Technological and industrial history of the United States

3301: 1543: 1965: 843:'s sons took on more significant roles in his shop, and his silver pieces often included wooden handles made by carpenters more experienced with woodwork. For even some of the most successful artisans like Revere, artisan was not a profitable enterprise compared to mass-production using iron or bronze casting. Creating products that could be replicated for multiple customers, adopting new business practices and labor policies, and new equipment made manufacturing more ultimately efficient. These changes, in tandem with new techniques and requirements defined by changing social standards, led to the introduction of new manufacturing techniques in Colonial America that preceded and anticipated the industrial revolution. 404:(1768–1835) who emigrated to New England in 1789. He had studied and worked in British textile mills for a number of years and immigrated to the United States, despite restrictions against it, to try his luck with U.S. manufacturers who were trying to set up a textile industry. He was offered a full partnership if he could succeed—he did. A vast supply of natural resources, the technological knowledge on how to build and power the necessary machines along with a labor supply of mobile workers, often unmarried females, all aided early industrialization. The broad knowledge carried by European migrants of two periods that advanced the societies there, namely the European Industrial Revolution and European 3277: 3289: 2336:. Between 1877 and 1893 (the term of Bell's patent coverage) the number of phones leased by Bell's company increased from 3,000 to 260,000, although these were largely limited to businesses and government offices that could afford the relatively high rates. After the Bell patents expired, thousands of independent operators became incorporated and their competition for services to middle and low-class households as well as rural farmers drove prices down significantly. By 1920, there were 13 million phones in the United States providing service to 39 percent of all farm households and 34 percent of non-farm households. 2436:. By 1879, he controlled 90% of oil refined in the US. Standard Oil used pipelines to directly connect the Pennsylvanian oilfields with the refineries in New Jersey, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, rather than loading and unloading railroad tank cars, which enabled huge gains in efficiency and profitability. Given the unprecedented scale of Standard Oil's network, the company developed novel methods for managing, financing, and organizing its businesses. Because laws governing corporations limited their ability to do business across state lines, Standard Oil pioneered the use of a central 70: 3317: 1873: 3342:, recognizing the inefficiencies introduced by some production lines, proposed that by studying the motions and processes necessary to manufacture each component of a product, reorganizing the factory and manufacturing processes around workers, and paying workers piece rates would allow great gains in process efficiency. Scientific management, or "Taylorism" as it came to be known, was soon being applied by progressive city governments to make their urban areas more efficient and by suffragettes to home economics. 2082: 3769: 1840: 881: 203: 3912: 2986: 4047: 1769: 3509: 3390: 1193: 8989: 8953: 3611: 537: 248: 8999: 2251: 1363: 1349: 2562: 2800: 851:, who emphasized the production of increasingly standardized items later in his career with the use of a silver flatting mill, increased numbers of salaried employees, and other advances. Still, traditional methods of artisan remained, and smiths performed a great deal of work by hand. The coexistence of the craft and industrial production styles prior to the industrial revolution is an example of 3128: 870: 1485:. In an elaborate essay, Monroe set forth his views on the constitutional aspects of a policy of internal improvements. Congress might appropriate money, he admitted, but it might not undertake the actual construction of national works nor assume jurisdiction over them. For the moment, the drift toward a larger participation of the national government in internal improvements was stayed. 4093: 1858:. Following their creation in England, Overman rushed a safety bicycle to production before the end of 1887. Overman was known for making all-steel bicycles with no cast metal parts. The Overman Victor bicycle was said to be of higher quality and lower weight than other bicycles of its time. By 1893, the Overman factory made the complete bicycle, including tyres, saddles, rims, etc. 2355: 3365: 3097:) vacuum tube, invented by de Forest in 1906, was the first practical amplifying device and revolutionized radio. The advent of radio broadcasting increased the market for radio receivers greatly, and transformed them into a consumer product. By the 1930s, the broadcast receiver had become a common household item, with standardized controls that anyone could use. 760:, export-heavy economy impaired the emergence of a robust self-sustaining economy, craftsmen and merchants developed a growing interdependence on each other for their trades. In the mid-18th century, attempts by the British to subdue or control the colonies by means of taxation sowed increased discontent among these artisans, who increasingly joined the 3300: 2167:. The main difficulty with making steel is that its higher melting point than pig or cast iron was not easily achievable in large-scale production until methods that introduced air or oxygen to oxidize the carbon in the molten pig iron were developed, allowing the direct conversion of molten pig iron to molten steel. 2904:

automobiles were sold for $ 360. Ford was able to scale production rapidly because assembly-line workers were unskilled laborers performing repetitive tasks. Ford hired European immigrants, African-Americans, ex-convicts, and the disabled and paid comparatively high wages, but was quick to dismiss anyone involved in

3455:. This set of relations, known more popularly as the "military-industrial complex," emerged because the military's unique technological demands, concentration of funding, large-scale application, and highly centralized control played a dominant role in driving technological innovation. Fundamental advances in 3221:

The period between 1865 and 1920 was marked by the increasing concentration of people, political power, and economic activity in urban areas. In 1860, there were nine cities with populations over 100,000 and by 1910 there were fifty. These new large cities were not coastal port cities (like New York,

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recorded its conviction, by close votes, that Congress could appropriate money to construct roads and canals, but had not the power to construct them. As yet the only direct aid of the national government to internal improvements consisted of various appropriations, amounting to about $ 1,500,000 for

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were stratified. The most prosperous were merchant-artisans, with a business outlook and high status. Most craftsmen were laboring artisans who either operated small shops or, more often, did piecework for the merchant artisans. The small market meant there was no steady or well-paid employment; many

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The first large-scale electric trolley line in the world, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway opened on Feb. 2, 1888. The first interurban tram-train was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio, which opened in 1889. The first non-experimental trolleybus system

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to make a series of demonstrations beginning in 1907. From the outset de Forest noted the potential for regular entertainment broadcasts, envisioning "the distribution of music from a central station" and that "by using four different forms of wave as many classes of music can be sent out as desired

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to nearly 4,000. While the earliest generating plants were constructed in the immediate vicinity of consumers, plants generating electricity for long-distance transmissions were in place by 1900. To help finance this great expansion, the utility industry exploited a financial innovation known as the

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Colonial silver working was pre-industrial in many ways: many pieces made were "bespoke," or uniquely made for each customer, and emphasized artistry as well as functionality. Silver (and other metal) mines were scarcer in North America than in Europe, and colonial craftsmen had no consistent source

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The earliest unions emerged before the Civil War as trade guilds composed of journeyman carpenters, masons, and other artisans who would engage in strikes to demand better hours and pay from their masters. All branches of government generally sought to stop labor from organizing into unions or from

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Increasing industrialization outpaced the supply of laborers able or willing to work in dangerous, low-paying, and dead-end jobs. However, the demand for low or unskilled jobs drove wages up and attracted waves of Irish, Italian, Polish, Russian, and Jewish immigrants who could earn more in America

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Even as America's westward expansion allowed over 400 million acres (1,600,000 km) of new land to be put under cultivation, between 1870 and 1910 the number of Americans involved in farming or farm labor dropped by a third. New farming techniques and agricultural mechanization facilitated both

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to be transmitted at high voltage long distances with greater efficiency and then "stepped down" to supply commercial and domestic indoor lighting, resulting in AC going from being the outdoor "arc lighting current" to taking over the domestic lighting utility market Edison's DC system was designed

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Between 1840 and 1860, the total length of railroad trackage increased from 3,326 to 30,600 miles (5,350 to 49,250 km). The efficiency of railroad to move large, bulk items contributed enabled further drops in cost of transporting goods to market but in so doing undermined the profitability of

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which proposed an appropriation of $ 1,500,000 ($ 26,929,412 in 2023 consumer dollars) for internal improvements. Because this appropriation was to be met by the moneys paid by the National Bank to the government, the bill was commonly referred to as the "Bonus Bill". But on the day before he left

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The early technological and industrial development in the United States was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical, social, and economic factors. The relative lack of workers kept U.S. wages generally higher than salaries in Europe and provided an incentive to mechanize some tasks. The

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had recommended many of these in 1806 for Congress to consider for creation of necessary amendments to the Constitution. Adams seemed oblivious to the limitations of the Constitution. In much alarm, Jefferson suggested to Madison the desirability of having Virginia adopt a new set of resolutions,

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who sells his labor to an employer under contract—a socio-economic system which persists in many modern countries and industries. The corporation also looked out for the health and well-being of the young women, including their spiritual health, and the hundreds of women employed by it culturally

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as one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. The availability of land and literate labor, the absence of a landed aristocracy, the prestige of entrepreneurship, the diversity of climate and large easily accessed upscale and literate markets all

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to move parts along an assembly line, and workers' stations were orderly arranged along the line. The efficiency of the assembly line allowed Ford to realize great gains in economy and productivity; in 1912, Ford sold 6,000 cars for approximately $ 900 and by 1916 approximately 577,000 Model T

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Modern productivity researchers have shown that the period in which the greatest economic and technological progress occurred was between the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. During this period the nation was transformed from an agricultural economy to the foremost

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can trace their origins back to land grant colleges. Between 1900 and 1939, enrollments in post-secondary institutes increased from 238,000 to 1,494,000 and higher education had become so available and affordable that a college degree was increasingly required for scientific, engineering, and

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declared that all the principles of the earlier resolutions applied "with full force against the powers assumed by Congress" in passing acts to protect manufacturers and to further internal improvements. That the administration would meet with opposition in Congress was a foregone conclusion.

