United States invasion of Afghanistan

5118:(SAS) played a small role in the early stages of the war because American SOF commanders guarded targets for their own units. It took political intercession from Prime Minister Tony Blair for the SAS to be given a direct-action task – the destruction of an al-Qaeda-linked opium production facility. The facility was located 400 km (250 mi) southwest of Kandahar and defended by between 80 and 100 foreign fighters, with a defense of trench lines and several makeshift bunkers. The SAS were ordered to assault the facility in full daylight because CENTCOM would not provide air support for a night raid. The timing meant that the squadrons could not carry out a detailed reconnaissance prior to the assault. Despite these factors, the commanding officer of 22 SAS accepted the mission. The target was a low priority for the US and probably would have been destroyed from the air if the British had not argued for a larger role in Afghanistan. 4286: 5390:

search for bin Laden. Eventually, with the assistance of Green Berets and CIA operators, the militias made progress. The Delta squadron commander agreed with the Jawbreaker assessment of the situation and requested blocking forces or the scattering of aerial landmines to deny mountain passes to the enemy. Since the deployment of the Ranger battalion had been denied, he requested that his operators carryout the proposed role but all his requests were denied by General Franks. On 12 December, two weeks into the battle, Zaman opened negotiations with the trapped al-Qaeda and Taliban in Tora Bora. Against the wishes of the Americans and British, Zaman called a temporary truce to allow al-Qaeda to surrender. This truce was a ruse to allow as many as several hundred al-Qaeda and members of the 055 Brigade to escape over night toward Pakistan. According to journalist

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frustrating Taliban attempts to relieve their embattled forces in the north. Cumulatively, the near constant airstrikes had begun to have a decisive effect and the Taliban began to withdraw toward Mazar-i-Sharif. Dostum's forces and Alpha team of ODA 595 followed, working their way north through the valley. On 5 November, Dostum and Atta began a coordinated assault on the village of Baluch. Dostum prepared his men to follow a bombing run from a B-52 with a cavalry charge, but one of Dostum's lieutenants misunderstood an order and sent 400 Uzbek horsemen charging toward the Taliban lines as the bomber made its final approach. The bomb landed just in time on the Taliban positions and the cavalry charge succeeded in breaking the Taliban defenses. Dostum and Atta then entered the Balkh Valley and continued towards Mazar-i-Sharif.

5552:, the campaign was a "striking military success". The United States achieved its war aims while committing a force of only 110 CIA officers, 350 special operators, and 5,000 Rangers and Marines. The model of special forces working with local fighters and calling in precision air strikes was heavily used by the US during later operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. One explanation for the rapid victory is that in Afghan culture, fighters tend to defect to the winning side once its victory is seen as inevitable; as anthropologist Thomas Barfield puts it, "Just as the Taliban had come to power by persuading people that they were winners without fighting and buying the defection of wavering commanders with suitcases full of hundred-dollar bills, they lost the war in a reverse process." The pattern recurred during the 5422:, Franks opposed the idea because he was "obsessed with not repeating the Soviets' mistake of deploying large conventional formations into Afghanistan," believing it would provoke popular resistance. Another possible explanation is that his attention was elsewhere – Franks spent 12 December, the day bin Laden may have escaped, briefing Secretary Rumsfeld on his plan for invading Iraq. There were also logistical obstacles: airlift assets in Afghanistan were limited, so transporting a large ground force to the Spin Ghar and resupplying it was "essentially impossible," according to an official Army history. Mattis, however, developed a plan that he thought logistically feasible – to drop artillery observers on the mountain passes with five days of sustainment to reduce resupply requirements. 5188:

immediately formed from whoever was in the safe house at the time: a headquarters element from 3rd Battalion, 5th SFG, a pair of USAF liaison officers, a handful of CIA SAD operators and the SBS team. The 8-man SBS team arrived in Land Rovers and the Green Berets and CIA operatives arrived in minivans and began engaging the prisoners, fighting a pitched battle to suppress the uprising, letting Olson escape. The operators then turned their attention to recovering Spann's body. Over four days the battle continued, with Green Berets calling in multiple airstrikes on the Taliban prisoners. During one CAS mission a Joint Direct Attack Munition was misdirected and hit the ground close to the Coalition and Northern Alliance positions, wounding five Green Berets and four SBS operators.

4831: 5330: 5871: 4897:, and as a transportation hub, with two major airports and a bridge into Uzbekistan. Taking the city would enable humanitarian aid to alleviate a looming food crisis, which threatened more than six million people with starvation. Many of those in most urgent need lived in rural areas to the south and west of Mazar-i-Sharif. Dostum and Atta fought their way up the Balkh Valley and on 8 November reached the Tanghi Pass, the gateway between the valley and Mazar-i-Sharif. The pass was heavily defended, but the Northern Alliance seized it on 9 November, triggering a Taliban retreat from Mazar-i-Sharif. The Northern Alliance entered the city on 10 November. 4390:(AFO). AFO was a 45-man reconnaissance unit made up of Delta Force reconnaissance specialists augmented by selected SEALs and supported by ISA's technical experts. AFO had been raised to support TF Sword and was tasked with intelligence preparation of the battlefield, working closely with the CIA and reporting directly to TF Sword. AFO conducted covert reconnaissance along the border with Pakistan. The AFO operators deployed observation posts to watch and report enemy movements and numbers and conduct environmental reconnaissance. The final task force supporting the invasion was CJCMOTF, which would manage civil affairs and humanitarian efforts. 5224: 3668: 4103:

well as ground forces operating inside Afghanistan. The CIA also presented its war plan, which involved inserting paramilitary teams to work with the Northern Alliance and, eventually, American Special Forces units. The planners wanted to minimize the use of American ground forces, to avoid provoking the Afghan population as the British and Russians had done. On 17 September Bush approved the CIA's plan and directed the military to develop a detailed war plan based on the third option from Camp David. Planning efforts were hindered because the Taliban had little physical infrastructure for the military to target. Early plans by the

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Responding to the approach of Karzai's forces, the inhabitants of the town of Tarinkot revolted and expelled their Taliban administrators. Karzai traveled to Tarinkot to meet with the town elders. While he was there, the Taliban marshaled a force of 300–500 men to retake the town. Karzai's small force, plus the American contingent, deployed in the town's front to block the Taliban's advance. Relying heavily on close air support, the American and Afghan force managed to drive the Taliban away from the town.

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no resistance and there was no sign of the Taliban leader, so they searched the target location for intelligence, while their helicopters refueled at the newly established FARP in Rhino. The next day, the Pentagon showed the video footage from Objective Rhino at a press conference and distributed it to news organizations. Intelligence prior to the missions had indicated that neither objective had any Taliban forces on it. According to former Delta Force operations officer Peter Blaber, the JSOC commander

381: 654: 584: 369: 157: 129: 4002: 4807:. They faced the death penalty if convicted. Since their arrival in Afghanistan, the CIA team had been using Northern Alliance intermediaries to contact Taliban officials and attempted to bribe them to release the prisoners, without success. Delta Force specialized in hostage rescue and began planning to infiltrate Kabul with 50–60 operators, disguised as an al-Qaeda convoy, to extract the prisoners. Planning and rehearsal for the mission, which also included an element from 441: 686: 610: 527: 280: 268: 255: 222: 12342: 4223: 4211: 3724: 5342: 5819:, including 20,000 people in Washington, D.C., on 29 September and 20,000 people in London on 7 October. In Afghanistan, according to anthropologist Thomas Barfield, there was "a surprising level of popular support...for the US intervention, especially among non-Pashtuns." In November 2001, CNN reported widespread relief amongst Kabul's residents after the Taliban fled the city, with young men shaving their beards and women taking off their burqas. 12372: 4163: 429: 631: 551: 539: 322: 303: 12362: 453: 196: 4181: 235: 417: 5588: 4652:, reinforced by members of the Territorial SAS regiments, deployed to northwest Afghanistan in support of Enduring Freedom. They conducted largely uneventful reconnaissance under the code-name Operation Determine, none of which resulted in enemy contact. They traveled in Land Rover Desert Patrol Vehicles and modified all-terrain vehicles (ATVs). Both squadrons returned to their barracks in the UK after two weeks. 344: 183: 4199: 12352: 5220:, the former governor of Kandahar. The ODA established covert observation posts by 24 November, allowing them to call in fire on Taliban positions. By the end of November, Kandahar was the Taliban's last stronghold, and was coming under increasing pressure. Nearly 3,000 tribal fighters under Karzai and 350 under Sherzai pressured Taliban forces from the east and cut off northern supply lines to Kandahar. 333: 4085: 4952:, with an air strike in Kabul. That day the Taliban abandoned Kabul and decided to regroup in Jalalabad and Kandahar. Taliban forces evacuated by the end of 13 November, and Northern Alliance forces (supported by ODA 555) arrived took control of the city the following afternoon. During their retreat, the Taliban took the Shelter Now prisoners with them, but abandoned them in a prison in 5402:

addressed to the terrorists that stayed to fight a rearguard action to allow bin Laden to escape. The leader of the CIA Jawbreaker team at Tora Bora believed that two large al-Qaeda groups escaped: the smaller group of 130 jihadis escaped east into Pakistan, while the second group including bin Laden and 200 Saudi and Yemeni jihadis took the route across the mountains to

5374:, who in November had replaced Gary Schroen as the senior CIA officer in Afghanistan. On 2 December, Berntsen requested a battalion of Rangers be dropped into the mountains to establish blocking positions along potential escape routes out of Tora Bora into Pakistan. In addition to the Rangers, other available forces included 1,000 Marines under Brigadier General 4301:(CENTCOM) was the overall commander for Operation Enduring Freedom. He led four task forces: the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF), Combined Joint Task Force Mountain (CJTF-Mountain), the Joint Interagency Task Force-Counterterrorism (JIATF-CT), and the Coalition Joint Civil-Military Operations Task Force (CJCMOTF). 5826:(ISAF), with a mandate to help the Afghans maintain security in Kabul and surrounding areas. For its first years ISAF consisted of 8,000 American and 5,000 coalition soldiers and its mandate did not extend beyond the Kabul area. In February 2002, the US detected a large concentration of Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters in the eastern 3787:, disapproved of the alliance with al-Qaeda because bin Laden's terrorist activities were complicating the Taliban's quest for international recognition of their government. In 2000, Muhammad Umar visited bin Laden and forbade him from attacking the United States while he was a guest of the Taliban. During the 1990s, the CIA and 4984:, 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Jalalabad. Nearly 2,000 al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters fortified themselves within bunkers and caves. On 16 November, the US began bombing the mountain redoubt. Around the same time, CIA and Special Forces operatives worked in the area, enlisting local warlords and planning an attack. 5401:

The following day, a handheld radio recovered from a dead al-Qaeda fighter allowed members of the Delta squadron, SBS, CIA, and MI6 to hear bin Laden's voice – apparently apologizing to his followers for leading them to Tora Bora and giving his blessing for their surrender – thought to be a recording

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Forty operators from A Squadron Delta Force deployed forward to Tora Bora and assumed tactical command from the CIA. With the Delta squadron were a dozen of so members of the British SBS. The Delta operators were deployed in small teams embedded within the militias and sent their own operators out to

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strafed a bunker with its 20mm cannon, which narrowly missed several members of G Squadron. When the A Squadron assault force reached the objective, they cleared the HQ building and gathered all intelligence materials they could find. The mission lasted four hours and four SAS operators were wounded;

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cargo aircraft. The Air Troop advance team confirmed the site was suitable and later that day the C-130s landed and disembarked the SAS in their vehicles. The assault force was composed of operators from A and G Squadrons driving 38 Land Rover Desert Patrol Vehicles, two logistics vehicles, and eight

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continued. General Daoud and ODA 586 had initiated massive coalition airstrikes to demoralize the Taliban defenders. After 11 days of fighting and bombardment, Taliban fighters surrendered to Northern Alliance forces on 23 November. Shortly before the surrender, Pakistani aircraft arrived to evacuate

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considered the uninvited arrival to be a violation of sovereignty, and complained to the head of the CIA field office, threatening to resign if the British did not withdraw. The British government had alerted the deputy head of the United Nations mission in Afghanistan that they were deploying troops

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had been fighting the Taliban in the Darya Suf Valley throughout the summer and had gradually lost ground. The valley ran north to south and Dostum had established his headquarters near the village of Dehi—60 miles south of Mazar-i-Sharif—because the rugged terrain prevented Taliban tanks from moving

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drone. The Predator was loitering over Muhammad Umar's house and followed several men who left the house. CIA analysts believed that Umar was in the group, which drove first to the house of Umar's mother and then to a school west of Kandahar. The men stayed in the school for several hours and the CIA

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In 2001, the Defense Department did not have a pre-existing plan for an invasion of Afghanistan. Therefore, the plan approved by Bush was devised by the CIA, reusing elements of the agency's previous contingency plans for collaboration with the Northern Alliance against the Taliban. Bush met with his

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and Rumsfeld, Rumsfeld's view—that the force should not be expanded—prevailed. Historians later wrote that the failure of ISAF to be deployed beyond Kabul drove Karzai to offer positions within the state to potential spoilers whose activities did great harm to the state's reputation. The rise of the

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US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld aimed to carry out operations in Afghanistan rapidly and leave as fast as possible. He thus wished to focus on kinetic counter-terrorism operations and building up a new Afghan Army. Rumsfeld announced in mid-2002 that "The war is over in Afghanistan," to the

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poll conducted between November and December 2001 showed that majorities in Canada (66%), France (60%), Germany (60%), Italy (58%), and the UK (65%) approved of US airstrikes while majorities in Argentina (77%), China (52%), South Korea (50%), Spain (52%), and Turkey (70%) opposed them. There were a

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alleged that up to five thousand people were evacuated, while Karzai stated that, "even the Americans did not know who got away." The United States government denied that the airlift occurred, with Secretary Rumsfeld saying, "neither Pakistan nor any other country flew any planes into Afghanistan to

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carrying 91 soldiers. The assault teams were drawn from Delta, while teams from the Rangers secured the perimeter and occupied blocking positions. Before the soldiers were inserted, the target area was softened by preparatory fire from AC-130s and MH-60L Direct Action Penetrators. The assaulters met

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during the Soviet–Afghan War. Signal intercepts and interrogation of captured Taliban fighters and al-Qaeda terrorists pointed towards the presence of significant numbers of foreign fighters and possible senior leaders in the area. Instead of committing conventional forces, both the White House and

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helicopters from the 160th SOAR. The Little Birds flew to a Taliban compound near Kandahar codenamed Objective Wolverine and destroyed it. They returned to the lake bed to rearm and refuel, then launched another strike against a second site called Objective Raptor. After the second strike they went

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missile at a truck outside to draw the men out; the men left the school, and Umar escaped. Predator drones had been in development since the early 1990s, had been used to search for bin Laden since 2000, and had even been proposed as a means of assassinating bin Laden before 9/11. The employment of

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to attempt to flee fearing potential U.S. military action - this on top of millions that were already refugees in regional countries due to the continuous conflict already in place for 22 years. Food stock was running critically low and almost all aid workers had left the country after the attacks.

