Law enforcement in the United States

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case, commonwealth) directly to either a county or an independent city. Thus, policing in Virginia is more streamlined: the county sheriff's office/department or county police department does not overlap with an independent city police department. Unincorporated townships remain part of their parent county, but incorporated townships may have town police departments to augment their county law enforcement. Town police departments are often small and may deploy a combination of paid and unpaid, full and part-time law enforcement officers, including auxiliary officers who typically serve as part-time, unpaid volunteers. If present, independent city sheriff's offices usually follow the restrictive model shown above for sheriff's departments, with limited law enforcement authority including warrant service, jail bailiff, etc. Mutual assistance compacts may exist where neighboring law enforcement agencies will assist each other, however, in addition to state (commonwealth) law enforcement resources. Like most states, Virginia also has campus police officers. Under Virginia State Code 23.1-809 and 23.1-810, public and private colleges and universities can maintain their own armed police force and employ sworn campus police officers. These sworn officers have the same authority as local police and are required to complete police academy training mandated by the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services. Virginia campus police officers have jurisdiction on and immediately around the campus, but police departments may petition to the local circuit court for concurrent jurisdiction with the local police.

1752: 2660: 3565: 4689: 4704: 2597: 2810: 3358:, and much police misconduct came from protests that often turned violent. There were also planned attacks against police stemming directly from the force that was being used by the police against the protesters. President Lyndon Johnson created the Office of Law Enforcement Assistance in 1965. From that, much was done on the federal and local level, such as enhanced training for police personnel. Police officers at that time were often made up of ex-military members who had little training and were left to learn their skills during their job experiences. Law enforcement personnel were also responsible to attend college as a result. 4150: 2449: 2088: 2713: 15481: 11184: 3826: 2053:, responsibilities are given to each: the county police are in charge of typical police duties such as patrol and investigations, whereas the sheriffs' department in this situation takes care of serving papers and providing security to the courts. County police tend to fall into three broad categories, full service, limited service, and restrictive service. Full service provides full police services to the entire county. Limited service provides to the unincorporated and special districts. Restricted service provide security to the county-owned parts of the county. 2193: 33: 2920: 2166:, have jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area, and typically share geographical boundaries within one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan departments have usually been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and 2121: 2377: 2439:). Cole and Smith cited one study which showed 80% of all calls for police assistance did not involve crimes, but this may not be the case in all parts of the country. Because police agencies are traditionally available year-round, 24 hours a day, citizens call upon police departments not only in times of trouble but also when just inconvenienced. As a result, police services may include roadside auto assistance, providing referrals to other agencies, finding lost pets or property, or checking locks on vacationers' homes. 4558: 4765: 4283:, among others, have pending body-worn camera legislation that requires its police officers to be equipped with body-worn cameras when the officers are on duty. Body-worn cameras are video recording devices around three inches long that cost between $ 129 and $ 900. There are different body-worn camera models, but a standard body-worn camera includes an on and off switch that enables the image capturing technology to record and store data in the cloud. 2211:(PRPB) traces back to 1837, when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Civil Guard) to protect the lives and property of Puerto Ricans who at the time were Spanish subjects, and provide police services to the entire island, even though many municipalities maintained their own police force. The United States invaded and took possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898 as a result of the 661: 3396:, used what many believed was excessive force. Four LAPD officers used physical force on King after he resisted arrest. A bystander videotaped the incident and later supplied it to local media. The officers were charged with assault and using excessive force, with all officers acquitted of the assault, and three of the four officers acquitted of using excessive of force, during the initial trial. This led to the citywide 3842: 2530: 4241:. Lightweight level IIA, II or IIIa vests are generally capable of stopping most handgun rounds. SWAT teams typically wear heavier Level III or IV tactical armored vests, often with steel or ceramic trauma plates, comparable to those worn by U.S. military personnel engaged in ground operations. Level III or IV vests are more capable of protecting officers from rifle rounds. Officers trained in 3160:

provide an incentive for law enforcement officers to focus on drug-related crimes rather than crimes against persons, such as rape and homicide. They also provide an incentive to arrest suspected drug-dealers inside their houses, which can be seized, and to raid stash houses after most of their drugs have been sold, when officers can seize the cash.

4611:(the black population in the United States is roughly 13%) and Latino or Hispanic are 11.6%. Women made up 17% of full-time sworn officers. Women, Asian, and Hispanic officers are significantly under-represented in police forces. Many law enforcement agencies are attempting to hire a diversity of recruits to better represent their communities. 4088:. The handheld electroshock weapon was designed to incapacitate a single person from a distance by using electric current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles. An individual struck by a Taser experiences stimulation of their sensory nerves and motor nerves, resulting in strong involuntary muscle contractions. Tasers do not rely only on 3175:

positions. This has included at times the fielding (and sometimes the arming) of uncertified officers (who may be working temporarily in what is supposed to be a provisional limited-duty status prior to certification) and the hiring of itinerant "gypsy cops", who may have histories of poor performance or misconduct in other departments.

3641:. A super-majority of the Minneapolis City Council (9 of 12 council members) pledged in June 2020 to dismantle the Minneapolis Police Department. The Minneapolis Police Department's funding was ultimately restored to its original levels after a public ballot measure "to remove the Police Department and replace it..." ( 4302:

The devices do all this by transmitting real-time audio and video to the pilot, giving police an advantage when they cannot directly see a suspect or enter a location where they are needed. Some other uses for this device may be bomb detection, crash investigations, as well as searching suspicious vehicles.

1677:, and the temporary detention of suspected criminals pending judicial action. Law enforcement agencies, are also commonly charged with the responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress. Other duties may include the service and enforcement of 4662:

Salary varies widely for police officers, with most being among the top third of wage-earners, age 25 or older, nationwide. The median annual wage for criminal investigators was $ 86,940 and $ 65,540 for patrol officers, in May 2020. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $ 38,420, and the highest 10

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NLETS operates primarily through a secure private network through which each state has an interface to the network that all agencies within the state operate through. The federal and international components operate very similarly. Users include all U.S. states and territories, some federal agencies,

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A variety of national, regional, state, and local information systems are available to law enforcement agencies in the U.S., with different purposes and types of information. One example is the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS), an interstate justice and public safety network

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Flying drones are also being enlisted to help police in dangerous situations such as a barricaded suspect or a hostage situation. These drones increase safety by providing information that can be used in mapping and planning. These devices equipped with cameras allow officers to get a bird's eye view

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to arrest. Merely lawfully detaining a person—in and of itself—does not deprive a person of their Fourth Amendment right against unlawful searches. Federal, state, and local laws, and individual law enforcement departmental policies govern when, where, how, and upon whom a law enforcement officer may

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does not have overlapping county and city jurisdictions, whereas in most other states, municipalities generally fall within (and share jurisdiction and many other governmental responsibilities with) one (or more) county(ies). In Virginia, governmental power flows down from the state (or in Virginia's

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The increasing frequency of such cases has prompted a growing chorus of criticism from lawyers, legal scholars, civil rights groups, politicians and even judges that qualified immunity, as applied, is unjust. Spanning the political spectrum, this broad coalition says the doctrine has become a nearly

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Law enforcement has historically been a male-dominated profession. There are approximately 18,000 law enforcement agencies at federal, state, and local level, with more than 1.1 million employees. There are around 12,000 local law enforcement agencies, the most numerous of the three types. In a 2013

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was shot by a police officer. Due to the rise of social media and cell phones, it is now easy for people to broadcast police use of force incidents that they see. The trend started with Rodney King and has grown since. In this case, Castile's girlfriend live-streamed his death on Facebook. The video

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were dropped from a police helicopter targeting a fortified, bunker-like cubicle on the roof of the house. The resulting explosions ignited a fire from fuel for a gasoline-powered generator stored in the rooftop bunker. The fire spread and eventually destroyed approximately sixty-five nearby houses.

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In Texas, the sheriff's office is normally the agency responsible for handling mental health calls. If the situation is dangerous, a sheriff's deputy has the power to take a person to a hospital on a mental health commitment immediately. However, if the situation is not actively dangerous, a warrant

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From 2004 to 2008, overall full-time employment by state and local law enforcement agencies nationwide increased by about 57,000 (or 5.3%). Sworn personnel increased by about 33,000 (4.6%), and nonsworn employees by about 24,000 (6.9%). From 2004 to 2008, the number of full-time sworn personnel per

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In recent years police have recruited unmanned surveillance devices such as small throwable robotics and flying drones to conduct reconnaissance in dangerous locations. These devices can be used to identify the presence of a hostage, locate and/or identify subjects, and reveal the layout of a room.

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allow law enforcement officers to seize anything which they can plausibly claim was the proceeds of a crime. The property-owner need not be convicted of that crime; if officers find drugs in a house, they can take cash from the house and possibly the house itself. Commentators have said these rules

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Wilson's study applies to police behavior for the entire department over time. At any given time, police officers may be acting in a watchman, service, or legalistic function by the nature of what they are doing at the time, their temperament, or their mood at the time. Individual officers may also

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Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining industrial base, and a blue-collar, mixed ethnic/racial population. This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than other styles, and certain offenses may be "overlooked" on a variety of social, legal, and cultural

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that is located in a local police, county sheriff/police, state police/highway patrol, fire department, or emergency medical service agency dispatching facility; alternatively, some agencies or municipalities have combined their resources and personnel into dedicated or joint answering facilities.

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Body-worn cameras have become standard due to the rise of complaints about police brutality across the nation. Supporters argue that the use of a body-worn camera allows evidence to be viewed from an unbiased perspective. Body-worn camera models are being developed that are intended to resolve the

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Police academies exist in every state and also at the federal level. Policing in the United States is highly fragmented, and there are no national minimum standards for licensing police officers in the U.S. Researchers say police are given far more training on use of firearms than on de-escalating

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doctrine in 1967, originally with the rationale of protecting law enforcement officials from frivolous lawsuits and financial liability in cases where they acted in good faith in unclear legal situations. Starting around 2005, courts increasingly applied the doctrine to cases involving the use of

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are Law Enforcement officers who have many different responsibilities and functions from state to state. Sheriffs are elected officials who are appointed or hired in. Sheriffs are responsible for all three parts of the criminal justice system. They uphold the county jail, ensure safety within the

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The main cause of death to law enforcement officers are roadway related incidents. This includes both crashes and struck-by incidents. Between the years of 2011 and 2020, there were a total of 1,387 officer line-of-duty deaths excluding COVID-19 related deaths. Of these deaths, 286 officers died

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Local police departments were the largest employer of sworn personnel, accounting for 60% of the total. Sheriffs' offices were next, accounting for 24%. About half (49%) of all agencies employed fewer than 10 full-time officers. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of sworn personnel worked for agencies that

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Despite safeguards around recruitment, some police departments have at times relaxed hiring and staffing policies, sometimes in violation of the law, most often in the cases of local departments and federally funded drug task forces facing staffing shortages, attrition, and needs to quickly fill

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Emphasizes the service functions of police work, usually found in suburban, middle-class communities where residents demand individual treatment. Police in homogeneous communities can view their work as protecting their citizens against "outsiders", with frequent but often informal interventions

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In 2008, state and local law enforcement agencies employed more than 1.1 million people on a full-time basis, including about 765,000 sworn personnel (defined as those with general arrest powers). Agencies also employed approximately 100,000 part-time employees, including 44,000 sworn officers.

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are common practices used to review the suitability of candidates. Recruiting in most departments is competitive, with more suitable and desirable candidates accepted over lesser ones, and failure to meet some minimum standards disqualifying a candidate entirely. Police oral boards are the most

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grounds as long as public order is maintained. Cole and Smith comment the broad discretion exercised in this style of policing can result in charges of discrimination when it appears police treatment of different groups results in the perception that some groups get better treatment than others.

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This is the broad mandate to keep the peace or otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others. This can deal with things ranging from a barking dog to a fist-fight. By way of description, Cole and Smith note that police are usually called-on to "handle" these situations with discretion,

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Beyer and Kaine's Cost of Police Misconduct Act would require all law enforcement agencies that receive federal funds to report every judgment or settlement along with the type of misconduct, the internal personnel action taken against the officer, the source of money used to pay a judgment or

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and list deadly force as a force of last resort. With this model, agencies try to control excessive uses of force. Nonetheless, some question the number of killings by law enforcement officers, including killings of people who are unarmed, raising questions about alleged widespread and ongoing

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Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism. This is usually found in reform-minded cities, with mixed socioeconomic composition. Officers are expected to generate a large number of arrests and citations and act as if there were a single community standard for conduct, rather than different

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Given the broad mandates of police work and the limited resources they have, police administrators must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies restrict, or even forbid, high-speed vehicular pursuits. Researchers Falcone, Wells, &

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in their vehicles for additional firepower. These are typically intended to be used when their use would be necessary or ideal compared to handguns, such as when confronting an armed or armored suspect, or when a handgun would not provide the range, accuracy, or rate of fire required for the

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during the 1970s, have been used to bring about changes in law enforcement agencies. Civilian review boards (permanent external oversight agencies) have also been used as a means for improving police accountability. Review boards tend to focus on individual complaints, rather than broader

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are the use of race to determine which drivers to stop for minor traffic violations (commonly referred to as 'driving while black, Asian, Native American, Middle Eastern, Hispanic, or brown'), or the use of race to determine which pedestrians to search for illegal contraband. Besides such

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In most states, law enforcement officers operate under the same self-defense laws as the general public. Generally, when the first responder or a member of the public is at risk of serious bodily injury and/or death, lethal force is justified. Most law enforcement agencies establish a

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In 2010, the FBI estimated that law enforcement agencies made 13,120,947 arrests (excluding traffic violations). Of those persons arrested, 74.5% were male and 69.4 percent of all persons arrested were white, 28.0 percent were black, and the remaining 2.6 percent were of other races.

1783:(U.S.C.), and federal law enforcement agencies, who are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level. Both police and law enforcement agencies operate at the highest level and are endowed with police roles; each may maintain a small component of the other (for example, the 15079: 2174:, are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties. Likewise, in Florida, the Duval County Road Patrol and the Jacksonville Police Department consolidated in 1968 to form the "Office of the Sheriff - Jacksonville Police," commonly known as the 1711:

in the United States is conducted by "around 18,000 federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, all with their own rules". Every state has its own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to state. 2008 census data from the

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in the 1970s found the reactive approach to policing to be ineffective. The cost of policing rapidly expanded during the 1960s. In 1951, American cities spent $ 82 per person on policing. Adjusting for inflation, police spending increased over 300% by 2016, to $ 286 per person.

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trained and equipped to handle situations such as barricaded suspects, hostage situations, terrorist attacks, and high-risk warrants that require greater force, specialized equipment, and special tactics that are unavailable to regular police officers. These units usually have

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Between 2005 and 2019, over 200 law enforcement officers died because of struck-by incidents. These deaths account for 24% of motor vehicle-related officer deaths. This can occur in many situations, but commonly occurs at traffic stops when officers are in or near roadways.

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if they have probable cause to do so. Private police officers are generally required to be licensed the same as a regular police officer and have the same powers as a regular law enforcement officer (even if sometimes limited to the properties they are assigned to protect).

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does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses a state line, he violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved.

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Police use a wide range of vehicles in their duties. Police vehicles are used for patrol, responses, and pursuits, and generally carry much of an officer's equipment, including communication devices and tools. Police vehicles in the United States have traditionally been

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Weisheit describe a historical separation of police models between small towns and larger cities. The distinction has also been defined between rural and urban policing models, which tended to function differently with separate hierarchical systems supporting each.

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This and other cases have been used to establish legal precedents in many jurisdictions across the United States. Such precedents are often used to protect law enforcement officers and organizations from being charged with inaction during riots or mass shootings.

2479:, 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions and was linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served. 2237:

may be owned, operated, or otherwise controlled by a private entity (such as a corporation) or is a police agency whose primary function is to provide contract based security services to private entities, and may be considered private police. For example, in

3274:, which stars two office employees turned gonzo-journalists, Patrick J Pespas and Sam Lipman-Stern, as they reveal a billion dollar donation scam perpetrated against the American public by the largest police union in America, The Fraternal Order of Police. 3803:

subjective part of the process and often disqualifies the biggest portion of qualified candidates. Departments maintain records of past applicants under review, and refer to them in the case of either reapplication or requests between other agencies.

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More than 24,000 officers have made the ultimate sacrifice in the United States since 1786 and ODMP is honored to preserve their memories and give friends, family, other officers, and citizens alike the opportunity to remember them and honor their

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According to 2017 FBI figures and stated above, the majority of officer deaths on the job were the result of accidents rather than homicides. Civilians faced a homicide rate of 5.6 per 100,000, while police faced a homicide rate of 3 per 100,000.

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provocative situations. On average, US officers spend around 21 weeks training before they are qualified to go on patrol, which is far less than in most other developed countries. Similar European training programs can last more than three years.

3542:, and several more recent efforts. In the 21st century, reforms based on community dialogue, legal requirements and updating of police training are growing. Nonetheless, instances of misconduct and brutality have continued to occur. Following the 2763:

Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with

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transceivers mounted in their vehicles, with individual officers carrying portable handsets or ear-worn headsets for communication when away from their vehicles. Frequencies, channels, equipment, and radio usage procedures vary by jurisdiction.

3133:, the ultimate ruling was that United States law did not require law enforcement officers to protect the general population, that ordinary citizens could not be classified as persons requiring special protection, and the officers had no legal 2584:, in 1651. The New York rattlewatch "strolled the streets to discourage crime and search for lawbreakers" and also served as town criers. In 1658, they began drawing pay, making them the first municipally funded police organization. When the 4593:

In 2019, the FBI estimated that approximately 1,003,270 law enforcement personnel were employed nationwide and distributed across more than 13,250 agencies. Of those, 697,195 were sworn officers, with 306,075 civilian employees. According to

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batons. One advantage of the collapsible baton is that the wearer can comfortably sit in a patrol vehicle while still wearing the baton on their duty belt. The side handle nightstick usually has to be removed before entering the vehicle.