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also became more mechanized as companies like Heinz and Campbell distributed previously perishable foods by canning and evaporation. Commercial bakeries, breweries, and meatpackers replaced locally owned operators and drove demand for raw agricultural goods. Despite increasing demand, rising

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To finance the larger-scale enterprises required during this era, the Stockholder Corporation emerged as the dominant form of business organization. Corporations expanded by combining into trusts, and by creating single firms out of competing firms, known as monopolies. Banking, investment,

578:. As they dispersed within the continent, they encountered the varied temperate climates in the Pacific northwest, central plains, Appalachian woodlands, and arid Southwest, where they began to make permanent settlements. The peoples living in the Pacific northwest built wooden houses, used 828:, an industrial casting technique focused on high-volume production, allowed smiths to reuse molds to make exact replicas of the most commonly used items they sold. In creating these molds and developing standardized manufacturing processes, silversmiths could begin delegating some work to 846:

Late in the colonial era a few silversmiths expanded operations with manufacturing techniques and changing business practices They hired assistants, subcontracted out piecework and standardized output. One individual in the vanguard of America's shift towards more industrial methods was

451:(1803–15) which cut off supplies of new and cheaper Industrial revolution products from Britain. The lack of access to these goods all provided a strong incentive to learn how to develop the industries and to make their own goods instead of simply buying the goods produced by Britain. 2812: 2731:

in state legislatures went nowhere and the Edison company continued to lose market share and profitability to the AC based companies. In 1892 the "war" ended with Thomas Edison losing any remaining control of his own company when it was merged with Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the

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through 83 separate locks and over a distance of 363 miles (584 km). The success of the Erie Canal spawned a boom of other canal-building around the country: over 3,326 miles (5,353 km) of artificial waterways were constructed between 1816 and 1840. Smaller cities, such as

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was installed near Nantasket Beach in 1904; the first year-round commercial line was built to open a hilly property to development just outside Los Angeles in 1910. In 1912, articulated trams were invented and first used by the Boston Elevated Railway.

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and economic development by connecting the frontier with the industrial, financial, and political centers of the East. Americans increasingly relied upon technological infrastructures like the railroad, electric, and telecommunications systems for economic and social activities.

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was incorporated into Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution authorizing Congress "to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries." The invention of the

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through which to obtain silver. As silver objects were sold by weight, manufacturers who could produce silver objects cheaply by mass had an advantage. Many of these unique, individual aspects to silver working kept artisan practices in place through the late 18th century.

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and the number of boats on these rivers increased from 17 boats to 727 boats between 1817 and 1855. The speed of the steamboats decreased travel times between coastal ports and upstream cities by weeks and costs for transporting goods along these rivers by as much as 90%.

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during the Jeffersonian era was an appropriation in 1806 of two percent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands in Ohio for the construction of a national road, with the consent of the states through which it should pass. By 1818 the road was open to traffic from

2418:(who made the barrels and drove the wagons to transport oil) out of business. As the network of oil pipelines expanded, they became more integrated with both the railway and telegraph systems which enabled even greater coordination in production, scheduling, and pricing. 283:

The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable rivers and coastal waterways, as well as the abundance of natural resources facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. Fast transport by the

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emerged on large self-sufficient plantations in the mid-17th century to meet these demands, but production was expensive and labor-intensive: forges, furnaces, and waterwheels had to be constructed, huge swaths of forest had to be cleared and the wood rendered into

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Colonial artisanship emerged slowly as the market for advanced craftsmanship was small. American artisans developed a more relaxed (less regulated) version of the Old World apprenticeship system for educating and employing the next generation. Despite the fact that

400:, with a great number of rivers and streams along the Atlantic seaboard, provided many potential sites for constructing textile mills necessary for early industrialization. The technology and information on how to build a textile industry were largely provided by 11980: 11950: 11855: 455:

industrial power in the world, with more than a third of the global industrial output. This can be illustrated by the index of total industrial production, which increased from 4.29 in 1790 to 1,975.00 in 1913, an increase of 460 times (base year 1850 – 100).

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requiring the importation of thousands of enslaved Africans to maintain. Early American farmers were not self-sufficient; they relied upon other farmers, specialized craftsmen, and merchants to provide tools, process their harvests, and bring them to market.

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pioneered the study of electricity by being the first to describe positive and negative charges, as well as advancing the principle of conservation of charge. Franklin is best known for the apocryphal feat of flying a kite in thunderstorm to prove that

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Electricity would remain a novelty through the early to mid-19th century, but advances in battery storage, generating, and lighting would turn it into a domestic business. By the late 1870s and early 1880 central generating plants supplying power to

11955: 2201:, because it reduces the amount of coke needed for blasting and increases the quality of the finished iron, revolutionized the mass production of high-quality steel and facilitated a drastic drop in steel prices and expansion of its availability. 2512:

in the early 20th century touched off "oil crazes" and contributed to these states' rapid industrialization. Because these previously agrarian western states lay outside of the various Standard Oil's production and refining networks, cities like

931:. While Whitney did not realize financial success from his invention, he moved on to manufacturing rifles and other armaments under a government contract that could be made with "expedition, uniformity, and exactness"—the foundational ideas for 11795: 3183:. The harvester, self-binder, and combine allowed even greater efficiencies: wheat farmers in 1866 achieved an average yield of 9.9 bushels per acre but by 1898 yields had increased to 15.3 bushels per acre even as the total area had tripled. 1020:, an apprentice in one of the largest textile factories in England, immigrated to the United States in 1789 upon learning that American states were paying bounties to British expatriates with a knowledge of textile machinery. With the help of 11845: 2755:

companies, with over a dozen electric companies in the 1880s merging down to just two, General Electric and Westinghouse. Lighting was immensely popular: between 1882 and 1920 the number of generating plants in the US increased from one in

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built in the late 20th century, enlarged the markets and reduced shipping and production costs. The legal system facilitated business operations and guaranteed contracts. Cut off from Europe by the embargo and the British blockade in the

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opposed the federal government assuming such a role, the British blockade in the War of 1812 demonstrated the United States' reliance upon these overland roads for military operations as well as for general commerce. Construction on the

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By the middle of the 19th century, polytechnic institutes were being founded in increasing numbers to train students in the scientific and technical skills needed to design, build, and operate increasingly complex machines. In 1824,

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had been laid in the United States, all of it owned or controlled by seven organizations. The need to synchronize train schedules and the inefficiencies introduced by every city having its own local time, also led to introduction of

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had advocated the construction of a great system of internal waterways to connect East and West, at an estimated cost of $ 20,000,000 ($ 416,181,818 in 2023 consumer dollars). But the only contribution of the national government to

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and coastal Atlantic practiced highly sustainable forest agriculture and were expert woodworkers. However, the populations of these peoples were small and their rate of technological change was very low. Indigenous peoples did not

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which greatly improved the efficiency and quality of textile manufacture, but were closely guarded by the British government which forbade their export or the emigration of those who were familiar with the technology. The 1787

2156:, to fire their furnaces. This shift precipitated a drop in iron prices since the process no longer required charcoal, the production of which was labor-intensive. This was a practice that was later adopted in the US as well. 11960: 3935:

has been the focal point for biomedical research in the United States, and has played a key role in this achievement. As of 2000, for-profit industry funded 57%, non-profit private organizations funded 7%, and the tax-funded

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to supply. The rapid spread of AC and haphazard installation of power lines, especially in the city of New York, led to a series of deaths attributed to high voltage AC and an eventual media backlash against the current.

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Science, technology, and industry have not only profoundly shaped America's economic success, but have also contributed to its distinct political institutions, social structure, educational system, and cultural identity.

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which provided funding for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of toll-free expressways throughout the country laying the legislative and infrastructural foundations for the modern American highway system.

11935: 11930: 11925: 11780: 3806:, and in 1926 successfully fired the world's first liquid-fuel rocket which reached a height of 12.5 meters. Over the next 10 years, Goddard's rockets achieved modest altitudes of nearly two kilometers, and interest in 815:

As demand for silver increased and large-scale manufacturing techniques emerged, silver products became much more standardized. For special-order objects that would likely only be made once, silversmiths generally used

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in 1869 and its attendant profit and efficiency had the effect of stimulating a period of intense consolidation and technological standardization that would last another 50 years. It was during this time that railroad

11920: 11835: 11810: 1501:. He called the attention of his hearers to provisions made for coast surveys and lighthouses on the Atlantic seaboard and deplored the neglect of the interior of the country. Among the other presidential candidates, 11885: 11820: 11790: 11765: 1496:

to institute surveys for such roads and canals as he believed to be needed for commerce and military defense. No one pleaded more eloquently for a larger conception of the functions of the national government than

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In the 1840s, as more and more western states joined the Union, many poor and middle-class Americans increasingly agitated for free land in these large, undeveloped areas. Early efforts to pass a Homestead Act by

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to ensure longevity of their food sources, since substantial agriculture was not developed. Peoples living on the plains remained largely nomadic; some practiced agriculture for parts of the year and became adept

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had become major competitors by the 1930s with the advent of improved paved roads, and after the war they expanded their operations as the interstate highway network grew, and acquired increased market share of

1157:. These added automated weaving under the same roof, a step which Slater's system outsourced to local farms. Lowell looms were managed by specialized employees, many of the employed were unmarried young women (" 234: 11890: 11815: 408:, helped facilitate understanding for the construction and invention of new manufacturing businesses and technologies. A limited government that would allow them to succeed or fail on their own merit helped. 11785: 1178:

established the pattern of a young woman going off to work for a few years to save money before returning home to school and marriage. It created an independent breed of women uncommon in most of the world.

