragua 14570:Indonesia 14327:Australia 14322:Argentina 14199:Terrorism 13976:Rationing 13873:Affluence 13820:Sexuality 13788:Uncle Sam 13694:Languages 13623:Education 13566:affluence 13526:Americana 13453:Transport 13351:Insurance 13341:Companies 13321:By sector 13213:Elections 12854:Treasurer 12812:Executive 12751:Air Force 12723:Uniformed 12546:President 12363:Executive 12134:Mountains 12067:Territory 12055:Geography 11879:1954–1968 11874:1896–1954 11869:1865–1896 11831:Civil War 11672:1991–2008 11667:1980–1991 11662:1964–1980 11657:1945–1964 11652:1917–1945 11647:1865–1917 11642:1849–1865 11637:1815–1849 11632:1789–1815 11627:1776–1789 11620:By period 11243:Wisconsin 11131:Tennessee 10836:Minnesota 10756:Louisiana 10091:Blackburn 9979:Fetterman 9502:Klobuchar 9316:McConnell 9204:Duckworth 8851:Murkowski 8774:President 8621:Longworth 8551:buildings 8534:VP's Room 8195:Historian 8134:Librarian 8129:Historian 8114:Secretary 8100:Employees 7905:Roll Call 7716:Oversight 7644:Seniority 7511:Saxbe fix 7449:Expulsion 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