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captured New Amsterdam in 1664, they installed a constable whose duties included keeping the peace, suppressing excessive drinking, gambling, prostitution, and preventing disturbances during church services. A night watch was formed in

4237:, typically in the form of a lightweight Level IIA, II or IIIA vest that can be inconspicuously worn under uniforms, though some departments allow vests to be worn above uniforms with rigs and pouches installed to replace the typical 4434:

owned by the states supporting inquiry into state systems for criminal history, driver's license and motor vehicle registration, as well as supporting inquiry into federal systems, such as the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS)

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are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since the passage of the

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Our evaluation of the proper balance that has to be struck in this type of case leads us to conclude that there must be a narrowly drawn authority to permit a reasonable search for weapons for the protection of the police officer,

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to be published in the event of certain types of offences. Another example is California Assembly Bill No. 748 which "requires agencies to release any 'recording that relates to a critical incident,' or law enforcement shooting."

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places a variety of information possessed by the government, including law enforcement, into the public domain and makes it available for request. Agencies collect, report, and publish a variety of statistical data, such as the

1900:. The Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states). For police, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a U.S. state and the 6182:

Across all races and states in the USA, we estimate 30 800 deaths (95% uncertainty interval 30 300–31 300) from police violence between 1980 and 2018; this represents 17 100 more deaths (16 600–17 600) than reported by the

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Grappler: "The Grappler is a device that uses a heavy-duty nylon net deployed from the front of a pursuing police vehicle, and the net wraps around the rear tire of the suspect vehicle, Bringing a pursuit to a controlled

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The militarization of both rural and urban law enforcement has been attributed to the United States' involvement in wars during the 20th century, although some attribute the militarization to the more recent campaigns on

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crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat, and other forms of information-led policing, have since been replicated in police departments across the United States.

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Public safety agencies, as well as municipal governments, sometimes use notification systems that the public can voluntarily enroll in to receive alerts or notices for public safety or law enforcement related incidents.

2756:. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict 4465:

information. Operations consist of nearly 1.5 billion transactions a year to over one million PC, mobile, and handheld devices in the U.S. and Canada at 45,000 user agencies, and to 1.3 million individual users.

9310: 4578:' Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA), found there were 17,985 state and local law enforcement agencies employing at least one full-time officer or the equivalent in part-time officers. 5121: 10593: 2505:

against community members. The uniform make-up of the community means crimes are usually more obvious, and therefore less frequent, leaving police free to deal with service functions and traffic control.

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standards for different groups. However, the fact that certain groups are more likely to have law enforcement contact means this strict enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain groups.

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Falcone, David N., Edward L. Wells, and Ralph A. Weisheit. "The Small-Town Police Department." Policing 25.2 (2002): 371-85. ProQuest Criminal Justice Periodicals Index. Web. September 25, 2014.

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the MOVE black liberation group compound in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After a shootout between police and MOVE members involving automatic weapons and over 10,000 rounds fired, Commissioner

2979:, but are under-represented, accounting for 45% of police killings (and 60% of the population). Blacks are over-represented, accounting for 24% of police killings (and 13% of the population). 2368:

Texarkana Tx/Ak shares judges, police facilities, a dispatch center, and a jail but does operate separate police departments, though they frequently collaborate through mutual aid agreements.

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Depending on local, state, or federal laws, (as well as agency policy) law enforcement agencies may be required to notify the public of certain types of criminal incidents. For example, the

12309: 4727:(242) and heart attack (17), with 1 death associated with responding to the September 11 attacks. As of December, 2021, line-of-duty officer deaths totaled 126 (felonious and accidental). 15630: 11333: 9303: 4461:

Through the NLETS network, law enforcement and criminal justice agencies can access a wide range of information, from standard driver license and vehicle queries to criminal history and

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While police resentment and calls for abolition of the police have existed in the United States for over a century, police abolition became more popular in 2014 following the killing of

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was shot by a police officer after struggling with the officer and attempting to take the officer's gun. His death prompted citywide riots and protests that lasted approximately 5 days.

15647: 15635: 15625: 15542: 11350: 11338: 11328: 11245: 10586: 3301:, often handcuffed, through a public place at some point after the arrest, creating an opportunity for the media to take photographs and video of the event, has also raised concerns. 350: 8180: 15597: 11300: 7977:"The Throwbot® 2 (TB2) robot is a throwable micro-robot platform that enables operators to obtain instantaneous video and audio reconnaissance within indoor or outdoor environments" 2949: 2247: 1751: 7888: 2516:

is a shift in policing practices in the U.S. that moved away from standardization and towards a more preventive model where police actively partner with the community it serves.

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courts, and may have jurisdiction to enforce laws in the entire county. They have more responsibilities such as transporting prisoners, running crime labs, and collecting taxes.

15562: 15557: 15552: 11265: 11260: 11255: 9296: 4778: 3812: 305: 15532: 11235: 7911: 12674: 9643: 9319: 6087:"A Typology of Civilians Shot and Killed by US Police: a Latent Class Analysis of Firearm Legal Intervention Homicide in the 2014–2015 National Violent Death Reporting System" 4808: 2659: 643: 279: 8280: 3915:

at minimum. Many are also required to be armed off-duty, and are often required to have a concealable off-duty handgun. Among the most common sidearms are models produced by

1700:, such as private property; the maintenance of public order; the protection of public officials; and the operation of some detention facilities (usually at the local level). 15360: 14448: 14182: 11063: 10579: 8057: 2140: 1658: 2215:

and has controlled the island as a US territory since then. The Insular Police of Puerto Rico was created on February 21, 1899, under the command of Colonel Frank Thacher (

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models were popular with police officers, the most popular being .38 caliber revolvers produced by Smith & Wesson or Colt. Since then, most agencies have switched to

2906:, regardless of whether he has probable cause to arrest the individual for a crime. The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is 15390: 14483: 12391: 11093: 3602:, who are best known for their prison abolition work, have integrated police abolition into their work when advocating against the carceral system of the United States. 3547: 3346:

Over the past decades, police departments across the country have been affected by instances of misconduct and brutality. Some prominent examples include the following:

2740:, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training. With this transformation, police command and control became more centralized. 2325: 4571:

In 2008, federal police agencies employed approximately 120,000 full-time law enforcement officers, authorized to make arrests and carry firearms in the United States.

3496:("pattern or practice") suits against local law enforcement agencies, to rein in abuses and hold them accountable. As a result, numerous departments have entered into 12396: 10907: 5237: 2813: 2115: 5961: 3520:, which seeks to create "a publicly accessible federal database that would track police misconduct allegations and settlements at both the state and federal levels". 14222: 12491: 11831: 11701: 5132: 3489: 1673:. The law enforcement purposes of these agencies are the investigation of suspected criminal activity, referral of the results of investigations to state or federal 88: 6463: 15127: 14619: 14227: 13081: 11961: 9863: 2152: 8007: 14317: 14282: 13840: 12568: 12336: 12170: 11826: 9572: 4218: 2411:

These powers are typically used only in cases where the law has been violated and a suspect must be identified and apprehended. Most obvious instances include

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officer on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. 34 people were killed, and more than 1,000 were injured. The riots also caused over $ 40 million in damage.

2679:. The first organized, publicly-funded professional full-time police services were established in Boston in 1838, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854. 14646: 12857: 12424: 12314: 9923: 7790: 6362: 8889:

PINC-03. Educational Attainment--People 25 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings in 2008, Work Experience in 2004, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex

3255:. These suspicions may be held on the basis of belief that members of a target racial group commit crimes at a higher rate than that of other racial groups. 3038:

Beginning in the 1990s, the use of military equipment and tactics for community policing and for public order policing has become more widespread under the

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At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or broad geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved by

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Nearly all U.S. states and the federal government have by law adopted minimum-standard standardized training requirements for all officers with powers of

2772:. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, and enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring. The 2760:

system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers.

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100,000 U.S. residents increased from 250 to 251. From 1992 to 2008, the growth rate for support personnel was more than double that of sworn personnel.

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was fatally shot on the night before his wedding. It was reported that the police had shot over 50 times at Bell and two of his friends that he was with.

1816: 1760: 6786: 14367: 14257: 14217: 12769: 12627: 9537: 9502: 4059:, also known as a nightstick. The common nightstick and the side handle baton have been replaced in many departments by collapsible batons such as the 2311:

Though rare, some state-level police departments carry full police authority and jurisdiction in two or more states. This is typically done through an

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Depending on the organization and structure of emergency service agencies in the jurisdiction where a 911 call is made, the call may be answered at a

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rather than deal with them as strict violations of law, though of course their authority to deal with these situations is based in violations of law.

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Once a call is received and the relevant information is collected, a dispatcher will dispatch the call by recording the incident information into a

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Ten of the 50 largest local police departments reported double-digit increases in sworn personnel from 2004 to 2008. The largest increases were in

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Wertz, Joseph; Azrael, Deborah; Berrigan, John; Barber, Catherine; Nelson, Eliot; Hemenway, David; Salhi, Carmel; Miller, Matthew (June 1, 2020).

3903:, and a wide variety of other vehicles have seen use among police departments historically and presently, in both standard and specialized roles. 102: 15607: 13171: 13131: 11467: 11310: 10935: 9813: 9457: 9372: 6966: 6593: 5183: 4415:

Some CAD programs include a record management system (RMS) which is a type of program used to write and store police reports and incident notes.

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Fifteen of the 50 largest local police departments employed fewer full-time sworn personnel in 2008 than in 2004. The largest declines were in

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the total number of agencies (including federal agencies) in the United States dropped from 19,071 to 18,794 (excluding 277 federal agencies).

3504:, requiring them to make organizational reforms. This approach shifts focus from individual officers to placing focus on police organizations. 7736: 5159:"Section 6-A1103. RESTRICTIONS, Chapter 6-A11. SPECIAL POLICE, SubTilte 6-A. POLICE PERSONNEL, Title 6. PERSONNEL, D.C. Municipal Regulations" 15680: 15675: 15522: 13788: 13193: 12429: 11636: 11225: 9582: 9547: 9452: 9427: 7815: 3481: 1831: 1797: 1788: 629: 390: 17: 3587:, with national attention being drawn to issues surrounding policing. The roots of police abolition stem from (and are often linked to) the 2219:

officer during the Spanish–American War), with an authorized strength of 313 sworn officers. As of 2009, the PRPB had over 17,292 officers.

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Policing in what would become the United States of America arose from the law enforcement systems in European countries, particularly the

14808: 14528: 13935: 13778: 13673: 13418: 13156: 12276: 12187: 11929: 11914: 11796: 10498: 9587: 9562: 9467: 9407: 9387: 9382: 9352: 9342: 8886: 4408:(CAD) and broadcasting the call over a dispatch radio channel (specific procedures vary by jurisdiction). Officers may have access to a 15235: 15112: 13761: 13276: 13271: 13261: 12634: 12363: 11611: 10925: 10018: 9522: 9477: 9417: 9392: 9347: 6009: 4739: 4481: 4370:. The decision to use encrypted radios may be compelled onto the agency in some situations, while others adopt encryption voluntarily. 4366:

Some agencies have implemented encrypted radio systems which prevent the general public from listening in to their communications with

4253:

have also initiated programs to provide law enforcement agencies with higher level vests that provide greater protection and vests for

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whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger

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in the United States since 1776. A memorial is also hosted in Washington, DC, by the National Law Enforcement Officers Museum of the

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https://web.archive.org/web/20210903230930/https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI_S10_C3_3/%22interstate%20compacts%22/

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spent over nine minutes with his knee on Floyd's neck, asphyxiating him, despite pleas from onlookers to stop. The incident sparked

15435: 15290: 15275: 15064: 13977: 13773: 13266: 12754: 12694: 12254: 11909: 11801: 11651: 11138: 10993: 10978: 10323: 9557: 9512: 9412: 8801: 8762: 7935:"The Effect of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force and Citizens' Complaints Against the Police: A Randomized Controlled Trial" 4490: 4435: 3240: 2773: 2163: 1839: 116: 8065: 5771:"Chicago Chooses Criminologist to Head and Clean Up the Police". United Press International/The New York Times. February 22, 1960. 2170:, or in neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as the 15537: 15242: 13883: 13856: 13815: 13810: 13783: 13713: 13600: 13396: 13203: 12791: 12615: 12513: 12145: 11240: 10138: 7934: 6940: 4707:

An infographic intended for police officers and firemen outlining how to avoid being struck by passing cars at roadside incidents

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because of crashes or 21% of total deaths. In addition, 114 officers died because of struck-by incidents or 8% of total deaths.

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report, "has become a nearly failsafe tool to let police brutality go unpunished and deny victims their constitutional rights".

15455: 15300: 14147: 13984: 13693: 13376: 13281: 13111: 13059: 13020: 12587: 12582: 12436: 12373: 12326: 12304: 12269: 11924: 11780: 11158: 11003: 10468: 9678: 7166: 5891: 5018: 4724: 2548:. This relied heavily on citizen volunteers, as well as watch groups, constables, sheriffs, and a conscription system known as 1851: 1622: 550: 7400: 4306:

of a scene in an emergency, allowing responders to safely get much closer to a scene than they could if they went in on foot.

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and members of other minority groups, other examples of racial profiling by law enforcement in the U.S. include the Trump-era

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Railroad police departments are granted this privilege without interstate compacts thanks to various federal and state laws.

1776: 15527: 15074: 13800: 13688: 13558: 13462: 13371: 13295: 12840: 12806: 11821: 11811: 11806: 11664: 11659: 11523: 11488: 11230: 10503: 9858: 9634: 7238: 7119: 6389: 4793: 4475: 3325: 3199: 3191: 3185: 3156: 3150: 3100: 2988: 2423:. This is the popular notion of the main police function, but the frequency of such activity depends on geography and season. 2355: 1787:). The agencies have jurisdiction in all states, U.S. territories, and U.S. possessions for enforcement of federal law. Most 8971: 6036: 14924: 14909: 14688: 13996: 13893: 13830: 13820: 13703: 13494: 13457: 13386: 13218: 13183: 12734: 12464: 12197: 11968: 11919: 11892: 11816: 11775: 10694: 9948: 4788: 4607:

survey, the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics found that 72.8% of local police officers were white.

3872: 2702: 2273:. In some cases, private police are sworn in as government employees in order to ensure compliance with the law, as in the 325: 15014: 7063: 4131:

40mm Less-Lethal Launcher: Similar to the beanbag shotgun round, the device "fires a 40mm hard foam or sponge projectile."

2291:

years. Private police services are sometimes called "Subscription-Based Patrol." The largest private police forces in the

2049:

tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. For places that have both county police and

15215: 15195: 14994: 14818: 14463: 14167: 13952: 13940: 13878: 13635: 13126: 13025: 12622: 12281: 12177: 12061: 10804: 10644: 10268: 7865: 6471: 4688: 4643: 4423: 3670: 3485: 2228: 1863: 1804: 1713: 571: 530: 520: 150: 9228: 7459: 7315: 4970: 15089: 14879: 14703: 14548: 14453: 13925: 13866: 13751: 13746: 13683: 13445: 13406: 13366: 13213: 13166: 13146: 12759: 12386: 12381: 12286: 12234: 11763: 11518: 11377: 10383: 10283: 10233: 10203: 8659: 7594: 7567: 7289: 6630: 6211:."The Journal of Political and Military Sociology 27.2 (1999): 205-15.ProQuest Research Library. Web. October 25, 2014. 5962:"America's police kill too many people. But some forces are showing how smarter, less aggressive policing gets results" 5820: 5631: 4835: 4447: 4412:

which allows them to interface with the CAD as well as search for other information such as looking up license plates.

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COPS Office: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services is a component of the United States Department of Justice.

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Not have a history of ethical, professional, prior employment, motor vehicle, educational, or financial improprieties;

2983:

are proportionately represented, accounting for 17% of police killings (and 18% of the population). Others (including

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perform a "pat down," "protective search," or "Terry frisk," based on several U.S. Supreme Court decisions (including

2728:, and telephone in the early 20th century transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on responding to 15592: 14718: 13967: 13947: 13898: 13888: 13756: 13678: 13655: 13615: 13479: 13469: 13346: 13321: 13228: 13208: 12686: 12476: 12202: 11584: 11295: 8032: 5668: 5442: 5412: 4783: 4134:

BolaWrap: A "remote restraint system" that fires a "tether towards an individual" to wrap around and immobilize them.

3329: 2832:, a misdemeanor in their presence, or a select-few misdemeanors not in their presence, a law enforcement officer can 2683: 2604: 1893: 320: 8380: 6567: 15572: 15160: 14083: 13972: 13918: 13903: 13805: 13640: 13116: 13069: 13064: 12966: 12893: 12593: 12358: 11887: 11275: 10098: 7263: 6863: 4501: 4383: 2349: 2175: 1962: 1258: 1022: 166: 9044: 6444: 6234: 4205:

tools, and other specialized weapons and equipment at their disposal. Some SWAT units are equipped with dedicated

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Throughout 2021, 262 officers have died from various medical conditions, the two leading causes were contracting

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characteristics, government organization, and choice of police administrators. According to a study in a book by

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Law enforcement officers are granted certain powers to enable them to carry out their duties. When there exists

15567: 15440: 15375: 15310: 15122: 14668: 14533: 14237: 13989: 13663: 13610: 13526: 13516: 13484: 13413: 13401: 13356: 13243: 13141: 13003: 12923: 12913: 12699: 12556: 12259: 12217: 12160: 11934: 11845: 11270: 11143: 11078: 11013: 10433: 10403: 10398: 10328: 10228: 10208: 9898: 9708: 9653: 8205: 5860:"Police Are Our Government: Politics, Political Science, and the Policing of Race–Class Subjugated Communities" 5358: 4840: 4296: 4214: 3845: 3829: 3401: 3129: 3122: 3039: 2897:, the landmark decision introducing the term "Terry frisk", or "frisk", to the broader public (italics added): 2435:, providing tourist information, guiding the disoriented, or acting as educators (on topics such as preventing 1997: 1820: 1494: 747: 612: 8486: 2693:

In the late 19th and early 20th century, there were few specialized units in police departments. In 1905, the

15350: 14989: 14904: 14859: 14813: 14798: 14788: 14748: 14698: 14678: 14142: 13741: 13605: 13521: 13452: 13423: 13361: 13251: 13223: 12867: 12239: 12132: 11370: 11053: 10940: 10839: 10764: 10518: 10448: 10343: 10173: 10143: 10113: 10108: 10073: 10048: 9883: 9838: 9808: 9718: 9703: 8919: 6310: 4899: 4561: 4485: 4397: 3685: 3442: 3389: 3236: 2337: 2067: 2062: 2021: 2009: 1954: 1854:(TSA) are some of the agencies that report to the DHS. The United States Coast Guard in particular is also a 1666: 1662: 1504: 485: 420: 7711: 6390:"To Knock or Not t nock or Not to Knock? No-K nock? No-Knock Warrants and ants and Confrontational Policing" 1017: 15547: 15470: 15415: 15385: 15305: 15268: 14894: 14743: 14508: 14478: 14468: 14332: 14036: 14029: 13962: 13825: 13708: 13630: 13620: 13474: 13435: 13391: 13351: 13308: 13256: 13188: 13161: 13121: 13099: 12908: 12722: 12669: 12602: 12459: 12415: 12343: 12264: 12182: 11993: 11857: 11686: 11594: 11402: 11250: 11173: 11118: 11088: 11008: 10971: 10602: 10533: 10413: 10368: 10258: 10213: 10148: 10103: 10003: 9973: 9693: 9683: 4876: 4575: 3463: 1914: 1843: 1764: 1717: 1692:

Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to

1579: 1488: 135: 6695: 5749: 4096:, and are thus preferred by some law enforcement over non-Taser stun guns and other electroshock weapons. 3512:

The Cost of Police Misconduct Act (H.R.8908) is a bill introduced to the House on 9 December 2020 by Rep.