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that ran on relatively low voltage (110 volt) direct current. Commercializing this venture was a task far beyond what Edison's small laboratory could handle, requiring the setup of a large investor backed

2282:) in 1844 and by 1849 almost every state east of the Mississippi had telegraph service. Between 1850 and 1865, the telegraph business became progressively more consolidated and the 1866 incorporation of 1431:

The magnitude of the transportation problem was such, however, that neither individual states nor private corporations seemed able to meet the demands of an expanding internal trade. As early as 1807,

389:, had stable institutions, with some minor American modifications, of courts, laws, right to vote, protection of property rights and in many cases personal contacts with the British innovators of the 3955:. At any given time, grants from the NIH support the research of about 35,000 principal investigators, working in every US state and several foreign countries. Between 1971 and 1991, mortality from 1517:

felt the constitutional scruples which were everywhere being voiced in the South, and followed the old expedient of advocating a constitutional amendment to sanction national internal improvements.

1301:. This bold bid for Western trade alarmed the merchants of Philadelphia, particularly as the completion of the national road threatened to divert much of their traffic to Baltimore. In 1825, the 181: 9240: 2286:

emerged with a near-monopoly over 22,000 telegraph offices and 827,000 miles (1,330,900 km) of cable throughout the country. The telegraph was used to dispatch news from the fronts of the

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office, President Madison vetoed the bill because it was unconstitutional. The policy of internal improvements by federal aid was thus wrecked on the constitutional scruples of the last of the

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30,000 acres (120 km²) of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries, for each member of Congress the state had as of the census of 1860 – a minimum of 90,000 acres (360 km²).

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with the concept of housing together production of feedstocks complete consumer processes so raw materials entered, and dyed fabrics or clothing left. For a few decades, it seemed that every

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providing large grants of land that were to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions that would teach courses on military tactics, engineering, and agriculture.

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The ability to quickly transmit information over long distances would prove to have an enormous impact on many diverse fields like journalism, banking, and diplomacy. Between 1837 and 1844,

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the earlier turnpikes and canals which began to fold and fall into disrepair. However, the early railroads were poorly integrated; there were hundreds of competing companies using different

995:, which had previously relied upon labor-intensive production methods, was also rife with potential for mechanization. In the late 18th century, the English textile industry had adopted the 415:

in 1783, the new government continued the strong property rights established under British rule and established a rule of law necessary to protect those property rights. The idea of issuing

9960: 3159:. The Homestead Act granted 160 acres (65 hectares) to farmers who lived on the land for 5 years or allowed the farmer to purchase the land after 6 months for $ 1.25 per acre ($ 3.1/ha). 227: 10452: 927:

could be made with basic carpentry skills but reduced the necessary labor by a factor of 50 and generated huge profits for cotton growers in the South, leading to a rapid expansion of

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between industrial generation and residential/commercial consumption and the low voltages used suffered from poor transmission efficiency. The mid-1880s saw the introduction of the

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developed the first successful DC motor (ca. 1886) by solving the problem of varying speed with load. Within a few years DC motors were used in electric street railways. In 1888, a

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Between 1820 and 1830, many inventors and entrepreneurs began to apply emerging steamboat technology to engines that could travel on land. The earliest proposal came in 1813 from

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invited the attention of Congress to the need of establishing "a comprehensive system of roads and canals". Soon after Congress met, it took under consideration a bill drafted by

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between 1699 and 1775. The best-known were James Eddy (1731–1809) and his brother-in-law William Wadill, also an engraver. Most planters, however, purchased English-made silver.

12001: 220: 10325: 3554:, established in 1811, broke the mold of traditional universities and military academies alike by including practical engineering-related subjects in its earliest curricula. 824:

was made, and the wax was melted away. The molds produced in this manner could only be used once, which made them inconvenient for standard objects like handles and buckles.

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saw an opportunity to integrate new coke-making methods with the recently developed Kelly-Bessemer process to supply steel for railroads. In 1872, he built a steel plant in

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Like the turnpikes, the early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies but later gave way to larger projects funded by the states. The

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by 1803, the only means of transportation between these landlocked western states and their coastal neighbors was by foot, pack animal, or ship. Recognizing the success of

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independently discovered that air blown through the molten iron increases its temperature by oxidizing the carbon and separating additional impurities into the slag. The

10042: 3421:" journalists reported on a wide array of social issues, and the reaction of the public lent urgency to reforms that led to increased government regulation, such as the 2972:, increasing affluence, and government-subsidized mortgages for veterans fueled a boom in single-family homes. Many were automobile-owners. In 1956, Congress passed the 2076: 3684:. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, industrial, university, and military research continued to realize gains in the power, maneuverability, and reliability of airplanes: 10047: 3338:" and replaced by specialized workers and engineers who used machines to replicate in minutes or hours work that would require a journeyman hours or days to complete. 1553:

Despite the new efficiencies introduced by the turnpikes and canals, travel along these routes was still time-consuming and expensive. The idea of integrating a steam

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From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of

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developed technologies to sort and rank web pages based on relevance. The web also has become a site for computer-mediated social interactions and web services like

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achieved sustained, piloted, and controlled heavier-than-air flight. The Wright brothers had difficulty raising funding from the government and military, but after

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Industrialization and urbanization reinforced each other and urban areas became increasingly congested. As a result of unsanitary living conditions, diseases like

3196: 2656:(analogous to generators operating in reverse, or using a current to spin a magnet to perform work) became extremely important to industry. Speed control of early 2320:

obtained a patent in 1876 to a device that could transmit and reproduce the sound of a voice over electrical cables. Bell realized the enormous potential for his

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of materials with which to work. For each piece of silver they crafted, raw materials had to be collected and often reused from disparate sources, most commonly

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covering larger regions of the United States. To replace the loss of commuter passenger rail service, state and local government agencies established their own

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had all been born into farming communities, but between 1865 and 1912 the presidency was filled by men with backgrounds of representing businesses and cities.

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in unifying that empire, political and business leaders in the United States began to construct roads and canals to connect the disparate parts of the nation.

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Smokestack America became a nickname applied to traditional manufacturing core of U.S. industry, used to represent particular industries, regions, or towns.

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which required specialized equipment. In the 18th century, innovations like steamboats, railroads, and guns increased demand for wrought iron and steel. The

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is an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon, historically steel and iron-making were intended for different products given the high costs of steel over

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More railroad companies merged and consolidated their lines in order to remain successful. These changes led to the current system of fewer, but profitable,

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by mid-1814—and spawning commercial activities, and especially new clothing mills throughout the region. At nearly the same time as the canal was completed,

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Research conducted by universities, hospitals, and corporations also contributes to improvement in diagnosis and treatment of disease. NIH funded the basic

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In 1816, with the experiences of the war before him, no well-informed statesman could shut his eyes to the national aspects of the problem. Even President

1187: 117: 11652: 11486: 9880: 8242: 8232: 5729: 2116:, axeblades, plowshares) but were unable to scale production for exporting or larger-scale industry, including gunmaking, shipbuilding, and wheelmaking. 1138:, but when faced with a labor shortage, resorted to building housing, shops, and churches for the workers and their families adjacent to his factories. 10420: 10278: 8038: 7885: 776: 112: 3058:

transmitters provided a significant improvement in the quality and reliability of audio transmissions. Lee de Forest established experimental station

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Skerry, Janine (1988), "The Revolutionary Revere: A Critical Assessment of the Silver of Paul Revere", in Paul Revere Memorial Association (ed.),

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amassed great power and fortunes from consolidation of smaller rail lines into national corporations. By 1920, 254,000 miles (408,800 km) of

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developed a transmitter that could send "short" or "long" electric currents which would move an electromagnetic receiver to record the signal as

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Numerous canal companies had also been chartered; but of all the canals projected, only three had been completed when the War of 1812 began: the

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but the transmission contract was awarded to General Electric, who would come to dominate the US electrical business for many years afterwards.

1781: 12006: 11775: 10630: 9548: 9035: 8208: 6787: 3085:, a primitive radio wave detector. Vacuum tube technology led to major improvements in receiving sets, both in detecting the radio signals via 2921:

With growth of American automobile usage, urban and rural roads were gradually upgraded for the new traffic. Local automobile clubs formed the

1867: 3000:

communication, originally known as "wireless telegraphy", was first developed in the 1890s. The first wireless transmissions were achieved by

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were among the first to construct a "horseless carriage" in the US in the mid-1890s, but these early cars proved to be heavy and expensive.

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that owned and controlled the constituent companies in each state. The use of trusts by other industries to stifle competition and extract

904: 1297:

in Massachusetts. It remained for New York to usher in a new era in internal communication by authorizing in 1817 the construction of the

11586: 11429: 11324: 11069: 10807: 9927: 9838: 9580: 9565: 9447: 8874: 8222: 7984: 7799: 4288: 3681: 3329: 1712: 1258: 619: 55: 5641:"KDKA; The Radio Telephone Broadcasting Station of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company at East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" 3167:'s reaper (invented in 1834) allowed farmers to quadruple their harvesting efficiency by replacing hand labor with a mechanical device. 1520:

In President Adams' first message to Congress, he advocated not only the construction of roads and canals but also the establishment of

1305:

grappled with the problem by projecting a series of canals which were to connect its great seaport with Pittsburgh on the west and with

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Congressional legislators, recognizing the increasing importance and prevalence of these eastern polytechnic schools, passed the 1862

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back to their respective countries to continue defense-related work. Expendable rockets provided the means for launching artificial

11628: 11424: 10917: 10405: 10345: 9905: 9560: 9452: 9302: 8480: 8392: 8378: 8237: 8188: 8141: 8136: 8083: 8033: 7978: 7481: 7346: 7158: 4332: 4263: 2794: 2209: 1973: 11534: 11507: 11466: 11461: 11434: 11364: 11251: 11047: 10854: 10442: 10266: 10164: 9796: 8864: 8524: 8470: 8068: 8027: 7998: 7570: 5101:. The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congressional Budget Office. pp. 5–15. 3359: 3235: 2741: 1676:

that killed hundreds of people between the 1810s and 1840s. In 1838, legislation was enacted that mandated boiler inspections by

1620: 1239: 3447:

In the 20th century, the pace of technological developments increasingly became tied into a complex set of interactions between

1024:, Slater established America's oldest currently existing cotton-spinning mill with a fully mechanized water power system at the 915:

and began establishing a network of machine workshops to manufacture and repair these popular inventions. In 1789, the widow of

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In 1888, the Edison company played up the dangers of AC power in their literature and assisted self-appointed anti-AC crusader

1993: 1624: 1466: 1412:

that lay along major canal routes boomed into major industrial and trade centers, while canal-building pushed some states like

2492:

fuel. Between 1880 and 1920, the amount of oil refined annually jumped from 26 million to 442 million. The discovery of large

11451: 11339: 11209: 11113: 11022: 10946: 10491: 10457: 9472: 9462: 9457: 9315: 9310: 9174: 9139: 8992: 8560: 8457: 8365: 8110: 7992: 7949: 7814: 6782: 6777: 6764: 6642: 6473: 6455: 6344: 6022: 5211: 4691: 4298: 3207:(as most farmers carried significant debt from planting time to harvest time), railroad regulations, and protective tariffs. 2744:. Westinghouse's lead in AC development would allow them to win a contract in 1893 to build an AC based power station at the 2608:

developed and patented a system for indoor lighting that competed with gas lighting, based on a long-lasting high resistance

1569:

in the late 1780s. However, these first steamboats were complicated, heavy, and expensive. It would be almost 20 years until

531: 479: 143: 30: 7902: 2432:. Beginning in 1865, he bought refineries, railroads, pipelines, and oilfields and ruthlessly eliminated competition to his 2410:

to connect the oilfields with railroads or oil refineries alleviated this geographical bottleneck but also put thousands of

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in a parallel goal to limit, to the point of ineffectiveness, the voltages in AC power systems, a market then dominated by

101: 11603: 11591: 11529: 11286: 10777: 10676: 10273: 9932: 9828: 9712: 8982: 8399: 8149: 7702: 7642: 7232: 6746: 3031:

began broadcasting daily time signals and weather reports in Morse code which covered much of the eastern United States.

1961:

in the 1930s, and they completely replaced steam locomotives by the 1950s, which reduced costs and improved reliability.

1901: 5506: 4680:

From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

2617:

that involving companies that would manufacture the whole technological system upon which the "light bulb" would depend—

2224:, the coal mines and coke ovens, and the rail lines delivering the coke and ore to his Pennsylvania mills. By 1900, the 1542: 942:

Between 1800 and 1820, new industrial tools that rapidly increased the quality and efficiency of manufacturing emerged.

11576: 11517: 11402: 11397: 11334: 11096: 11057: 11017: 10864: 10817: 10797: 10410: 10037: 10032: 9937: 9885: 9414: 9169: 9028: 8977: 8464: 8227: 8088: 8020: 7960: 7754: 7257: 7247: 7163: 5712: 5652: 5080: 3638:

The introduction of the airplane to the battlefield was one of the most radical changes in the history of warfare. The

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Commuter Rail: Many Factors Influence Liability and Indemnity Provisions, and Options Exist to Facilitate Negotiations

2956:

and military production lines limited the number of automobiles that could be manufactured—the largest companies like

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The New England States, their Constitutional, Judicial, Educational, Commercial, Professional, and Industrial History

4902: 3216: 2345: 1570: 727: 5547: 2680:. Electric motors eventually replaced steam engines in factories around the nation as they required neither complex 1387:, was the first canal project undertaken as a public good to be financed at the public risk through the issuance of 11623: 11569: 11554: 11456: 11291: 10767: 10720: 10715: 10617: 10544: 10244: 10009: 9538: 8425: 7679: 7508: 7341: 7301: 7180: 6714: 4394: 3727: 3563: 2899:

in 1912. The new plant was a model of industrial efficiency for the time: it was well lit and ventilated, employed

2777:, but by 1920, electricity had surpassed petroleum-based lighting sources that had dominated the previous century. 2733: 2043:

systems in several metropolitan areas, generally by leasing rail lines from Amtrak or freight railroads. The first

984: 6241: 4116:

spearheaded the American technological revolution with a series of inventions including the light emitting diode (

11657: 11446: 11387: 11296: 11187: 11162: 10659: 10649: 10214: 10132: 10070: 10054: 9900: 9895: 9659: 9639: 9629: 9624: 8626: 8360: 8316: 7712: 7210: 7066: 4283: 3755: 3581: 3574: 3422: 2973: 2922: 2895:, was lightweight, and easy to repair. Demand for the car was so great, he had to relocate his assembly plant to 2766: 2032:, by removing restrictive regulations and enabling railroads to be more competitive with the trucking industry. 1964: 1932: 506:, the government invested heavily in scientific research and technological development which spawned advances in 397: 285: 6662: 5525: 1854:, founded 1882, was the first manufacturer of safety bicycles in the United States, in their factory complex in 1810:

was marked by increasing intense and pervasive industrialization and successive technological advances like the

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Swinney, Dan, David Bensman, and Jack Metzgar. Fighting Rust: Labor-Community Struggles in Smokestack America.

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After the close of the war in 1918, the US government continued to fund peacetime aeronautical activities like

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As in other industries of the era, these companies achieved greater efficiencies by eventually merging to form

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in Europe and they were first replicated in the United States in April 1899 by Professor Jerome Green at the

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in Maryland was the largest in the United States in the late 1840s, and the first in the nation to produce

1801: 1677: 1088: 928: 888: 475: 429: 4887:

Burke, John G. (1997), "Bursting Boilers and the Federal Power", in S. Cutcliffe & T. Reynolds (ed.),

2476:

The demand for petroleum products increased rapidly after the turn of the century as families relied upon

550:

North America has been inhabited continuously since approximately 4,000 BC. The earliest inhabitants were

439:

One of the real impetuses for the United States entering the Industrial Revolution was the passage of the

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Herlihy, David (2004). Bicycle: The History (1st ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 214–245.

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funded 36% of medical research in the U.S. Funding by private industry increased 102% from 1994 to 2003.

3442: 2696: 2552: 1636: 1334: 1115: 959: 463: 11712: 5152:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office. February 2009. p. 8. GAO-09-282. 3104:

in 1947 again revolutionized radio technology, making truly portable receivers possible, beginning with

2406:

refining nor efficient railroad transportation of extracted oil. Beginning in 1865, the construction of

2012:, the largest bankruptcy in the US at that time. In response Congress created a government corporation, 1513:

left no doubt in the public mind that he did not reflect the narrow views of his section on this issue.

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bottomed on those of 1798, and directed against the acts for internal improvements. In March 1826, the

1009: 412: 298: 148: 6195: 6123:"No. HS-21. Education Summary—High School Graduates, and College Enrollment and Degrees: 1900 to 2001" 4935: 3195:

production caused a drop in prices, creating substantial discontent among farmers. Organizations like

396:

Another major advantage enjoyed by the United States was the absence of an aristocracy or gentry. The

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consists of 24 separate institutes supporting the prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment of

3024: 2933:. Some federal road aid was passed in the 1910s and 1920s, resulting in major national highways like 2816: 2790: 2786: 2685: 1631:

owners. Livingston and Fulton had obtained monopoly rights to operate a steamboat service within the

1530: 1107: 1056: 675: 289: 5704:

Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945

4526:

Barbara McLean Ward, "Hierarchy and Wealth Distribution in the Boston Goldsmiths Trade, 1690–1760,"

3661:); the US government appropriated $ 640 million in 1917 to procure 20,000 airplanes for the war for 3151:

were stymied by Southern states who feared that free land would threaten the plantation system. The

436:

made cotton potentially a cheap and readily available resource for use in the new textile industry.

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under the threat of revocation of the operator's navigation licenses and lowered the threshold for

1154: 1021: 544: 498:. In the second half of the 20th century, as the United States was drawn into competition with the 374: 7356: 5286: 3175:

plow in 1837, keeping the soil from sticking to the plow and making it easier to farm in the rich

2695:

generation dominated the initial years of indoor commercial and residential electric lighting and

1900:

with "carriages drawn by steam engines." Many individuals and companies have a claim to being the

1695:, these new rules demonstrated that many Americans believed that property rights did not override 923:

to develop a machine to separate the seeds of short fibered cotton from the fibers. The resulting

10698: 10434: 10192: 9159: 8915: 8910: 8890: 8781: 8771: 8766: 8746: 8296: 7824: 7141: 7086: 6887: 6363:

Waters, Deborah (1977), "From Pure Coin: The Manufacture of American Silver Flatware 1800–1860",

4376: 4083: 4002: 3658: 3528: 3487:, and other fields, can be traced back to basic and applied research for military applications. 3369: 3187: 2896: 2681: 2609: 2179: 1855: 1446: 1271: 1146: 1029: 873: 852: 6832: 5915: 2212:

at the junction of several major railroad lines. Carnegie earned enormous profits by pioneering

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in humans and are now able to locate, identify, and describe the function of many genes in the

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city, state, and federal governments to widen and pave existing roads and build limited-access

2752: 2634: 2514: 2425: 2375: 2325: 2225: 2198: 2183: 2016:, to take over operation of the passenger lines of Penn Central and other railroads, under the 1949: 1747: 1489: 1084: 1076: 825: 780: 627: 487: 350: 260: 5702: 5203:

The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828–1853

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decreased by 59 percent, and today more than 70 percent of children who get cancer are cured.

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in 1783 just as profound changes in industrial production and coordination were beginning to

405: 390: 6170: 3334:

As the nation deepened its technological base, old-fashioned artisans and craftsmen became "

1114:), and became one of the earliest industrialized region in the United States, second to the 939:

would not be achieved for over two decades with firearms and even longer for other devices.