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official, the invoking of Article V seemed to have caught the Americans by surprise, and the Bush administration appeared annoyed at NATO's declaration. Article V states that an attack on one member of the alliance is to be considered an attack on all members. On 7 October, as the US aerial bombing

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sometime around 16 December. A Delta reconnaissance team, call-sign 'Jackal', spotted a tall man wearing a camouflage jacket with a large number of fighters entering a cave. The team called in multiple airstrikes on the presumption that it was bin Laden, but later DNA analysis from the remains did

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On 10 November, operators from C squadron Special Boat Service, inserted via two C-130s into the recently captured Bagram Airfield, caused a political quandary with the Northern Alliance leadership, who claimed the British had failed to consult them on the deployment. The Northern Alliance foreign

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targets. The front facing the Northern Alliance held, and no battlefield successes were achieved there. The United States dropped 1500 munitions in the first week of bombing. They also began airdropping food and medical supplies to civilians in Northern Alliance-controlled territory. By the second

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on 15 September for a war planning session. The military presented three options for military action in Afghanistan: The first was a cruise missile strike, the second was a combined cruise missile and bombing campaign lasting 3–10 days, and the third called for cruise missile and bomber strikes as

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on 15 September and 2 October. During the latter meeting, Grenier, aware that Osmani belonged to the moderate faction of the Taliban and disliked bin Laden, proposed that Osmani seize power in Afghanistan. He offered CIA assistance in the coup on the condition that Osmani would hand over bin Laden

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Simultaneously, the US urged Pakistan to end its support for the Taliban regime and to pressure Muhammad Umar to hand over bin Laden. On 12 September, the US demanded Pakistan close its border with the Taliban and share intelligence with the Bush administration. US pressure on Pakistan reportedly

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On 20 December, ODA 561 was inserted into the White Mountains to support ODA 572 in gathering intelligence in the caves and to assist with recovering DNA samples from terrorist bodies. US and UK forces continued searching into January, but no sign of al-Qaeda leadership emerged. An estimated 220

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From the outset of the battle, ODA 572 with its attached Combat Controller called in precision airstrikes, whilst the Afghans launched a number of poorly executed attacks on established al-Qaeda positions, with limited success. The militias would typically gain ground in the morning following US

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On 5 December, a 2,000-pound (910 kg) GPS-guided bomb landed among the Green Berets from ODA 574, killing 3 members and wounding the rest of the team. Over 20 of Karzai's militia were also killed and Karzai himself was slightly wounded. A Delta Force unit that had been operating nearby on a

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at that time—simply ignored Abdullah and drove to the Panjshir Valley, where he paid his respects to Ahmad Shah Massoud's grave and held talks with Northern Alliance leaders. The British Foreign Secretary tried to reassure the Northern Alliance that the deployment was not a vanguard of a British

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Valley after being delayed by weather for several nights, near Dostum and ODA 595. Its role was to support General Atta in a drive on Mazar-i-Sharif, coordinated with Dostum. Bravo team of ODA 595 conducted airstrikes in the Darya Suf Valley, cutting off and destroying Taliban reinforcements and

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to work alongside warlord Burillah Khan. The same night, three Delta Force operators flew into the Panjshir and began working with the CIA Jawbreaker team to plan an important hostage rescue mission. In early August 2001, the Taliban had imprisoned eight employees of a Christian aid organization

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on the United States, employing four hijacked jet airliners. The attacks killed almost 3,000 people and injured more than 6,000 others. By the early afternoon of 11 September, the CIA had confirmed that al-Qaeda was responsible for the attack. The Taliban condemned the attacks, but Umar issued a

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Barbers too were doing brisk business as young men with trimmed beards and bare faces walked the streets listening to music from roadside stalls, no longer fearing imprisonment. Yet relief at the fall of the Taliban in Kabul does not mean residents are now completely relaxed. Scenes of joy mask

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Several events in early 2002 can be seen as the conclusion of the first phase of the US-led war in Afghanistan. The first was the dispersal of the major groups of the Taliban and al-Qaeda after the end of Anaconda. In February 2002, the United States decided to not expand international security

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US forces established their main base at Bagram airbase just north of Kabul. Kandahar airport also became an important US base, and outposts were established in eastern provinces to hunt for Taliban and al-Qaeda fugitives. Following Operation Anaconda, al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters established

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AC-130 gunships kept up aerial bombardments throughout the night. The following day (27 November) the siege was broken when Northern Alliance T-55 tanks were brought into the central courtyard to fire shells into several block houses containing Taliban fighters. Fighting continued sporadically

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tribe and had been an enemy of the Taliban since they assassinated his father in 1999. He had entered Afghanistan with three other men on 9 October, but was almost killed by the Taliban, and was extracted by the CIA on 4 November. Once he returned he began to move towards the town of Tarinkot.

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A change in US policy was effected in early September 2001. The Bush administration agreed on a plan to start supporting Massoud. On 10 September, a meeting of top national security officials agreed that the Taliban would be presented with an ultimatum to hand over bin Laden and other al-Qaeda

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in the 1980s, who had language skills and regional expertise. At month's end, a handful of MI6 officers landed in northeast Afghanistan and met with Fahim. They began working with other contacts in the north and south to build alliances, secure support, and bribe as many Taliban commanders as

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armored vehicles retrofitted with rocket pods from Soviet combat helicopters. Dostum's Uzbeks used horses for transportation. The Northern Alliance had 18 helicopters and three fixed-wing planes, used mostly for logistical purposes. The Taliban's equipment was similar to that of the Northern

3823:, which demanded the Taliban surrender bin Laden for trial in the US and close all terrorist bases in Afghanistan. At the time, the only collaboration between Massoud and the US was an effort with the CIA to trace bin Laden. The US provided no support for Massoud's fight against the Taliban. 5187:

The other CIA operator, Dave Olson, made contact with CENTCOM, which relayed his request for assistance to SOF troops at a TF Dagger safe house in Mazar-i-Sharif. The safe house housed members of Delta Force, some Green Berets and a small team from M squadron SBS. A quick reaction force was

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The Green Berets of ODA 595 split into two elements, Alpha and Bravo. Alpha rode on horseback with General Dostum to his headquarters to plan an assault on Mazar-i-Sharif. Bravo was tasked with clearing the Darya Suf Valley of Taliban and to travel into the Alma Tak Mountains to conduct

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factions. The Northern Alliance received varying degrees of support from Russia, Iran, and India. Like the Taliban, Massoud also raised money by trafficking drugs. By 2001, the Taliban controlled 80% of the country, with the Northern Alliance confined to the country's northeast corner.

4386:, was an intelligence integration and fusion activity composed of personnel from all participating units. Bowie numbered 36 military personnel and 57 from agencies such as the FBI, NSA, and CIA, as well as liaison officers from coalition SOF. Administratively embedded within Bowie was 3783:, Afghanistan. He had founded al-Qaeda in the late 1980s to continue jihad after the end of the Soviet–Afghan War. He moved al-Qaeda's operations to eastern Afghanistan and developed a close relationship with the Taliban. However some key Taliban members, such as the foreign minister 5267:

On 6 December, Karzai was informed that he would be the next president of Afghanistan. He also negotiated the successful surrender of both the remaining Taliban forces and the city of Kandahar. Karzai's militia began their final push to clear the city. The US government rejected

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in the desert south of Kandahar on 25 November (Camp Rhino was located at Objective Rhino, the same airstrip seized by the Rangers on 19 October). On 26 November, 15 Taliban armored vehicles approached the base and were attacked by helicopter gunships, destroying many of them.

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went on to warn that should the United States invade Afghanistan, jihad would become obligatory until the invaders were expelled. On 21 September, Muhammad Umar rejected both Bush's demands and the advice of the council, again denying that bin Laden was responsible for 9/11.

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on 13 November. Anti-Taliban Afghans freed the prisoners, who had found a satellite phone and used it to call the American embassy in Pakistan. SEAL Team Six used Chinook helicopters to extract the prisoners from Ghazni on the night of 14 November and take them to Pakistan.

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estimated that between 1,537 and 2,375 civilians were killed during the invasion. Northern Alliance casualties are unknown. United States casualties were 12 military personnel and one CIA officer (Mike Spann), while the Taliban suffered 8,000 to 12,000 killed. According to

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The assault began with a preparatory airstrike, after which A Squadron dismounted from their vehicles and closed in on the target on foot. G Squadron provided covering fire with heavy weapons, and air support flew sorties until running out of munitions. On a final pass, a

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The fall of the city was a "major shock"; the US Central Command originally believed it would remain in Taliban hands well into the following year. US Army Civil Affairs Teams from the 96th Civil Affairs Battalion, and Tactical Psychological Operations Teams from the

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suggested on 27 September that "millions" of Afghans would possibly starve, amid the paralyzed relief network, closed border crossings, and the cold winter approaching. The U.N. refugee agency feared that the scale of the crisis could reach the peaks of that in

4772:, impressing Dostum. As part of its operations, the Americans beamed in radio broadcasts in both Pashto and Dari calling al-Qaeda and the Taliban criminals and promising US$ 25 million to anyone who would provide information leading to bin Laden's whereabouts. 5779:

made the opposite case, that Afghanistan was responsible for the actions of al-Qaeda because it allowed al-Qaeda to operate from its territory and refused to extradite al-Qaeda operatives. The debate continued with the 2009 publication of Myra Williamson's

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The defeat of the Taliban at Tarinkot was an important victory for Karzai, who used it to recruit more men to his fledgling guerrilla band. His force would grow in size to a peak of around 800 men. Soon afterwards, they left Tarinkot and began advancing on

5771:. The US sent a letter to the Security Council on 7 October stating that, "Afghanistan was harboring terrorists who attacked the United States, that further attacks might be anticipated, and that military action was needed to deter them." Legal scholar 4416:

and designated the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team, known by the call-sign 'Jawbreaker'. In addition to specialized human assets, the team brought a metal case containing $ 3 million in $ 100 bills to buy support. Jawbreaker linked up with General

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The US aimed to destroy al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban regime from power, but also sought to prevent the Northern Alliance from taking control of Afghanistan, believing the Alliance's rule would alienate the country's Pashtun majority. CIA director

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article described Afghanistan as a "post-apocalyptic place of felled cities, parched land and downtrodden people." Seventy percent of the population was undernourished in 2001, and the life expectancy was ranked two places from bottom in the world.

4320:(160th SOAR). Dagger was assigned to the north of Afghanistan and Task Force K-Bar was assigned to southern Afghanistan. K-Bar was led by Navy SEAL Captain Robert Harward and formed around SEAL Teams 2, 3 and 8 and Green Berets from 1st Battalion, 3993:

On the evening of 11 September, President Bush stated the US would respond to the attacks and would "make no distinction between those who planned these acts and those who harbor them." On 14 September 2001, Congress passed legislation titled

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Alongside the SOF task forces operated the largely conventional CJTF-Mountain. Mountain initially comprised three subordinate commands, but only one was a special operations force – Task Force 64, a special forces task group built around a

5504:, Tajikistan. The US established its main base at Karshi-Khanabad Air Base (known as K2) in Uzbekistan. Personnel and equipment were flown from the large American bases in Germany to K2 and then to Afghanistan. Pakistan granted the use of 4992:

On 13 November, the 75th Ranger Regiment carried out its second combat parachute drop into Afghanistan. A platoon-sized Ranger security element, including a team from the Ranger Reconnaissance Detachment and accompanied by eight Air Force

3899:. Several hundred officers from Pakistan's ISI were stationed in Afghanistan advising the Taliban. By mid-October, approximately 10,000 Pakistani volunteers crossed the border to augment the Taliban's forces. The volunteers were mostly 3933:

in 1998. Afghanistan also faced a serious humanitarian crisis in 2001 due to drought; according to the United Nations, 5 million Afghans were in need of humanitarian aid that year and 3.8 million could not survive without UN food aid.

4350:(JSOC) component of the mission. Task Force Sword's primary objective was capturing or killing senior leadership within al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Sword was structured around a two-squadron component of operators from Delta Force and 5386:, the month when Muslims do not eat or drink during the day. With the Afghan offensive stalled and the CIA and ODA teams overstretched, Franks decided to deploy special operations soldiers from JSOC into the battle on 9 December. 3928:

Both sides had a history of human rights abuses: Uzbeks and Hazaras had "massacred hundreds of Taliban prisoners and killed Pashtun villagers in the north and around Kabul", and the Taliban killed 5,000–8,000 civilians after they

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disbelief of State Department, CIA, and military officials in the country. As a result, Rumsfeld downplayed the need for an Afghan army of even 70,000 troops, far fewer than the 250,000 envisaged by Karzai. In February 2002, the

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and outlined the Bonn Process that would lead towards a new constitution and a new Afghan government. Following the Bonn Conference, tribal leaders and former exiles established an interim government in Kabul under Hamid Karzai.

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The military completed its war plan by 21 September and called it Operation Infinite Justice. This name was deemed culturally insensitive because Islamic theology only deems God's justice to be infinite, so Secretary of Defense

5370:. Hazrat Ali and Zaman distrusted each other, and during the battle their militias sometimes shot at each other. Using CIA funds, some 1,000 Afghan fighters were recruited for the coming battle. The leader of the CIA team was 3516:

on 13 November and toppled the Taliban by 17 December, after which international military bases were set up near major cities across the country. However, most members of al-Qaeda and the Taliban were not captured: during the

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had taken over throughout northeastern Afghanistan, including Jalalabad; Taliban holdouts in the north fell back to the city of Kunduz, while others retreated to their heartland in southeastern Afghanistan, around Kandahar.

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requested that the Air Force strike the school with a conventional bomb, but Franks denied the request, citing the risk of collateral damage and uncertainty over whether Umar was really there. The CIA fired the Predator's

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became the new leader of the Northern Alliance. The Alliance had 15,000–20,000 fighters distributed across five locations. On the Kabul front, Taliban and Northern Alliance forces faced each other from trenches across the

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and coordinating a batch of preparatory airstrikes, when Khan surprised the Americans by launching an impromptu mass infantry assault on the Taliban holding the city. The city fell before the first bomb could be dropped.

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intelligence and military personnel who had been aiding the Taliban's fight against the Northern Alliance, including Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders. The details of the airlift are disputed. Investigative reporter

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Simultaneously, a squadron of Delta Force operatives supported by Rangers from Task Force Sword conducted an operation—designated Objective Gecko—outside Kandahar at Muhammad Umar's residential compound. Four

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After the fall of Kabul and Kandahar, suspected al-Qaeda members, including bin Laden and other key leaders, withdrew to Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province. From there they moved into the Tora Bora region of the

5899:' for Afghanistan. The decision against a significant expansion of international presence and development assistance was later seen by historians as a major error. However, the US's growing commitment to 4846:

On the Shomali Plain, ODA 555 and the CIA Jawbreaker team attached to Fahim Khan's forces began calling airstrikes on entrenched Taliban positions at the southeastern end of the former Soviet air base at

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the Pentagon decided to isolate and destroy al-Qaeda elements in the area with the US SOF supporting locally recruited Afghan militias, due to a fear of repeating the Soviet's experience in the area.

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Scholars have disputed the legality of the invasion under international law. The US and its allies argued that the invasion was an act of self defense, which is legal according to Article 51 of the

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has argued that the invasion was illegal because al-Qaeda, not Afghanistan, was the perpetrator of the 9/11 attacks, and because there was no evidence that further terrorist attacks were imminent.

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back to the lake bed, loaded onto the MC-130s and flew back to Oman. A series of missions codenamed Operation Relentless Strike began on 16 November. On the first night, the Rangers drove modified

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director-general to negotiate with the Taliban. Muhammad Umar told Pakistan that he would be willing to turn bin Laden over to a third country, but the US refused, demanding a direct handover.

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A landlocked country with forbidding terrain and a harsh climate, Afghanistan presents major difficulties for military operations. Prior to the war, the United States had no military bases in

4429:. The Jawbreaker team brought satellite communications equipment, enabling its intelligence reports to be instantly available to CIA headquarters. The team also assessed potential targets for 10875: 10797: 5724: 5452: 4926:

peacekeeping army, but Northern Alliance leaders did not believe them; with the threat of the Northern Alliance opening fire on incoming troop transports, the deployment was put on hold.

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the site, with initial reports of eleven enemy killed and nine fleeing; upon reaching the ground the Rangers located and killed one Taliban fighter. The Rangers provided security while a

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CJSOTF consisted of three subordinate task forces: Joint Special Operations Task Force-North (JSOTF-North or Task Force Dagger), Joint Special Operations Task Force-South (JSOTF-South or

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demanded that the Taliban government extradite Osama bin Laden to the United States and also expel al-Qaeda militants from Afghanistan; bin Laden had been active in Afghanistan since the

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was a key ally of the United States, offering support for military action from the start of the invasion preparations. The American military presence in Afghanistan greatly bolstered the

6081: 10830: 4867:. ODA 586 deployed to Kunduz with the forces of General Daoud Khan and ODA 594 deployed into the Panjshir to assist the men of ODA 555. Among the individuals in ODA 594 was 71 year old 3998:, authorizing military force against al-Qaeda and its supporters. President Bush addressed Congress on 20 September and demanded the Taliban deliver bin Laden and al-Qaeda or face war. 3957:, he initially denied having any involvement. One of bin Laden's strategic goals was to draw the US into a costly war in Afghanistan, so it could be defeated just as the USSR had been. 3402: 3504:. The Taliban declined to extradite bin Laden and further ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases or extradite other suspected terrorists. In response, the United States launched 10944: 5910:, who had fled during the previous decades of war, returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan and Iran. By 2012, over 5.7 million had returned, increasing the country's population by 25%. 5382:

airstrikes, but relinquish control of those gains the same day. They would also retreat to their base areas to sleep and break their fast each night, since the battle occurred during

3709:. His followers were religious students and sought to end warlord rule through strict adherence to Islamic law. By the end of 1994, the Taliban had captured all of Kandahar Province. 1600: 12283: 5434:; the Taliban were excluded, while three Afghan opposition groups participated. Observers included representatives of neighboring and other involved major countries. The resulting 5303:, a group led by Dostum. Hundreds to 2,000 of the Taliban prisoners suffocated in the overcrowded metal shipping containers on trucks or were shot dead in an incident known as the 1393: 3925:

during the Soviet–Afghan War. They relied on pickup trucks for mobility and operated as a "motorized light force." They had about 40 combat aircraft, operated by ex-PDPA pilots.

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in the Indian Ocean was used as a platform for helicopters of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment to fly special operations personnel into southern Afghanistan. Some

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The revolt ended on 1 December after seven days of fighting. 86 Taliban survived out of 1,000 that had been in the prison, and around 50 Northern Alliance soldiers were killed.

1128: 1002: 5474:, during the invasion the Northern Alliance "carried out systematic attacks on Pashtun villages, raping women, summarily executing civilians, and stealing livestock and land." 10865: 2254: 3739:

interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home or attend school and requiring them to abide by harsh rules on

10870: 1889: 4783:. Haq was among the most famous commanders of the anti-Soviet jihad, during which he had been wounded sixteen times and lost a foot. The Taliban captured and executed him. 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 4706:

observation plane flying overhead. No US casualties were suffered in the operation itself (two Rangers received minor injuries in the jump), but two Rangers assigned to a

3568:. Protracted fighting continued for the next two decades, and by mid-2021, the international coalition and the United States had begun to withdraw from the country amidst 830: 12401: 10912: 5636: 3304: 5784:. Williamson analyzed the legal questions raised by state responses to terrorism and the implications of the Afghanistan precedent for later conflicts such as the 2003 10932: 9786: 4976:(HALO) jump northeast of Kandahar to call in airstrikes on targets retreating from Kabul, the first combat HALO jump conducted at night by the United States since the 3995: 995: 12180: 5134:

Kawasaki dirt bikes. The assault force drove to a release point and split into two elements. A squadron was the assault force and G Squadron provided fire support.