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by law enforcement at the local, state, and federal levels, leads to discrimination against people in the

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Textbooks and scholars have identified three primary police agency functions. The following is cited from

15502: 15450: 15425: 15400: 15345: 15315: 15039: 14979: 14673: 14614: 14543: 14518: 14493: 14438: 14433: 14403: 13957: 13908: 13723: 13625: 13548: 13430: 13326: 13151: 13136: 13074: 12709: 12664: 12471: 12353: 12207: 11205: 11153: 11128: 11103: 11048: 11018: 10844: 10809: 10548: 10458: 10453: 10423: 10378: 10373: 10293: 10273: 10248: 10168: 10123: 10118: 10058: 9983: 9918: 9913: 9873: 9833: 9798: 9793: 9778: 9763: 9723: 9288: 8181:"Colorado State Patrol releases footage of the Grappler Police Bumper tool in action in Colorado Springs" 7518: 6224:." The Journal of Military History 73.1 (2008): 177-208.ProQuest Research Library. Web. October 25, 2014. 5735: 5515: 5399: 4749:

information for their officers, based on the Law Enforcement Suicide Data Collection Act, enacted by the

4692: 4064: 3501: 3430: 2972: 1946: 1835: 1756: 545: 211: 74: 7485: 6568:"Fired/Rehired: Police chiefs are often forced to put officers fired for misconduct back on the streets" 6064:"The Use of Lethal Force by Police in the USA: Mortality Metrics of Race and Disintegration (2015-2019)" 3076:

has become widespread and controversial. Their use has led to misconduct, unlawful arrests, and deaths.

15517: 15512: 15465: 15405: 15380: 15370: 15325: 15173: 15154: 15069: 14753: 14641: 14558: 14513: 14498: 14473: 14458: 14413: 14398: 14337: 14312: 14132: 13861: 13731: 13563: 13543: 13531: 13341: 13331: 13013: 12918: 12531: 12521: 12048: 12043: 12033: 12028: 11550: 11220: 11215: 11168: 11108: 11083: 11073: 11028: 10879: 10784: 10759: 10744: 10538: 10523: 10513: 10493: 10388: 10353: 10308: 10223: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10158: 10093: 10088: 10033: 9993: 9988: 9968: 9953: 9933: 9908: 9903: 9888: 9868: 9843: 9788: 9753: 9733: 9728: 9713: 9698: 9688: 9668: 9663: 9658: 8230: 7531: 5249: 5053: 4904: 4830: 4731: 4696: 3704: 3669:, with periodic re-certification required. These standards often comply with standards promoted by the 3610: 3409: 3219: 3207: 2809: 2793: 2628: 2216: 1859: 1674: 1615: 1178: 826: 607: 6970: 5546: 3054:

introduced restrictions in 2015 on the transfer of surplus military equipment to police. In 2017, the

2991:, and others) are under-represented, accounting for 4% of police killings (and 8% of the population). 15420: 15410: 15335: 15330: 15320: 15225: 15034: 15029: 14999: 14604: 14423: 14418: 14162: 13440: 12746: 12551: 12546: 12108: 11562: 11123: 11113: 11038: 11033: 11023: 10834: 10829: 10814: 10664: 10488: 10483: 10473: 10443: 10428: 10358: 10318: 10313: 10288: 10263: 10238: 10163: 10153: 10083: 10068: 10063: 10043: 10023: 9963: 9938: 9853: 9803: 9773: 9768: 9748: 9738: 9673: 9627: 9155: 8993: 6914: 3614: 3588: 3580: 3559: 3366: 3269: 2971:

is not proportionate to the racial distribution of the US population. Whites account for the largest

2928: 2924: 2785: 2753: 2694: 2208: 2125: 1847: 1824: 1472: 435: 395: 8536: 4063:, though some departments continue to use them either as an option or out of tradition, such as the 3609:

had a multitude of abolitionist actions and protests in response to the deaths of Michael Brown and

15507: 15395: 15340: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15004: 14984: 14929: 14919: 14869: 14854: 14778: 14773: 14708: 14408: 14393: 14372: 14292: 14242: 14177: 13553: 12933: 12903: 12898: 12888: 12654: 12610: 12451: 12212: 11998: 11862: 11676: 11616: 11210: 11098: 11043: 10849: 10674: 10571: 10543: 10438: 10418: 10408: 10338: 10298: 10253: 10218: 10198: 10193: 10133: 10053: 10038: 10028: 9998: 9978: 9958: 9943: 9893: 9828: 9823: 9743: 7816:"BolaWrap™ 100 Remote Restraint Device Information, Warnings and Instructions for Law Enforcement" 6195: 5310: 5309:

Departments police cars, uniform patches, & badges include Oklahoma & Texas flags combined

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designed to protect them from the effects of an explosion when working around live ordnance. Local

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found that over 30,000 people have died by police violence in the United States from 1980 to 2018.

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in the 1860s. The legal tactics of the slave patrols are reflected in the vigilante tactics of the

2212: 1519: 742: 355: 235: 69: 8487:"Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) and Police Records Management (RMS): The Importance of Integration" 7610: 6519: 2448: 15430: 15355: 15261: 15178: 14964: 14844: 14523: 14503: 14488: 14443: 14207: 14122: 13047: 12783: 12541: 11508: 11133: 11058: 10964: 10874: 10819: 10794: 10789: 10652: 10463: 10278: 10243: 10128: 10078: 10013: 10008: 9928: 9848: 9818: 9183: 8860: 6462:

Chung, Andrew; Hurley, Lawrence; Botts, Jackie; Januta, Andrea; Gomez, Guillermo (May 30, 2020).

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failsafe tool to let police brutality go unpunished and deny victims their constitutional rights.

5791: 4419: 4405: 4154: 4056: 4003: 2953: 2555: 2013: 1636: 1337: 455: 385: 340: 9184:

United States government, Department of Justice: Law enforcement in the United States, Resources

6443:

Chung, Andrew; Hurley, Lawrence; Botts, Jackie; Januta, Andrea; Gomez, Guillermo (May 8, 2020).

6198:." The Independent Review 19.2 (2014): 271-75. ProQuest Research Library. Web. October 25, 2014. 5490: 5465: 4126: 3782:

Repeated interviews, written tests, medical examinations, physical fitness tests, comprehensive

15094: 14839: 14768: 14624: 14589: 14579: 14362: 14302: 14272: 14127: 14045: 13499: 12849: 12659: 12639: 12441: 12296: 12091: 12038: 12023: 11867: 11555: 10930: 10889: 10884: 10769: 10754: 10729: 10684: 10634: 9208: 7215:

settlement, and the total amount spent on such payments including bond interest and other fees.

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and certain international agencies. The primary operational site for the network is housed in

3031:

encouraged the militarization of law enforcement, whereas Harwood argues that the creation of

2395:, by George F. Cole and Christopher E. Smith, 2004, 10th edition, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning: 2315:

approved by Congress, but some departments have consolidated without Congressional approval.

1892:, the national (federal) government is not authorized to execute general police powers by the 15220: 14959: 14713: 14683: 14636: 14287: 14187: 13698: 13381: 12496: 12053: 12018: 12013: 11956: 11939: 11669: 10869: 10799: 10774: 10749: 10739: 10724: 10719: 10704: 10679: 10669: 10657: 10639: 8894: 8635:"What is a local law enforcement agency hiding? CBS sues for body camera footage to find out" 8405: 8256:"Access to Sioux Falls police scanners and radio is changing this month. Here's what to know" 4813: 4595: 4494: 4391: 4379: 4027: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3816: 3450: 3416: 3355: 3333: 3032: 2706: 2671:

Modern policing began to emerge in the U.S. in the mid-nineteenth century, influenced by the

2537: 2197: 2091: 2087: 1966: 1608: 1529: 1233: 1153: 591: 500: 440: 415: 196: 7652:

Jeffrey S. Magers, "Police Officer Standard and Training Commissions (POST Commissions)" in

6013: 5621: 4041: 2964:

excessive use of force. Other non-fatal incidents and arrests have raised similar concerns.

2712: 1834:(DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. The 15201: 14758: 14629: 14609: 14428: 14297: 14267: 14252: 14212: 14076: 14050: 13178: 13052: 12943: 12321: 11753: 11733: 11681: 11631: 11572: 11503: 10864: 10854: 10709: 10689: 9620: 8795:"U.S. Department of Justice, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008, p.2" 7976: 6733: 6420: 6412: 4770: 4409: 4359: 4355: 4165: 4018: 3740: 3341: 2864: 2733: 2041: 2029: 1989: 1976:

Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement divisions, such as

1807:(DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level. It includes the 1323: 1243: 1228: 1012: 510: 206: 171: 9129: 9018: 8281:"Goodbye, scanner. Austin police, fire, EMS will stop making messages available to public" 6363:"The war on drugs gave rise to 'no-knock' warrants. Breonna Taylor's death could end them" 6144:"Fatal police violence by race and state in the USA, 1980–2019: a network meta-regression" 5876: 5859: 3936: 3911:

All police officers in the United States carry firearms while on duty and usually carry a

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agency established in the United States, as recommended by President Theodore Roosevelt's

2250:

have full law enforcement authority and contract their services to private organizations.

2144: 1923:

operate statewide law enforcement agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including

8: 15489: 15185: 14949: 14864: 14793: 14599: 14584: 14327: 14322: 13590: 13506: 13316: 13032: 12717: 12348: 11545: 11192: 10859: 10824: 10779: 8794: 8769: 8583: 8131:"What's the Grappler Police Bumper? How this Arizona invention is stopping police chases" 8116: 6811: 6672: 5223: 5096: 4992: 4804:

List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States

4351: 4341: 4081: 4034: 3995: 3849: 3692: 3626: 3599: 2817: 2258: 1467: 855: 807: 737: 727: 597:

List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States

254: 226: 9278: 7737:"LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT USE OF FORCE-TACTICS DIRECTIVE 40mm LESS-LETHAL LAUNCHER" 6992: 6737: 5715: 3998:

capacity. Historic events influencing the switch to pistols by police included the 1980

2904:

where he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual

2667:

as seen in 1912 from "Bramble's views Toledo, Ohio : diamond anniversary 1837-1912"

1992:, or game wardens (with full police powers and statewide jurisdiction). For example, in 14974: 14969: 14733: 14723: 14197: 14192: 14172: 14137: 12830: 12818: 12536: 12526: 12503: 12486: 11882: 11626: 11621: 11493: 10734: 10699: 8459:"T he 911 Call Processing System: A Review of the Literature as it Relates to Policing" 8431:"Standard Functional Specifications for Law Enforcement Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD)" 7954: 7791:"U.S. cops may start using a weapon that shoots a cord to wrap around a person's knees" 7035: 6767: 6239: 6168: 6143: 6119: 6086: 5799: 5273: 4735: 4624: 4276: 4266: 3876: 3868: 3708: 3405: 3287: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3043: 2781: 2676: 2600: 2585: 2513: 2312: 2187: 1924: 1881:

natural disaster. The command in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue.

1780: 1571: 1388: 1378: 1027: 1007: 959: 940: 870: 767: 8826: 8763:"U.S. Department of Justice, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008" 7962: 6159: 5909: 4287:

technology's limitations, such as better audio capturing technology and battery life.

2510:

be inclined to one style or another, regardless of the supervisor or citizen demands.

15132: 14914: 14899: 14884: 14849: 14783: 14738: 14594: 13573: 12729: 12081: 11579: 11498: 11483: 10714: 8103: 7843: 7590: 7563: 7493: 7434: 7323: 7244: 7234: 7125: 7115: 6771: 6759: 6751: 6626: 6173: 6124: 6106: 5838: 5674: 5664: 5627: 5438: 5408: 5177: 4651: 4535:

Other methods of emergency information dissemination used by law enforcement include

4524: 4250: 3967: 3932: 3920: 3765: 3539: 3400:, during which 63 people were killed and 2,373 were injured; it ended only after the 3377: 3373: 3252: 3228: 3195: 2745: 2632: 2616: 2456: 2385: 2192: 1878: 1550: 1524: 1409: 1032: 900: 865: 576: 535: 479: 258: 7958: 7682: 7143: 6889: 5026: 4217:. Others are capable of handling other non-combat-related tasks, such as the NYPD's 3365:

of 1965 lasted six days and began following the arrest of Marquette Frye by a white

2627:

in order to prevent slave rebellions and enslaved people from escaping. By 1785 the

2120: 15024: 15009: 14954: 14944: 14112: 13489: 13336: 13042: 12862: 11872: 11713: 11696: 11691: 11530: 10899: 9597: 8330: 7946: 7197:"Congress to consider bill requiring police to report their misconduct settlements" 6741: 6163: 6155: 6114: 6098: 5871: 5787: 5646: 5572: 4666:

The median wages for police and detective occupations in May 2020 were as follows:

4639: 4565: 4238: 4210: 4198: 4093: 3783: 3674: 3469: 3232: 3223: 3073: 3067: 3028: 3024: 2886: 2880: 2769: 2729: 2648: 2533: 2376: 2300: 2239: 1499: 1457: 1452: 1309: 1203: 1098: 793: 586: 495: 216: 15253: 10956: 3617:

property, naming it "Freedom Square", as an experiment of a world without police.

32: 15230: 15084: 15019: 14934: 14342: 14202: 14117: 14107: 14069: 13198: 12974: 12872: 12644: 11944: 11877: 11646: 11567: 11513: 8734: 8033:"Law Enforcement Technology that Keeps Police Ahead of Crime | Rasmussen College" 7201: 6673:"Shielded from Justice: Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States" 5987: 5432: 4089: 3769: 3751: 3718: 3700: 3662: 3584: 3291: 3235:

following racial profiling against Chinese American scientists; the targeting of

3211: 3203: 2919: 2749: 2566: 2565:

in 1631, and in 1634 the first U.S. constable on record was Joshua Pratt, in the

2550: 2472: 2436: 2296: 2270: 1897: 1855: 1693: 1443: 1133: 1062: 988: 947: 845: 783: 713: 698: 181: 7167:"A new bill would make all police misconduct allegations and settlements public" 5827: 3385:

Eleven people, including five children aged 7 to 13, died in the resulting fire.

14939: 14874: 14352: 14152: 13668: 13568: 12951: 12086: 12076: 12071: 12066: 11738: 11601: 11535: 10617: 9612: 6102: 4557: 4513: 4505: 4202: 4182: 4170: 4122: 4022: 3999: 3987: 3880: 3621: 3497: 3215: 3134: 3035:

and tactical units within law enforcement during the 1960s began such a trend.

2932: 2868: 2841: 2825: 2737: 2468: 2266: 2254: 2243: 2155:. Most city agencies take the form (Municipality Name) Police Department. Most 1977: 1932: 1697: 1555: 1513: 1072: 1067: 1037: 930: 525: 464: 191: 176: 40: 8156:"WATCH: Hollywood police deploy new 'Grappler' device to nab armed carjackers" 7950: 7230:

American police. [Vol. 1], The blue parade, 1845-1945 : a history

5261: 5225:

The Role of Subscription-Based Patrol and Restitution in the Future of Liberty

3380:

ordered that the compound be bombed. Two one-pound bombs made of FBI-supplied

2573:

were tasked with surveying land, serving warrants, and enforcing punishments.

1657:

agencies. There are 17,985 police agencies in the United States which include

15669: 15117: 14889: 14693: 14663: 12649: 11949: 11758: 11393: 8355: 7497: 7438: 7327: 7248: 7174: 6755: 6110: 4909: 4632: 4367: 4242: 4194: 4052: 3900: 3638: 3473: 3446: 3020: 2874: 2797: 2725: 2644: 2581: 2577: 2292: 2046: 1981: 1896:. The power to have a police force is given to each of the United States' 50 1678: 1640: 1319: 1173: 885: 835: 555: 425: 48: 10558: 7129: 6746: 6721: 5695:

Reiss Jr; Albert J. (1992). "Police Organization in the Twentieth Century".