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in 1958. The first crewed space flights were made in early 1961, first by Soviet cosmonaut

3709: 3689: 3543: 3525: 3410: 2622: 2379: 2213: 2090: 1945: 1506: 1442: 1381: 1267: 975: 967: 966:

that could reliably cut irregular shapes, like those needed for arms manufacture. By 1822,

884: 354: 207: 5937: 4894: 4888: 3253:

struck urban areas with increasing frequency. Cities responded by paving streets, digging

8: 11241: 11157: 10967: 10683: 10368: 9999: 9196: 8806: 8756: 8711: 8701: 8686: 8676: 8661: 8641: 8616: 8606: 8596: 8350: 8170: 8160: 7602: 7351: 7044: 6962: 6957: 6907: 6807: 6675: 6276: 5802: 5426: 3975: 3818: 3720: 3618:

Great White fleet, Spanish–American War, tanks, machine gun, medicine, chemical weapons,

3592:

caused university enrollments to explode as millions of veterans earned college degrees.

3547: 3426: 3028: 2915: 2724: 2708: 2598: 2525:

emerged as major centers for refining and managing these new fields under companies like

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on August 17, 1807. By 1820, steamboat services had been established on all the Atlantic

1514: 1274:

in 1818, but political strife thereafter ultimately prevented its western advance to the

1227: 1119: 459: 440: 5308: 4033:

This section discusses technology, scientific studies, engineering, and overall impact.

2941:. The coverage and quality of many roads would greatly improve following Depression-era 2398:

quickly became a major industry in the area. The rural and mountainous terrain of these

702:. These immigrants and other European colonists initially farmed subsistence crops like 10481: 10469: 10187: 10177: 10154: 10137: 9533: 9277: 9272: 9144: 8826: 8801: 8706: 8646: 8621: 8591: 8581: 8180: 8175: 8165: 8155: 7868: 7846: 7366: 7225: 7200: 7170: 7131: 7014: 6857: 6388: 6380: 6264: 6229: 4675: 4414: 4101: 3998: 3512:

Land grant universities expanded access to post-secondary education for many Americans.

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ordered the Standard Oil Trust be disbanded into competing companies that would become

2383: 2228:

was producing more steel than all of Britain and in 1901 Carnegie sold his business to

1807: 1665: 1401: 1286: 1235: 821: 772: 559: 471: 82: 5938:"Los Angeles trackless trolley -- in Laurel Canyon, early 1900's C.C. Pierce No. 7177" 3585:

government jobs that previously only required only vocational or secondary education.

1722:

Role of industry & technology in causes, conduct & operations, reconstruction

1669: 466:

from artisans to factories. Growth of the nation's transportation infrastructure with

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Boston, and Philadelphia) but laid inland along new transportation routes, including

3191: 3136: 3001: 2862: 2854: 2642: 2569: 2333: 2259: 2029: 2025: 1958: 1751: 1743: 1688:

arising from such accidents. While Americans long resisted any government's power to

1661:

which compelled the state of New York to allow steamboat services from other states.

1608: 1510: 1405: 1310: 1275: 1158: 1099: 947: 587: 346: 277: 6601:

Physical chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling : the making of a science in America

6268: 5736:. Vol. 20, no. 2. Rockville, MD: American Heritage Society. Archived from 3417:

that emerged from it was in part a reaction to excesses of the new industrial age. "

3023:

stations inaugurated daily time signal broadcasts. In 1913 the high-powered station

11140: 10987: 10693: 10513: 9523: 9364: 9347: 9342: 9181: 8791: 8671: 8636: 8534: 8449: 8444: 7935: 7373: 7336: 7262: 7220: 7116: 7076: 6877: 6872: 6372: 6256: 5829: 5679: 5121: 5076: 4406: 4350: 4313: 4216: 4181: 3654:

began in 1914, airplanes quickly assumed great tactical importance for both sides (

3639: 3631: 3476: 3200: 3190:'s refrigerated railroad car allowed fresh meat and fish to reach distant markets. 3105: 3047: 2842: 2773:

company in 1905. The abuse of holding companies, like trusts before it, led to the

2737: 2661: 2626: 2036: 1905: 1827: 1692: 1673: 1653: 1632: 1628: 1596: 1525: 1462: 1314: 992: 916: 817: 483: 358: 69: 5805:. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 26, 2012. 5372:

Empires Of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, And The Race To Electrify The World

911:. By the turn of the century, Evans also developed one of the first high-pressure 381:

United States population had some semi-unique advantages in that they were former

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Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise

5818:"America's Electric Railway Beginnings: Trollers and Daft Dummies in Los Angeles" 5201: 5084: 4410: 3647: 3414: 3373: 3164: 3043: 2880: 2858: 2846: 2762: 2716: 2673: 2556: 2546: 2279: 2205: 2081: 2021: 1989: 1681: 1658: 1471: 1457: 1432: 1384: 1294: 1249:

suggested that the federal government should fund the construction of interstate

1242: 1040: 1036: 979: 955: 555: 448: 382: 6544:

Early American Technology: Making and Doing Things from the Colonial Era to 1850

5683: 1095:—which came to dominate the cloth production and clothing industry for decades. 11319: 11219: 10602: 9737: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9389: 9252: 9186: 8539: 7607: 7585: 7563: 7541: 7536: 7061: 6992: 6922: 6667: 6240:

Burian, Steven J.; Nix, Stephan J.; Pitt, Robert E.; Durrans, S. Rocky (2000).

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Throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries, the English steelmakers produced

1881: 1839: 1604: 1582: 1502: 1388: 1342: 1162: 1123: 1068: 996: 900: 880: 596: 301:

that set the stage for rapid industrialization modeled on British innovations.

6096:. International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. Archived from 5284: 4709: 1872: 11995: 10300: 9600: 9409: 9044: 7749: 7526: 6242:"Urban Wastewater Management in the United States: Past, Present, and Future" 5893: 5841: 5385:

The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who Invented Modern America

3956: 3868:, the American space program has created a large display of applied science. 3865: 3795: 3697: 3250: 3152: 3063: 3039: 2938: 2831: 2745: 2646: 2630: 2605: 2582: 2518: 2437: 2283: 2171: 2145: 2117: 2108:

were prevalent in the colonies and could produce small batches of iron to be

2056: 2044: 2040: 1954: 1925: 1893: 1739: 1578: 1478: 1453: 1322: 1263: 1103: 1080: 1060: 1048: 1017: 1004: 804: 636: 515: 401: 362: 272: 6317:

Paul Revere: artisan, businessman, and patriot—the man behind the myth

5146: 4969: 3911: 3768: 3566:

granting a bachelor's degree in technical subjects and in the 1850s several

1647:

from entering New York waters under the terms of the monopoly. In 1824, the

876:, one of several centers of 18th and 19th century American industrialization 807:. The purity of these sources was not regulated, nor was there an organized 10607: 10579: 9634: 7738: 7674: 7215: 4370:"Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s" 4278: 4220: 3983: 3979: 3928: 3850: 3846: 3834: 3814: 3521: 2990: 2985: 2949: 2934: 2888: 2669: 2433: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2328:

which would control the whole system, from manufacturing the telephones to

2164: 2005: 1897: 1889: 1696: 1562: 1547: 1482: 1413: 1396: 1326: 1318: 1290: 1231: 1174: 1111: 1091:

built a major expansion in East Chelmsford, which was soon incorporated as

1044: 971: 943: 912: 896: 808: 757: 640: 583: 579: 499: 491: 385:, had high English literacy skills, for that period, including over 80% in 334: 3919:

As in physics and chemistry, Americans have dominated the Nobel Prize for

11742: 10884: 10415: 9752: 9654: 9394: 9257: 9013: 7630: 7558: 7474: 7294: 7019: 6595: 4248: 3772: 3751: 3651: 3626: 3508: 3484: 3204: 3055: 2905: 2704: 2578: 2303: 2263: 2229: 2221: 2149: 1913: 1726: 1607:. The shallow-bottomed boats were also ideally suited for navigating the 1521: 1282:

and was the gateway for thousands of antebellum westward-bound settlers.

1150: 1142: 1135: 1131: 1025: 1013: 1000: 920: 848: 840: 829: 795: 723: 540: 507: 444: 425: 386: 366: 294: 256: 6663:

American Memory from the Library of Congress - Technology & Industry

6233: 5917:

Two images of a trackless trolley in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, ca.1909

5817: 5098: 4046: 3810:

increased in the United States, Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union.