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operators, parachuted into a dry lake bed southwest of Kandahar and secured the area. A pair of MC-130 cargo planes then landed in the lake bed and deposited four

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throughout the week, and the Taliban were finished by Dostum's Northern Alliance forces. The combined Green Beret–SBS team recovered Spann's body on 26 November.

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At the beginning of November, US aircraft shifted from attacking strategic targets to striking the Taliban front lines. On 2 November, ODA 553 inserted into

4811:, continued for the next three weeks, but execution was delayed because the Taliban frequently moved the Shelter Now employees between two prisons in Kabul. 4475: 4317: 8106: 12301: 11456: 10835: 6028: 5565: 5431: 3549: 3407: 3389: 1756: 1386: 4036:

included an ultimatum that Pakistan declares itself either a friend or a foe and the threat to "turn Pakistan back to the stone age". Pakistani president

12416: 11416: 10917: 3374: 1533: 1121: 5903:, which it had invaded in March 2003, was absorbing more and more resources, which would have made committing such resources to Afghanistan impossible. 4123:

argued that the US should target al-Qaeda but "hold off on the Taliban," since the Taliban were popular in Pakistan and attacking them could jeopardize

10792: 9746: 3473:. Prior to the beginning of the United States' war effort, the Taliban had seized around 85% of Afghanistan's territory as well as the capital city of 2247: 869: 5418:

In subsequent years, the military was heavily criticized for not deploying ground forces into Tora Bora to capture bin Laden. According to journalist

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ODA 574 and Hamid Karzai began moving on Kandahar, gathering fighters from friendly local Pashtun tribes. At the strategic Sayd-Aum-Kalay Bridge they

4403: 4285: 12147: 10787: 10782: 3622:, to support rebels fighting against the Soviet-backed PDPA. While the secular and socialist government controlled the cities, religiously motivated 1882: 1586: 861: 5556:, when the US-backed government collapsed and a resurgent Taliban captured a dozen provincial capitals in a week before it entered Kabul unopposed. 4610: 12139: 10807: 5801: 4637:

Chinook helicopters from 2nd Battalion 160th SOAR. ODA 555 went to the Panjshir Valley to link up with the NALT and Fahim, and ODA 595 went to the

4586: 3887:, the 055 Brigade was only 400–600 strong, but its ties to bin Laden made it politically important. The foreign fighters included Arabs as well as 9755: 9463:

concerns that the alliance's capture of the city will again result in the ethnic infighting that ravaged Kabul before the Taliban capture in 1996.

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On 7 October, the US began military operations in Afghanistan with air strikes on 31 targets across the country. Most of the Taliban's outdated

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The fall of Kabul started a cascading collapse of Taliban positions. Within 24 hours, all Afghan provinces along the Iranian border had fallen,

12396: 6073: 3732: 3446: 1114: 259: 92: 11494: 10927: 4107:(JSOC) included poisoning the Afghan food supply and raiding a fertilizer factory that JSOC believed could be used to make chemical weapons. 2849: 2240: 6000: 10111: 10087: 5747: 1875: 4135:

At the time of the invasion, the humanitarian situation in Afghanistan was dire, and the attacks in the United States caused thousands of

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In October 2001 when the invasion began, polls indicated that about 88% of Americans and about 65% of Britons backed military action. An

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The invasion consisted of American, British, Canadian, and Australian forces, with other countries providing logistical support. General

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operatives. If the Taliban refused, the US would provide covert military aid to anti-Taliban groups to attempt to overthrow the Taliban.

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and smaller surrounding areas. The American-led invasion on 7 October 2001, marked the first phase of what would become the 20-year-long

9673: 5184:, one of two CIA SAD operatives at the fortress who had been interrogating prisoners, was killed, marking America's first combat death. 3965: 12355: 12185: 11247: 4063:

On 4 October, the British government released a document summarizing the evidence linking bin Laden to the attacks. That same day, the

3509: 2716: 1936: 1686: 794: 718: 4561:, and radar and command units were destroyed on the first night. On the same night the CIA conducted the first-ever air strike with a 11806: 11680: 11378: 11363: 10922: 10759: 3930: 3084: 3000: 2780: 2264: 2091: 2056: 1966: 98: 3512:, including Afghanistan's local Northern Alliance. The invasion effort made rapid progress for the next two months as the coalition 12266: 11861: 11517: 11411: 4321: 4313: 3129: 2876: 1838: 12306: 11660: 11426: 11348: 11237: 11174: 10812: 5855: 5823: 5816: 5740: 5090:

Task Force Dagger's attention focused on the last northern Taliban stronghold, Kunduz. As the bombardment at Tora Bora grew, the

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ODA 572 and a CIA team were dispatched to Tora Bora to advise eastern anti-Taliban militias under the command of two warlords:

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capabilities and prepare for the deployment of special force A-teams into Afghanistan to support the Northern Alliance rebels.

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In 1996, with military support from Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia, the Taliban seized Kabul and founded the

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Both sides primarily used Russian military equipment. The Northern Alliance had 14.5mm heavy machine guns, Russian artillery,

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The mission began in November 2001, with an 8-man patrol from G Squadron's Air Troop performing the regiments first wartime

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The team was made up of seven field agents, two pilots, and a helicopter mechanic. Phil Reilly was the deputy team leader.

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al-Qaeda fighters were killed during the battle and 52 prisoners were taken. No American or British personnel were killed.

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Daisy Cutter bombs, which caused heavy Taliban casualties. On 8 November, ODAs 586 and 594 infiltrated into Afghanistan in

4830: 4601:. Within a few days, most Taliban training sites were severely damaged and air defenses destroyed. The campaign focused on 4490:

helicopters and made operational readiness just as the bombing campaign was commencing. The initial focus was to establish

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afterwards. Although Osmani initially showed some interest in the proposal, they ultimately failed to reach an agreement.

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for his involvement in the bombings. In 1999 both the US and the United Nations enacted sanctions against the Taliban in

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possible to change sides or leave the fight. Two more CIA teams soon arrived, operating near Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif.

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Maley, William (2012). "PRT activity in Afghanistan: the Australian experience". In Hynek, Nik; Marton, Péter (eds.).

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Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001

4860: 4614: 4274: 3282: 3270: 3027: 2990: 2208: 2196: 2066: 1564: 1446: 1342: 9955: 3879:. The Taliban military comprised approximately 45,000 Afghans and 2,700 foreign fighters, which included al-Qaeda's 12190: 12044: 12009: 11821: 11393: 11126: 10802: 10352: 9892: 9144: 7338: 5483: 5048: 5033: 4387: 4347: 4104: 3718: 3687: 3470: 3294: 3265: 3099: 2871: 2800: 2191: 2101: 2001: 1976: 1164: 784: 779: 774: 39: 3690:. By then, bin Laden had left the country. The United States' interest in Afghanistan also diminished. In 1994, a 11992: 11773: 8098: 5315:

discovered the mass grave in 2002, but the Bush administration discouraged attempts to investigate the incident.

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On 11 November, in the central north of Afghanistan, ODA 586 was advising General Daod Khan outside the city of

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A Different Kind of War: The United States Army in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) October 2001-September 2005

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In early December, as the US invasion was almost over, 7,500 Taliban prisoners were transported from Kunduz to

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in a strike against al-Qaeda training camps and Taliban military installations in Afghanistan on 7 October 2001

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reorganized the movement to wage asymmetric warfare against the coalition, and by 2002, the group had launched

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Descent into Chaos : the US and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia

10016:"Review of Terrorism, War and International Law: The Legality of the Use of Force Against Afghanistan in 2001" 9967: 4889:

US Army Special Forces soldiers upon arriving in Mazar-i-Sharif with Northern Alliance fighters on 10 November

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fortress near Mazar-i-Sharif, a few Taliban attacked their Northern Alliance guards. This incident triggered

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and Land Rovers to secure a remote desert airstrip. The Little Birds then flew in on MC-130s and conducted a

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On the night of 19 October, simultaneous with the Special Forces entering the country, 200 Rangers from the

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for the air campaign. To allow fixed-wing aircraft to land in the area, the team refurbished an airstrip at

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in Kandahar and soldiers from the 10th Mountain Division in Uzbekistan. Franks denied Berntsen's request.

11967: 11949: 11914: 11580: 11373: 11358: 5888: 5670: 5312: 4683: 4041: 3649: 3641: 3223: 3211: 3176: 2928: 2790: 2775: 2411: 2156: 2136: 2021: 1853: 1292: 1257: 659: 10472: 12086: 11944: 11763: 11640: 11570: 11479: 11353: 11285: 11019: 10969: 9411: 5624: 5606: 5529: 5240: 5210: 4915: 4851:. The Green Berets set up an observation post in a disused air traffic control tower and guided in two 4769: 4513: 3954: 3804: 3667: 3505: 3206: 2923: 2839: 2753: 2689: 2223: 1986: 1956: 1823: 1798: 1660: 1513: 1417: 1311: 1092: 5411:

not match bin Laden's. With the majority of the enemy gone, the battle came to an end on 17 December.

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Horse Soldiers: The Extraordinary Story of a Band of U.S. soldiers Who Rode to Victory in Afghanistan

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sanctuaries on the Pakistani border, where they launched cross-border raids beginning in April 2002.

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with the Taliban, eventually seizing it with the help of US airpower, opening the road to Kandahar.

4702:, to refuel aircraft flying to the next objective. The mission was filmed by combat cameramen and a 4342: 11894: 11748: 11743: 11527: 11320: 11300: 10842: 10745: 5785: 5646: 5173: 4707: 4622: 4508: 4479: 4437: 4412:) 10 members of the CIA into the Panjshir Valley, Massoud's stronghold. The CIA mission was led by 3856:

in the south, near Kabul. Dostum's forces were located south of Mazar-i-Sharif, the Hazaras under

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Terrorism, War and International Law: The Legality of the Use of Force Against Afghanistan in 2001

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Terrorism, War and International Law: The Legality of the Use of Force Against Afghanistan in 2001

4980:. By 13 November, al-Qaeda and Taliban forces—possibly including bin Laden—were concentrating in 4743:"believed that if we raided empty targets in Afghanistan and filmed the raids for the world to see 3982: 3816: 12103: 11997: 11909: 11851: 11816: 11738: 11700: 11695: 11670: 11650: 11600: 11310: 11052: 10450: 10115: 5676: 5574: 5537: 5130: 5129:

to assess its suitability as an improvised airstrip for the landing of the main assault force in

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US aircraft bombed Taliban training camps and air defenses over the next several days, employing

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via 4 MH-60K helicopters with a small force of guerrillas. Karzai was the leader of the Pashtun

5014:. The Little Birds conducted similar search and destroy missions over the next several nights. 4779:

entered Afghanistan with about 20 supporters and tried to raise a revolt against the Taliban in

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granted permission for US forces to operate from its territory. Within 48 hours, units from the

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of the North Atlantic Treaty for the first time in its history; According to one senior British

52:

Major American special forces operations in Afghan territory between October 2001 and March 2002

12365: 12049: 11826: 11753: 11315: 11091: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10984: 10974: 9756:"AFTER THE ATTACKS: THE AFGHANS; Taliban Plead for Mercy to the Miserable in a Land of Nothing" 5553: 5524:

served as the headquarters of Joint Special Operations Command, while the aircraft carrier USS

5307:. Some were killed when guards shot air holes into the containers. The dead were buried in the 5304: 5248: 5165: 5155: 4961: 4885: 4880: 4731: 4719: 4441: 4325: 4076:

campaign began, President Bush stated, "Full warning has been given, and time is running out."

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met to decide whether to expand ISAF beyond Kabul. In a dispute between Secretary of State

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First In: An Insider's Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan

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CIA activities in Afghanistan § Afghanistan 2001: September 11 attacks, U.S. invasion

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US Air Force Combat Controllers in combat during the invasion of Afghanistan, October 2001

8: 12036: 11959: 11899: 11871: 11798: 11720: 11632: 11552: 11504: 11466: 11403: 11335: 11267: 11252: 11209: 11199: 11151: 11116: 11103: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11064: 11042: 11024: 10961: 10377: 7353: 5805: 5682: 5406:, Pakistan. The Delta squadron commander believed that bin Laden crossed the border into 5324: 5115: 4987: 4649: 4602: 4579: 4332:

missions. Most coalition contributions were arrayed under K-Bar, including New Zealand's

4260: 4055:, the CIA's chief of station in Pakistan, to discuss giving up bin Laden. The two met in 3759: 3518: 3478: 3161: 2736: 2684: 2552: 2547: 1926: 1818: 1726: 1678: 1667: 1620: 1503: 1318: 1247: 1097: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 754: 491: 474: 10145: 9771: 3682:

in February 1989, the PDPA regime collapsed in 1992. In the resulting power vacuum, the

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on 7 October 2001, alongside the United Kingdom. The two countries were later joined by

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and moved into the city. Umar departed Kandahar and disappeared; he may have gone to

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and formed a resistance movement against the Taliban, called the United Front or the

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On 26 September, fifteen days after 9/11, the US covertly inserted (via CIA-piloted

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by detonating a bomb hidden in their video camera battery belt during an interview.

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Briscoe, Charles H.; Kiper, Richard L.; Schroder, James A.; Sepp, Kalev I. (2004).

5952: 5875: 5789: 5549: 5505: 5466: 5289: 5284:, or Pakistan. Other Taliban leaders fled to Pakistan through the remote passes of 5281: 5217: 5204: 5069: 5056: 4894: 4678:—a landing strip south of Kandahar. The landing strip had been built as part of an 4567: 4312:). Task Force Dagger was led by Colonel James Mulholland and was formed around his 4305: 4248: 4037: 3857: 3624: 2572: 2486: 2426: 2416: 1721: 1706: 1646: 1547: 1472: 1439: 1422: 1278: 1240: 1188: 1077: 559: 508: 397: 12195: 11841: 11645: 11542: 11280: 10979: 10737: 10658: 10634: 10589: 10565: 10517: 10444: 10401: 10356: 10332: 10311: 10264: 10214: 10193: 10169: 10124: 9963: 9772:"Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy" 9382: 7038: 7011: 5907: 5846: 5772: 5513: 5300: 5285: 5126: 5109: 5091: 5081: 4848: 4839: 4815: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4661: 4422: 4383: 4112: 4091: 4006: 3853: 3849: 3747: 3661: 3599: 3589: 3461:

a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by toppling the Taliban government. The

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The way of the knife: the CIA, a secret army, and a war at the ends of the Earth

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recommending that the Islamic Emirate ask bin Laden to leave their country. The

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Relentless strike : the secret history of Joint Special Operations Command

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Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan

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as an auxiliary base, and the CIA flew Predator drones from both Jacobabad and

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ODA 583 had infiltrated the Shin-Narai Valley southeast of Kandahar to support

5085: 4800: 4740: 4642: 4418: 4367: 4358:(ISA) signals intercept and surveillance team, and the 160th SOAR. The British 3974: 3918: 3840: 3489: 3462: 2436: 2302: 2278: 1899: 1347: 380: 373: 162: 19:"Invasion of Afghanistan" redirects here. For invasions by other polities, see 10031: 5906:

In the years following the invasion and overthrow of the Taliban, millions of

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more than 300 kilometers (190 mi) across the 16,000 feet (4,900 m)

4572: 4351: 4309: 3876: 3845: 3615: 3442: 3438: 2607: 2506: 653: 583: 555: 512: 368: 134: 9875: 7769:. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 109–111. 3544:(ISAF) to oversee military operations in Afghanistan and also train the new 10678: 10609: 10585: 10537: 10403:

Statebuilding in Afghanistan: Multinational Contributions to Reconstruction

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and secured the site, while Delta medics treated the wounded Green Berets.

5161: 5052: 5037: 4735: 4558: 4413: 4294: 4141: 4120: 4001: 3792: 3746:

After the Taliban takeover of Kabul, Massoud retreated north to his native

3727:

Taliban (red) and Northern Alliance (blue) control over Afghanistan in 2000

3657: 3619: 3603: 3553: 478: 457: 7339:"Afghanistan: Life barely worth living: UN - Afghanistan | ReliefWeb" 5351: 4893:

Mazar-i-Sharif was important as the home of the sacred Muslim site of the

4382:. The JIATF-CT (also known as Task Force Bowie), led by Brigadier General 4021:

across Afghanistan, who had convened to decide bin Laden's fate, issued a

10561: 10492: 9983: 6575: 5895:

while talking about Afghan reconstruction, resulting in discussion of a '

5496:. The initial CIA Jawbreaker team entered Afghanistan by helicopter from 5419: 4977: 4918: 4868: 4823: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4538: 4531: 4244: 3953:

statement denying bin Laden's involvement. Although bin Laden eventually

3880: 3865: 3811:, however, masterminded by al-Qaeda, provoked President Clinton to order 3788: 3698: 3577: 3561: 531: 445: 440: 409: 312: 227: 75: 10047: 10015: 9928: 9896: 5272:

for Umar or any Taliban leaders. On 7 December, Sherzai's forces seized

4606:

week of the campaign most of the preplanned targets had been destroyed.