5678: 5359:

https://www.voanews.com/amp/a-13-a-2003-11-02-15-living-66837737/375105.html

3954:

Until the late 1980s and early 1990s, most American police officers carried

2757: 1800:, that are granted state arrest authority off primary federal jurisdiction. 15165: 14728: 14651: 14232: 14061: 12956: 12928: 11983: 10917: 9156:"S.2746 - Law Enforcement Suicide Data Collection Act | Public Law 116-143" 8709: 7427:"'Starve the Beast': A Q&A With Alex S. Vitale on Defunding the Police" 7144:"Department of Justice Police Misconduct Pattern or Practice Program (FAQ)" 6763: 6177: 6128: 5297: 5122:"Auxiliary Police and Part Time Law Enforcement Officer Training Standards" 4818: 4540: 4387: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4110: 4105: 3991: 3896: 3799: 3613:, among others. This included the occupation of an empty lot across from a 3595: 3283: 3248: 3107:

by police, leading to widespread criticism that it, in the words of a 2020

3055: 3051: 3016: 2984: 2968: 2741: 2698: 2687: 2664: 2620: 2590: 2167: 2156: 2075:

must be sought. With the rise in mental health units across the state, the

1985: 1928: 1560: 1123: 1047: 920: 905: 817: 668: 515: 411: 375: 315: 44: 9318: 7228: 6221: 5346: 5197: 3848:

and local police using a variety of equipment to conduct a gang arrest in

3042:. The program prompted discussion among lawmakers in 2014 after unrest in 13233: 12764: 12101: 12003: 11743: 11606: 11362: 9213: 8558: 8514: 7109: 5334: 5322: 5285: 4628: 4536: 4509: 4345: 4315: 3963: 3959: 3787: 3722: 3569: 3393: 3362: 2853: 2545: 2201: 1941: 1793: 1686: 1575: 1331: 1327: 1193: 850: 779: 703: 617: 540: 505: 430: 79: 9078: 8945: 7635: 6787:"HBO's 'Telemarketers' Exposes a Billion-Dollar Scam the Cops Are in On" 5819:

Kelling, George L., Tony Pate, Duane Dieckman, Charles E. Brown (1974).

1973:, although they were founded in the period before Texas became a state. 12096: 11902: 11728: 11723: 11641: 10626: 9052: 8684: 6941:"NYPD Stop And Frisks: 15 Shocking Facts About A Controversial Program" 5158: 4272: 4254: 4234: 3940: 3884: 3755: 2996: 2717: 2608: 2129: 1958: 1920: 1885: 1784: 1596: 1482: 1434: 1289: 1284: 1118: 910: 890: 880: 860: 812: 732: 685: 201: 8588:

State of California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training

7615:

State of California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training

6262: 6196:

Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces

4734:(ODMP) has tracked approximately 26,237 officers who have died in the 3736:

that is not currently nor has a history of being suspended or revoked;

15494: 15190: 13585: 13578: 11197: 9218: 7486:"Minneapolis Will Dismantle Its Police Force, Council Members Pledge" 6838:"Strip Searching Americans Without Cause: A Blow to Personal Privacy" 6464:"Special Report: For cops who kill, special Supreme Court protection" 4520: 4428: 4324: 4246: 4068: 4060: 3924: 3795: 3791: 3573: 3513: 3298: 3169: 2833: 2624: 2570: 2432: 2274: 2133: 1424: 1419: 1393: 1362: 1352: 1314: 1208: 1188: 1128: 1103: 1077: 1057: 1042: 469: 380: 10601: 6063: 5250:

https://www.up.com/aboutup/community/safety/special_agents/index.htm

4699:

carrying the coffin of an officer killed in the line of duty in 2011

15480: 14656: 11768: 11718: 11183: 9209:

Law Enforcement Community Relations Service - Department of Justice

7375:"Abolish the police? Organizers say it's less crazy than it sounds" 7103: 7101: 7099: 6647:"Push to keep "gypsy cops" with questionable pasts off the streets" 6594:"How Police Unions and Arbitrators Keep Abusive Cops on the Street" 6311:"Amid Ferguson chaos, Rand Paul bemoans 'militarization' of police" 5661:

Slave patrols : law and violence in Virginia and the Carolinas

4462: 4280: 3955: 3944: 3747: 3688:(waived in certain agencies if the applicant is a lawful resident); 3658: 3047: 2980: 2789: 2420: 2278: 2102: 1993: 1901: 1545: 1477: 1429: 1383: 1347: 1299: 1274: 1212: 1148: 1113: 997: 974: 969: 952: 915: 895: 692: 8865:

U.S. Department of Justice Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

7933:

Ariel, Barak; Farrar, William; Sutherland, Alex (September 2015).

7844:"Houston Police Foundation - Houston Police Department Body Armor" 6037:"Police Involved Shooting Statistics: A National One-Year Summary" 5781: 3445:

officer in an arrest filmed and uploaded on social media. Officer

9253: 7316:"Is Prison Necessary? Ruth Wilson Gilmore Might Change Your Mind" 6915:"Case Study: DSK Fallout: Time for the Perp Walk to Take a Hike?" 5821:"The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment - A Summary Report" 4971:"Alphabetical Listing of Components, Programs, & Initiatives" 4746: 4620: 4455: 4174: 4026:

situation, such as when engaging a suspect from a distance or in

4014: 3948: 3928: 3912: 3841: 3666: 3606: 3477:

organizational issues that may result in long-term improvements.

3108: 2950:

List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States

2636: 2412: 2143:

range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town

2050: 1462: 1414: 1357: 1304: 1279: 1253: 1183: 1163: 1158: 1138: 1108: 979: 964: 875: 840: 802: 660: 581: 490: 8356:"Joint Emergency Communications Center of Johnson County (JECC)" 7096: 5516:"Id; History of Law Enforcement: Watch Groups in Colonial Times" 5382:"Community-Oriented Policing." Gale Encyclopedia of American Law 5311:

https://www.facebook.com/share/tHzd1zm2YatY6m4X/?mibextid=ox5AEW

14092: 8660:"AB-748 Peace officers: video and audio recordings: disclosure" 5784:

Evolving Strategy of Policing: Case Studies of Strategic Change

4852: 4779:

Police officer certification and licensure in the United States

4647: 4222: 3813:

Police officer certification and licensure in the United States

3726: 3654: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2765: 2640: 2562: 2529: 2416: 1796:. There are also federal law enforcement agencies, such as the 1708: 1654: 1342: 1168: 1002: 935: 763: 186: 9283: 9248: 9243: 8008:"Cool cop tech: 5 new technologies helping police fight crime" 6696:"DOJ ends China Initiative after racial profiling accusations" 6142:

Sharara, Fablina; Wool, Eve E; et al. (October 2, 2021).

5221: 4745:

Since January 1, 2022, authorized agencies are able to submit

4469: 1779:, which possess full federal authority as given to them under 9193: 6864:"In U.S. justice system, the strip-search is common practice" 6337:"Trump to Fully Restore Military Surplus Transfers to Police" 6222:

The Danger of Militarization in an Endless "War" on Terrorism

4873:"Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2020 – Statistical Tables" 4458:, with a secure backup site located in the East Central U.S. 4178: 4085: 3916: 3381: 3351: 2976: 2716:

A San Francisco Police Department officer on duty at an anti-

2361: 2331: 1970: 1198: 1143: 1093: 9198: 9104: 8920:"Police and Detectives : Occupational Outlook Handbook" 8914: 8912: 7683:"How US police training compares with the rest of the world" 6263:"Community Police Armed with the Weapons and Tactics of War" 5750:"Guide to the Orlando Winfield Wilson Papers, ca. 1928-1972" 4799:

List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia

1736:

12,501 city, county, tribal, and regional police departments

7611:"What are the Citizenship Requirements for Peace Officers?" 7114:(1st ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. 6285:"Cash Flowed To Lawmakers Who Voted to 'Militarize' Police" 5936:"Fatal police shootings in 2015 approaching 400 nationwide" 4410:

mobile data terminal (MDT) or mobile digital computer (MDC)

4161: 4144: 3372:

1985: On May 13, 1985, nearly five hundred police officers

2863:

A law enforcement officer may briefly detain a person upon

2849: 2780:

In the 1990s, many law enforcement agencies began to adopt

1682: 1565: 1294: 1052: 474: 36: 9188: 8950:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

8735:"U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics" 8727: 6542:"Cast-Out Police Officers Are Often Hired in Other Cities" 6209:

Militarizing Criminal Justice: Exploring the Possibilities

5717:

Justice to All: The Story of the Pennsylvania State Police

4931:"Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008" 4013:

Some police departments allow qualified officers to carry

3714:

Be in good medical, physical, and psychological condition;

2814:

Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia

2116:

Category:Municipal police departments of the United States

8909: 6084: 3888: 3265: 3058:

administration announced it would reinstate the program.

2927:

officer in front of protestors during a protest over the

9223: 8231:"The Wildly Popular Police Scanner Goes Silent for Many" 7889:"Police Body Cameras: Coming Everywhere in 3 to 5 Years" 2109: 1653:

Law enforcement operates primarily through governmental

9273: 9268: 9263: 9259:

ATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

9258: 9238: 9233: 9203: 8381:"Joint dispatch center unites police, fire departments" 6010:"US Police Have Killed Over 5,000 Civilians Since 9/11" 4484:

along with similar state-level legislation such as the

4446:(FAA) Aircraft Registry and the Government of Canada's 4350:

Law enforcement in the United States uses a variety of

3434:

gained approximately 3.2 million views by the next day.

2467:

Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction's

27:

Major component of the American criminal justice system

9320:

Law enforcement agencies of the United States by state

9279:

IRS:CI Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation

7912:"Digital Partner: Here's How Police Body Cameras Work" 7665:

Steven M. Cox, Susan Marchionna & Brian D. Fitch,

6461: 6442: 5431:

Gaines, Larry K.; Kappeler, Victor E. (June 4, 2011).

3966:

calibers, as their primary duty weapons. At the time,

3630:, calling for police abolition as opposed to reforms. 9229:

Types of Law Enforcement Agencies - Discover Policing

8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8747: 7932: 6445:"For cops who kill, special Supreme Court protection" 4809:

List of U.S. state and local law enforcement agencies

3657:

within the state. Many standards apply to in-service

2222: 5782:

Kelling, George L., Mary A. Wycoff (December 2002).

5274:

https://www.wmata.com/about/transit-police/about.cfm

4760: 4209:, trucks modified for police operations, or retired 3633:

Police abolition spiked in popularity following the

3518:

United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee

2939: 1817:

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

1703: 15283: 10986: 9214:

Law Enforcement - United States Department of State

8879: 7226: 5547:"Slave Patrols: An Early Form of American Policing" 4954: 4442:(DEA) National Drug Pointer Index (NDPIX), and the 3680:A typical set of criteria dictates that they must: 2682:Slave patrols in the south were abolished upon the 2257:, who generally do not have arrest powers beyond a 8744: 8609:"National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)" 5734:. TIME Magazine. February 18, 1966. Archived from 5599:"The Gospel or a Glock? Mennonites and the Police" 4670:$ 86,940 for detectives and criminal investigators 4429:National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System 4373: 2384:trooper and a government worker at the scene of a 1696:; the protection of certain public facilities and 9130:"Law Enforcement Suicide Data Collection (LESDC)" 9051:. Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Archived from 8994:"Police Work Isn't as Dangerous as You May Think" 7656:(ed. Larry E. Sullivan: SAGE, 2005), pp. 349-351. 5694: 5596: 5019:"Mutual Aid Agreements and Assistance Agreements" 4676:$ 65,540 for police and sheriff's patrol officers 3251:present in the country in screenings for ties to 3114: 2768:and other serious crime, rather than focusing on 2654: 15667: 12797:Native American recognition in the United States 10603:Highway patrol/state police in the United States 9642: 9239:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) 8406:"HOW 911 WORKS - WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU DIAL 911" 8001: 7999: 7997: 5658: 5466:"The History of New York City Police Department" 5129:Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services 4330: 3507: 3412:provided reinforcements to re-establish control. 2967:The racial distribution of victims of US police 2796:as an information-based system for tracking and 9109:National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund 6625:(3rd ed.). Chares C. Thomas. p. 134. 5713: 4740:National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund 4614: 3862:Police vehicles in the United States and Canada 3832:officers boarding a ship in the US and Canada. 3778:Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm. 3297:The practice of taking an arrested person on a 3268:released a limited documentary series entitled 2946:Police use of deadly force in the United States 8946:"Law Enforcement Officer Motor Vehicle Safety" 8859:Gupta, Vanita; Yang, Jenny R. (October 2016). 7744:lapdonlinestrgeacc.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net 7654:Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement: International 7484:Searcey, Dionne; Eligon, John (June 7, 2020). 5663:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 5626:(8 ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 6–8. 5430: 5222:Gil Guillory & Patrick C. Tinsley (2009), 4957:The Department of Justice of the United States 4948: 3222:communities of the United States. Examples of 2306: 15269: 14077: 13194:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 11378: 10972: 10587: 10563: 9628: 9304: 8537:"National Crime Information Systems | TRIBAL" 7994: 7483: 6436: 5690: 5688: 3643:City Question 2 – Department of Public Safety 3482:Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 3308:came under scrutiny in 2012 for its use of a 3010:Militarization of police § United States 1798:National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers 1616: 637: 15603:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 14091: 11306:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 9224:National Association of Police Organizations 9153: 8979:Law Enforcement Officer Motor Vehicle Safety 8972:"Prevent Stuck-by Incidents at Crash Scenes" 8206:"Glendale police to encrypt radio frequency" 7788: 7677: 7675: 7064:"Controversial Police Encounters Fast Facts" 7022:Police Brutality, Misconduct, and Corruption 5843:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5804:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5764: 5619: 5384:(3 ed.). Detroit: Gale. pp. 49–51. 2094:troopers alongside local police officers in 1747:Federal law enforcement in the United States 8632: 7529: 6141: 5495:National Criminal Justice Reference Service 5470:National Criminal Justice Reference Service 5262:https://www.panynj.gov/police/en/about.html 5182:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5156: 4470:Collection and dissemination of information 4116: 3538:, notably since the 1960s, under President 3451:protests and riots across the United States 3003: 2253:Private police officers are different from 2082: 1643:. About 137,000 of those officers work for 15276: 15262: 14084: 14070: 11392: 11385: 11371: 10979: 10965: 10594: 10580: 9635: 9621: 9311: 9297: 8539:. Department of Justice. November 24, 2015 8058:"It's a Bird… It's a Plane… It's a Drone?" 7712:"What Are Police Like in Other Countries?" 6967:"Stop-and-Frisk Campaign: About the Issue" 6486: 6068:Journal of Social and Development Sciences 5857: 5685: 5620:Dempsey, John S.; Forst, Linda S. (2015). 4898:Debusmann, Bernd (October–November 2016). 4865: 4566:Crypto.com Arena (Formerly Staples Center) 4438:(ICE) Law Enforcement Support Center, the 3677:that potential police recruits must take. 3464:Police accountability § United States 3163: 2524: 2321:Some bi-state police departments include: 2281:-Charles Services contract, which lasted 3 2124:Police officers and sheriff's deputies in 1623: 1609: 644: 630: 12807:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 9154:Cortez Masto, Catherine (June 16, 2020). 8991: 8858: 7672: 7372: 6745: 6167: 6118: 5875: 4897: 4153:A SWAT unit approaching the scene of the 3144: 2828:to believe that a person has committed a 1988:, environmental (fish and game/wildlife) 1727:50 primary state law enforcement agencies 8861:"ADVANCING DIVERSITY IN LAW ENFORCEMENT" 7909: 7555: 7398: 7264:"Black Lives Matter activism is working" 7261: 7036:"Watts Riots of 1965 | American history" 7019: 6622:Police ethics: crisis in law enforcement 6410: 5397: 5298:https://www.delmarpolice.com/history.htm 4702: 4687: 4673:$ 72,580 for transit and railroad police 4556: 4491:National Incident-Based Reporting System 4436:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 4309: 4148: 3840: 3824: 3563: 2918: 2808: 2711: 2658: 2595: 2528: 2447: 2375: 2191: 2164:Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department 2119: 2086: 1875:United States Federal Protective Service 1840:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 1775:At the federal level, there exists both 1750: 31: 12858:List of counties and county equivalents 9019:"LEOKA's Latest Preliminary Statistics" 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 7969: 7706: 7704: 7646: 7313: 7287: 7194: 7164: 5426: 5424: 5347:https://wwww.septa.org/safety/security/ 5080: 4380:Dispatcher § Emergency dispatchers 4160:Most large police departments maintain 3798:examination, and a consultation with a 3648: 3516:, proposed while incoming chair of the 3388:1991: In March 1991, Officers from the 3027:argued that cultural change during the 2867:of involvement in a crime but short of 2393:The American System of Criminal Justice 2346:Texhoma Police Department (Tx & Ok) 2172:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department 14: 15668: 8887:"U.S. Census Bureau. (June 24, 2005). 8509: 8507: 7424: 7111:The New World of Police Accountability 7107: 7015: 7013: 6969:. NYCLU. July 31, 2007. Archived from 6812:"The Story Behind HBO's Telemarketers" 6618: 6235:"War Gear Flows to Police Departments" 5379: 5335:https://www.mtapba.com//about/about-us 5323:https://www.drba.net/about-drba-police 5286:https://www.drpa.org/police/index.html 4138: 4033: 3553: 3338:Police corruption § United States 3322:Police misconduct § United States 2744:, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce 2343:Delmar Police Department (De & Md) 2162:Metropolitan departments, such as the 1927:and state patrols. They may be called 1852:Transportation Security Administration 1720:(BJS) revealed that this constitutes: 15257: 14065: 11366: 10960: 10575: 10562: 9616: 9292: 9037: 8992:Fleetwood, Blake (January 15, 2015). 8807:from the original on October 10, 2012 8306:"New Communications Dispatch Centers" 8005: 7886: 7146:. United States Department of Justice 7090:Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection 7058: 7056: 6719: 6387: 6061: 6057: 6055: 5877:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060415-093825 5742: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5393: 5391: 5202:About Metro Special Police Department 4959:. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 9–14. 4900:"The race problem in black and white" 4814:Police academies in the United States 4794:Police brutality in the United States 4476:Criminal records in the United States 4420:Interoperability § Public safety 4233:Uniformed police officers often wear 3665:training, particularly in the use of 3534:There have been many initiatives for 3326:Police brutality in the United States 3186:Racial profiling in the United States 3151:Civil forfeiture in the United States 3079: 2954:Death in custody § United States 2804: 2443: 2356:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 2265:A specific type of private police is 2181: 2110:Municipal (City, Town, & Village) 1945:, and are normally part of the state 298:Police operations/organization/issues 15681:Public services of the United States 15676:Law enforcement in the United States 10614:Law enforcement in the United States 9329:Law enforcement in the United States 8845: 8584:"California Public Records Act FAQs" 8006:Weiss, Todd R. (February 16, 2012). 7910:Wagstaff, Keith (December 2, 2014). 7701: 7659: 7288:Purnell, Derecka (August 23, 2017). 6784: 6693: 5649:, Time, Olivia Waxman, May 18, 2017. 5421: 5076: 5074: 5048: 5046: 5044: 4993:"Operational and Support Components" 4789:Police uniforms in the United States 4663:percent earned more than $ 146,000. 4609:Black or African American were 12.2% 4552: 3775:Not pose a safety and security risk; 3548:a number of reforms were implemented 3061: 2639:, sole responsibility for policing, 2056: 1953:'s office of each state has its own 1635:As of 2020, more than 900,000 sworn 9269:FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation 9264:DEA Drug Enforcement Administration 8504: 8050: 7939:Journal of Quantitative Criminology 7373:Dukmasova, Maya (August 25, 2016). 7165:Collins, Sean (December 15, 2020). 7010: 6720:Thorp, H. Holden (March 24, 2023). 6455: 6404: 6012:. November 10, 2013. Archived from 5826:. Police Foundation. Archived from 5647:"How the U.S. Got Its Police Force" 5573:"How the U.S. Got Its Police Force" 5097:"Virginia County vs. Town vs. City" 4512:-related cases, arrest records are 4424:National Incident Management System 4260: 3817:Police academy § United States 3794:, a police oral board interview, a 3721:without either serious or repeated 3486:United States Department of Justice 3334:Police perjury § United States 3315: 3259: 3178: 2774:Kansas City Preventive Patrol study 2371: 2229:Private police in the United States 2159:have their own police departments. 1864:United States Department of Defense 1730:1,733 special jurisdiction agencies 24: 9234:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 9199:The National Sheriffs’ Association 9079:"Honoring Officers Killed in 2021" 7582: 7314:Kushner, Rachel (April 17, 2019). 7290:"What Does Police Abolition Mean?" 7262:Yglesias, Matthew (June 2, 2020). 7233:(2nd ed.). New York: Enigma. 7053: 6694:Chen, Shawna (February 23, 2022). 6052: 5864:Annual Review of Political Science 5534: 5388: 5054:"Interfacing with Law Enforcement" 4836:Incarceration in the United States 4679:$ 58,040 for fish and game wardens 4448:Canadian Police Information Centre 4228: 4099: 3546:at the hands of a police officer, 3536:police reform in the United States 3530:Police reform in the United States 2223:Private police force or department 2042:County police § United States 2000:has its own investigative branch. 306:Police certification and licensure 25: 15692: 12203:Director of National Intelligence 9177: 9085:. Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc 7401:"How Much Do We Need The Police?" 7347: 6722:"Eroding trust and collaboration" 5858:Soss, Joe; Weaver, Vesla (2017). 5786:. National Institute of Justice. 5198:"Metro Special Police Department" 5071: 5041: 4784:Police ranks of the United States 4644:Prince George's County (Maryland) 4342:Police radio § United States 4221:, which is capable of conducting 3673:and typically require a thorough 3568:"Abolish the police" graffiti in 3468:Special commissions, such as the 3457: 3330:Police riots in the United States 3277: 2940:Deadly force and death in custody 2748:and introduce professionalism in 2675:established in 1829 based on the 2623:were created as early as 1704 in 2605:New York City Police Commissioner 2546:ancient English common law system 2153:its own counterterrorism division 1894:Constitution of the United States 1704:Types of law enforcement agencies 267:Lists of law enforcement agencies 15479: 15446:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15128:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 14163:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12359:Government Accountability Office 11182: 11149:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10334:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9864:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9147: 9122: 9097: 9071: 9011: 8985: 8964: 8938: 8819: 8787: 8702: 8677: 8652: 8626: 8601: 8576: 8551: 8529: 8479: 8451: 8423: 8398: 8373: 8348: 8323: 8298: 8273: 8248: 8223: 8198: 8173: 8148: 8123: 8080: 8025: 7926: 7903: 7887:Capps, Kriston (July 30, 2015). 7880: 7868:. alexandriapolicefoundation.org 7858: 7836: 7808: 7782: 7757: 7729: 7628: 7603: 7576: 7549: 7532:"How 'Defund the Police' Failed" 7523: 7511: 7477: 7452: 7425:Siegel, Zachary (June 4, 2020). 7418: 7392: 7366: 7341: 7307: 4763: 4384:911 (emergency telephone number) 4335: 3523: 3184:This section is an excerpt from 2914: 2840:a person, who will be held in a 2631:Guard and Watch had "a distinct 2350:Delaware River and Bay Authority 2178:, policing all of Duval County. 2132:arresting a suspect following a 2035: 2022:sheriffs' departments or offices 1963:California Department of Justice 1777:federal law enforcement agencies 1671:federal law enforcement agencies 1259:Perverting the course of justice 659: 15284:Law enforcement in the Americas 15106:states with limited recognition 10987:Law enforcement in the Americas 9204:Reserve Organization of America 8924:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 7769:Ventura County Sheriff's Office 7559:Encyclopedia of law enforcement 7399:Donnella, Leah (June 3, 2020). 7281: 7255: 7220: 7188: 7158: 7136: 7081: 7028: 6985: 6959: 6933: 6907: 6882: 6856: 6830: 6804: 6785:Fear, David (August 13, 2023). 6778: 6713: 6687: 6665: 6639: 6612: 6586: 6560: 6534: 6512: 6381: 6355: 6329: 6303: 6277: 6255: 6227: 6214: 6201: 6188: 6135: 6078: 6029: 6002: 5980: 5954: 5928: 5916:. Cornell University Law School 5902: 5884: 5851: 5812: 5775: 5724: 5707: 5652: 5640: 5613: 5590: 5565: 5551:National Law Enforcement Museum 5508: 5483: 5458: 5373: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5328: 5316: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5231: 5215: 5190: 5150: 5114: 5089: 4997:Department of Homeland Security 4601: 4590:employed 100 or more officers. 4444:Federal Aviation Administration 4440:Drug Enforcement Administration 4374:911, Dispatchers, CAD and MDC's 4181:, semiautomatic or pump-action 4080:Police officers often carry an 4051:Police officers often carry an 4042:Non-lethal weapon § Police 3306:New York City Police Department 2784:strategies, and others adopted 2663:Police in different roles from 2561:An early night watch formed in 2454:San Francisco Police Department 2431:Services may include rendering 2358:Police Department (Ny & Ct) 2352:Police Department (Nj & De) 2340:Police Department (Nj & Pa) 2248:Metro Special Police Department 2149:New York City Police Department 2020:law enforcement is provided by 1832:Department of Homeland Security 1813:Drug Enforcement Administration 1809:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1769:United Nations General Assembly 1154:Intellectual property violation 14539:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 14002:Separation of church and state 12218:National Reconnaissance Office 12161:President of the United States 9924:Federated States of Micronesia 8633:Julie Watts (March 21, 2024). 7789:Martin Kaste (July 18, 2023). 7195:Jackman, Tom (March 5, 2021). 6413:"How Qualified Immunity Fails" 5990:. Bureau Of Justice Statistics 5752:. Online Archive of California 5361:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5349:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5337:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5325:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5313:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5300:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5288:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5276:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5264:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5011: 4985: 4963: 4923: 4891: 4841:Terrorism in the United States 4297:Use of UAVs in law enforcement 4215:Law Enforcement Support Office 3830:CBP Office of Field Operations 3637:by Minneapolis Police officer 3594:Authors and activists such as 3402:California Army National Guard 3290:by law enforcement has raised 3227:disproportionate searching of 3130:Warren v. District of Columbia 3123:Warren v. District of Columbia 3116:Warren v. District of Columbia 2724:The advent of the police car, 2655:Development of modern policing 2147:) to the 40,000 person-strong 1821:United States Marshals Service 145: 13: 1: 7846:. houstonpolicefoundation.org 7640:login.policeofficer.education 6160:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01609-3 5252:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 5240:Retrieved September 23, 2024. 4858: 4562:Los Angeles Police Department 4486:California Public Records Act 4398:public safety answering point 4331:Communication and Information 3508:Cost of Police Misconduct Act 3443:Minneapolis Police Department 3392:, while attempting to arrest 3390:Los Angeles Police Department 3237:Hispanic and Latino Americans 2816:officers arresting a man for 2338:Delaware River Port Authority 2176:Jacksonville Sheriff's Office 2063:Sheriffs in the United States 1955:state bureau of investigation 1873:agreements. For example, the 421:State bureau of investigation 18:United States law enforcement 12364:Government Publishing Office 11832:Technological and industrial 9644:Law enforcement in the World 7716:Council on Foreign Relations 7227:Reppetto, Thomas A. (2010). 6411:Schwartz, Joanna C. (2017). 6289:International Business Times 5520:Virginia Wesleyan University 4955:Langeluttig, Albert (1927). 4935:Bureau of Justice Statistics 4877:Bureau of Justice Statistics 4615:Changes in personnel numbers 4576:Bureau of Justice Statistics 3836: 3746:Not have a history of prior 2703:Anthracite Strike Commission 2576:A rattlewatch was formed in 2477:Varieties of Police Behavior 2364:Police Department (Pa,Nj,De) 2334:Police Department (Dc,Md,Va) 1915:State police (United States) 1844:United States Secret Service 1718:Bureau of Justice Statistics 1489:Ignorantia juris non excusat 531:Probation and parole officer 486:Sheriff and sheriff's deputy 7: 14228:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 13836:Women's reproductive health 12802:Federally recognized tribes 12665:Public utilities commission 12569:Public Health Service Corps 12472:Code of Federal Regulations 12354:Congressional Budget Office 12208:Central Intelligence Agency 12114:Water supply and sanitation 11541:Declaration of Independence 9219:National Policing Institute 8185:KOAA Southern Colorado News 7765:"40MM LESS LETHAL LAUNCHER" 7519:2021 Minneapolis Question 2 5914:Legal Information Institute 5623:An Introduction to Policing 5398:Archbold, Carol A. (2013). 5083:Sheriffs – The other police 4756: 4693:San Diego Police Department 4162:special weapons and tactics 4065:Baltimore Police Department 3906: 3855: 3806: 2307:Bi-State Police Departments 1947:Department of Public Safety 1836:United States Border Patrol 1757:Diplomatic Security Service 351:Killings by law enforcement 212:Fruit of the poisonous tree 140: 10: 15697: 15155:Royal Albanian Gendarmerie 15138:Republic of China (Taiwan) 13014:Red states and blue states 12919:City commission government 12914:Council–manager government 10611: 8664:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov 7866:"Body Armor | Recent News" 7108:Walker, Samuel E. (2005). 7024:. Springer. pp. 9–14. 6103:10.1007/s11524-020-00430-0 5597:Andy Alexis-Baker (2007). 5380:Batten, Ed. Donna (2010). 4831:Crime in the United States 4732:Officer Down Memorial Page 4545: 4482:Freedom of Information Act 4473: 4417: 4377: 4339: 4294: 4264: 4142: 4039: 3859: 3810: 3645:) was rejected by voters. 3557: 3527: 3502:memoranda of understanding 3461: 3410:United States Marine Corps 3319: 3183: 3167: 3148: 3120: 3083: 3065: 3007: 2994:A 2021 study published in 2943: 2794:New York Police Department 2519: 2226: 2185: 2113: 2060: 2039: 1912: 1860:United States Armed Forces 1767:coordinating security for 1744: 1740: 1179:Possessing stolen property 827:Offense against the person 551:Marshal and deputy marshal 15621: 15588:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 15488: 15477: 15289: 15211: 15146: 15105: 14832: 14572: 14381: 14100: 14023: 13849: 13722: 13654: 13307: 13303: 13294: 13242: 13107: 13098: 12994: 12965: 12942: 12881: 12848: 12839: 12782: 12770:Comparison of governments 12745: 12708: 12685: 12601: 12581: 12512: 12450: 12372: 12295: 12153: 12144: 12140: 12131: 11853: 11844: 11789: 11749:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 11590:drafting and ratification 11563:Articles of Confederation 11476: 11410: 11401: 11324: 11291:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11191: 11180: 10992: 10916: 10898: 10625: 10609: 10569: 10564:Links to related articles 9650: 9596: 9335: 9326: 9244:Federal Bureau of Prisons 8827:"FBI Crime Data Explorer" 8285:Austin American Statesman 7951:10.1007/s10940-014-9236-3 7589:. Lulu.com. p. 357. 5659:Hadden, Sally E. (2001). 