3389: 1768: 1134:. Slater went on to build several more cotton and wool mills throughout 630:, and practiced substantial agriculture while the peoples living in the 9747: 9553: 9379: 9374: 9292: 7717: 7625: 7531: 7464: 7237: 6384: 4224: 4137: 4121: 3952: 3920: 3877: 3842: 3759: 3693: 3610: 3567: 3402: 3394: 3335: 3101: 3071: 3016: 2892: 2868: 2827: 2820: 2509: 2267: 2233: 2109: 2009: 1985: 1921: 1640: 1612: 1595:), made its first trip from New York City north on the Hudson River to 1498: 1425: 1377: 1330: 1298: 1216: 1197: 1118:. Slater's business model of independent mills and mill villages (the " 1064: 924: 833: 495: 421: 252: 7553: 6260: 4777:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 255–256 2699:. However, DC transmission was hampered by the difficulty in changing 2561: 1192: 1122:") began to be replaced by the 1820s by a more efficient system (the " 536: 247: 11236: 11229: 7383: 7002: 6852: 6657: 5833: 4177: 4113: 3838: 3826: 3468: 3464: 3418: 3246: 3227: 3086: 3067: 3059: 3020: 2969: 2953: 2850: 2574: 2505: 2481: 2387: 2367: 2359: 2321: 2307: 2299: 2271: 2250: 2217: 2138: 2121: 2113: 1968:

Climaxing A Century Of Progress In Transportation illustration, 1930s

1941: 1909: 1819: 1815: 1566: 1409: 1392: 1306: 1250: 1223: 1208: 1170: 908: 791: 731: 687: 644: 511: 342: 330: 322: 77: 3261:, constructing housing, and creating public transportation systems. 1362: 1161:"), and owned by a corporation. Unlike the previous forms of labor ( 9419: 9369: 7759: 7697: 7469: 7388: 6376: 6029:

The historic industrial base is popularly called smokestack America

4204: 4161: 3994: 3978:. In the 1980s and 1990s, researchers performed the first trial of 3971: 3967: 3924: 3799: 3739: 3713: 3666: 3472: 3456: 2965: 2926: 2900: 2728: 2700: 2657: 2590: 2534: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2441: 2415: 2391: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2105: 2101: 1976:

many railroads were driven out of business due to competition from

1937: 1811: 1730: 1657:

that Congress could regulate commerce and transportation under the

1574: 1278:. Nevertheless, the road became a primary overland conduit through 1204: 679: 543:, a large structure built by the indigenous peoples in present-day 503: 370: 318: 314: 6301:, Balitimore: Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology, 5783: 5771: 1348: 6562:

Paths of Innovation: Technological Change in 20th Century America

4940:(Volume I ed.). Boston: D.H. Hurd & Co. pp. 414–418 4252: 4208: 4200: 4157: 4109: 3948: 3705: 3677: 3589: 3460: 3398: 3381:

insurance, consulting, corporations, speculation, business cycle

3242: 3223: 3180: 3176: 3082: 2930: 2871:

revolutionized the automobile manufacturing process by employing

2804: 2614: 2403: 2048: 1977: 1685: 1477:

As the country recovered from financial depression following the

1421: 1338: 1166: 743: 683: 604: 592: 571: 416: 6503:

American Genesis: A History of the American Genius for Invention

6484:

Engines of Change: the American Industrial Revolution, 1790-1860

6083:, 3. East Chicago, Ind: Midwest Center for Labor Research, 1983. 4701: 6466:

A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth

4196: 4192: 3960: 3884:

furnish the data necessary to provide early warnings of severe

3807: 3787: 3539: 3535: 3231: 3156: 3094: 3090: 3074:

was the first to offer regularly scheduled broadcasts in 1920.

2811: 2799: 2665: 2530: 2526: 2354: 2052: 2013: 1734: 1644: 1554: 951: 787: 739: 719: 648: 608: 575: 5678:. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 735–763. 5672:

Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers

3570:

schools began to offer courses of study in scientific fields.

3015:

initially employed could only transmit the dots-and-dashes of

2565:

Electrification revolutionized American industry and commerce.

5690:, Nos. 1665 and 1666, November 30, 1907 and December 7, 1907. 4149: 3885: 3873: 3451:, the industrial manufacturers, university research, and the 3405:

border, one of many large-scale American water-power projects

3364: 3186:

Railroads allowed harvests to reach markets more quickly and

3172: 3127: 2497: 2466: 2462: 2329: 2295: 2160: 2086: 1998: 1600: 1254: 1075:

and a consortium of businessmen set up the clothing mills in

1052: 974:, division of labor, and an unskilled workforce to produce a 963: 707: 703: 600: 567: 551: 338: 326: 5513:. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame. August 20, 2010. 5395: 5393: 3642:

spans hundreds of years and the distinction of building the

2765:"; a favorite holding company investment among many was the 2382:

and would prove to be a valuable resource on the eve of the

1672:

of boilers were poorly understood, steamboats were prone to

1619:

Steamboats profoundly altered the relationships between the

869: 474:

facilitated an expansion in organization, coordination, and

6604:, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1990. 4620: 4153: 4129: 4092: 3861: 3776: 3724: 3353: 2740:, creating a company that controlled three quarters of the 2153: 2097: 2077:

History of the iron and steel industry in the United States

1758: 1417: 1391:. When the project was completed in 1825, the canal linked 1212: 1203:

Even as the country grew even larger with the admission of

1063:, establishing limited operations by 1808, and a system of 735: 715: 652: 612: 89: 6356:

Colonial craftsmen and the beginnings of American industry

6171:"The Benefits of Medical Research and the Role of the NIH" 6053:"The Twilight of smokestack America" by Peter T. Kilborn ( 4976:. Valley Falls, Kansas: The Farmer's Vindicator. p. 3 4844: 4832: 4820: 4586: 4584: 3155:

was passed in 1862 after the opposing Southern states had

2993:, the world's first commercially produced transistor radio 726:

for trade. Due to the more temperate climate, large-scale

686:

fleeing religious persecution in Europe brought with them

6564:, Cambridge, Eng., New York: Cambridge University Press, 6139: 6010: 5401:

Edison and the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death

5390: 5346:

Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology

5306: 5206:. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 305. 5127: 5024: 4228: 4165: 4117: 3716:

to attract airlines, and the federal government began to

711: 699: 695: 691: 470:

and a confluence of technological innovations before the

269:

technological and industrial history of the United States

6001:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 206. 5414:

Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies

5348:. Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England: The MIT Press. 5179:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. 5000: 4910: 3614:

Strategic aerial bombing caused massive damage to cities

2807:

revolutionized transportation in the early 20th century.

954:

could be manufactured which led to the development of a

6546:, Charlottesville: University of North Carolina Press, 5856:"Before Interstates, America Got Around on Interurbans" 5749: 5747: 5327: 5325: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5225: 5223: 4798: 4796: 4581: 4557: 3436: 3205:

monetary policy that allowed for money supply expansion

2770: 2480:

to heat and light their houses, industries relied upon

820:, in which a sculpted object was carved out of wax, an 313:

s 321 Greatest Inventions, including items such as the

12002:

History of science and technology in the United States

11743:

Technological and industrial history of North America

6580:

The Machine in America: A Social History of Technology

6339:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6066:"Can Smokestack America Rise Again?" by Gene Bylinsky 4808: 4656: 4596: 4533: 4495: 2849:

modified the Otto engine to run at higher speeds, and

1742: – developed some of the first modern 6151: 6011:

Charnov, Bruce H.; Patrick J. Montana (August 2000).

5554:. Vol. 26, no. 1. January 1913. p. 52. 5048: 5036: 4608: 4483: 4036: 3019:. Despite this limitation, in 1905 a small number of 2104:

to drive off the oxygen to obtain the metallic form.

1087:

along the canal had mills and water wheels. In 1821,

907:. Evans' design eventually displaced the traditional 655:-based tools like their European/Asian counterparts. 6617:

Major Problems in the History of American Technology

6239: 6196:"Medical Research Spending Doubled Over Past Decade" 5955: 5789: 5777: 5759: 5744: 5668:"The Audion; A New Receiver for Wireless Telegraphy" 5469: 5457: 5445: 5433: 5352: 5322: 5259: 5247: 5235: 5220: 5012: 4988: 4868: 4856: 4793: 4781: 4569: 4545: 4019:

Radio, television, newspapers, movies, music, games

3306:

Trackless trolleys, Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, 1916

2948:

New automobile sales were temporarily slowed during

1904:, but by the mid-1830s several companies were using 1188:

History of turnpikes and canals in the United States

1016:

in the United States, but it relied on horse power.