4155:

Number of regional Afghan refugees by destination, as of September 2001

10567:

State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration

10260: 10234: 9852: 5939: 5811: 5493: 5403: 5375: 5341: 5252: 5232: 4905:, were immediately deployed to begin reconstruction in Mazar-i-Sharif. 4630: 4626: 4594: 4546: 4471: 4455: 4228: 4216: 4099: 3884: 3791:

planned several operations to kill or capture bin Laden, but President

3723: 3610:

to support the regime. The Soviet entry into Afghanistan prompted its

3530: 385: 5834:

in March 2002, which resulted in 8 US soldiers killed and 80 wounded.

4988:

Objective Wolverine, Objective Raptor, and Operation Relentless Strike

3594:

In 2001, Afghanistan had been at war for over 20 years. The communist

3469:, which had been locked in a losing fight with the Taliban during the 7040:

The Good War: Why We Couldn't Win the War Or the Peace in Afghanistan

7013:

The Good War: Why We Couldn't Win the War Or the Peace in Afghanistan

6005: 5509: 4981: 4864: 4747:... we would have some kind of morale-breaking effect on the enemy." 4715: 4409: 3861: 3780: 404: 214: 9810:"Afghanistan's military collapse: Illicit deals and mass desertions" 3830: 12223: 10171:

The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda

9567: 7372: 5900: 5652: 5579: 5501: 5497: 5407: 5394:, bin Laden left Tora Bora on the night of 12 December and went to 5060: 4948:

On 12 November, the US tracked and killed al-Qaeda's number three,

4691: 4239: 4168: 3986: 3892: 3706: 3691: 3645: 3611: 3526: 3522: 3450: 630: 550: 538: 307: 10702:

Wright, Donald P.; Bird, James; Clay, Steven; et al. (2010).

10385:. Washington, D.C.: History Division, United States Marine Corps. 4404:

5th Special Forces Group (United States) § War in Afghanistan

3754:. In addition to Massoud's Tajik force, the United Front included 703: 8802: 8495: 8483: 5453:

List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2006)

5383: 5269: 4965: 4930: 4914:

to Bagram, albeit on short notice. Arriving on the first flight,

4136: 3978: 3901: 3896: 3888: 3763: 3702: 685: 609: 526: 428: 272: 201: 9473: 9471: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8926: 8924: 8911: 8909: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8473: 8471: 8364: 5587: 5146:

the operation was the largest British SAS operation in history.

5075: 4764:

On 21 October, the Alpha element of ODA 595 guided in the first

4571:

armed Predators in Afghanistan marked the start of a new era of

3835:

On 9 September 2001, two al-Qaeda members posing as journalists

3775:

After nearly five years of shelter, bin Laden was expelled from

3445:

and subsequently led a multinational military operation against

9897:"The Rise of Afghanistan's Insurgency: State Failure and Jihad" 9240: 9238: 8686: 8676: 8674: 7829: 7827: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7704: 7702: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7574: 7380: 5003: 4953: 4871:, who had tracked Osama bin Laden in Kartoum during the 1980s. 4852: 4787: 4056: 3755: 3637: 495: 392: 175: 10216:

Danger Close: Tactical Air Controllers in Afghanistan and Iraq

7192: 7086: 7084: 6803: 6801: 6491: 9531: 9468: 9404: 8960: 8921: 8906: 8838: 8524: 8468: 7993: 7991: 7658: 7514: 6226: 6224: 5169: 4204: 4023: 4018: 4014: 3913: 3869: 3776: 3740: 3474: 416: 188: 9596: 9594: 9235: 9199: 9187: 9175: 8671: 8286: 8228: 8226: 8172: 8133: 8121: 7911: 7824: 7729: 7699: 7682: 7538: 6114: 6112: 4462:

officers to Afghanistan, utilizing people involved with the

4084: 3798: 3712: 10711:. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. 9322: 9103: 9101: 9088: 9086: 8870: 8860: 8858: 8780: 8778: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8150: 8148: 8054: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7773: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7451: 7449: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7180: 7108: 7081: 6813: 6798: 6738: 6350: 6263: 5521: 4186: 4064: 3909: 452: 240: 10687:. Internet Archive. New York : Simon & Schuster. 9543: 9286: 8999: 8894: 8882: 8739: 8727: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8388: 8313: 8238: 8015: 8003: 7988: 7899: 7839: 7351: 6979: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6394: 6392: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6338: 6280: 6278: 6221: 5125:

parachute jump. The patrol landed at a desert location in

3996:

Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

3852:

front extended from the Tajikistan border in the north to

3602:

in 1978, and its policies sparked a popular uprising. The

9739:"Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved" 9654: 9642: 9630: 9591: 9519: 9011: 8814: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8647: 8611: 8575: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8405: 8403: 8330: 8328: 8303: 8301: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8032: 8030: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7928: 7926: 7887: 7790: 7788: 7719: 7717: 7562: 7526: 7434: 7412: 7410: 7397: 7395: 7315: 7156: 7144: 6991: 6671: 6515: 6241: 6239: 6211: 6209: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6109: 5311:

desert just west of Sheberghan, in the Jowzjan Province.

4459: 3628:

held sway in much of the countryside. The most important

3529:

or otherwise retreated to remote regions deep within the

3453:, which had executed the attacks under the leadership of 10501:. Internet Archive. New York : St. Martin's Press. 9579: 9483: 9426: 9262: 9211: 9125: 9113: 9098: 9083: 8855: 8775: 8763: 8751: 8715: 8565: 8563: 8536: 8451: 8250: 8145: 7959: 7938: 7764: 7502: 7485: 7461: 7446: 6904: 6902: 6527: 5319:

Battle of Tora Bora: Osama bin Laden escapes to Pakistan

4130: 9310: 9298: 8160: 8066: 8042: 7670: 7276: 7264: 7216: 7069: 7057: 6950: 6854: 6825: 6786: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6599: 6587: 6563: 6551: 6469: 6467: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6404: 6389: 6362: 6326: 6314: 6302: 6290: 6275: 5845:

US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with troops at

4799:. Held in Kabul, the prisoners included two Americans, 3521:, several fighters including bin Laden, the founder of 10719:

The Looming Tower : Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11

10126:

NATO in Afghanistan: Fighting Together, Fighting Alone

9346: 9334: 9163: 9071: 9059: 9047: 9035: 9023: 8987: 8948: 8936: 8826: 8698: 8659: 8599: 8587: 8507: 8400: 8376: 8352: 8340: 8325: 8298: 8267: 8208: 8184: 8078: 8027: 7971: 7923: 7875: 7863: 7851: 7812: 7800: 7785: 7714: 7646: 7634: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7550: 7422: 7407: 7392: 7293: 7291: 7168: 7120: 6914: 6236: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6166: 6143: 6124: 6009:. 1 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 6001:"Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain - USATODAY.com" 5198: 4710:

element supporting the mission were killed when their

4655: 9787:"Civilian Death and Injury in Afghanistan, 2001–2011" 9674:"2012 UNHCR country operations profile - Afghanistan" 9606: 9250: 9223: 8635: 8560: 7746: 7132: 7096: 7037:

Fairweather, Jack (2014). "Chapter 3: Good Taliban".

7010:

Fairweather, Jack (2014). "Chapter 3: Good Taliban".

6938: 6926: 6899: 6887: 6762: 6695: 6683: 6659: 6251: 5430:

In late November 2001, the United Nations hosted the

5160:

On 25 November, as Taliban prisoners were moved into

4972:

In the midst of the retreat, Delta Force conducted a

3807:, the US had no clear policy toward Afghanistan. The 10379:

U.S. Marines in Afghanistan, 2001-2002: From the Sea

10065:"The impact of September 11 on US-Russian relations" 9555: 9507: 9495: 9145:"How US-Funded Abuses Led to Failure in Afghanistan" 8623: 8196: 7204: 6967: 6774: 6750: 6707: 6611: 6464: 5938:

The Hazaras are a minority ethnic group adhering to

5425: 4354:

was supported by a Ranger force protection team, an

3960: 3656:. The war also attracted Arab volunteers, known as " 10722:. Internet Archive. New York : Vintage Books. 10660:

The Afghanistan Papers: A Secret History of the War

10313:

Unwinnable: Britain's War in Afghanistan, 2001–2014

9618: 9370: 9274: 7622: 7473: 7288: 6875: 6647: 6539: 6503: 6479: 6191: 5260:classified reconnaissance mission arrived in their 4421:, commander of the Northern Alliance forces in the 3488:After the September 11 attacks, American president 12402:21st-century military history of the United States 10767: 10238: 10123:Auerswald, David P.; Saideman, Stephen M. (2014). 9390:"New York City protest opposes war in Afghanistan" 8790: 8548: 6842: 6726: 6416: 4714:helicopter crashed at a temporary staging site in 4005:In the days and weeks immediately following 9/11, 3875:The Taliban's military commander in the north was 3680:withdrawal of the Soviet military from Afghanistan 845: 12148:Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 10293:MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service 10122: 9857:"Afghanistan: The Anatomy of an Ongoing Conflict" 9573: 6635: 6623: 5981:. Institute for the Study of War. 27 January 2011 5942:who live in the mountains of central Afghanistan. 5887:forces beyond Kabul. President Bush spoke at the 5559: 5532:bombers flew into Afghanistan from the island of 3831:Military situation on the eve of the 9/11 attacks 3566:an insurgency against the American-led war effort 3477:, effectively confining the Northern Alliance to 12388: 9988:"U.S. Inaction Seen After Taliban P.O.W.'s Died" 9358: 7352:Margaret Emery, Hiram Ruiz (24 September 2001). 6027:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5566:Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 4786:On 25 October, ODA 585 infiltrated an area near 4698:(FARP) was established using fuel bladders from 4425:, and prepared the way for introduction of Army 4362:was integrated directly into Sword's structure. 4115:changed the name to Operation Enduring Freedom. 3955:took responsibility for the 9/11 attacks in 2004 3574:captured Kabul and toppled the Afghan government 3560:. Simultaneously, the Taliban's founding leader 4775:On 23 October, the anti-Taliban Pashtun leader 4512:A Tomahawk cruise missile is launched from the 3821:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267 4822:'s forces; ODA 534 was also inserted into the 4617:teams from the 5th Special Forces Group, plus 3948:On the morning of 11 September 2001, al-Qaeda 10753: 10701: 10147:Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History 9702:. Costs of War. November 2012. Archived from 9477: 9244: 9205: 9193: 9181: 8969: 8930: 8915: 8849: 8808: 8692: 8680: 8530: 8501: 8489: 8477: 8292: 8178: 8127: 7917: 7833: 7740: 7708: 7693: 7580: 7386: 7258: 7234: 7186: 7114: 7090: 6819: 6807: 6497: 6356: 5976:"Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region" 5830:. Coalition forces cleared the valley during 5748: 5076:Siege of Kunduz and alleged Pakistani airlift 3921:missiles donated by the United States to the 2248: 1883: 1594: 1387: 1136: 1122: 1003: 831: 800:Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present) 719: 690:8,000–12,000 killed or 15,000 killed/captured 10546:. Internet Archive. New York : Viking. 5802:Reactions to the Afghanistan War (2001–2021) 5446: 4611:Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) teams 555 3576:, re-establishing their rule in the form of 66:(2 months, 1 week and 3 days) 7036: 7009: 5231:march to a security position after seizing 4633:mountains in zero-visibility conditions by 4254: 12417:United States involvement in regime change 12186:Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission 10760: 10746: 10632: 10446:The American War in Afghanistan: A History 10114:. AEI Public Opinion Study. Archived from 9292: 5867:was linked to grievances over governance. 5822:On 20 December 2001, the UN authorized an 5795: 5755: 5741: 4682:hunting camp. Before the Rangers dropped, 4476:160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment 4318:160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment 4281:with Northern Alliance troops on horseback 3937: 3813:missile strikes on militant training camps 2255: 2241: 1890: 1876: 1601: 1587: 1394: 1380: 1129: 1115: 1010: 996: 838: 824: 726: 712: 93:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) 46: 10439: 10330: 10082: 9874: 9537: 9525: 9489: 9217: 9107: 9092: 8864: 8784: 8769: 8757: 8721: 8462: 8346: 8261: 8154: 7953: 7496: 7063: 6985: 6961: 6869: 6836: 6557: 6458: 6383: 6371: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6230: 6185: 6160: 6137: 6118: 5149: 4874: 4734:(which was serving as a SOF base) in the 3799:Change in U.S. policy towards Afghanistan 3713:Taliban vs. Northern Alliance (1996–2001) 99:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan 10677: 10653: 10467: 10143: 9781: 9432: 9268: 9131: 9119: 7965: 7676: 7544: 7520: 7508: 7467: 7455: 7282: 7270: 7246: 7198: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7126: 7075: 6932: 6920: 6434: 6410: 6398: 6308: 6296: 6284: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6215: 6071: 5869: 5840: 5340: 5328: 5222: 5027: 4884: 4829: 4750: 4648:In mid-October, A and G squadron of the 4621:, were airlifted by helicopter from the 4553:surface-to-air missiles, small fleet of 4522: 4507: 4284: 4269: 4083: 4000: 3964: 3722: 3666: 3652:(ISI) to funnel foreign support for the 3596:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 11706:Mazar-i-Sharif German consulate bombing 10813:International Security Assistance Force 10608: 10584: 10515: 10309: 9962: 9943: 9753: 9733: 9448:. CNN. 14 November 2001. Archived from 9328: 9316: 9304: 9169: 9017: 8981: 8820: 8709: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8581: 8518: 8280: 8232: 8217: 8202: 8166: 8139: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8036: 7932: 7905: 7893: 7881: 7723: 7592: 7568: 7532: 7440: 7428: 7416: 7401: 7297: 7102: 6881: 6768: 6744: 6701: 6689: 5824:International Security Assistance Force 5333:US Army Special Forces headquarters in 4324:. The task force principally conducted 3542:International Security Assistance Force 1608: 12389: 10715: 10536: 10491: 10375: 10287: 10188: 10164: 10013: 9968:"The Afghanistan War and Self-Defense" 9851: 9807: 9766: 9352: 9340: 9280: 9256: 9229: 9077: 9065: 9053: 9041: 9029: 9005: 8993: 8954: 8942: 8900: 8888: 8876: 8832: 8745: 8733: 8569: 8542: 8445: 8433: 8421: 8409: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8358: 8334: 8319: 8307: 8244: 8021: 8009: 7997: 7982: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7818: 7806: 7794: 7779: 7767:Weapon of Choice: ARSOF in Afghanistan 7752: 7556: 7222: 7210: 6997: 6944: 6908: 6893: 6792: 6780: 6756: 6720: 6677: 6617: 6569: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6473: 5882:in the Jaji Mountains, 12 January 2002 4497: 4308:) and Task Force Sword (later renamed 4047:Meanwhile, Umar authorized his deputy 795:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 12397:United States invasion of Afghanistan 11661:Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy bombing 11437:Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre 10741: 10560: 10420: 10399: 10351: 10062: 9982: 9946:"Afghanistan: From here to eternity?" 9891: 9835: 9660: 9648: 9636: 9624: 9612: 9600: 9561: 9549: 9513: 9501: 9446:"Kabul residents relish new freedoms" 8796: 8554: 8109:from the original on 26 November 2020 7368:"Millions of Afghans About to Starve" 6973: 6629: 6584:, pp. 372–379, 391–396, 495–505. 5920:List of invasions in the 21st century 5017: 4834:US Special Forces soldiers alongside 4131:Humanitarian situation in Afghanistan 2236: 1871: 1582: 1401: 1375: 1110: 991: 819: 707: 621:10,000 Pakistani volunteers (claimed) 338:Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi 33:United States invasion of Afghanistan 16:2001 multinational military operation 12351: 11656:Kunduz-Takhar highway hostage crisis 10259: 10233: 10212: 10195:The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden 10088:"Inside Tora Bora: The Final Hours?" 9754:Bearak, Barry (13 September 2001b). 9676:. UNHCR. 4 June 2012. Archived from 9585: 8190: 7664: 7652: 7640: 7628: 7616: 7604: 7479: 7138: 6848: 6732: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6509: 6485: 6446: 6422: 6200: 6084:from the original on 20 October 2012 5536:, and B-2 bombers flew nonstop from 5500:, Uzbekistan, stopping to refuel in 4603:command, control, and communications 4265: 3950:carried out four coordinated attacks 805:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan 12191:UK Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry 10519:Special Forces in the War on Terror 10109: 9808:George, Susannah (15 August 2021). 9414:. London: Guardian. 13 October 2001 9376: 9364: 8090: 5891:on 17 April 2002, invoking General 5199:Consolidation: the fall of Kandahar 4756:reconnaissance. Dostum and General 4696:forward arming and refuelling point 4656:Operation Rhino and Objective Gecko 3973:on 20 September 2001, US President 3502:1998 United States embassy bombings 3449:. The stated goal was to dismantle 2262: 733: 698:1,537–2,375 Afghan civilians killed 13: 12412:Causes and prelude of the Iraq War 11925:2 & 5 September Kabul bombings 11495:Jalalabad Indian consulate bombing 10219:. Texas A&M University Press. 10063:Stent, Angela (8 September 2021). 5235:from the Taliban, 25 November 2001 5103: 4903:4th Psychological Operations Group 4065:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4009:repeatedly denied having any role. 1897: 14: 12428: 12219:Bagram torture and prisoner abuse 10594:. Random House Publishing Group. 8097:Szoldra, Paul (5 February 2020). 6043:"Top Pakistani militant released" 5426:Inter-Afghan political settlement 4316:with helicopter support from the 3961:Diplomatic and political activity 3671:Soviet troops in 1986 during the 64:7 October 2001 – 17 December 2001 12370: 12360: 12350: 12341: 12340: 11070:Pakistan Embassy in Kabul attack 9972:Valparaiso University Law Review 9692: 9666: 9438: 9137: 7758: 6053:from the original on 22 May 2009 5945: 5586: 5484:NATO logistics in the Afghan War 5247:helicopters and C-130s set up a 4937: 4348:Joint Special Operations Command 4221: 4209: 4197: 4179: 4161: 4105:Joint Special Operations Command 3971:joint session of the US Congress 3883:. According to military analyst 684: 666: 652: 629: 608: 592: 582: 549: 537: 525: 502: 485: 468: 451: 439: 427: 415: 403: 391: 379: 367: 342: 331: 320: 301: 278: 266: 253: 233: 220: 207: 194: 181: 168: 155: 142: 127: 10334:The Taliban at War: 2001 - 2018 10112:"America and the War on Terror" 9721: 7360: 7345: 7331: 7311:"Afghan refugee crisis spreads" 7303: 7030: 7003: 6072:Whitlock, Craig (8 June 2006). 5932: 4964:. Local Pashtun commanders and 4279:US Air Force Combat Controllers 3905:students, some as young as 14. 3795:never ordered them to proceed. 3546:Afghan National Security Forces 3538:United Nations Security Council 3498:Federal Bureau of Investigation 87:American-led coalition victory 12158:Islamic State–Taliban conflict 10769:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 10423:The Afghanistan Wars (3rd ed.) 10150:. Princeton University Press. 10129:. Princeton University Press. 9777:. Strategic Studies Institute. 9412:"20,000 join anti-war protest" 7354:"Afghanistan's Refugee Crisis" 6096: 6065: 6035: 5993: 5968: 5786:United States invasion of Iraq 5725:Colin Powell's UN presentation 5560:Legality and international law 5229:15th Marine Expeditionary Unit 4448:built by the British in 1919. 4380:15th Marine Expeditionary Unit 3815:in Afghanistan; bin Laden was 3803:During the early years of the 3758:under the former PDPA general 3733:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 3686:leaders vied for dominance in 3572:. In August 2021, the Taliban 3570:a nationwide Taliban offensive 3496:and was already wanted by the 849:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 790:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 327:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 260:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 105:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 1: 11543:Atiqullah Raufi assassination 11518:Herat Indian consulate attack 10477:. Internet Archive. Penguin. 9574:Auerswald & Saideman 2014 5962: 5817:protests against the invasion 5769:Charter of the United Nations 5640: 4587:101st Combat Aviation Brigade 4393: 4374:. The US Marines contributed 4356:Intelligence Support Activity 3688:a civil war from 1992 to 1996 3636:, who led the well-organized 3583: 3558:Afghan Interim Administration 3090:Jalalabad (Save the Children) 12297:International public opinion 11618:Kabul Spanish Embassy attack 11238:Kabul Indian embassy bombing 11175:Kabul Indian embassy bombing 5701:U.S. invasion of Afghanistan 5477: 4766:Joint Direct Attack Munition 4619:Air Force Combat Controllers 4597:submarines launched several 3917:Alliance, and they also had 3719:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 2092:2018 Inter-Continental Hotel 1967:2011 Inter-Continental Hotel 1017: 785:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 780:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) 775:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) 7: 12196:Australian Brereton Inquiry 11862:September Jalalabad bombing 11490:Herat U.S. consulate attack 11447:September Camp Bastion raid 11142:South Korean hostage crisis 10639:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 10570:. Simon & Schuster UK. 10358:In the Graveyard of Empires 10337:. Oxford University Press. 10331:Giustozzi, Antonio (2019). 10245:. New York: Penguin Press. 9727: 5913: 5889:Virginia Military Institute 5880:sensitive site exploitation 5790:Israeli invasion of Lebanon 5671:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict 5543: 5540:, Missouri to Afghanistan. 5313:Physicians for Human Rights 4818:and linked up with General 4458:approved the deployment of 4346:. Task Force Sword was the 4330:sensitive site exploitation 4079: 3770: 3642:Central Intelligence Agency 3510:a large multinational force 770:Soviet–Afghan War (1979–89) 765:Bala Hissar uprising (1979) 349:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 10: 12433: 11945:Haska Meyna mosque bombing 11485:Presidential palace attack 11020:Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay 10827:Withdrawal of U.S. troops 6104:The Osama bin Laden I Know 5799: 5563: 5481: 5450: 5322: 5202: 5153: 5107: 5079: 5021: 4974:high-altitude, low-opening 4941: 4878: 4761:that far into the valley. 4659: 4530:helicopters take off from 4501: 4440:(CSAR), and could provide 4397: 4258: 3941: 3716: 3650:Inter-Service Intelligence 3644:(CIA) worked closely with 3587: 3506:Operation Enduring Freedom 3395:United States–Taliban deal 2801:Kabul & Mazar-e-Sharif 1839:Jalalabad (September 2018) 18: 12336: 12320: 12292:Afghan War documents leak 12282: 12272:2021–2022 Afghan protests 12234: 12206:Kunduz hospital airstrike 12201:War crimes by the Taliban 12171: 12138: 12035: 11958: 11940:Jalalabad suicide bombing 11890:2019 Kabul mosque bombing 11870: 11797: 11789:28 December Kabul bombing 11719: 11631: 11551: 11503: 11465: 11402: 11334: 11266: 11208: 11185:Kidnapping of David Rohde 11150: 11102: 11033: 10960: 10953: 10856: 10823:Drone strikes in Pakistan 10775: 10716:Wright, Lawrence (2007). 10633:Williamson, Myra (2013). 10144:Barfield, Thomas (2012). 10032:10.1080/17419160903181676 8373:, pp. 121, 124, 127. 5856:National Security Council 5707:Alleged Prague connection 5457:War crimes in Afghanistan 5447:Casualties and war crimes 5166:a revolt by 600 prisoners 4650:British 22nd SAS Regiment 4593:cruisers, destroyers and 4451:On 28 September, British 4388:Advanced Force Operations 4154: 3606:, sensing PDPA weakness, 3556:was selected to lead the 3525:escaped into neighboring 3447:Taliban-ruled Afghanistan 2274: 1907: 1616: 1413: 1148: 1140:Helmand Province campaign 1027: 857: 760:Chindawol uprising (1979) 745: 697: 642: 572: 357: 116: 56: 45: 37: 32: 11613:Kandahar Airport bombing 10843:Resolute Support Mission 10361:. Norton & Company. 10103: 9913:10.1162/isec.2008.32.4.7 8984:, pp. 48–49, 69–70. 7667:, pp. 528, 531–533. 6074:"Al-Zarqawi's Biography" 5925: 5647:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 5440:Afghan Interim Authority 5345:Air strikes on Tora Bora 5239:Meanwhile, nearly 1,000 5032:US Army Special Forces ( 4623:Karshi-Khanabad Air Base 4599:Tomahawk cruise missiles 4480:Karshi-Khanabad Air Base 4438:combat search and rescue 4322:3rd Special Forces Group 4314:5th Special Forces Group 4255:Overthrow of the Taliban 3809:1998 US embassy bombings 3578:a second Islamic emirate 1829:Jalalabad (January 2018) 1752:2010 Badakhshan massacre 662:and 4 non-combat deaths) 21:Invasions of Afghanistan 12267:People's Peace Movement 12104:Operation Allies Refuge 12020:Kabul University attack 11920:17 August Kabul bombing 11837:30 April Kabul bombings 11817:Kabul ambulance bombing 11769:June Lashkargar bombing 11701:Battle of Boz Qandahari 11686:September Kabul attacks 11591:22 August Kabul bombing 11586:10 August Kabul bombing 11576:April Jalalabad bombing 11566:Kabul Parliament attack 11538:December Kabul bombings 11389:Pakistani border attack 10516:Neville, Leigh (2015). 10451:Oxford University Press 10425:. Bloomsbury Academic. 10376:Lowrey, Nathan (2011). 10014:Sanger, Andrew (2009). 9876:10.55540/0031-1723.2024 5796:Reactions and aftermath 5677:Iraq disarmament crisis 5548:According to historian 5538:Whiteman Air Force Base 4923:Director Special Forces 4645:, to work with Dostum. 4504:Operation Crescent Wind 4431:Operation Crescent Wind 4125:relations with Pakistan 4089:US Secretary of Defense 3938:Prelude to the invasion 3931:captured Mazar-i-Sharif 3779:in 1996 and arrived in 3614:rivals, especially the 3375:U.S. urination incident 2635:Major insurgent attacks 1343:January 2017 Lashkargah 12257:Enlightenment Movement 12124:August 29 drone strike 11968:6 March Kabul shooting 11915:7 August Kabul bombing 11847:July Jalalabad bombing 11832:22 April Kabul bombing 11827:Kunduz madrassa attack 11807:I-C Hotel Kabul attack 11581:7 August Kabul attacks 11427:Quran burning protests 11364:I-C Hotel Kabul attack 11015:Battle of Shawali Kowt 11010:Dasht-i-Leili massacre 11005:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi 10975:Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif 10663:. Simon and Schuster. 10310:Farrell, Theo (2017). 10198:. Simon and Schuster. 10020:Democracy and Security 9944:Maloney, Sean (2004). 9901:International Security 9737:(12 September 2001a). 7201:, pp. 97–98, 101. 