5131:. DCJS VA. Archived from 4683: 4657: 4290: 4271:Multiple states, such as 3784:background investigations 3615:Chicago Police Department 3589:prison abolition movement 3560:Police abolition movement 3439:George Floyd was murdered 3367:California Highway Patrol 3354:marked the height of the 2929:killing of Trayvon Martin 2925:Chicago Police Department 2786:problem-oriented policing 2754:Chicago Police Department 2695:Pennsylvania State Police 2673:British model of policing 2209:Puerto Rico Police Bureau 2003: 1848:United States Coast Guard 1825:Federal Bureau of Prisons 1639:have been serving in the 1473:Diminished responsibility 1267:Crimes against the public 15608:Turks and Caicos Islands 15186:Polish People's Republic 14148:Central African Republic 13789:Prescription drug prices 12909:Mayor–council government 12899:Coterminous municipality 12889:Consolidated city-county 12655:Agriculture commissioner 12305:House of Representatives 12213:National Security Agency 11863:Contiguous United States 11311:Turks and Caicos Islands 10936:Northern Mariana Islands 9814:Central African Republic 9105:"ABOUT | Why We're Here" 8385:Santa Monica Daily Press 7667:Introduction to Policing 7556:Sullivan, Larry (2005). 7020:Albrecht, James (2017). 6520:"Civil Asset Forfeiture" 5714:Mayo, Katherine (1920). 5603:The Conrad Grebel Review 5081:Kawucha, Soraya (2014). 4117:Other Non-lethal Weapons 4075: 4046: 4008:North Hollywood shootout 3671:US Department of Justice 3239:in the investigation of 3004:Militarization of police 2235:law enforcement agencies 2103:Commonwealth of Virginia 2083:Commonwealth of Virginia 1908: 1890:United States government 1663:county sheriff's offices 1659:local police departments 1637:law enforcement officers 1402:Crimes against the state 1322:(such as prohibition of 456:law enforcement officers 396:Gangs in law enforcement 391:Women in law enforcement 356:Militarization of police 15179:Philippine Constabulary 13874:Criticism of government 13219:Social welfare programs 12812:State-recognized tribes 11797:Outline of U.S. history 11509:Continental Association 8714:City of San Gabriel, CA 8062:aerospace.honeywell.com 7350:"Are Prisons Obsolete?" 7040:Encyclopedia Britannica 6747:10.1126/science.adh8832 6091:Journal of Urban Health 5988:"Arrest-Related Deaths" 4406:computer-aided dispatch 4155:2009 Fort Hood shooting 3605:In the summer of 2016, 3164:Issues with recruitment 2742:Orlando Winfield Wilson 2732:. In the 1920s, led by 2645:authorized use of force 2525:Early colonial policing 2326:Port Authority of NY/NJ 1884:In accordance with the 1862:and is assigned to the 1733:3,063 sheriff's offices 1645:federal law enforcement 1086:Crimes against property 776:(also called violation) 386:Criminal justice reform 15523:British Virgin Islands 15231:Law enforcement agency 14875:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13936:Environmental movement 13779:Health insurance costs 13674:Educational attainment 13199:Federal Reserve System 13157:Science and technology 12660:Insurance commissioner 12198:Intelligence Community 11893:minor outlying islands 11656:Civil rights movement 11226:British Virgin Islands 9759:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7922:on September 20, 2019. 5732:"Finest of the Finest" 4751:United States Congress 4708: 4700: 4568: 4548:Emergency Alert System 4500:Generally, aside from 4219:Emergency Service Unit 4157: 4092:, except when used in 3984:semi-automatic pistols 3852: 3833: 3764:Not have a history of 3709:dishonorable discharge 3705:United States military 3635:murder of George Floyd 3576: 3544:murder of George Floyd 3398:1992 Los Angeles riots 3282:The procedural use of 3157:civil asset forfeiture 3145:Civil asset forfeiture 3033:Special Response Teams 2961:use of force continuum 2936: 2912: 2821: 2721: 2668: 2612: 2541: 2460: 2459:speaking to a civilian 2388: 2382:Florida Highway Patrol 2299:employed by the major 2204: 2137: 2098: 2096:Williamsburg, Virginia 1969:fulfills this role in 1772: 1755:Federal agents of the 1538:Other common-law areas 1371:Crimes against animals 1239:Miscarriage of justice 1221:Crimes against justice 250:State attorney general 222:Criminal investigation 52: 15436:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14308:São Tomé and Príncipe 14168:Republic of the Congo 13762:Immigrant health care 13277:Transportation safety 13272:Transportation policy 13262:Public transportation 12332:President pro tempore 12188:Executive departments 11957:National Park Service 11612:Territorial evolution 11139:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10324:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10304:Republic of the Congo 9249:U.S. Marshals Service 7899:on December 19, 2019. 7562:. Sage. p. 702. 6993:"NYPD Stop and Frisk" 6394:St. John's Law Review 6388:Dolan, Brian (2019). 4706: 4691: 4560: 4495:Uniform Crime Reports 4474:Further information: 4392:Next Generation 9-1-1 4378:Further information: 4340:Further information: 4310:Vehicle Pursuit Tools 4295:Further information: 4265:Further information: 4207:SWAT armored vehicles 4166:police tactical units 4152: 4143:Further information: 4040:Further information: 4028:close-quarters combat 4019:semi-automatic rifles 3860:Further information: 3844: 3828: 3686:United States citizen 3620:In 2017, sociologist 3567: 3490:Civil Rights Division 3356:Civil Rights Movement 3168:Further information: 3094:first introduced the 2922: 2899: 2812: 2792:was developed by the 2715: 2662: 2599: 2538:Erie County, New York 2532: 2451: 2379: 2195: 2123: 2114:Further information: 2092:Virginia State Police 2090: 2077:Texas CIT Association 1998:Department of Revenue 1990:conservation officers 1967:Texas Ranger Division 1866:in the event of war. 1805:Department of Justice 1754: 1714:Department of Justice 1444:Defenses to liability 1234:Malfeasance in office 592:Medical jurisprudence 197:Searches and seizures 35: 14809:United Arab Emirates 13931:Environmental issues 13596:Political ideologies 13495:Indigenous languages 12695:List of legislatures 12492:separation of powers 12193:Independent agencies 12119:World Heritage Sites 11754:September 11 attacks 11677:Spanish–American War 11617:Mexican–American War 11573:Confederation period 11504:Continental Congress 10908:District of Columbia 10499:United Arab Emirates 8952:. September 20, 2021 8559:"What We Do - Nlets" 8515:"Who We Are - Nlets" 7965:on October 26, 2019. 7636:"externalStyle.html" 7088:"Police Brutality". 6973:on December 30, 2013 6675:. Human Rights Watch 6653:. September 27, 2016 6619:Barker, Tom (2011). 6548:. September 10, 2016 6421:The Yale Law Journal 6154:(10307): 1239–1255. 6062:Paull, John (2019). 5833:on October 10, 2012. 5738:on October 14, 2008. 5407:. Sage Publication. 5163:District of Columbia 4879:. September 29, 2022 4771:United States portal 3986:due to their higher 3741:high moral character 3649:Entry qualifications 3342:Blue wall of silence 3264:On August 13, 2023, 2865:reasonable suspicion 2852:determination or an 2734:Berkeley, California 2684:abolition of slavery 2213:Spanish–American War 1687:orders of the courts 1290:Censorship violation 1013:Cybersex trafficking 290:District of Columbia 207:Exculpatory evidence 172:Reasonable suspicion 89:Separation of powers 61:in the United States 15613:U.S. Virgin Islands 15456:Trinidad and Tobago 15301:Antigua and Barbuda 15243:Intelligence agency 14549:Trinidad and Tobago 14529:St. Kitts and Nevis 14389:Antigua and Barbuda 13774:Health care finance 13267:Rail transportation 13033:Imperial presidency 12755:State constitutions 12700:List of legislators 12650:Auditor/Comptroller 12623:Lieutenant governor 12349:Library of Congress 12240:Diplomatic Security 11883:Indian reservations 11546:American Revolution 11316:U.S. Virgin Islands 11159:Trinidad and Tobago 11004:Antigua and Barbuda 10946:U.S. Virgin Islands 10469:Trinidad and Tobago 9679:Antigua and Barbuda 9254:U.S. Secret Service 9025:. December 27, 2021 9023:LEOKA Program - FBI 8833:. December 28, 2021 8775:on October 10, 2012 8410:cityofrochester.gov 7586:Police Officer Exam 6870:. December 19, 2013 6738:2023Sci...379.1171T 6494:"Cops or soldiers?" 6194:Gregory, Anthony. " 6039:. December 25, 2013 5968:. December 13, 2014 5940:The Washington Post 5720:. Houghton Mifflin. 5434:Policing in America 5101:Virginia Places.Org 4139:Specialized weapons 4082:electroshock weapon 4035:Less-lethal weapons 4021:, or (very rarely) 3850:Salinas, California 3699:and if necessary a 3693:high school diploma 3627:The End of Policing 3600:Ruth Wilson Gilmore 3554:Calls for abolition 3243:; and the focus on 3241:illegal immigration 2848:pending a judicial 2818:public intoxication 2752:, and later in the 1949:. In addition, the 1939:), but there is no 1724:73 federal agencies 1468:Defense of property 1320:Illegal consumption 856:Criminal negligence 756:Severity of offense 546:Federal air marshal 227:Criminal psychology 39:officers outside a 15366:Dominican Republic 14454:Dominican Republic 13884:affirmative action 13857:Capital punishment 13816:Poverty and health 13811:Physician shortage 13784:Health care prices 13714:Standard of living 13397:standard of living 13204:Financial position 12831:Hawaiian home land 12819:Indian reservation 12792:Tribal sovereignty 12635:Secretary of state 12504:United States Code 12420:Territorial courts 12392:Associate Justices 12277:Inspector generals 11764:War in Afghanistan 11627:Reconstruction era 11494:Stamp Act Congress 11069:Dominican Republic 9879:Dominican Republic 8689:City of Tustin, CA 8235:The New York Times 7583:Suarez, Jonathan. 7536:The New York Times 7490:The New York Times 7320:The New York Times 6600:. December 2, 2014 6546:The New York Times 6341:The New York Times 6240:The New York Times 6220:Kohn, Richard H. " 6207:Kraska, Peter B. " 5138:on August 13, 2013 4709: 4701: 4569: 4267:Police body camera 4251:police foundations 4213:acquired from the 4158: 4004:FBI Miami shootout 3968:Smith & Wesson 3933:Heckler & Koch 3921:Smith & Wesson 3853: 3834: 3577: 3406:United States Army 3374:attempted to clear 3096:qualified immunity 3092:U.S. Supreme Court 3086:Qualified immunity 3080:Qualified immunity 2937: 2822: 2805:Powers of officers 2782:community policing 2722: 2707:Samuel Pennypacker 2677:Peelian principles 2669: 2649:preventing 'crime' 2613: 2601:Theodore Roosevelt 2580:, later to become 2542: 2514:Community policing 2461: 2457:motorcycle officer 2444:Styles of policing 2389: 2313:interstate compact 2246:officers from the 2205: 2188:Puerto Rico Police 2182:Puerto Rico Police 2138: 2099: 1781:United States Code 1773: 1389:Wildlife smuggling 1379:Cruelty to animals 1008:Child sexual abuse 960:Negligent homicide 871:False imprisonment 768:Indictable offense 712:Scope of criminal 526:Correction officer 167:Criminal procedure 53: 15663: 15662: 15657: 15656: 15251: 15250: 15080:England and Wales 14183:Equatorial Guinea 14095:forces by country 14059: 14058: 14019: 14018: 14015: 14014: 13985:National security 13694:Income inequality 13574:Statue of Liberty 13377:income inequality 13290: 13289: 13282:Trucking industry 13094: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13021:Foreign relations 13009:Electoral College 12990: 12989: 12778: 12777: 12730:District attorney 12577: 12576: 12404:Courts of appeals 12127: 12126: 11840: 11839: 11781:COVID-19 pandemic 11734:Feminist Movement 11580:American frontier 11499:Thirteen Colonies 11360: 11359: 10954: 10953: 10556: 10555: 9610: 9609: 9284:Bureau of Prisons 9274:Homeland Security 9055:on April 27, 2020 8335:Riverside Sheriff 8068:on March 31, 2019 7530:Ernesto Londoño. 7240:978-1-936274-10-9 7121:978-1-412-90943-3 6818:. August 18, 2023 6424:. Yale Law School 6343:. August 27, 2017 6317:. August 14, 2014 6291:. August 15, 2014 6016:on March 11, 2019 5697:Crime and Justice 5522:. January 5, 2018 5157:Commernet, 2011. 5085:. pp. 10–17. 4553:Police population 4211:military vehicles 4199:ballistic shields 3766:domestic violence 3717:Maintain a clean 3703:or served in the 3253:Islamic terrorism 3229:African Americans 3127:In the 1981 case 3074:no-knock warrants 3062:No-knock warrants 2730:calls for service 2697:became the first 2647:, and a focus on 2617:Southern colonies 2540:from 1871 to 1872 2399:Order maintenance 2386:traffic collision 2328:Police Department 2301:Class I railroads 2196:PRPB officers in 2057:Sheriffs' offices 1888:structure of the 1879:Hurricane Katrina 1877:responded to the 1771:delegates in 2019 1633: 1632: 1033:Indecent exposure 901:Human trafficking 866:Domestic violence 794:Inchoate offenses 654: 653: 577:Police dispatcher 536:Probation officer 285:State corrections 259:district attorney 16:(Redirected from 15688: 15578:Saint Barthélemy 15538:Falkland Islands 15483: 15278: 15271: 15264: 15255: 15254: 15090:Northern Ireland 14573:Asia and Oceania 14086: 14079: 14072: 14063: 14062: 14039: 14032: 13919:African American 13801:Health insurance 13689:Household income 13559:National symbols 13490:American English 13463:Federal holidays 13372:household income 13305: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13105: 13104: 13043:Anti-Americanism 12967:Special district 12894:Independent city 12863:County executive 12846: 12845: 12640:Attorney general 12599: 12598: 12588:Federal District 12171:Executive Office 12151: 12150: 12142: 12141: 12138: 12137: 11898:populated places 11878:federal enclaves 11873:federal district 11851: 11850: 11714:American Century 11697:Great Depression 11692:Roaring Twenties 11652:Women's suffrage 11531:Halifax Resolves 11524:Founding Fathers 11519:military history 11484:Pre-colonial era 11408: 11407: 11387: 11380: 11373: 11364: 11363: 11281:Saint Barthélemy 11241:Falkland Islands 11186: 10981: 10974: 10967: 10958: 10957: 10900:Federal district 10596: 10589: 10582: 10573: 10572: 10560: 10559: 10269:Papua New Guinea 10139:Marshall Islands 9637: 9630: 9623: 9614: 9613: 9604:Washington, D.C. 9598:Federal district 9313: 9306: 9299: 9290: 9289: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8976: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8926:. 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Archived from 8767: 8759: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8685:"What is Nixle?" 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8511: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8463: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8435: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8064:. Archived from 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8003: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7961:. Archived from 7930: 7924: 7923: 7918:. Archived from 7907: 7901: 7900: 7895:. Archived from 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7820: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7741: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7708: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7679: 7670: 7663: 7657: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7354: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7105: 7094: 7093: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7060: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7017: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6890:"Strip Searches" 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6749: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6574:. August 3, 2017 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6500:. March 22, 2014 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6474:on June 12, 2020 6470:. Archived from 6459: 6453: 6452: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6417: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6231: 6225: 6218: 6212: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6171: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6059: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5834: 5832: 5825: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5795: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5543: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5406: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5181: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5050: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5025:. Archived from 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4564:officers at the 4261:Body-worn camera 3871:produced by the 3734:driver's license 3675:background check 3470:Knapp Commission 3431:Philando Castile 3316:Misconduct cases 3260:Fundraising Scam 3233:China Initiative 3224:racial profiling 3208:Pacific Islander 3196:African American 3192:Racial profiling 3179:Racial profiling 3068:No-knock warrant 3029:Great Depression 2887:Maryland v. Buie 2881:Michigan v. Long 2788:. In the 1990s, 2770:crime prevention 2633:chain of command 2534:Grover Cleveland 2372:Police functions 2290: 2289: 2285: 2259:citizen's arrest 2240:Washington, D.C. 1951:Attorney General 1898:federated states 1850:(USCG), and the 1789:federal agencies 1625: 1618: 1611: 1582: 1453:Actual innocence 1310:Ethnic cleansing 1204:Trespass to land 1099:Arms trafficking 663: 656: 655: 646: 639: 632: 587:Medical examiner 496:County detective 311:Internal affairs 255:State's attorney 217:Actual innocence 55: 54: 21: 15696: 15695: 15691: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15666: 15665: 15664: 15659: 15658: 15653: 15631:Central America 15617: 15492: 15484: 15475: 15292: 15285: 15282: 15252: 15247: 15207: 15142: 15123:Northern Cyprus 15101: 15000:North Macedonia 14828: 14610:Burma (Myanmar) 14568: 14377: 14096: 14090: 14060: 14055: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14011: 13997:Opioid epidemic 13914:Native American 13894:intersex rights 13845: 13841:Life expectancy 13831:Medical deserts 13821:Race and health 13718: 13704:Personal income 13650: 13554:National anthem 13387:personal income 13352:Economic issues 13286: 13238: 13086: 12986: 12975:School district 12961: 12944:Minor divisions 12938: 12877: 12835: 12774: 12760:Statutory codes 12741: 12704: 12681: 12591: 12586: 12573: 12508: 12465:civil liberties 12446: 12437:Other tribunals 12416:District courts 12368: 12327:current members 12310:current members 12291: 12225:Law enforcement 12123: 11836: 11785: 11776:Great Recession 11647:Progressive Era 11637:Native genocide 11568:Perpetual Union 11556:Treaty of Paris 11514:United Colonies 11472: 11397: 11391: 11361: 11356: 11334:Central America 11320: 11195: 11187: 11178: 10995: 10988: 10985: 10955: 10950: 10912: 10894: 10621: 10620: 10605: 10600: 10565: 10557: 10552: 10384:Solomon Islands 10234:North Macedonia 9646: 9641: 9611: 9606: 9592: 9331: 9322: 9317: 9194:POLICE Magazine 9180: 9175: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9152: 9148: 9138: 9136: 9128: 9127: 9123: 9113: 9111: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9058: 9056: 9043: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8990: 8986: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8965: 8955: 8953: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8929: 8927: 8918: 8917: 8910: 8900: 8898: 8897:on June 9, 2007 8885: 8884: 8880: 8870: 8868: 8857: 8846: 8836: 8834: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8718: 8716: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8693: 8691: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8643: 8641: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8542: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8513: 8512: 8505: 8495: 8493: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8470: 8468: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8412: 8404: 8403: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8314: 8312: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8164: 8162: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8112: 8110: 8101: 8100: 8093: 8091: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8004: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7931: 7927: 7908: 7904: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7799: 7797: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7710: 7709: 7702: 7692: 7690: 7681: 7680: 7673: 7664: 7660: 7651: 7647: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7619: 7617: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7502: 7500: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7460:"Google Trends" 7458: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7371: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348:Davis, Angela. 