574:, and boats clad in animal hides for hunting in the 5624:"Columbia Used to Demonstrate Wireless Telephone". 5156: 5066:United States. Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970, 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4644: 4632: 4447: 4001:have emerged from the laboratories of the American 3786:was one of the first scientists to experiment with 3066:and conducted the first broadcast in 1916. Station 1957:by railway managers in 1883. Railroads began using 1884:, one of the first locomotives in the United States 1230:that sold stock to raise construction capital like 6450:, Carlisle, Massachusetts: Discovery Enterprises, 6424:Cutcliffe, Stephen H.; Reynolds, Terry S. (1997), 5113: 5068: 4471: 4459: 4184:and office productivity software to run on them. 4100:American researchers made fundamental advances in 2100:occurs in nature commonly as an oxide, it must be 1565:who both filed for patents or state monopolies on 18:United States technological and industrial history 6423: 6017:. Barron's Educational Series, Inc. p. 493. 5999:A Geography of New Jersey: The City in the Garden 4893:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 4513:Harold Gill, "Colonial Silver and Silversmiths," 4294:Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering 4274:List of African American inventors and scientists 4008: 3712:, state and local governments began constructing 2024:operations in 1971. In 1980 Congress enacted the 1557:and propulsion system can be first attributed to 899:invented an automated flour mill that included a 297:(1807–15), entrepreneurs opened factories in the 11993: 10448:Native American recognition in the United States 6697: 5285:Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography. 3896: 3696:flew around the world in nine days in 1931, and 2723:. This series of events came to be known as the 1928:—rather than traveling directly—between cities. 1247:Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals 1173:), the Lowell system popularized the concept of 1039:, another group of investors began building the 599:while people living in the arid southwest built 393:. They had a good basic structure to build on. 259:, revolutionized slave-based agriculture in the 6559: 5645:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 3991:research on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 3790:propulsion systems. In his small laboratory in 3595: 3311: 3111: 2968:would survive those lean years. After the war, 2454:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States 6193: 4668: 4351:"U.S. Productivity Performance in Perspective" 4215:and the increasing pervasiveness and speed of 3856:From those first tentative steps, to the 1969 3294:Boston Elevated Railway articulated tram, 1913 2144:By the end of the 18th century, the threat of 1868:History of rail transport in the United States 11728: 10845:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 9029: 6968:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 6683: 6582:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 6486:, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 6042:Dictionary of Economics and Financial Markets 3915:A transmission tower for radio and television 3872:transmit computer data, telephone calls, and 2672:, a former employee of Edison's, patented an 1581:to develop an economical steamboat. Fulton's 428:, combined with the widespread prevalence of 228: 7892:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 6615:Smith, Merrit Roe; Clancey, Gregory (1996), 6614: 6560:Mowery, David C.; Rosenberg, Nathan (1998), 6468:, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 6405: 6319:, Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association, 6228:(1), St. Louis: St. Louis Art Museum: 1–60, 6220:Bartlett, Louisa (1984), "American Silver", 5607:"Wireless Telephony by the De Forest System" 5090: 3236:first twelve presidents of the United States 2684:from a central engine nor water sources for 2581:which, in turn, led to the invention of the 2294:troop movements during the Civil War, relay 1047:, both Mystic Lakes and generally following 950:to increase the speed with which a complete 6519: 6481: 5403:, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2009, page 268 5387:, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2010, page 280 4339:, Published 5/13/2006. Retrieved 7/10/2017. 4289:Science and technology in the United States 3819:recruited or smuggled top German scientists 3682:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 3330:History of immigration to the United States 2484:for machinery, and the ever-more prevalent 2236:earning Carnegie $ 480 million personally. 1713:History of coal mining in the United States 11735: 11721: 9043: 9036: 9022: 6690: 6676: 5416:, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, pages 28–29 5111:United States. Staggers Rail Act of 1980, 4269:Industrial Revolution in the United States 3903:History of healthcare in the United States 3733: 3116: 2830:emerged in Germany in the 1870 and 1880s: 2775:Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 2239: 1465:. Having less regard for consistency, the 1333:(1824–1924) soon followed, along with the 865:Industrial Revolution in the United States 626:developed extensive trade networks, built 525: 235: 221: 37:Industrial Revolution in the United States 10458:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 7416:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6637:, New York, Toronto: Rinehart & Co., 5707:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 159–160. 5665: 5427:"Powering A Generation: Power History #2" 4929: 4927: 4925: 4674: 4309:United States Patent and Trademark Office 4227:based on software platforms like Apple's 4022: 3646:is complicated, but in December 1903 the 3376:, the largest stock exchange in the world 3123:Agricultural history of the United States 1035:Hoping to harness the ample power of the 670:Agricultural history of the United States 504:political, economic, and military primacy 6635:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 6430:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 6358:(1st ed.), Cleveland: World Pub. Co 6296: 6219: 5337: 5096: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4395:"U.S. Economic Growth in the Gilded Age" 4348: 4264:History of medicine in the United States 4091: 3910: 3767: 3609: 3507: 3493: 3388: 3363: 3354:Banking, trading, and financial services 3315: 3126: 2984: 2810: 2798: 2795:Automotive industry in the United States 2769:, later known as Ebasco, created by the 2560: 2353: 2249: 2080: 2062: 1963: 1871: 1838: 1759:Technological systems and infrastructure 1541: 1361: 1347: 1191: 879: 868: 535: 246: 12012:Industrial history of the United States 10509:List of counties and county equivalents 7571:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 6577: 6281:A Social History of American Technology 5700: 5526:"The Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy" 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4769: 3817:, both the American and Russian forces 3518:first universities in the United States 3360:History of banking in the United States 3081:were developed in the 1890s and used a 1181: 1145:for woolens were installed in 1820, at 891:helped revolutionize American factories 288:built in the mid-19th century, and the 48:This article is part of a series on the 14: 11994: 6632: 6499: 6482:Hindle, Brooke; Lubar, Steven (1986), 6443: 6362: 6332: 6314: 5913: 5727: 5638: 5174: 5133: 5099:"Chapter 2. A Brief History of Amtrak" 5097:Pinkston, Elizabeth (September 2003). 5054: 5042: 5030: 4967: 4961: 4933: 4922: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4528:Essex Institute Historical Collections 4435:. National Bureau of Economic Research 4187:With the growth of information on the 3841:, and the United States followed with 2980: 2444:prices led to the 1890 passage of the 1924:for their track requiring cargo to be 1546:Fulton's North River Steamboat on the 1467:United States House of Representatives 858: 12007:History of the United States by topic 11716: 9017: 8499: 8261: 7923: 6727: 6671: 6658:Society for the History of Technology 6541: 6463: 6353: 6283:, New York: Oxford University Press, 6275: 6194:Neil Osterweil (September 20, 2005). 6157: 6145: 5961: 5803:"History of Drinking Water Treatment" 5765: 5753: 5523: 5507:"Wireless Transmission at Notre Dame" 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5358: 5331: 5272: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5199: 5193: 5162: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4916: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4802: 4787: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4539: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4392: 4367: 4299:Timeline of United States discoveries 4211:are used by millions to communicate. 3704:throughout the decade. In the 1930s, 3054:In the mid-1910s, the development of 2402:oilfields allowed neither economical 2302:prices and orders between markets on 1524:and a national university. President 1098:Slater's Mill was established in the 978:—a process that came to be known as " 779:. At least 19 silversmiths worked in 730:grew labor-intensive cash crops like 647:, develop writing systems, or create 532:Native Americans in the United States 398:eastern seaboard of the United States 31:Economic history of the United States 5914:Pierce, C. C. (Charles C. ) (1909), 5815: 5734:Innovation & Technology Magazine 5604: 5564: 5511:Notre Dame Archives News & Notes 4304:Timeline of United States inventions 4040: 3437:Military-industrial-academic complex 2945:investment in road infrastructure. 2186:for the construction of railroads. 1974:Post–World War II economic expansion 1762: 775:provided a potential market of rich 156:Technological and industrial history 6406:Cross, Gary; Szostak, Rich (2004), 5343: 4219:had led to substantial adoption of 3891: 3425:(pertaining to railroads), and the 1902:first railroad in the United States 1079:making use of water power from the 24: 7258:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 7248:Assassination of James A. Garfield 6528:, New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 6399: 5653:Institute of Radio Engineers, Inc. 5611:American Monthly Review of Reviews 5118:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 5073:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 4349:Kendrick, John (October 1, 1991). 4037:Computers and information networks 3582:noted public research universities 3326:Labor history of the United States 3320:1917 Street Railway Company strike 2220:, the transport steamboats on the 2141:had to be mined and transported. 1102:, which extended into neighboring 68: 25: 12023: 9854:Director of National Intelligence 7290:Assassination of William McKinley 6651: 6427:Technology & American History 6094:"Backgrounder on the Morrill Act" 5613:. Vol. 35. pp. 681–685. 5585:"Wireless 'Phone Transmits Music" 4096:A modern web browser and web page 3217:Urbanization in the United States 2346:History of the petroleum industry 2216:; he owned the iron ore mines in 1701:future federal safety regulations 1509:for the general survey bill; and 767: 728:plantations in the American South 11856:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10010:Government Accountability Office 8997: 8988: 8987: 8952: 8951: 7509:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7302:Nadir of American race relations 7181:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 6187: 6163: 6115: 6086: 6073: 6060: 6047: 6034: 6004: 5991: 5565:Orme, Alfred H. (October 1913). 5548:"The First Wireless Time Signal" 4045: 3999:drugs used to treat this disease 3728:aviation accidents and incidents 3299: 3287: 3275: 3051:by the different subscribers". 