5883: 5850: 5659:Sanctions against Iraq 5607:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5554:2021 Taliban offensive 5346: 5338: 5305:Dasht-i-Leili massacre 5249:Forward Operating Base 5236: 5156:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi 5150:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi 5044: 4890: 4881:Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif 4875:Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif 4843: 4542: 4520: 4442:bomb damage assessment 4343:Kommando Spezialkräfte 4326:special reconnaissance 4290: 4282: 4275:US Army Special Forces 4094: 4049:Akhtar Mohammad Osmani 4010: 3990: 3805:Clinton administration 3728: 3675: 3536:In December 2001, the 3380:Quran burning protests 3157:Kabul Defense Ministry 3006:Kabul Defense Ministry 2986:Kabul Canadian embassy 2877:Herat Indian consulate 2492:2021 Taliban offensive 2412:Firebase Anaconda 2147:2 and 5 September 2019 984:Battles and operations 750:Saur Revolution (1978) 358:Commanders and leaders 12153:Republican insurgency 12114:Operation Devi Shakti 12087:Kunduz mosque bombing 11973:Kabul gurdwara attack 11930:17 September bombings 11905:28 July Kabul bombing 11349:Sarposa prison escape 11286:February Kabul attack 11160:Haska Meyna airstrike 10522:. Osprey Publishing. 10421:Maley, Maley (2020). 5955:was also on the team. 5873: 5844: 5719:Wood Green ricin plot 5344: 5332: 5245:CH-53E Super Stallion 5226: 5031: 4888: 4859:and picked up on the 4833: 4751:Continued air strikes 4718:, Pakistan, due to a 4613:and 595, both 12-man 4526: 4511: 4288: 4273: 4259:Further information: 4087: 4004: 3985:and destroy bases of 3968: 3735:. They imposed their 3726: 3670: 3640:forces. The American 3390:U.S.–Afghan agreement 2981:Kunduz-Takhar highway 2954:Kabul Spanish embassy 1834:Jalalabad (July 2018) 1769:Barawala Kalay Valley 1697:South Korean hostages 1418:2001 Kandahar bombing 755:Herat uprising (1979) 643:Casualties and losses 97:Establishment of the 12312:To the fall of Kabul 12248:Afghan peace groups 12244:Afghan peace process 12163:Afghan frozen assets 12119:Kabul airport attack 12070:Battle of Lashkargah 12055:Kabul school bombing 11885:Camp Shorabak attack 11812:STC Jalalabad attack 11596:Ghazni prison escape 11513:Kabul S Hotel attack 11276:January Kabul attack 11233:February Kabul raids 11180:Kabul S Hotel attack 11170:Wech Bagtu airstrike 11122:Nangar Khel incident 10213:Call, Steve (2010). 10110:AEI (24 July 2008). 10086:(16 December 2001). 9794:Costs of War Project 9749:on 18 November 2013. 9552:, pp. 100, 148. 8879:, pp. 144, 179. 8142:, pp. 128, 235. 7782:, pp. 103, 112. 7523:, pp. 155, 249. 6747:, pp. 121, 138. 5695:U.S. anthrax attacks 5689:September 11 attacks 5463:Costs of War Project 5182:Johnny Micheal Spann 4944:Fall of Kabul (2001) 4686:stealth bombers and 4672:75th Ranger Regiment 4378:, consisting of the 4360:Special Boat Service 4040:agreed and sent the 3944:September 11 attacks 3860:were in the central 3500:for his role in the 3435:September 11 attacks 3192:Charikar & Kabul 2996:Kabul Hazara protest 2727:Kabul Indian embassy 2695:Kabul Indian embassy 2558:Haska Meyna/Deh Bala 2219:Fall of Kabul (2021) 1687:Jaji border incident 1353:June 2017 Lashkargah 12407:Al-Qaeda activities 12262:Uprising for Change 11895:1 July Kabul attack 11822:March Kabul bombing 11774:August Herat attack 11764:Battle of Bora Bora 11749:Camp Shaheen attack 11744:Nangarhar airstrike 11641:Nangarhar offensive 11480:June Kabul bombings 11321:Badakhshan massacre 11253:Camp Chapman attack 11200:Spin Boldak bombing 11117:Hyderabad airstrike 11025:Battle of Tora Bora 10970:Bombing of Kandahar 10098:on 3 February 2002. 9958:on 15 January 2009. 9839:(28 January 2002). 9663:, pp. 124–129. 9651:, pp. 132–133. 9639:, pp. 116–117. 9603:, pp. 114–115. 9588:, pp. 134–135. 9540:, pp. 109–110. 9331:, pp. 545–546. 9008:, pp. 175–177. 8903:, pp. 174–175. 8891:, pp. 173–174. 8811:, pp. 114–115. 8748:, pp. 120–121. 8736:, pp. 112–116. 8504:, pp. 104–105. 8492:, pp. 101–104. 8448:, pp. 135–136. 8436:, pp. 132–134. 8424:, pp. 131–132. 8397:, pp. 128–131. 8322:, pp. 145–149. 8247:, pp. 169–170. 8063:, pp. 222–224. 8024:, pp. 142–145. 8012:, pp. 142–143. 8000:, pp. 141–142. 7848:, pp. 116–117. 7547:, pp. 190–191. 7319:. 20 September 2001 7249:, pp. 134–135. 7000:, pp. 163–164. 6680:, pp. 400–401. 6608:, pp. 409–411. 6596:, pp. 263–264. 6524:, pp. 150–153. 6449:, pp. 344–345. 6272:, pp. 170–171. 6078:The Washington Post 5806:2002 in Afghanistan 5683:Arms-to-Iraq affair 5325:Battle of Tora Bora 5211:fought for two days 5178:crew-served weapons 5116:Special Air Service 5100:evacuate anybody." 4861:Afghan–Tajik border 4583:helicopter gunships 4528:AH-1W "Super Cobra" 4498:Initial air strikes 4334:Special Air Service 4261:2001 in Afghanistan 4013:On the same day, a 3969:In an address to a 3760:Abdul Rashid Dostum 3519:Battle of Tora Bora 3479:Badakhshan Province 3063:Gardez & Ghazni 2732:Kabul UN guesthouse 2082:October 2017 mosque 2057:American University 1942:2009 Indian embassy 1922:2008 Indian embassy 1610:Eastern Afghanistan 1301:Strike of the Sword 658:13 killed (incl. 1 492:Abdul Rashid Dostum 475:Burhanuddin Rabbani 12099:2021 Kabul airlift 12060:Battle of Kandahar 11910:July Farah bombing 11880:Maidan Shar attack 11784:20 October attacks 11779:17 October attacks 11759:June Herat bombing 11739:March Kabul attack 11691:Battle of Tarinkot 11676:Janikhel offensive 11671:July Kabul bombing 11651:April Kabul attack 11606:Hospital airstrike 11561:Park Palace attack 11344:Mano Gai airstrike 11326:Operation Halmazag 11165:Azizabad airstrike 11127:Helmand airstrikes 10995:Battle of Tarinkot 10945:Aviation incidents 10818:Taliban insurgency 9992:The New York Times 9785:(September 2011). 9760:The New York Times 9743:The New York Times 9478:Wright et al. 2010 9452:on 23 January 2015 9245:Wright et al. 2010 9206:Wright et al. 2010 9194:Wright et al. 2010 9182:Wright et al. 2010 9149:Human Rights Watch 8970:Wright et al. 2010 8931:Wright et al. 2010 8916:Wright et al. 2010 8850:Wright et al. 2010 8809:Wright et al. 2010 8693:Wright et al. 2010 8681:Wright et al. 2010 8531:Wright et al. 2010 8502:Wright et al. 2010 8490:Wright et al. 2010 8478:Wright et al. 2010 8293:Wright et al. 2010 8179:Wright et al. 2010 8128:Wright et al. 2010 7918:Wright et al. 2010 7908:, pp. 52, 56. 7834:Wright et al. 2010 7741:Wright et al. 2010 7709:Wright et al. 2010 7694:Wright et al. 2010 7581:Wright et al. 2010 7387:Wright et al. 2010 7341:. 12 October 2001. 7259:Wright et al. 2010 7235:Wright et al. 2010 7187:Wright et al. 2010 7115:Wright et al. 2010 7091:Wright et al. 2010 6820:Wright et al. 2010 6808:Wright et al. 2010 6536:, pp. 76, 79. 6498:Wright et al. 2010 6357:Wright et al. 2010 5884: 5865:Taliban insurgency 5851: 5832:Operation Anaconda 5625:Ba'ath Party Purge 5619:Iranian Revolution 5613:17 July Revolution 5601:14 July Revolution 5472:Human Rights Watch 5347: 5339: 5335:Nangarhar Province 5237: 5045: 5024:Battle of Tarinkot 5018:Battle of Tarinkot 5008:search and destroy 4891: 4844: 4730:took off from the 4728:MH-47E helicopters 4674:, parachuted onto 4543: 4541:on 13 October 2001 4521: 4338:Joint Task Force 2 4291: 4283: 4095: 4051:to negotiate with 4011: 3991: 3977:demanded that the 3729: 3676: 3634:Ahmad Shah Massoud 3608:intervened in 1979 3483:War in Afghanistan 3459:Islamist militants 3433:Shortly after the 3420:2021 Kabul airlift 3385:Insurgents' bodies 2823:FOB Salerno Attack 2583:Uruzgan helicopter 2341:Hospital airstrike 1555:Battle of Kandahar 40:War in Afghanistan 12384: 12383: 12252:Tabassum movement 12211:Kandahar massacre 12181:ICC investigation 12134: 12133: 12109:Operation Pitting 12075:Capture of Zaranj 12050:Taliban offensive 12005:September attacks 11754:May Kabul bombing 11533:Yahyakhel bombing 11442:Kandahar massacre 11379:Chinook shootdown 11316:May Kabul bombing 11092:Taliban offensive 10729:978-1-4000-3084-2 10694:978-0-7432-0473-6 10670:978-1-9821-5902-3 10646:978-1-4094-9656-4 10601:978-0-345-48459-8 10577:978-1-84737-511-7 10553:978-0-670-01970-0 10508:978-1-250-01454-2 10441:Malkasian, Carter 10413:978-1-136-66101-3 10392:978-0-16-089557-9 10344:978-0-19-009239-9 10252:978-1-59420-007-6 10205:978-1-9821-7052-3 10181:978-0-7432-7894-2 10157:978-0-691-15441-1 10136:978-1-4008-4867-6 9770:(November 2002). 9700:"Afghan Refugees" 9576:, pp. 87–88. 9020:, pp. 48–49. 8823:, pp. 45–46. 8695:, pp. 83–84. 8656:, pp. 72–74. 8620:, pp. 69–72. 8584:, pp. 70–71. 8545:, pp. 91–92. 8235:, pp. 81–82. 8193:, pp. 24–25. 8103:We Are The Mighty 7896:, pp. 53–54. 7655:, pp. 74–75. 7643:, pp. 72–74. 7619:, pp. 71–72. 7607:, pp. 70–71. 7583:, pp. 63–64. 7571:, pp. 68–69. 7535:, pp. 22–24. 7443:, pp. 30–31. 7389:, pp. 34–35. 7225:, pp. 90–91. 7165:, pp. 79–80. 7153:, pp. 74–75. 7141:, pp. 78–80. 7050:978-0-224-09736-9 7043:. Jonathan Cape. 7023:978-0-224-09736-9 7016:. Jonathan Cape. 6988:, pp. 55–56. 6795:, pp. 88–91. 6668:, pp. 583–4. 6572:, pp. 80–81. 6500:, pp. 71–72. 6386:, pp. 32–33. 6347:, pp. 30–31. 6233:, pp. 17–18. 6121:, pp. 63–64. 6102:Bergen, Peter. " 6049:. 21 April 2008. 5874:US Navy SEALs of 5828:Shah-i-Kot Valley 5765: 5764: 5520:off the coast of 5297:Sheberghan prison 5042:Kandahar province 4999:AH-6J Little Bird 4911:Abdullah Abdullah 4838:fighters west of 4836:Northern Alliance 4758:Atta Muhammad Nur 4492:search-and-rescue 4453:Foreign Secretary 4266:Command structure 4237: 4236: 3752:Northern Alliance 3673:Soviet–Afghan War 3552:that same month, 3494:Soviet–Afghan War 3467:Northern Alliance 3428: 3427: 2482:Kunar (2019–2020) 2374: 2373: 2232: 2231: 2152:17 September 2019 2002:2014 Serena Hotel 1917:2008 Serena Hotel 1867: 1866: 1578: 1577: 1560:Kandahar massacre 1405:Kandahar Province 1371: 1370: 1106: 1105: 813: 812: 702: 701: 422:Silvio Berlusconi 149:Northern Alliance 112: 111: 12424: 12374: 12364: 12354: 12353: 12344: 12343: 12092:Kandahar bombing 12027:December attacks 12015:November attacks 11998:Jalalabad prison 11857:Ghazni offensive 11852:Battle of Darzab 11734:Sangin airstrike 11729:January bombings 11696:Battle of Kunduz 11666:30 June bombings 11601:Battle of Kunduz 11422:Kapisa airstrike 11296:Sangin airstrike 11258:Battle of Sabzak 11243:Kandahar bombing 11223:Kunduz airstrike 11218:Granai airstrike 11195:Kandahar bombing 11112:Shinwar shooting 11000:Fall of Kandahar 10958: 10957: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10739: 10738: 10733: 10712: 10710: 10698: 10674: 10650: 10629: 10605: 10581: 10557: 10533: 10512: 10488: 10464: 10436: 10417: 10396: 10384: 10372: 10348: 10327: 10306: 10284: 10256: 10244: 10230: 10209: 10190:Bergen, Peter L. 10185: 10166:Bergen, Peter L. 10161: 10140: 10119: 10118:on 4 April 2015. 10099: 10094:. Archived from 10079: 10077: 10075: 10059: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9986:(10 July 2009). 9979: 9959: 9954:. Archived from 9940: 9888: 9878: 9848: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9791: 9778: 9776: 9763: 9750: 9745:. Archived from 9716: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9706:on 10 March 2013 9696: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9589: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9466: 9465: 9459: 9457: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9096: 9090: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8919: 8913: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8853: 8847: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8466: 8460: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8265: 8259: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8221: 8215: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7986: 7980: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7936: 7930: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7727: 7721: 7712: 7706: 7697: 7691: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7405: 7399: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7376:. 25 March 2015. 7364: 7358: 7357: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6234: 6228: 6219: 6213: 6204: 6198: 6189: 6183: 6164: 6158: 6141: 6135: 6122: 6116: 6107: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5972: 5956: 5949: 5943: 5936: 5876:Task Force K-Bar 5757: 5750: 5743: 5642: 5590: 5570: 5569: 5550:Carter Malkasian 5506:Shahbaz Air Base 5467:Brown University 5274:Kandahar airport 5218:Gul Agha Sherzai 5205:Fall of Kandahar 5057:Uruzgan Province 5047:On 14 November, 4995:Special Tactical 4795:, on charges of 4746: 4641:, just south of 4639:Darya Suf Valley 4410:Mi-17 helicopter 4340:, and Germany's 4306:Task Force K-Bar 4227: 4225: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4152: 4151: 4038:Pervez Musharraf 3858:Muhammad Mohaqiq 3785:Wakil Muttawakil 3540:established the 3471:Afghan Civil War 3399:U.S. withdrawal 3276:Kabul University 3068:Kabul & Ghor 3001:Kabul University 2919:Kabul Parliament 2867:Kabul restaurant 2663:S Korean hostage 2538:Sayyd Alma Kalay 2379:Major operations 2269: 2267: 2257: 2250: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2087:28 December 2017 2047:Canadian Embassy 1902: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1869: 1868: 1849:Jalalabad (2019) 1804:Jalalabad (2016) 1789:Jalalabad (2015) 1662:Mountain Resolve 1611: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1580: 1579: 1423:Fall of Kandahar 1408: 1406: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1373: 1372: 1333:Battle of Sangin 1143: 1141: 1131: 1124: 1117: 1108: 1107: 1093:Sayyd Alma Kalay 1022: 1012: 1005: 998: 989: 988: 852: 850: 840: 833: 826: 817: 816: 740: 738: 728: 721: 714: 705: 704: 689: 688: 671: 670: 657: 656: 634: 633: 613: 612: 597: 596: 587: 586: 564: 554: 553: 542: 541: 530: 529: 509:Muhammad Mohaqiq 507: 506: 490: 489: 473: 472: 456: 455: 444: 443: 434:Gerhard Schröder 432: 431: 420: 419: 408: 407: 396: 395: 384: 383: 372: 371: 347: 346: 345: 336: 335: 334: 325: 324: 323: 306: 305: 304: 293:Non-State allies 283: 282: 281: 271: 270: 269: 258: 257: 256: 239: 237: 236: 226: 224: 223: 213: 211: 210: 200: 198: 197: 187: 185: 184: 174: 172: 171: 161: 159: 158: 147: 146: 145: 133: 131: 130: 91:Collapse of the 58: 57: 50: 30: 29: 12432: 12431: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12380: 12332: 12316: 12278: 12236: 12230: 12167: 12130: 12031: 12010:October attacks 11954: 11866: 11842:Battle of Farah 11793: 11715: 11646:Operation Omari 11627: 11547: 11528:Paktika bombing 11499: 11461: 11417:Urination video 11412:Order of battle 11398: 11394:Ashura bombings 11384:Helmand killing 11330: 11311:Nadahan bombing 11301:Maywand murders 11281:Raid on Khataba 11262: 11248:NATO HQ bombing 11204: 11146: 11132:Baghlan bombing 11098: 11053:Uruzgan bombing 11035: 11029: 10980:Siege of Kunduz 10949: 10858: 10852: 10771: 10766: 10736: 10730: 10708: 10695: 10671: 10655:Whitlock, Craig 10647: 10626: 10602: 10578: 10554: 10530: 10509: 10485: 10461: 10433: 10414: 10393: 10382: 10369: 10345: 10324: 10316:. Bodley Head. 10303: 10281: 10253: 10227: 10206: 10182: 10158: 10137: 10106: 10084:Tyrangiel, Josh 10073: 10071: 10004: 10002: 9826: 9824: 9814:Washington Post 9798: 9796: 9789: 9774: 9768:Biddle, Stephen 9730: 9724: 9719: 9709: 9707: 9698: 9697: 9693: 9683: 9681: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9469: 9455: 9453: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9417: 9415: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9395: 9393: 9388: 9387: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9327: 9323: 9319:, pp. 546. 9315: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9293:Williamson 2013 9291: 9287: 9279: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9255: 9251: 9243: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9216: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9154: 9152: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9099: 9091: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8968: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8929: 8922: 8914: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8679: 8672: 8664: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8592: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8568: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8306: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8279: 8268: 8260: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7996: 7989: 7981: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7939: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7739: 7730: 7722: 7715: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7454: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7350: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7161: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7137: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6370: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6237: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6167: 6159: 6144: 6136: 6125: 6117: 6110: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6020: 6019: 6012: 6010: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5950: 5946: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5916: 5908:Afghan refugees 5893:George Marshall 5849:, December 2001 5847:Bagram Air Base 5808: 5800:Main articles: 5798: 5761: 5732: 5713:Iraq Resolution 5665:Iraqi uprisings 5577: 5568: 5562: 5546: 5514:Shamsi Airfield 5486: 5480: 5459: 5449: 5432:Bonn Conference 5428: 5337:, November 2001 5327: 5321: 5301:Junbish-i Milli 5227:Marines of the 5207: 5201: 5158: 5152: 5112: 5110:Operation Trent 5106: 5104:Operation Trent 5092:Siege of Kunduz 5088: 5082:Siege of Kunduz 5080:Main articles: 5078: 5026: 5020: 4990: 4962:including Herat 4946: 4940: 4883: 4877: 4849:Bagram Airfield 4842:, November 2001 4753: 4744: 4688:AC-130 gunships 4676:Objective Rhino 4664: 4662:Operation Rhino 4658: 4609:On 19 October, 4506: 4500: 4478:arrived at the 4423:Panjshir Valley 4406: 4396: 4299:Central Command 4268: 4263: 4257: 4222: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4180: 4178: 4162: 4160: 4133: 4113:Donald Rumsfeld 4092:Donald Rumsfeld 4082: 4067:(NATO) invoked 4007:Osama bin Laden 3983:Osama bin Laden 3963: 3946: 3940: 3833: 3801: 3773: 3748:Panjshir Valley 3743:and seclusion. 