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7296: 7286: 7282: 7272: 7270: 7260: 7256: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7207: 7205: 7202:Washington Post 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7163: 7159: 7149: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7122: 7106: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7072: 7070: 7062: 7061: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7018: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6997:Huffington Post 6991: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6945:Huffington Post 6939: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6921:. July 11, 2011 6913: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6894:Huffington Post 6888: 6887: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6842:Huffington Post 6836: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6783: 6779: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6572:Washington Post 6566: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6460: 6456: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6369:. June 12, 2020 6361: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6219: 6215: 6206: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6140: 6136: 6083: 6079: 6060: 6053: 6042: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6019: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5910:"Terry v. Ohio" 5908: 5907: 5903: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5856: 5852: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5797: 5796: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5712: 5708: 5693: 5686: 5671: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5553:. July 10, 2019 5545: 5544: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5404: 5396: 5389: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5079: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5052: 5051: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5023:emilms.fema.gov 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4999:. June 18, 2015 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4905:The World Today 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4686: 4660: 4617: 4604: 4555: 4550: 4525:timely warnings 4478: 4472: 4431: 4426: 4394: 4376: 4348: 4338: 4333: 4312: 4299: 4293: 4269: 4263: 4231: 4229:Armor and vests 4183:combat shotguns 4171:submachine guns 4147: 4141: 4119: 4102: 4100:Chemical Agents 4094:drive stun mode 4090:pain compliance 4078: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4023:submachine guns 4006:, and the 1997 3958:, typically in 3909: 3864: 3858: 3839: 3819: 3811:Main articles: 3809: 3719:criminal record 3651: 3585:Ferguson unrest 3562: 3556: 3532: 3526: 3510: 3498:consent decrees 3484:authorized the 3466: 3460: 3344: 3320:Main articles: 3318: 3292:civil liberties 3288:cavity searches 3280: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3200:Native American 3189: 3181: 3172: 3166: 3153: 3147: 3135:duty to protect 3125: 3119: 3088: 3082: 3070: 3064: 3012: 3006: 2989:Native American 2956: 2944:Main articles: 2942: 2917: 2807: 2750:Wichita, Kansas 2657: 2567:Plymouth Colony 2554:similar to the 2551:posse comitatus 2527: 2522: 2473:James Q. Wilson 2446: 2408:Law enforcement 2374: 2309: 2297:railroad police 2287: 2283: 2282: 2271:railroad police 2255:security guards 2231: 2225: 2190: 2184: 2118: 2112: 2085: 2065: 2059: 2044: 2038: 2006: 1917: 1911: 1856:military branch 1749: 1743: 1706: 1629: 1570: 1134:False pretenses 1063:Sex trafficking 989:Sexual offenses 948:Preterintention 784:Summary offense 650: 446:Military police 404:Types of agency 336:Police vehicles 280:State and local 182:Miranda warning 60: 59:Law enforcement 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15694: 15684: 15683: 15678: 15661: 15660: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15651: 15644: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15622: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15593:Sint Eustatius 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15528:Cayman Islands 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15499: 15497: 15486: 15485: 15478: 15476: 15474: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15297: 15295: 15287: 15286: 15281: 15280: 15273: 15266: 15258: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15245: 15240: 15239: 15238: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15205: 15202:SFR Yugoslavia 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15182: 15181: 15176: 15168: 15163: 15161:Czechoslovakia 15158: 15150: 15148: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15109: 15107: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15075:United Kingdom 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14895:Czech Republic 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14836: 14834: 14830: 14829: 14827: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14627: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14576: 14574: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14385: 14383: 14379: 14378: 14376: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14104: 14102: 14098: 14097: 14089: 14088: 14081: 14074: 14066: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14053: 14048: 14041: 14040: 14033: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13953:Mass shootings 13950: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13941:Climate change 13938: 13928: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13879:Discrimination 13876: 13871: 13870: 13869: 13859: 13853: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13734: 13728: 13726: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13669:American Dream 13666: 13660: 13658: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13636:Transportation 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13569:Mount Rushmore 13566: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13509: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13466: 13465: 13455: 13450: 13449: 13448: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13313: 13311: 13298: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13248: 13246: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13189:Federal budget 13186: 13181: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13127:Communications 13124: 13119: 13108: 13102: 13096: 13095: 13092: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13050: 13048:exceptionalism 13045: 13035: 13030: 13029: 13028: 13026:foreign policy 13018: 13017: 13016: 13011: 13001: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12971: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12954: 12948: 12946: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12854: 12852: 12843: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12833: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12816: 12815: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12794: 12788: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12751: 12749: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12723:Chief justices 12718:Supreme courts 12714: 12712: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12691: 12689: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12607: 12605: 12596: 12579: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12560: 12559: 12557:National Guard 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12518: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12506: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12474: 12469: 12468: 12467: 12460:Bill of Rights 12456: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12430:list of judges 12427: 12425:list of courts 12413: 12412: 12411: 12409:list of judges 12401: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12378: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12344:Capitol Police 12341: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12301: 12299: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12265:Secret Service 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12178:Vice President 12175: 12174: 12173: 12168: 12157: 12155: 12148: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11962:National Parks 11954: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11922: 11917: 11915:Extreme points 11912: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11854: 11848: 11842: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11772: 11771: 11766: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11602:Federalist Era 11599: 11598: 11597: 11595:Bill of Rights 11592: 11582: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11553: 11543: 11538: 11536:Lee Resolution 11533: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11486: 11480: 11478: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11414: 11412: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11396: articles 11390: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11367: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11347: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11296:Sint Eustatius 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11231:Cayman Islands 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11202: 11200: 11189: 11188: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11000: 10998: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10961: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10926:American Samoa 10922: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10904: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10840:South Carolina 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10805:North Carolina 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10653:Highway Police 10647: 10642: 10637: 10631: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10618:Highway patrol 10610: 10607: 10606: 10599: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10504:United Kingdom 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9859:Czech Republic 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9640: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9617: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9538:South Carolina 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9503:North Carolina 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9316: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9179: 9178:External links 9176: 9173: 9172: 9146: 9121: 9096: 9070: 9036: 9010: 8984: 8963: 8937: 8908: 8878: 8844: 8818: 8786: 8743: 8726: 8701: 8676: 8651: 8625: 8600: 8575: 8550: 8528: 8503: 8478: 8450: 8422: 8397: 8372: 8347: 8322: 8297: 8272: 8247: 8222: 8197: 8172: 8147: 8135:Fox 10 Phoenix 8122: 8089:Fox 10 Phoenix 8079: 8049: 8024: 7993: 7968: 7945:(3): 509–535. 7925: 7902: 7879: 7857: 7835: 7823:fostercity.org 7807: 7781: 7756: 7728: 7700: 7689:. May 17, 2021 7671: 7658: 7645: 7627: 7602: 7596:978-0557036370 7595: 7575: 7569:978-0761926498 7568: 7548: 7522: 7510: 7476: 7451: 7417: 7391: 7379:Chicago Reader 7365: 7340: 7306: 7280: 7254: 7239: 7219: 7187: 7157: 7135: 7120: 7095: 7080: 7052: 7027: 7009: 6984: 6958: 6947:. May 15, 2012 6932: 6906: 6881: 6855: 6844:. June 6, 2012 6829: 6803: 6777: 6732:(6638): 1171. 6712: 6686: 6664: 6638: 6632:978-0398086152 6631: 6611: 6585: 6559: 6533: 6511: 6485: 6454: 6435: 6403: 6380: 6354: 6328: 6302: 6276: 6254: 6243:. June 8, 2014 6226: 6213: 6200: 6187: 6134: 6097:(3): 317–328. 6077: 6051: 6028: 6001: 5979: 5953: 5942:. May 30, 2015 5927: 5901: 5883: 5850: 5811: 5774: 5763: 5741: 5723: 5706: 5684: 5669: 5651: 5639: 5633:978-1305544680 5632: 5612: 5589: 5564: 5533: 5507: 5482: 5457: 5443: 5420: 5413: 5387: 5372: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5214: 5189: 5149: 5113: 5088: 5070: 5040: 5029:on May 1, 2020 5010: 4984: 4973:. June 7, 2017 4962: 4947: 4922: 4890: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4758: 4755: 4753:in June 2020. 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4659: 4656: 4616: 4613: 4603: 4600: 4554: 4551: 4514:public records 4471: 4468: 4430: 4427: 4375: 4372: 4368:radio scanners 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4292: 4289: 4262: 4259: 4230: 4227: 4203:door breaching 4195:smoke grenades 4164:(SWAT) units, 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4077: 4074: 4048: 4045: 4037: 4032: 4000:Norco shootout 3994:, and greater 3988:stopping power 3908: 3905: 3901:station wagons 3881:General Motors 3857: 3854: 3838: 3835: 3808: 3805: 3788:fingerprinting 3780: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770:mental illness 3762: 3759: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3715: 3712: 3701:college degree 3689: 3650: 3647: 3622:Alex S. Vitale 3558:Main article: 3555: 3552: 3540:Lyndon Johnson 3528:Main article: 3525: 3522: 3509: 3506: 3462:Main article: 3459: 3458:Accountability 3456: 3455: 3454: 3435: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3386: 3378:Gregore Sambor 3370: 3359: 3317: 3314: 3310:stop-and-frisk 3284:strip searches 3279: 3278:Other concerns 3276: 3261: 3258: 3245:Middle Eastern 3190: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3165: 3162: 3149:Main article: 3146: 3143: 3121:Main article: 3118: 3113: 3084:Main article: 3081: 3078: 3066:Main article: 3063: 3060: 3008:Main article: 3005: 3002: 2941: 2938: 2933:Occupy Chicago 2916: 2913: 2869:probable cause 2842:police station 2826:probable cause 2806: 2803: 2738:August Vollmer 2656: 2653: 2556:militia system 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2308: 2305: 2267:company police 2244:special police 2227:Main article: 2224: 2221: 2186:Main article: 2183: 2180: 2157:municipalities 2134:police pursuit 2111: 2108: 2084: 2081: 2061:Main article: 2058: 2055: 2051:county sheriff 2040:Main article: 2037: 2034: 2008:Also known as 2005: 2002: 1978:capitol police 1937:state troopers 1933:highway patrol 1925:investigations 1913:Main article: 1910: 1907: 1765:Secret Service 1745:Main article: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1705: 1702: 1698:infrastructure 1667:state troopers 1631: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305:Hostage-taking 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1073:Sexual slavery 1070: 1068:Sexual assault 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 992: 991: 985: 984: 983: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 956: 955: 945: 944: 943: 933: 928: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 830: 829: 823: 822: 821: 820: 815: 810: 805: 797: 796: 790: 789: 788: 787: 777: 771: 758: 757: 753: 752: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 717: 716: 709: 708: 707: 706: 701: 696: 689: 679: 678: 672: 671: 665: 664: 652: 651: 649: 648: 641: 634: 626: 623: 622: 621: 620: 615: 610: 602: 601: 600: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 572:Private police 566: 565: 561: 560: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 511:Tribal officer 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 477: 472: 467: 465:Patrol officer 459: 458: 451: 450: 449: 448: 443: 441:Special police 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 416:highway patrol 406: 405: 401: 400: 399: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 300: 299: 295: 294: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 269: 268: 264: 263: 262: 261: 252: 247: 239: 238: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 192:Arrest warrant 189: 184: 179: 177:Probable cause 174: 169: 161: 160: 156: 155: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 120: 119: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 92: 91: 85: 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 64: 63: 41:police station 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15693: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15671: 15650: 15649: 15648:South America 15645: 15643: 15641: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15626:North America 15624: 15623: 15620: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15543:French Guiana 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15496: 15491: 15487: 15482: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15461:United States 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15294: 15288: 15279: 15274: 15272: 15267: 15265: 15260: 15259: 15256: 15244: 15241: 15237: 15234: 15233: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15210: 15203: 15199: 15197: 15196:South Vietnam 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15156: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15145: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15110: 15108: 15104: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15077: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14910:Faroe Islands 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14837: 14835: 14831: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14622: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14577: 14575: 14571: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14554:United States 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14380: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14223:Guinea-Bissau 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14099: 14094: 14087: 14082: 14080: 14075: 14073: 14068: 14067: 14064: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14026: 14022: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13983: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13926:Energy policy 13924: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13868: 13867:incarceration 13865: 13864: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13848: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13772: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13752:Prenatal care 13750: 13748: 13747:Birth control 13745: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13725: 13721: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13684:Homeownership 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13657: 13653: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13487: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13447: 13444: 13443: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13415: 13412: 13408: 13407:working class 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13367:homeownership 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13293: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13241: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13147:Manufacturing 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13110: 13109: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13097: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13075:Third parties 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13058: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13022: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12941: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12880: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12838: 12832: 12829: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12817: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12589: 12584: 12580: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12505: 12502: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12466: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12453: 12449: 12443: 12442:U.S. attorney 12440: 12438: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12387:Chief Justice 12385: 12384: 12383: 12382:Supreme Court 12380: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12320: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12287:Public policy 12285: 12283: 12282:Civil service 12280: 12278: 12275: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12130: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11967: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11951: 11950:Sierra Nevada 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11888:insular zones 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11843: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11760: 11759:War on Terror 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11739:LGBT Movement 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11395: 11394:United States 11388: 11383: 11381: 11376: 11374: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11353: 11352: 11351:South America 11348: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11329:North America 11327: 11326: 11323: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11246:French Guiana 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11194: 11190: 11185: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11164:United States 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10991: 10982: 10977: 10975: 10970: 10968: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10918:Insular areas 10915: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10897: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10880:West Virginia 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10785:New Hampshire 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10745:Massachusetts 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10624: 10619: 10615: 10608: 10604: 10597: 10592: 10590: 10585: 10583: 10578: 10577: 10574: 10568: 10561: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10509:United States 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10099:Liechtenstein 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9631: 9626: 9624: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9605: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9578:West Virginia 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9483:New Hampshire 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9443:Massachusetts 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9307: 9302: 9300: 9295: 9294: 9291: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9067: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9040: 9024: 9020: 9014: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8980: 8973: 8967: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8896: 8892: 8890: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8803: 8796: 8790: 8771: 8764: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8736: 8730: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8538: 8532: 8516: 8510: 8508: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8467: 8460: 8454: 8439: 8432: 8426: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8336: 8332: 8331:"Calling 911" 8326: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8161: 8160:Local 10 News 8157: 8151: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8118: 8105: 8090: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8038: 8037:rasmussen.edu 8034: 8028: 8013: 8012:Computerworld 8009: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7982: 7981:ReconRobotics 7978: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7893:Bloomberg.com 7890: 7883: 7867: 7861: 7845: 7839: 7824: 7817: 7811: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7745: 7738: 7732: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7669:(SAGE, 2015). 7668: 7662: 7655: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7598: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7552: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7480: 7465: 7464:Google Trends 7461: 7455: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7421: 7406: 7402: 7395: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7351: 7344: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7295: 7294:Boston Review 7291: 7284: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7223: 7216: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7145: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7091: 7084: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7023: 7016: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6807: 6792: 6791:Rolling Stone 6788: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6674: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6615: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6521: 6515: 6499: 6498:The Economist 6495: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6422: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6264: 6258: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6056: 6038: 6032: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5983: 5967: 5966:The Economist 5963: 5957: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5840: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5767: 5751: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5670:0-674-00470-1 5666: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5446: 5444:9781437734959 5440: 5437:. Routledge. 