3721: 3715: 3662:Osama bin Laden 3592: 3590:Afghan conflict 3586: 3550:Bonn Conference 3455:Osama bin Laden 3431: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3130:Jalalabad (Sep) 3115:Jalalabad (Jul) 3095:Kabul ambulance 3053:June Lashkargah 2638: 2628:Kunduz madrassa 2613:Kunduz hospital 2543:Uruzgan wedding 2370: 2361:Kunduz madrassa 2270: 2266:Kunduz Province 2265: 2263: 2261: 2228: 2037:Spanish Embassy 1903: 1898: 1896: 1863: 1675:Korangal valley 1612: 1609: 1607: 1574: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1367: 1171:Mountain Thrust 1144: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1102: 1023: 1018: 1016: 987: 853: 848: 846: 844: 814: 809: 741: 737:Afghan conflict 736: 734: 732: 693: 683: 677: 665: 651: 638: 628: 624: 617: 607: 601: 591: 581: 568: 560: 548: 544:Osama bin Laden 536: 524: 518: 501: 484: 467: 463: 462: 450: 438: 426: 414: 402: 390: 378: 366: 353: 343: 341: 340: 332: 330: 329: 321: 319: 302: 300: 296: 285:Haqqani network 279: 277: 267: 265: 254: 252: 245: 234: 232: 221: 219: 208: 206: 195: 193: 182: 180: 169: 167: 156: 154: 143: 141: 128: 126: 78: 65: 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12430: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12368: 12358: 12348: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12288: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12246: 12240: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12221: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12177: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12144: 12142: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12041: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12012: 12007: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11993:August attacks 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11964: 11962: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11900:Ghazni bombing 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11876: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11803: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11725: 11723: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11711:Bagram bombing 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11637: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11623:Bagram bombing 11620: 11615: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11557: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11523:Bagram bombing 11520: 11515: 11509: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11471: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11452:Shesh Aba raid 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11408: 11406: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11369:Nimruz bombing 11366: 11361: 11356: 11354:Bin Laden raid 11351: 11346: 11340: 11338: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11291:Uruzgan attack 11288: 11283: 11278: 11272: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11214: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11190:Sarposa attack 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11156: 11154: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11137:Bagram bombing 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11108: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11048:Guantanamo Bay 11039: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10985:Herat uprising 10982: 10977: 10972: 10966: 10964: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10918:United Kingdom 10915: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10868: 10862: 10860: 10854: 10853: 10851: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10765: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10742: 10735: 10734: 10728: 10713: 10699: 10693: 10675: 10669: 10651: 10645: 10630: 10624: 10606: 10600: 10582: 10576: 10558: 10552: 10534: 10529:978-1472807908 10528: 10513: 10507: 10489: 10483: 10469:Mazzetti, Mark 10465: 10460:978-0197550779 10459: 10437: 10432:978-1352011029 10431: 10418: 10412: 10397: 10391: 10373: 10367: 10349: 10343: 10328: 10323:978-1847923462 10322: 10307: 10302:978-0753828335 10301: 10289:Corera, Gordon 10285: 10279: 10257: 10251: 10231: 10226:978-1603441421 10225: 10210: 10204: 10186: 10180: 10174:. Free Press. 10162: 10156: 10141: 10135: 10120: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10080: 10060: 10026:(3): 316–319. 10011: 9980: 9960: 9941: 9889: 9849: 9845:The New Yorker 9837:Hersh, Seymour 9833: 9805: 9783:Crawford, Neta 9779: 9764: 9751: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9691: 9680:on 4 June 2012 9665: 9653: 9641: 9629: 9617: 9615:, p. 130. 9605: 9590: 9578: 9566: 9554: 9542: 9538:Malkasian 2021 9530: 9528:, p. 109. 9526:Malkasian 2021 9518: 9506: 9494: 9490:Malkasian 2021 9482: 9480:, p. 182. 9467: 9437: 9435:, p. 275. 9425: 9403: 9381: 9379:, p. 157. 9369: 9357: 9355:, p. 318. 9345: 9343:, p. 316. 9333: 9321: 9309: 9307:, p. 542. 9297: 9295:, p. 161. 9285: 9273: 9271:, p. 270. 9261: 9249: 9234: 9222: 9218:Malkasian 2021 9210: 9198: 9186: 9174: 9162: 9136: 9134:, p. 284. 9124: 9122:, p. 283. 9112: 9108:Malkasian 2021 9097: 9093:Malkasian 2021 9082: 9080:, p. 209. 9070: 9068:, p. 176. 9058: 9056:, p. 181. 9046: 9044:, p. 207. 9034: 9032:, p. 185. 9022: 9010: 8998: 8996:, p. 338. 8986: 8974: 8972:, p. 118. 8959: 8957:, p. 180. 8947: 8945:, p. 183. 8935: 8933:, p. 117. 8920: 8918:, p. 116. 8905: 8893: 8881: 8869: 8865:Malkasian 2021 8854: 8852:, p. 115. 8837: 8835:, p. 179. 8825: 8813: 8801: 8789: 8785:Malkasian 2021 8774: 8770:Malkasian 2021 8762: 8758:Malkasian 2021 8750: 8738: 8726: 8722:Malkasian 2021 8714: 8697: 8685: 8670: 8658: 8646: 8634: 8622: 8610: 8598: 8586: 8574: 8559: 8547: 8535: 8533:, p. 108. 8523: 8506: 8494: 8482: 8480:, p. 101. 8467: 8463:Malkasian 2021 8450: 8438: 8426: 8414: 8412:, p. 131. 8399: 8387: 8385:, p. 127. 8375: 8363: 8361:, p. 121. 8351: 8347:Tyrangiel 2001 8339: 8337:, p. 123. 8324: 8312: 8310:, p. 145. 8297: 8285: 8266: 8262:Malkasian 2021 8249: 8237: 8222: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8169:, p. 242. 8159: 8155:Malkasian 2021 8144: 8132: 8120: 8089: 8077: 8075:, p. 128. 8065: 8053: 8051:, p. 216. 8041: 8026: 8014: 8002: 7987: 7985:, p. 142. 7970: 7968:, p. 288. 7958: 7954:Malkasian 2021 7937: 7922: 7910: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7872:, p. 110. 7862: 7860:, p. 119. 7850: 7838: 7823: 7821:, p. 107. 7811: 7809:, p. 118. 7799: 7797:, p. 114. 7784: 7772: 7757: 7745: 7728: 7713: 7698: 7696:, pp. 64. 7681: 7669: 7657: 7645: 7633: 7621: 7609: 7597: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7559:, p. 335. 7549: 7537: 7525: 7513: 7511:, p. 141. 7501: 7497:Malkasian 2021 7484: 7472: 7470:, p. 142. 7460: 7458:, p. 139. 7445: 7433: 7421: 7406: 7391: 7379: 7359: 7344: 7330: 7302: 7287: 7285:, p. 123. 7275: 7273:, p. 122. 7263: 7251: 7239: 7227: 7215: 7203: 7191: 7179: 7167: 7155: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7107: 7095: 7080: 7078:, p. 196. 7068: 7064:Malkasian 2021 7056: 7049: 7029: 7022: 7002: 6990: 6986:Malkasian 2021 6978: 6976:, p. 332. 6966: 6962:Malkasian 2021 6949: 6947:, p. 163. 6937: 6925: 6913: 6911:, p. 164. 6898: 6896:, p. 185. 6886: 6874: 6870:Malkasian 2021 6853: 6841: 6837:Malkasian 2021 6824: 6812: 6797: 6785: 6773: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6656:, p. 580. 6646: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6562: 6558:Malkasian 2021 6550: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6512:, p. 325. 6502: 6490: 6488:, p. 345. 6478: 6463: 6459:Malkasian 2021 6451: 6439: 6437:, p. 262. 6427: 6415: 6413:, p. 258. 6403: 6401:, p. 257. 6388: 6384:Malkasian 2021 6376: 6372:Malkasian 2021 6361: 6349: 6345:Malkasian 2021 6337: 6333:Malkasian 2021 6325: 6321:Malkasian 2021 6313: 6311:, p. 235. 6301: 6299:, p. 236. 6289: 6287:, p. 171. 6274: 6262: 6250: 6235: 6231:Giustozzi 2019 6220: 6205: 6203:, p. 110. 6190: 6186:Malkasian 2021 6165: 6161:Malkasian 2021 6142: 6138:Malkasian 2021 6123: 6119:Malkasian 2021 6108: 6095: 6064: 6034: 5992: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5944: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5912: 5797: 5794: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5583: 5582: 5561: 5558: 5545: 5542: 5518:Masirah Island 5482:Main article: 5479: 5476: 5448: 5445: 5436:Bonn Agreement 5427: 5424: 5396:Kunar Province 5368:Mohammed Zaman 5323:Main article: 5320: 5317: 5243:ferried in by 5203:Main article: 5200: 5197: 5154:Main article: 5151: 5148: 5131:C-130 Hercules 5108:Main article: 5105: 5102: 5086:Kunduz airlift 5077: 5074: 5055:inserted into 5022:Main article: 5019: 5016: 5010:mission along 4989: 4986: 4942:Main article: 4939: 4936: 4879:Main article: 4876: 4873: 4801:Heather Mercer 4752: 4749: 4732:USS Kitty Hawk 4660:Main article: 4657: 4654: 4643:Mazar-i-Sharif 4516:Philippine Sea 4502:Main article: 4499: 4496: 4470:On 5 October, 4427:Special Forces 4419:Mohammed Fahim 4395: 4392: 4372:Australian SAS 4368:sabre squadron 4267: 4264: 4256: 4253: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4157: 4156: 4146:New York Times 4132: 4129: 4081: 4078: 4053:Robert Grenier 4019:Muslim clerics 4017:of 300 or 700 3975:George W. Bush 3962: 3959: 3942:Main article: 3939: 3936: 3895:, Uzbeks, and 3841:Mohammed Fahim 3837:killed Massoud 3832: 3829: 3800: 3797: 3772: 3769: 3737:fundamentalist 3717:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3632:commander was 3588:Main article: 3585: 3582: 3514:captured Kabul 3490:George W. Bush 3463:United Kingdom 3457:, and to deny 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3229:Kabul gurdwara 3226: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3110:Kabul (30 Apr) 3107: 3105:Kabul (22 Apr) 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3033:Kabul hospital 3030: 3028:Bombings (Jan) 3019: 3018: 3013: 3011:Mazar-i-Sharif 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2649: 2648: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2387:Mountain Viper 2375: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2346:Hostage crisis 2343: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2310:2009 airstrike 2307: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2194: 2189: 2187:September 2020 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2142:17 August 2019 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2117:September 2018 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2062:September 2016 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2032:22 August 2015 2029: 2027:10 August 2015 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1972:September 2011 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1900:Kabul Province 1895: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1819:Mohmand Valley 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1651: 1644: 1637: 1625: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1583: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1376: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1294:Panther's Claw 1290: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1262: 1259:Eagle's Summit 1255: 1250: 1245: 1238: 1231: 1228:Pickaxe-Handle 1224: 1217: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1119: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046:Mazar-i-Sharif 1043: 1036: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1000: 992: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 858: 855: 854: 843: 842: 835: 828: 820: 811: 810: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 746: 743: 742: 731: 730: 723: 716: 708: 700: 699: 695: 694: 692: 691: 680: 678: 676: 675: 663: 648: 645: 644: 640: 639: 637: 636: 625: 623: 622: 618: 616: 615: 604: 602: 600: 599: 589: 578: 575: 574: 570: 569: 567: 566: 546: 534: 521: 519: 517: 516: 499: 482: 464: 461: 460: 448: 436: 424: 412: 400: 388: 376: 374:George W. Bush 363: 360: 359: 355: 354: 352: 351: 317: 316: 315: 290: 289: 288: 287: 275: 248: 246: 244: 243: 230: 217: 204: 191: 178: 165: 163:United Kingdom 152: 138: 122: 119: 118: 114: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107: 101: 95: 84: 80: 79: 74: 72: 68: 67: 62: 54: 53: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12429: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12357: 12349: 12347: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12281: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12233: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12080:Fall of Kabul 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12065:Fall of Herat 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12034: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11957: 11951: 11950:Bagram attack 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11935:Qalat bombing 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11718: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11571:Khost bombing 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11502: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11458: 11457:Body pictures 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11432:April attacks 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11374:Zabul bombing 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11359:Logar bombing 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11306:Tarok Kolache 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11058:Kabul bombing 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10990:Fall of Kabul 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10946: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10913:United States 10911: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10866:Afghan forces 10864: 10863: 10861: 10855: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10763: 10758: 10756: 10751: 10749: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10731: 10725: 10721: 10720: 10714: 10707: 10706: 10700: 10696: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10679:Woodward, Bob 10676: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10631: 10627: 10625:9781416580515 10621: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10610:Stanton, Doug 10607: 10603: 10597: 10593: 10592: 10587: 10586:Schroen, Gary 10583: 10579: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10538:Rashid, Ahmed 10535: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10520: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10484:9781594204807 10480: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10428: 10424: 10419: 10415: 10409: 10406:. Routledge. 10405: 10404: 10398: 10394: 10388: 10381: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10368:9780393068986 10364: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10336: 10335: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10280:9780143132509 10276: 10272: 10271:Penguin Group 10268: 10267: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10248: 10243: 10242: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10218: 10217: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10149: 10148: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10108: 10107: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10070: 10066: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9978:(2): 541–562. 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9964:Quigley, John 9961: 9957: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9841:"The Getaway" 9838: 9834: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9806: 9795: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9735:Bearak, Barry 9732: 9731: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9662: 9657: 9650: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9614: 9609: 9602: 9597: 9595: 9587: 9582: 9575: 9570: 9564:, p. 12. 9563: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9522: 9516:, p. 95. 9515: 9510: 9504:, p. 94. 9503: 9498: 9492:, p. 82. 9491: 9486: 9479: 9474: 9472: 9464: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9434: 9433:Barfield 2012 9429: 9413: 9407: 9391: 9385: 9378: 9373: 9366: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9325: 9318: 9313: 9306: 9301: 9294: 9289: 9282: 9277: 9270: 9269:Barfield 2012 9265: 9259:, p. 17. 9258: 9253: 9247:, p. 63. 9246: 9241: 9239: 9232:, p. 97. 9231: 9226: 9220:, p. 60. 9219: 9214: 9208:, p. 58. 9207: 9202: 9196:, p. 60. 9195: 9190: 9184:, p. 59. 9183: 9178: 9172:, p. 71. 9171: 9166: 9151:. 6 July 2021 9150: 9146: 9140: 9133: 9132:Barfield 2012 9128: 9121: 9120:Barfield 2012 9116: 9110:, p. 70. 9109: 9104: 9102: 9095:, p. 69. 9094: 9089: 9087: 9079: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9031: 9026: 9019: 9014: 9007: 9002: 8995: 8990: 8983: 8978: 8971: 8966: 8964: 8956: 8951: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8927: 8925: 8917: 8912: 8910: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8867:, p. 77. 8866: 8861: 8859: 8851: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8834: 8829: 8822: 8817: 8810: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8787:, p. 75. 8786: 8781: 8779: 8772:, p. 74. 8771: 8766: 8760:, p. 73. 8759: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8735: 8730: 8724:, p. 72. 8723: 8718: 8712:, p. 45. 8711: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8694: 8689: 8683:, p. 84. 8682: 8677: 8675: 8668:, p. 75. 8667: 8662: 8655: 8650: 8643: 8638: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8608:, p. 72. 8607: 8602: 8596:, p. 71. 8595: 8590: 8583: 8578: 8572:, p. 92. 8571: 8566: 8564: 8556: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8532: 8527: 8521:, p. 44. 8520: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8503: 8498: 8491: 8486: 8479: 8474: 8472: 8465:, p. 68. 8464: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8447: 8442: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8396: 8391: 8384: 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8329: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8304: 8302: 8295:, p. 97. 8294: 8289: 8283:, p. 43. 8282: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8264:, p. 66. 8263: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8229: 8227: 8220:, p. 42. 8219: 8214: 8212: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8181:, p. 79. 8180: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8157:, p. 65. 8156: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8136: 8130:, p. 75. 8129: 8124: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8087:, p. 41. 8086: 8081: 8074: 8069: 8062: 8057: 8050: 8045: 8039:, p. 40. 8038: 8033: 8031: 8023: 8018: 8011: 8006: 7999: 7994: 7992: 7984: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7967: 7966:Barfield 2012 7962: 7956:, p. 67. 7955: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7935:, p. 38. 7934: 7929: 7927: 7920:, p. 76. 7919: 7914: 7907: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7884:, p. 37. 7883: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7859: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7836:, p. 96. 7835: 7830: 7828: 7820: 7815: 7808: 7803: 7796: 7791: 7789: 7781: 7776: 7768: 7761: 7755:, p. 59. 7754: 7749: 7743:, p. 95. 7742: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7726:, p. 69. 7725: 7720: 7718: 7711:, p. 73. 7710: 7705: 7703: 7695: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7679:, p. 99. 7678: 7677:Mazzetti 2013 7673: 7666: 7661: 7654: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7631:, p. 72. 7630: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7601: 7595:, p. 24. 7594: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7558: 7553: 7546: 7545:Woodward 2002 7541: 7534: 7529: 7522: 7521:Woodward 2002 7517: 7510: 7509:Woodward 2002 7505: 7499:, p. 61. 7498: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7482:, p. 81. 7481: 7476: 7469: 7468:Woodward 2002 7464: 7457: 7456:Woodward 2002 7452: 7450: 7442: 7437: 7431:, p. 29. 7430: 7425: 7419:, p. 27. 7418: 7413: 7411: 7404:, p. 25. 7403: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7383: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7334: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7292: 7284: 7283:Woodward 2002 7279: 7272: 7271:Woodward 2002 7267: 7261:, p. 41. 7260: 7255: 7248: 7247:Woodward 2002 7243: 7237:, p. 45. 7236: 7231: 7224: 7219: 7213:, p. 87. 7212: 7207: 7200: 7199:Woodward 2002 7195: 7189:, p. 43. 7188: 7183: 7177:, p. 75. 7176: 7175:Woodward 2002 7171: 7164: 7163:Woodward 2002 7159: 7152: 7151:Woodward 2002 7147: 7140: 7135: 7129:, p. 80. 7128: 7127:Woodward 2002 7123: 7117:, p. 30. 7116: 7111: 7105:, p. 45. 7104: 7099: 7093:, p. 32. 7092: 7087: 7085: 7077: 7076:Woodward 2002 7072: 7066:, p. 57. 