5436: 5435: 5427: 5425: 5416: 5414:9781412993692 5410: 5403: 5402: 5394: 5392: 5383: 5376: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5226: 5218: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5185: 5179: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5084: 5077: 5075: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5014: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4911: 4910:Chatham House 4907: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4761: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4698: 4695:officers and 4694: 4690: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4633:San Francisco 4630: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4541:Silver Alerts 4538: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4361: 4360:trunked radio 4358:, or digital 4357: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4336:Radio Systems 4326: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4243:bomb disposal 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191:stun grenades 4188: 4187:sniper rifles 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053:impact weapon 4043: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3935:, usually in 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897:pickup trucks 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3851: 3847: 3846:U.S. Marshals 3843: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3732:Have a valid 3731: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3639:Derek Chauvin 3636: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581:Michael Brown 3575: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3524:Police reform 3521: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3474:New York City 3471: 3465: 3452: 3448: 3447:Derek Chauvin 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3424:Michael Brown 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3271:Telemarketers 3267: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3176: 3171: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025:Charles Beard 3022: 3018: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2915:Controversies 2911: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2895:Terry v. Ohio 2891: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2875:Terry v. Ohio 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:serious crime 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736:police chief 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:two-way radio 2720:rally in 1936 2719: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2705:and Governor 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625:the Carolinas 2622: 2621:slave patrols 2618: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2582:New York City 2579: 2578:New Amsterdam 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2539: 2536:, sheriff of 2535: 2531: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469:socioeconomic 2465: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:United States 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126:Scotts Valley 2122: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047:County police 2043: 2036:County police 2033: 2031: 2030:county police 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982:campus police 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957:, such as in 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1694:public safety 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641:United States 1638: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505:Justification 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1338:Miscegenation 1336: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1174:Pickpocketing 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023:Homosexuality 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 994: 993: 990: 987: 986: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 954: 951: 950: 949: 946: 942: 939: 938: 937: 934: 932: 929: 926: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 886:Home invasion 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 836:Assassination 834: 833: 832: 831: 828: 825: 824: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 799: 798: 795: 792: 791: 785: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 765: 762: 761: 760: 759: 755: 754: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 720: 719: 718: 715: 711: 710: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 694: 690: 688: 687: 683: 682: 681: 680: 677: 674: 673: 670: 667: 666: 662: 658: 657: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 627: 625: 624: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 604: 603: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 568: 567: 563: 562: 557: 556:Special agent 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 501:State trooper 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 460: 457: 453: 452: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426:Campus police 424: 422: 419: 417: 413: 410: 409: 408: 407: 403: 402: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 361:Police reform 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 297: 296: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 271: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 245:U.S. Attorney 243: 242: 241: 240: 237: 234: 233: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 159:Legal context 158: 157: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 122: 121: 118: 115: 114: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 94: 93: 90: 87: 86: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 66: 65: 62: 57: 56: 50: 49:New York City 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 15646: 15598:Sint Maarten 15583:Saint Martin 15490:Dependencies 15460: 15216:Border guard 15200:Yugoslavia ( 15191:Soviet Union 15170:Philippines 15166:East Germany 14804:Turkmenistan 14764:Saudi Arabia 14553: 14333:South Africa 14323:Sierra Leone 14128:Burkina Faso 13968:Human rights 13948:Gun politics 13899:Islamophobia 13889:antisemitism 13757:Hospice care 13699:Middle class 13679:Homelessness 13656:Social class 13616:Social class 13480:Human rights 13470:Homelessness 13382:middle class 13347:Demographics 13322:Architecture 13229:Unemployment 13209:Labor unions 12957:Town meeting 12934:City council 12929:City manager 12670:State police 12532:Marine Corps 12522:Armed Forces 12497:civil rights 12477:Constitution 12049:Southwestern 12044:Southeastern 12034:Northwestern 12029:Northeastern 11994:Mid-Atlantic 11984:Great Plains 11702:World War II 11585:Constitution 11489:Colonial era 11468:2008–present 11349: 11301:Sint Maarten 11286:Saint Martin 11193:Dependencies 11163: 10845:South Dakota 10835:Rhode Island 10830:Pennsylvania 10810:North Dakota 10658:State Police 10613: 10529:Vatican City 10508: 10479:Turkmenistan 10394:South Africa 10364:Sierra Leone 10349:Saudi Arabia 9784:Burkina Faso 9543:South Dakota 9533:Rhode Island 9528:Pennsylvania 9508:North Dakota 9328: 9163:. Retrieved 9159: 9149: 9137:. Retrieved 9133: 9124: 9112:. Retrieved 9108: 9099: 9087:. Retrieved 9082: 9073: 9064: 9057:. Retrieved 9053:the original 9048: 9045:"About ODMP" 9039: 9027:. Retrieved 9022: 9013: 9001:. Retrieved 8997: 8987: 8978: 8966: 8954:. Retrieved 8949: 8940: 8928:. Retrieved 8901:November 23, 8899:. Retrieved 8895:the original 8888: 8881: 8871:December 10, 8869:. Retrieved 8864: 8835:. Retrieved 8830: 8821: 8811:November 18, 8809:. Retrieved 8789: 8779:November 18, 8777:. Retrieved 8770:the original 8729: 8717:. Retrieved 8713: 8704: 8692:. Retrieved 8688: 8679: 8667:. Retrieved 8663: 8654: 8642:. Retrieved 8638: 8628: 8616:. Retrieved 8612: 8603: 8591:. Retrieved 8587: 8578: 8568:November 14, 8566:. Retrieved 8562: 8553: 8543:November 13, 8541:. Retrieved 8531: 8521:November 13, 8519:. Retrieved 8494:. Retrieved 8490: 8481: 8469:. Retrieved 8465: 8453: 8441:. Retrieved 8437: 8425: 8413:. Retrieved 8409: 8400: 8388:. Retrieved 8384: 8375: 8363:. 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Retrieved 4867: 4846: 4845: 4824: 4823: 4819:Slave patrol 4744: 4736:line of duty 4729: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4697:U.S. Marines 4665: 4661: 4637: 4618: 4605: 4602:Demographics 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4537:Amber alerts 4534: 4530: 4518: 4499: 4479: 4460: 4452: 4432: 4414: 4403: 4395: 4388:Enhanced 911 4365: 4349: 4316:Spike strips 4304: 4300: 4285: 4270: 4232: 4225:operations. 4173:, automatic 4159: 4106:Pepper spray 4079: 4050: 4012: 3992:rate of fire 3953: 3910: 3865: 3820: 3800:psychologist 3792:drug testing 3781: 3750:or repeated 3729:convictions; 3679: 3652: 3642: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3604: 3596:Angela Davis 3593: 3578: 3533: 3511: 3479: 3467: 3345: 3303: 3296: 3281: 3270: 3263: 3249:South Asians 3173: 3154: 3139: 3128: 3126: 3115: 3105:deadly force 3089: 3071: 3050:. President 3040:1033 program 3037: 3023:. Historian 3013: 2995: 2993: 2973:racial group 2969:lethal force 2966: 2957: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2885: 2884:(1983), and 2879: 2873: 2862: 2858: 2823: 2779: 2762: 2723: 2699:state police 2692: 2688:Ku Klux Klan 2681: 2670: 2665:Toledo, Ohio 2614: 2591:Philadelphia 2575: 2560: 2549: 2543: 2512: 2508: 2476: 2466: 2462: 2392: 2390: 2367: 2320: 2317: 2310: 2264: 2252: 2232: 2206: 2168:urban sprawl 2161: 2151:, which has 2141:Local police 2139: 2100: 2079:was formed. 2073: 2066: 2045: 2007: 1986:water police 1975: 1940: 1936: 1929:state police 1918: 1883: 1868: 1829: 1802: 1774: 1707: 1691: 1685:, and other 1652: 1634: 1530:Self-defense 1487: 1410:Lèse-majesté 1124:Embezzlement 1048:Prostitution 1038:Masturbation 921:Manslaughter 906:Intimidation 818:Solicitation 691: 684: 669:Criminal law 516:Indian agent 412:State police 376:Traffic stop 346:Deadly force 316:Police union 117:Jurisdiction 58: 45:Times Square 29: 15568:Puerto Rico 15495:territories 15441:Saint Lucia 15376:El Salvador 15221:Coast guard 15060:Switzerland 14995:Netherlands 14754:Philippines 14734:New Zealand 14689:South Korea 14684:North Korea 14580:Afghanistan 14534:Saint Lucia 14464:El Salvador 14338:South Sudan 13973:Immigration 13904:LGBT rights 13806:Food safety 13641:Video games 13234:Wall Street 13214:Public debt 13117:Agriculture 13053:nationalism 12765:Uniform act 12687:Legislative 12594:Territorial 12552:Coast Guard 12547:Space Force 12297:Legislative 12092:Red (South) 12082:Mississippi 12004:New England 11940:Appalachian 11910:Earthquakes 11807:Discoveries 11802:Demographic 11744:Vietnam War 11687:World War I 11682:Imperialism 11632:Indian Wars 11607:War of 1812 11271:Puerto Rico 11198:territories 11144:Saint Lucia 11079:El Salvador 10941:Puerto Rico 10760:Mississippi 10675:Connecticut 10434:Switzerland 10404:South Sudan 10399:South Korea 10329:Saint Lucia 10284:Philippines 10229:North Korea 10209:New Zealand 10204:Netherlands 9899:El Salvador 9654:Afghanistan 9458:Mississippi 9373:Connecticut 9160:US Congress 9066:sacrifices. 8517:. nlets.org 8438:bja.ojp.gov 8072:December 5, 8042:December 5, 8017:December 5, 7986:December 5, 7073:October 30, 7045:October 30, 6657:February 9, 6447:. 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15351:Costa Rica 15133:Somaliland 15030:San Marino 14990:Montenegro 14970:Luxembourg 14860:Azerbaijan 14814:Uzbekistan 14799:East Timor 14789:Tajikistan 14699:Kyrgyzstan 14679:Kazakhstan 14595:Bangladesh 14439:Costa Rica 14318:Seychelles 14283:Mozambique 14268:Mauritania 14253:Madagascar 14208:The Gambia 14143:Cape Verde 14007:Xenophobia 13796:Disability 13737:Healthcare 13646:Visual art 13591:Philosophy 13537:television 13527:newspapers 13517:journalism 13507:Literature 13419:attainment 13070:Republican 13065:Democratic 13038:Ideologies 12999:Corruption 12564:NOAA Corps 12487:preemption 12482:federalism 12097:Rio Grande 11999:Midwestern 11979:West Coast 11974:East Coast 11817:Inventions 11729:Space Race 11724:Korean War 11707:home front 11642:Gilded Age 11266:Montserrat 11261:Martinique 11256:Guadeloupe 11054:Costa Rica 10875:Washington 10795:New Mexico 10790:New Jersey 10665:California 10612:See also: 10519:Uzbekistan 10449:Tajikistan 10344:San Marino 10174:Montenegro 10144:Mauritania 10114:Madagascar 10109:Luxembourg 10074:Kyrgyzstan 10049:Kazakhstan 9884:East Timor 9839:Costa Rica 9809:Cape Verde 9719:Bangladesh 9704:Azerbaijan 9573:Washington 9493:New Mexico 9488:New Jersey 9363:California 9165:January 5, 9139:January 4, 9114:January 5, 9029:January 5, 8930:January 4, 8837:January 5, 8310:LAPDOnline 8113:|url= 7431:The Nation 6679:October 1, 6604:October 1, 6578:October 1, 6552:October 1, 6347:August 29, 6148:The Lancet 5058:mypspa.org 4915:October 4, 4859:References 4742:(NLEOMF). 4652:Fort Worth 4546:See also: 4418:See also: 4277:Washington 4273:California 4247:bomb suits 4235:body armor 4067:'s wooden 3893:crossovers 3887:), though 3885:Stellantis 3756:alcoholism 3707:without a 3408:, and the 3361:1965: The 3294:concerns. 2997:The Lancet 2931:, part of 2746:corruption 2629:Charleston 2609:Jacob Riis 2593:in 1700. 2571:Constables 2492:Legalistic 2269:, such as 2130:California 2026:constables 1959:California 1871:mutual aid 1823:, and the 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12542:Air Force 12514:Uniformed 12337:President 12154:Executive 11925:Mountains 11858:Territory 11846:Geography 11670:1954–1968 11665:1896–1954 11660:1865–1896 11622:Civil War 11463:1991–2008 11458:1980–1991 11453:1964–1980 11448:1945–1964 11443:1917–1945 11438:1865–1917 11433:1849–1865 11428:1815–1849 11423:1789–1815 11418:1776–1789 11411:By period 11339:Caribbean 11251:Greenland 11174:Venezuela 11119:Nicaragua 11089:Guatemala 11009:Argentina 10994:Sovereign 10885:Wisconsin 10850:Tennessee 10755:Minnesota 10730:Louisiana 10649:Arkansas 10534:Venezuela 10414:Sri Lanka 10369:Singapore 10259:Palestine 10214:Nicaragua 10149:Mauritius 10104:Lithuania 10004:Indonesia 9974:Guatemala 9694:Australia 9684:Argentina 9583:Wisconsin 9548:Tennessee 9453:Minnesota 9428:Louisiana 8956:March 22, 8563:nlets.org 8210:KTLA News 7498:0362-4331 7439:0027-8378 7328:0362-4331 7249:649804687 6822:April 16, 6796:April 16, 6772:257696088 6756:0036-8075 6705:March 30, 6111:1468-2869 5920:March 17, 5892:"Arrests" 5800:cite book 5142:March 18, 5106:March 18, 4596:FBI UCR's 4574:The 2008 4523:requires 4521:Clery Act 4325:StarChase 4239:duty belt 4069:espantoon 4061:ASP baton 3990:, higher 3956:revolvers 3925:SIG Sauer 3873:Big Three 3837:Equipment 3796:polygraph 3752:marijuana 3624:authored 3574:Minnesota 3514:Don Beyer 3492:to bring 3480:The 1994 3417:Sean Bell 3312:program. 3299:perp walk 3170:Gypsy cop 3155:Rules on 3101:excessive 2981:Hispanics 2935:, in 2012 2890:(1990)): 2619:, formal 2433:first aid 2275:Kalamazoo 1961:with the 1546:Contracts 1520:Necessity 1425:Secession 1420:Espionage 1353:Terrorism 1315:Smuggling 1209:Vandalism 1189:Smuggling 1129:Extortion 1104:Blackmail 1078:Voyeurism 1058:Pederasty 1043:Obscenity 925:corporate 748:Vicarious 743:Principal 738:Corporate 723:Accessory 714:liability 699:Causation 613:Terrorism 470:Detective 454:Types of 103:Executive 15503:Anguilla 15451:Suriname 15426:Paraguay 15401:Honduras 15361:Dominica 15346:Colombia 15316:Barbados 15085:Scotland 15045:Slovenia 15040:Slovakia 15015:Portugal 14880:Bulgaria 14784:Thailand 14744:Pakistan 14719:Mongolia 14714:Malaysia 14620:PR China 14615:Cambodia 14544:Suriname 14519:Paraguay 14494:Honduras 14449:Dominica 14434:Colombia 14404:Barbados 14382:Americas 14373:Zimbabwe 14348:Tanzania 14198:Ethiopia 14193:Eswatini 14173:Djibouti 14138:Cameroon 14123:Botswana 14046:Category 13742:Abortion 13606:Religion 13564:Columbia 13522:internet 13458:Holidays 13453:Folklore 13424:literacy 13362:eviction 13252:Aviation 13224:Taxation 13179:Currency 13172:by state 13082:Scandals 12952:Township 12710:Judicial 12611:Governor 12374:Judicial 12260:Marshals 12133:Politics 12087:Missouri 12077:Columbia 12072:Colorado 12067:Arkansas 12060:Longest 12039:Southern 12024:Northern 11868:counties 11822:Military 11812:Economic 11790:By topic 11769:Iraq War 11719:Cold War 11477:By event 11206:Anguilla 11154:Suriname 11129:Paraguay 11104:Honduras 11064:Dominica 11049:Colombia 11019:Barbados 10870:Virginia 10820:Oklahoma 10800:New York 10775:Nebraska 10765:Missouri 10750:Michigan 10740:Maryland 10725:Kentucky 10705:Illinois 10680:Delaware 10670:Colorado 10549:Zimbabwe 10459:Thailand 10454:Tanzania 10424:Suriname 10379:Slovenia 10374:Slovakia 10294:Portugal 10274:Paraguay 10249:Pakistan 10169:Mongolia 10124:Maldives 10119:Malaysia 10059:Kiribati 9984:Honduras 9919:Ethiopia 9914:Eswatini 9874:Djibouti 9834:Colombia 9799:Cameroon 9794:Cambodia 9779:Bulgaria 9764:Botswana 9724:Barbados 9568:Virginia 9518:Oklahoma 9498:New York 9473:Nebraska 9463:Missouri 9448:Michigan 9438:Maryland 9423:Kentucky 9403:Illinois 9378:Delaware 9368:Colorado 9358:Arkansas 9083:odmp.org 9049:odmp.org 9003:June 10, 8998:HuffPost 8802:Archived 8639:CBS News 8491:civiceye 8104:cite web 7959:51749518 7916:NBC News 7721:June 24, 7687:BBC News 7503:June 10, 7469:June 10, 7444:June 10, 7410:June 10, 7384:June 10, 7358:June 11, 7333:June 12, 7299:June 10, 7273:June 10, 7130:56334321 6764:36952399 6651:CBS News 6315:LA Times 6178:34600625 6129:32212060 5839:cite web 5679:44860794 5526:June 14, 5500:June 14, 5475:June 14, 5450:June 14, 5401:Policing 5178:cite web 4847:General: 4825:Related: 4757:See also 4725:COVID-19 4510:juvenile 4502:expunged 4463:Interpol 4450:(CPIC). 4281:Illinois 4175:carbines 4125:shotgun 4015:shotguns 3996:magazine 3945:.357 SIG 3907:Firearms 3856:Vehicles 3807:Training 3748:narcotic 3667:firearms 3659:training 3583:and the 3048:Missouri 3044:Ferguson 2878:(1968), 2834:handcuff 2790:CompStat 2766:felonies 2637:uniforms 2483:Watchman 2437:drug use 2421:burglary 2295:are the 2279:Michigan 2198:San Juan 2145:marshals 2068:Sheriffs 2014:boroughs 2010:parishes 1994:Colorado 1902:fugitive 1846:(USSS), 1838:(USBP), 1709:Policing 1679:warrants 1648:agencies 1561:Property 1556:Evidence 1551:Defenses 1500:Insanity 1430:Sedition 1384:Poaching 1348:Regicide 1300:Genocide 1275:Apostasy 1213:Mischief 1149:Gambling 1114:Burglary 998:Adultery 975:Stabbing 970:Stalking 953:Homicide 916:Menacing 896:Homicide 693:Mens rea 676:Elements 564:See also 371:D.A.R.E. 326:Uniforms 151:Military 108:Judicial 15533:Curaçao 15518:Bonaire 15513:Bermuda 15466:Uruguay 15406:Jamaica 15381:Grenada 15371:Ecuador 15326:Bolivia 15311:Bahamas 15226:Customs 15147:defunct 15113:Artsakh 15070:Ukraine 15020:Romania 14980:Moldova 14950:Ireland 14945:Iceland 14940:Hungary 14930:Germany 14925:Georgia 14915:Finland 14905:Estonia 14900:Denmark 14885:Croatia 14870:Belgium 14865:Belarus 14855:Austria 14850:Armenia 14845:Andorra 14840:Albania 14819:Vietnam 14709:Lebanon 14590:Bahrain 14559:Uruguay 14499:Jamaica 14474:Grenada 14459:Ecuador 14414:Bolivia 14399:Bahamas 14358:Tunisia 14328:Somalia 14313:Senegal 14298:Nigeria 14288:Namibia 14278:Morocco 14243:Liberia 14238:Lesotho 14188:Eritrea 14158:Comoros 14133:Burundi 14108:Algeria 14030:Outline 13978:illegal 13963:Smoking 13826:Obesity 13709:Poverty 13631:Theater 13621:Society 13475:Housing 13436:Fashion 13392:poverty 13337:Cuisine 13309:Culture 13296:Society 13257:Driving 13184:Exports 13162:Tourism 13122:Banking 13100:Economy 13060:Parties 12904:Charter 12868:Sheriff 12315:Speaker 12183:Cabinet 12146:Federal 12054:Western 12019:Eastern 12014:Central 12009:Pacific 11969:Regions 11920:Islands 11403:History 11236:Curaçao 11221:Bonaire 11216:Bermuda 11169:Uruguay 11109:Jamaica 11084:Grenada 11074:Ecuador 11029:Bolivia 11014:Bahamas 10890:Wyoming 10865:Vermont 10770:Montana 10710:Indiana 10690:Georgia 10685:Florida 10645:Arizona 10635:Alabama 10539:Vietnam 10524:Vanuatu 10514:Uruguay 10494:Ukraine 10389:Somalia 10354:Senegal 10309:Romania 10224:Nigeria 10189:Namibia 10184:Myanmar 10179:Morocco 10159:Moldova 10094:Liberia 10089:Lebanon 10034:Jamaica 10019:Ireland 9994:Iceland 9989:Hungary 9969:Grenada 9954:Germany 9949:Georgia 9934:Finland 9909:Estonia 9904:Eritrea 9889:Ecuador 9869:Denmark 9844:Croatia 9789:Burundi 9754:Bolivia 9734:Belgium 9729:Belarus 9714:Bahrain 9709:Bahamas 9699:Austria 9689:Armenia 9669:Andorra 9664:Algeria 9659:Albania 9588:Wyoming 9563:Vermont 9468:Montana 9408:Indiana 9388:Georgia 9383:Florida 9353:Arizona 9343:Alabama 9134:FBI CDE 8831:FBI CDE 8710:"NIXLE" 8613:FBI.gov 8115:value ( 7693:May 18, 7405:NPR.org 7208:July 9, 7180:July 9, 7171:vox.com 7092:. 2018. 6925:May 26, 6868:Reuters 6734:Bibcode 6726:Science 6504:June 8, 6478:June 2, 6468:Reuters 6269:June 8, 6169:8485022 6120:7305287 6043:June 6, 6020:June 6, 5994:June 6, 5946:May 31, 5582:June 9, 5557:June 9, 4747:suicide 4654:(14%). 4646:(17%), 4642:(19%), 4640:Phoenix 4635:(10%). 4627:(23%), 4625:Memphis 4623:(36%), 4621:Detroit 4456:Arizona 4123:Beanbag 3949:.45 ACP 3929:Beretta 3913:handgun 3754:use or 3725:or any 3691:Have a 3607:Chicago 3109:Reuters 2820:in 1974 2798:mapping 2615:In the 2611:in 1894 2586:English 2520:History 2501:Service 2428:Service 2413:robbery 2286:⁄ 2136:in 2009 1886:federal 1858:of the 1842:(ICE), 1827:(BOP). 1741:Federal 1589:Portals 1580:estates 1512: ( 1510:Mistake 1495:Infancy 1463:Consent 1415:Treason 1332:smoking 1328:alcohol 1295:Dueling 1280:Begging 1254:Perjury 1184:Robbery 1164:Looting 1159:Larceny 1139:Forgery 1109:Bribery 980:Torture 965:Robbery 923: ( 876:Frameup 846:Battery 841:Assault 803:Attempt 582:Coroner 491:Bailiff 275:Federal 126:Federal 51:in 2021 15421:Panama 15411:Mexico 15391:Guyana 15336:Canada 15331:Brazil 15321:Belize 15293:states 15118:Kosovo 15065:Turkey 15055:Sweden 15035:Serbia 15025:Russia 15010:Poland 15005:Norway 14985:Monaco 14960:Latvia 14935:Greece 14920:France 14890:Cyprus 14833:Europe 14794:Tuvalu 14694:Kuwait 14674:Jordan 14664:Israel 14605:Brunei 14600:Bhutan 14514:Panama 14504:Mexico 14484:Guyana 14424:Canada 14419:Brazil 14409:Belize 14368:Zambia 14363:Uganda 14303:Rwanda 14258:Malawi 14218:Guinea 14113:Angola 14101:Africa 14093:Police 14051:Portal 13958:Hunger 13909:racism 13850:Issues 13724:Health 13626:Sports 13586:People 13431:Family 13402:wealth 13327:Cinema 13152:Mining 13137:Energy 12882:Cities 12850:County 12784:Tribal 12322:Senate 12166:powers 12062:rivers 11935:ranges 11903:states 11827:Postal 11124:Panama 11114:Mexico 11094:Guyana 11039:Canada 11034:Brazil 11024:Belize 10996:states 10825:Oregon 10780:Nevada 10720:Kansas 10695:Hawaii 10640:Alaska 10627:States 10489:Uganda 10484:Tuvalu 10474:Turkey 10444:Taiwan 10429:Sweden 10359:Serbia 10319:Rwanda 10314:Russia 10289:Poland 10264:Panama 10239:Norway 10164:Monaco 10154:Mexico 10084:Latvia 10069:Kuwait 10064:Kosovo 10044:Jordan 10024:Israel 9964:Greece 9939:France 9854:Cyprus 9804:Canada 9774:Brunei 9769:Brazil 9749:Bhutan 9739:Belize 9674:Angola 9523:Oregon 9478:Nevada 9418:Kansas 9393:Hawaii 9348:Alaska 9336:States 9089:May 4, 9059:May 4, 8719:May 2, 8694:May 2, 8669:May 2, 8644:May 2, 8618:May 2, 8593:May 2, 8496:May 3, 8471:May 3, 8443:May 3, 8415:May 3, 8390:May 3, 8365:May 3, 8340:May 3, 8315:May 3, 8290:May 3, 8265:May 3, 8240:May 3, 8215:May 3, 8190:May 3, 8165:May 3, 8140:May 3, 8111:Check 8094:May 3, 7957: 7828:May 3, 7800:May 3, 7774:May 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