7065: 7060: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7033: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6964:, p. 55. 6963: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6946: 6941: 6934: 6933:Whitlock 2021 6929: 6923:, p. 30. 6922: 6921:Woodward 2002 6917: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6872:, p. 56. 6871: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6851:, p. 35. 6850: 6845: 6839:, p. 53. 6838: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6822:, p. 33. 6821: 6816: 6810:, p. 22. 6809: 6804: 6802: 6794: 6789: 6783:, p. 89. 6782: 6777: 6771:, p. 61. 6770: 6765: 6759:, p. 90. 6758: 6753: 6746: 6741: 6735:, p. 87. 6734: 6729: 6723:, p. 88. 6722: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6704:, p. 51. 6703: 6698: 6692:, p. 53. 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6655: 6650: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6620:, p. 18. 6619: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6560:, p. 48. 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6476:, p. 91. 6475: 6470: 6468: 6461:, p. 49. 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6435:Barfield 2012 6431: 6425:, p. 14. 6424: 6419: 6412: 6411:Barfield 2012 6407: 6400: 6399:Barfield 2012 6395: 6393: 6385: 6380: 6374:, p. 47. 6373: 6368: 6366: 6359:, p. 17. 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6335:, p. 30. 6334: 6329: 6323:, p. 31. 6322: 6317: 6310: 6309:Barfield 2012 6305: 6298: 6297:Barfield 2012 6293: 6286: 6285:Barfield 2012 6281: 6279: 6271: 6270:Barfield 2012 6266: 6259: 6258:Crawford 2011 6254: 6248:, p. 26. 6247: 6246:Crawford 2011 6242: 6240: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6218:, p. 27. 6217: 6216:Crawford 2011 6212: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6188:, p. 63. 6187: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6163:, p. 78. 6162: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6140:, p. 64. 6139: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6120: 6115: 6113: 6105: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6030: 6024: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5897:Marshall Plan 5894: 5890: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5788:and the 2006 5787: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5746: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5631:Iran–Iraq War 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372:Gary Berntsen 5369: 5365: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5309:Dasht-i-Leili 5306: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5101: 5098: 5097:Seymour Hersh 5093: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4950:Muhammad Atif 4945: 4938:Fall of Kabul 4935: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4895:Shrine of Ali 4887: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4863:by CIA-flown 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4820:Karim Khalili 4817: 4812: 4810: 4809:Seal Team Six 4806: 4802: 4798: 4797:proselytizing 4794: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4759: 4748: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668:3rd Battalion 4663: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4573:drone warfare 4569: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4537:in the North 4536: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4376:Task Force 58 4373: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4352:SEAL Team Six 4349: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4310:Task Force 11 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4015:grand council 4008: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3958: 3956: 3951: 3945: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3877:Mohammad Fazl 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846:Shomali Plain 3842: 3838: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699:Muhammad Umar 3696: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3660:", including 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3616:United States 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562:Muhammad Umar 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3443:war on terror 3441:declared the 3440: 3439:United States 3436: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3415:Peace process 3413: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321:Dasht-i-Leili 3319: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3224:Kabul (6 Mar) 3222: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182:Kabul wedding 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3147:Camp Shorabak 3145: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3073:Kabul Shi'ite 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2934:Kabul Airport 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2618:Sangin (2017) 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2588:Sangin (2010) 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2578:Kunduz (2009) 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2477:Darzab (2018) 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2467:Darzab (2017) 2465: 2463: 2462:Boz Qandahari 2460: 2458: 2457:Kunduz (2016) 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442:Kunduz (2015) 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2356:Boz Qandahari 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2290:Harekate Yolo 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2225: 2224:2021 hospital 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2209:December 2020 2207: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2197:November 2020 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2137:7 August 2019 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2112:30 April 2018 2110: 2108: 2107:22 April 2018 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2022:7 August 2015 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2007:December 2014 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1977:December 2011 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1957:February 2010 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1854:Bagram (2019) 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1814:Bagram (2016) 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1794:Bagram (2015) 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1784:Bagram (2014) 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1692:Bagram (2007) 1690: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1641:Warrior Sweep 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1571: 1570:2020 Kandahar 1568: 1566: 1565:2017 Kandahar 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1542:Dragon Strike 1539: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1524:2009 Kandahar 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1499:2008 Kandahar 1497: 1495: 1494:Shah Wali Kot 1492: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1467:Falcon Summit 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1358:Camp Shorabak 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1313:Cobra's Anger 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1236: 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Scribner. 10614: 10590: 10566: 10562:Risen, James 10542: 10518: 10497: 10493:Naylor, Sean 10473: 10445: 10422: 10402: 10378: 10357: 10333: 10312: 10292: 10265: 10240: 10215: 10194: 10170: 10146: 10125: 10116:the original 10096:the original 10091: 10072:. Retrieved 10068: 10023: 10019: 10003:. Retrieved 9991: 9984:Risen, James 9975: 9971: 9956:the original 9949: 9904: 9900: 9869:(1): 85–98. 9866: 9860: 9844: 9825:. Retrieved 9813: 9797:. Retrieved 9759: 9747:the original 9742: 9722:Bibliography 9708:. Retrieved 9704:the original 9694: 9682:. Retrieved 9678:the original 9668: 9656: 9644: 9632: 9627:, p. 8. 9620: 9608: 9581: 9569: 9557: 9545: 9533: 9521: 9509: 9497: 9485: 9461: 9454:. Retrieved 9450:the original 9440: 9428: 9416:. Retrieved 9406: 9394:. Retrieved 9384: 9372: 9360: 9348: 9336: 9329:Quigley 2003 9324: 9317:Quigley 2003 9312: 9305:Quigley 2003 9300: 9288: 9276: 9264: 9252: 9225: 9213: 9201: 9189: 9177: 9170:Schroen 2005 9165: 9153:. 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Retrieved 5970: 5947: 5934: 5905: 5885: 5860:Colin Powell 5852: 5836: 5821: 5809: 5781: 5773:John Quigley 5766: 5700: 5547: 5534:Diego Garcia 5525: 5487: 5460: 5438:created the 5429: 5417: 5413: 5400: 5392:Peter Bergen 5388: 5380: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5294: 5266: 5258: 5238: 5215: 5208: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5162:Qala-i-Jangi 5159: 5136: 5120: 5114:The British 5113: 5089: 5066: 5053:Hamid Karzai 5046: 5038:Hamid Karzai 4991: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4928: 4907: 4899: 4892: 4845: 4813: 4785: 4774: 4768:bomb from a 4763: 4754: 4736:Indian Ocean 4724: 4665: 4647: 4608: 4577: 4544: 4533: 4515: 4469: 4463: 4450: 4434: 4414:Gary Schroen 4407: 4384:Gary Harrell 4364: 4341: 4303: 4295:Tommy Franks 4292: 4238: 4145: 4142:Barry Bearak 4134: 4121:George Tenet 4117: 4109: 4096: 4062: 4046: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4012: 3992: 3947: 3927: 3922: 3907: 3900: 3874: 3864:region, and 3834: 3825: 3802: 3793:Bill Clinton 3774: 3745: 3730: 3705:movement in 3701:founded the 3694: 3683: 3677: 3658:Afghan Arabs 3653: 3629: 3623: 3620:Saudi Arabia 3604:Soviet Union 3600:seized power 3593: 3554:Hamid Karzai 3535: 3487: 3432: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3300:Kabul school 3288: 3287: 3217: 3216: 3177:Kabul police 3167:Kabul office 3152:Kabul mosque 3135: 3134: 3078: 3077: 3038:Camp Shaheen 3021: 3020: 2964: 2963: 2929:Kabul police 2902: 2901: 2897:Kabul school 2860: 2859: 2845:Kabul palace 2828: 2827: 2818:Camp Bastion 2806: 2805: 2769: 2768: 2742: 2741: 2737:Camp Chapman 2705: 2704: 2673: 2672: 2651: 2650: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2598:Baraki Barak 2530: 2529: 2528: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2303: 2296: 2289: 2192:October 2020 2157:6 March 2020 2132:28 July 2019 2067:January 2017 1997:January 2014 1952:January 2010 1763:Bulldog Bite 1762: 1679: 1668: 1661: 1655:Haven Denial 1654: 1647: 1640: 1628: 1621: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1433: 1338:Camp Bastion 1326: 1319: 1312: 1300: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1273:Shahi Tandar 1272: 1265: 1258: 1248:Musa Qala II 1241: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1194: 1182: 1170: 1158: 1088:Shawali Kowt 1083:Qala-i-Jangi 1070: 1038: 1031: 1019: 983: 982: 868: 867: 866: 860: 859: 672: 561: 458:Ali Khamenei 292: 291: 251: 140: 125: 117:Belligerents 86: 38:Part of the 25: 11978:May attacks 11681:AUoA attack 11228:Narang raid 10684:Bush at War 10353:Jones, Seth 10295:. W&N. 10261:Coll, Steve 10235:Coll, Steve 9907:(4): 7–40. 9893:Jones, Seth 9853:Jalali, Ali 9353:Sanger 2009 9341:Sanger 2009 9281:George 2021 9257:Biddle 2002 9230:Naylor 2015 9078:Lowrey 2011 9066:Bergen 2021 9054:Naylor 2015 9042:Lowrey 2011 9030:Naylor 2015 9006:Bergen 2021 8994:Corera 2012 8955:Naylor 2015 8943:Naylor 2015 8901:Bergen 2021 8889:Bergen 2021 8877:Naylor 2015 8833:Naylor 2015 8746:Lowrey 2011 8734:Lowrey 2011 8570:Rashid 2008 8543:Rashid 2008 8446:Naylor 2015 8434:Naylor 2015 8422:Naylor 2015 8410:Naylor 2015 8395:Naylor 2015 8383:Naylor 2015 8371:Naylor 2015 8359:Naylor 2015 8335:Naylor 2015 8320:Naylor 2015 8308:Naylor 2015 8245:Bergen 2021 8022:Naylor 2015 8010:Naylor 2015 7998:Naylor 2015 7983:Naylor 2015 7870:Naylor 2015 7858:Naylor 2015 7846:Naylor 2015 7819:Naylor 2015 7807:Naylor 2015 7795:Naylor 2015 7780:Naylor 2015 7753:Lowrey 2011 7557:Corera 2012 7223:Naylor 2015 7211:Naylor 2015 6998:Bergen 2021 6945:Bergen 2021 6909:Bergen 2021 6894:Bergen 2021 6793:Jalali 2001 6781:Jalali 2001 6757:Jalali 2001 6721:Jalali 2001 6678:Wright 2007 6618:Rashid 2008 6570:Naylor 2015 6546:Bergen 2011 6534:Bergen 2021 6522:Wright 2007 6474:Jalali 2001 6088:30 November 6057:30 November 6013:30 November 5985:30 November 5878:conducting 5777:Sean Murphy 5420:Sean Naylor 5143:F-18 Hornet 4978:Vietnam War 4919:Graeme Lamb 4869:Billy Waugh 4824:Balkh River 4805:Dayna Curry 4793:Shelter Now 4741:Dell Dailey 4690:bombed and 4615:Green Beret 4539:Arabian Sea 4435:in-extremis 4433:, provided 4336:, Canada's 4098:cabinet at 3912:tanks, and 3881:055 Brigade 3866:Ismail Khan 3789:Delta Force 3305:Spin Boldak 3207:Haska Meyna 3187:Kabul (Sep) 3142:Maidan Shar 3125:Kabul (Sep) 3100:Kabul (Mar) 3085:Kabul hotel 3058:Herat (Aug) 3048:Herat (Jun) 3043:Kabul (May) 2914:Kabul hotel 2892:2nd Paktika 2887:1st Paktika 2872:Kabul hotel 2840:Kabul court 2796:Kabul (Sep) 2781:Kabul hotel 2759:Kabul (May) 2754:Kabul (Feb) 2749:Kabul (Jan) 2712:Kabul raids 2700:Kabul hotel 2685:Spin Boldak 2568:Wech Baghtu 2422:Balamorghab 2394:Asbury Park 2351:2016 battle 2336:2015 battle 2323:Gala-e Gorg 2214:2021 school 2182:August 2020 2127:1 July 2019 2122:2019 mosque 2012:Park Palace 1717:Ebrahimkhel 1702:Nangar Khel 1622:Hazar Qadam 1519:Wech Baghtu 1504:Spin Boldak 1428:Tarnak Farm 1327:Tor Shezada 1201:Musa Qala I 1165:Lashkar Gah 660:CIA officer 532:Mullah Omar 446:Helen Clark 410:John Howard 313:055 Brigade 228:New Zealand 76:Afghanistan 12391:Categories 12356:Multimedia 12302:Opposition 12173:War crimes 10933:Australian 10859:and losses 10857:Casualties 10848:Evacuation 10798:Operations 9951:Parameters 9862:Parameters 9661:Jones 2009 9649:Jones 2009 9637:Jones 2009 9625:Jones 2008 9613:Maley 2012 9601:Jones 2009 9562:Jones 2009 9550:Jones 2009 9514:Jones 2009 9502:Jones 2009 9392:. Wsws.org 8797:Risen 2009 8555:Hersh 2002 6974:Maley 2020 6630:Risen 2008 5963:References 5953:Chris Wood 5940:Shia Islam 5815:number of 5812:Ipsos-Reid 5575:leading up 5564:See also: 5526:Kitty Hawk 5494:South Asia 5451:See also: 5404:Parachinar 5376:Jim Mattis 5364:Hazrat Ali 5262:Pinzgauers 5253:Camp Rhino 5241:US Marines 5233:Camp Rhino 4704:P-3C Orion 4684:B-2 Spirit 4631:Hindu Kush 4627:Uzbekistan 4595:Royal Navy 4472:Uzbekistan 4456:Jack Straw 4398:See also: 4394:First move 4229:Uzbekistan 4217:Tajikistan 4191:1,400,000 4173:2,000,000 4100:Camp David 3885:Ali Jalali 3678:After the 3584:Background 3531:Hindu Kush 3351:Badakhshan 2939:Kabul NATO 2717:Kabul NATO 2531:Airstrikes 2517:Lashkargah 2316:Sahda Ehlm 2202:University 2102:March 2018 2072:March 2017 2042:April 2016 2017:Parliament 1982:April 2012 1932:2009 raids 1634:Takur Ghar 1266:Red Dagger 1214:Kryptonite 1177:1st Sangin 1159:Eagle Fury 386:Tony Blair 12321:Memorials 12284:Reactions 12140:Aftermath 10938:Norwegian 10908:Coalition 10876:2001–2006 10836:2020–2021 10831:2011–2016 10803:Logistics 10069:Brookings 10056:142766937 10040:1741-9166 10000:0362-4331 9921:0162-2889 9885:150407995 9822:0190-8286 9586:Coll 2019 9456:2 January 8191:Call 2010 7665:Coll 2004 7653:Coll 2019 7641:Coll 2019 7629:Coll 2019 7617:Coll 2019 7605:Coll 2019 7480:Coll 2019 7139:Coll 2019 6849:Coll 2019 6733:Coll 2019 6666:Coll 2004 6654:Coll 2004 6642:Coll 2004 6606:Coll 2004 6594:Coll 2004 6582:Coll 2004 6510:Coll 2004 6486:Coll 2004 6447:Coll 2004 6423:Coll 2004 6201:Coll 2019 6006:USA Today 5685:1992–1996 5679:1991–2003 5673:1991–2003 5661:1990–2003 5655:1990–1991 5633:1980–1988 5621:1978–1979 5609:1961–1991 5510:Jacobabad 5478:Logistics 5356:mujahidin 5352:Spin Ghar 5251:known as 5012:Highway 1 4982:Tora Bora 4916:Brigadier 4909:minister 4781:Nangarhar 4777:Abdul Haq 4716:Dalbandin 4585:from the 4488:Blackhawk 4464:mujahidin 4370:from the 4069:Article V 3923:mujahidin 3889:Kashmiris 3868:was near 3862:Hazarajat 3781:Jalalabad 3684:mujahidin 3654:mujahidin 3630:mujahidin 3625:mujahidin 3548:. At the 3408:2020–2021 3403:2011–2016 3361:FOB Delhi 3314:Massacres 3261:September 3254:Jalalabad 3202:Jalalabad 2976:Kabul NDS 2971:Jalalabad 2909:Jalalabad 2850:Jalalabad 2623:Nangarhar 2553:Gora Prai 2548:Hyderabad 2177:July 2020 2172:June 2020 2097:Ambulance 2052:July 2016 1987:June 2013 1824:Tora Bora 1799:Nangarhar 1727:Bari Alai 1680:Red Wings 1669:Tar Heels 1514:Arghandab 1448:Avalanche 1320:Moshtarak 1098:Tora Bora 215:Australia 12366:Wikinews 12346:Category 12307:Protests 12224:Salt Pit 12215:Torture 10954:Timeline 10923:Canadian 10871:Civilian 10793:Timeline 10776:Overview 10681:(2002). 10657:(2021). 10612:(2009). 10588:(2005). 10564:(2008). 10540:(2008). 10495:(2015). 10471:(2013). 10443:(2021). 10355:(2009). 10291:(2012). 10263:(2019). 10237:(2004). 10192:(2021). 10168:(2011). 10074:15 March 10048:48602655 9966:(2003). 9937:57568287 9929:30129790 9895:(2008). 9855:(2001). 9827:30 March 9799:28 March 9728:Articles 9710:28 March 9684:28 March 9377:AEI 2008 9365:AEI 2008 8107:Archived 7373:Fox News 7323:7 August 6082:Archived 6051:Archived 6047:BBC News 6023:cite web 5914:See also 5653:Gulf War 5637:Iraqgate 5580:Iraq War 5544:Analysis 5502:Dushanbe 5498:Tashkent 5408:Pakistan 5127:Registan 5070:Kandahar 5061:Popalzai 4966:warlords 4720:brownout 4568:Hellfire 4563:Predator 4446:Gulbahar 4240:Fox News 4169:Pakistan 4080:Planning 3987:al-Qaeda 3981:deliver 3893:Chechens 3817:indicted 3771:Al-Qaeda 3707:Kandahar 3646:Pakistan 3612:Cold War 3527:Pakistan 3523:al-Qaeda 3451:al-Qaeda 3356:Kandahar 3283:December 3271:November 2949:Kandahar 2722:Kandahar 2680:Kandahar 2593:Mano Gai 2563:Azizabad 2512:Kandahar 2452:Tarinkot 2330:Halmazag 2167:May 2020 2162:Gurdwara 2077:May 2017 1962:May 2010 1859:May 2020 1844:Charikar 1809:Janikhel 1779:Asadabad 1757:Bad Pakh 1629:Anaconda 1461:Panjwaii 1434:Mongoose 1287:Mar Lewe 1195:Achilles 1078:Kandahar 1066:Tarinkot 1020:Invasion 870:Timeline 573:Strength 308:Al-Qaeda 71:Location 12237:process 12045:Attacks 10788:History 10783:Prelude 10005:3 March 9418:16 July 9396:16 July 5578:to the 5573:Events 5490:Central 5384:Ramadan 5290:Paktika 5282:Helmand 5270:amnesty 5140:US Navy 5049:ODA 574 5036:) with 5034:ODA 574 4931:Taloqan 4700:MC-130s 4692:strafed 4680:Emirati 4591:US Navy 4555:MIG-21s 4534:Peleliu 4484:Chinook 4233:30,000 4137:Afghans 3979:Taliban 3919:Stinger 3902:madrasa 3897:Uyghurs 3741:veiling 3703:Taliban 3695:mujahid 3692:Pashtun 3598:(PDPA) 3346:Khataba 3341:Maywand 3326:Shinwar 3295:Jan-Aug 3266:October 3120:Baghlan 2764:Nadahan 2668:Baghlan 2432:Derapet 2279:Airlift 1947:Bakhtar 1937:NATO HQ 1747:Khataba 1737:Kamdesh 1535:Hamkari 1529:Nadahan 1509:Sarposa 1307:Dahaneh 1253:Garmsir 1207:Volcano 862:History 673:Unknown 562:† 515:leader) 498:leader) 481:leader) 273:Taliban 202:Germany 12376:Portal 12328:London 10928:German 10808:Impact 10726: 10691: 10667: 10643: 10622: 10598: 10574: 10550: 10526: 10505: 10481: 10457: 10429: 10410: 10389: 10365: 10341: 10320: 10299: 10277: 10249: 10223: 10202: 10178: 10154: 10133: 10054: 10046: 10038: 9998: 9935: 9927: 9919: 9883: 9820: 9155:15 May 7047: 7020: 6106:, 2006 5286:Paktia 5170:AK-47s 5004:HMMWVs 4954:Ghazni 4865:MI-17s 4857:MH-47s 4853:BLU-82 4840:Kunduz 4816:Bamyan 4791:named 4788:Kunduz 4745: 4712:MH-60L 4635:MH-47E 4580:Apache 4559:Su-22s 4402:; and 4297:of US 4249:Rwanda 4245:Bosnia 4226: 4214: 4202: 4184: 4166: 4057:Quetta 3854:Parwan 3850:Takhar 3848:. 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