2734:Thomson-Houston Electric Company 2629:(Edison Electric Tube Company), 2469:(Standard Oil of New York), and 2386:. Because crude oil needs to be 1767: 1591:(erroneously referred to as the 985:American system of manufacturing 694:, and domesticated animals like 201: 7211:First transcontinental railroad 6444:Deitch, Joanne Weisman (2001), 6408:Technology and American Society 6222:Bulletin (St. Louis Art Museum) 6040:Gilpin, Alan, and Alan Gilpin. 5979: 5967: 5930: 5907: 5874: 5848: 5809: 5795: 5730:"The Revolution in Your Pocket" 5728:Simcoe, Robert J. (Fall 2004). 5721: 5694: 5666:de Forest, Lee (January 1906). 5659: 5632: 5628:. November 4, 1916. p. 52. 5617: 5598: 5577: 5558: 5540: 5517: 5499: 5481: 5419: 5406: 5377: 5364: 5307:American Institute of Physics. 5300: 5287:"Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790)" 5278: 5168: 5139: 5105: 5060: 4952: 4890:Technology and American History 4880: 4763: 4520: 4507: 4284:National Inventors Hall of Fame 3849:and then by American astronaut 3756:public research and development 3575:Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act 3423:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 3210: 3034:The leading early proponent of 2974:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 2923:American Automobile Association 2826:The technology for creating an 2767:Electric Bond and Share Company 2332:the equipment to customers and 1933:First transcontinental railroad 1892:' idea of a railway to connect 935:. However, Whitney's vision of 658: 286:first transcontinental railroad 276:contributed to America's rapid 271:describes the emergence of the 11653:Separation of church and state 9869:National Reconnaissance Office 9812:President of the United States 6633:Taylor, George Rogers (1951), 5997:Stansfield, Charles A. (1998) 5688:Scientific American Supplement 5605:Wade, Herbert T. (June 1907). 5524:Green, Jerome J. (July 1899). 5374:, Random House, 2004, page 143 4684:Johns Hopkins University Press 4425: 4386: 4361: 4342: 4325: 4156:funded the development of the 4009:News, media, and entertainment 3837:launched the first satellite, 3606:Technology during World War II 3504:Education in the United States 3089:and better audio quality. The 3042:, who employed versions of an 2780: 2540: 2473:(Standard Oil of California). 2465:(Standard Oil of New Jersey), 2270:. Morse established the first 1226:were constructed and owned by 750: 663: 490:, America emerged from it and 476:scale of industrial production 58:Science and technology of the 13: 1: 6500:Hughes, Thomas Parke (1989), 6044:. London: Butterworths, 1986. 5822:Southern California Quarterly 5309:"Benjamin Franklin 1706–1790" 4968:Bolder, Ben (July 29, 1893). 4433:"Industrial Production Index" 4319: 4080:History of computing hardware 3974:research have revolutionized 3945:National Institutes of Health 3938:National Institutes of Health 3897:Health care and biotechnology 3602:Technology during World War I 3384: 2943:Works Progress Administration 2879:—the beginning of industrial 2639:Edison Electric Light Company 2362:became major U.S. industries. 2312:Transatlantic telegraph cable 2073:History of the steel industry 2069:History of ferrous metallurgy 1950:standard-gauge railroad track 1537: 1367: 1353: 1303:Pennsylvania General Assembly 970:had developed a system using 586:to catch fish, and practiced 11981:United States Virgin Islands 10015:Government Publishing Office 9483:Technological and industrial 8379:Hispanic and Latino American 7233:Second Industrial Revolution 7067:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 6773:Exploration of North America 6699:History of the United States 6619:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 6464:Field, Alexander J. (2011), 4970:"The Bicycle Industry (from 4411:10.1016/j.jmacro.2007.08.008 4393:Field, Alezander J. (2007). 3997:), for example. Many of the 3634: – Tommy gun 3596:World War I and World War II 3312:Labor issues and immigration 3112:Effects of industrialization 2339: 1861: 1828:America's westward expansion 1802:Second Industrial Revolution 1717: 1116:North Shore of Massachusetts 1089:Boston Manufacturing Company 929:slavery in the United States 889:Boston Manufacturing Company 430:slavery in the United States 7: 11487:Women's reproductive health 10453:Federally recognized tribes 10316:Public utilities commission 10220:Public Health Service Corps 10123:Code of Federal Regulations 10005:Congressional Budget Office 9859:Central Intelligence Agency 9765:Water supply and sanitation 9192:Declaration of Independence 7903:Indictments of Donald Trump 7094:First Industrial Revolution 6928:Declaration of Independence 6918:Second Continental Congress 6506:, New York: Penguin Books, 6410:, New York: Prentice Hall, 6249:Journal of Urban Technology 5684:10.1109/t-aiee.1906.4764762 5594:. March 7, 1907. p. 8. 4934:Davies, William T. (1897). 4257: 4132:computer operating system. 3802:to propel rockets into the 3580:Many of the United States' 3443:Military-industrial complex 3282:Interurban, Nashville, 1910 2697:electric power distribution 2553:History of electromagnetism 2047:systems began operation in 1834: 1639:, who operated a competing 1335:Illinois and Michigan Canal 1293:in South Carolina, and the 1130:'s replications of British 1059:35 miles (56 km) from 1055:) reached the Merrimack in 10: 12028: 10665:Red states and blue states 10570:City commission government 10565:Council–manager government 8500: 8262: 7924: 7795:Killing of Osama bin Laden 6883:First Continental Congress 6728: 6213: 5701:Nebeker, Frederik (2009). 5639:Little, D.G. (June 1924). 5567:"Regulating 10,000 Clocks" 5489:"Wireless Telegraphy Test" 5175:Gordon, Robert B. (1996). 4242: 4223:and increasingly powerful 4077: 4026: 4015:Media of the United States 4012: 3900: 3744:History of nuclear weapons 3737: 3708:boomed as a result of the 3688:completed a solo non-stop 3599: 3534:and were meant to educate 3497: 3440: 3357: 3323: 3264: 3214: 3120: 2839:internal combustion engine 2784: 2550: 2544: 2486:internal combustion engine 2343: 2246:Invention of the telephone 2243: 2148:forced the English to use 2066: 2018:Rail Passenger Service Act 1865: 1824:internal combustion engine 1799: 1710: 1699:and set the precedent for 1236:Lancaster Turnpike Company 1185: 1010:Beverly Cotton Manufactory 862: 667: 566:relied upon chipped-stone 529: 413:American Revolutionary War 299:Northeastern United States 166:Contributions by ethnicity 149:NASA spin-off technologies 34: 28: 11956:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11874: 11748: 11674: 11500: 11373: 11305: 10958: 10954: 10945: 10893: 10758: 10749: 10645: 10616: 10593: 10532: 10499: 10490: 10433: 10421:Comparison of governments 10396: 10359: 10336: 10252: 10232: 10163: 10101: 10023: 9946: 9804: 9795: 9791: 9782: 9504: 9495: 9440: 9400:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 9241:drafting and ratification 9214:Articles of Confederation 9127: 9061: 9052: 8973: 8939: 8883: 8847: 8835: 8574: 8548: 8510: 8506: 8495: 8268: 8257: 7930: 7919: 7785: 7688: 7616: 7517: 7428: 7379:Wall Street Crash of 1929 7310: 7191: 7176:Emancipation Proclamation 7107: 7030: 6978: 6945:Articles of Confederation 6898: 6783:Native American epidemics 6763: 6738: 6734: 6723: 6705: 6578:Pursell, Carroll (1995), 6542:McGaw, Judith A. (1994), 6297:Martello, Robert (2010), 4399:Journal of Macroeconomics 4368:Field, Alexander (2004). 4238: 4144:helped give birth to the 3870:Communications satellites 3346:than in their homelands. 3038:in the United States was 2817:Interstate Highway System 2791:Interstate Highway System 2787:History of the automobile 2652:In addition to lighting, 2424:was a forceful driver of 1906:steam-powered locomotives 1706: 1588:The North River Steamboat 1531:Virginia General Assembly 1240:Secretary of the Treasury 1067:and canals reaching past 1022:Moses Brown of Providence 290:Interstate Highway System 11976:Turks and Caicos Islands 11440:Prescription drug prices 10560:Mayor–council government 10550:Coterminous municipality 10540:Consolidated city-county 10306:Agriculture commissioner 9956:House of Representatives 9864:National Security Agency 9514:Contiguous United States 8865:Northern Mariana Islands 7438:Strike wave of 1945–1946 6333:Stover, John F. (1997). 5882:"THE NEW-HAVEN RAILROAD" 5816:Post, Robert C. (1987). 5571:Technical World Magazine 5552:Electrician and Mechanic 5412:Robert L. Bradley, Jr., 5200:Dilts, James D. (1996). 4530:(1990) 126#3 pp 129–147. 4331:Encyclopædia Britannica 4191:, search companies like 3907:History of biotechnology 3792:Worcester, Massachusetts 3588:After World War II, the 3564:first American institute 3006:University of Notre Dame 2891:which could generate 20 2682:mechanical transmissions 2678:Westinghouse Corporation 2378:reminiscent of the 1849 1155:Cumberland, Rhode Island 1110:'s Woolen Mill, 1809 at 799:lived in constant debt. 545:Madison County, Illinois 375:automated teller machine 208:United States portal 61:United States of America 11525:Criticism of government 10870:Social welfare programs 10463:State-recognized tribes 9448:Outline of U.S. history 9160:Continental Association 8400:Middle Eastern American 8217:Technology and industry 7087:Seneca Falls Convention 6888:Continental Association 6788:Settlement of Jamestown 5177:American Iron 1607–1900 4682:, Baltimore, Maryland: 4084:History of the Internet 4003:pharmaceutical industry 3782:The American physicist 3734:Cold War and Space Race 3702:flight airspeed records 3659:Aviation in World War I 3370:New York Stock Exchange 3188:Gustavus Franklin Swift 3117:Agricultural production 2897:Highland Park, Michigan 2676:and licensed it to the 2610:incandescent light bulb 2308:diplomatic negotiations 2240:Telegraph and telephone 2189:In the 1850s, American 2180:Mount Savage Iron Works 1990:passenger train service 1856:Chicopee, Massachusetts 1447:Wheeling, West Virginia 1147:Uxbridge, Massachusetts 1030:Pawtucket, Rhode Island 874:Allentown, Pennsylvania 853:proto-industrialization 526:Pre-European technology 307:Encyclopædia Britannica 11906:British Virgin Islands 11587:Environmental movement 11430:Health insurance costs 11325:Educational attainment 10850:Federal Reserve System 10808:Science and technology 10311:Insurance commissioner 9849:Intelligence Community 9544:minor outlying islands 9307:Civil rights movement 8520:Admission to the Union 7886:Afghanistan withdrawal 7881:January 6 insurrection 7800:Rise in mass shootings 7772:Virginia Tech shooting 7325:Paris Peace Conference 7099:Second Great Awakening 6838:American Enlightenment 5626:The Music Trade Review 5344:Nye, David E. (1990). 5124:. Approved 1980-10-14. 5087:. Approved 1970-10-30. 4126:C programming language 4106:information technology 4097: 4029:Technology and society 4023:Technology and society 3916: 3794:, Goddard worked with 3779: 3775:on the surface of the 3623:Richard Jordan Gatling 3615: 3560:Stephen van Rensselaer 3513: 3453:military establishment 3431:Pure Food and Drug Act 3406: 3377: 3321: 3139: 3013:spark-gap transmitters 2994: 2823: 2808: 2742:US electrical business 2623:Edison Machine Company 2585:to protect buildings. 2566: 2515:Long Beach, California 2366:The 1859 discovery of 2363: 2358:Drilling and refining 2326:Bell Telephone Company 2255: 2226:Carnegie Steel Company 2210:Braddock, Pennsylvania 2199:Kelly-Bessemer process 2152:, a fuel derived from 2093: 1969: 1931:The completion of the 1885: 1847: 1846:Victor bicycle of 1893 1733:, the first repeating 1550: 1373: 1366:Highways in the U.S., 1359: 1200: 1077:Waltham, Massachusetts 982:" in the U.S. and the 892: 877: 826:Permanent mold casting 547: 488:technological momentum 434:U.S. settler expansion 351:liquid-crystal display 264: 261:Southern United States 73: 11846:Saint Kitts and Nevis 11413:Immigrant health care 10928:Transportation safety 10923:Transportation policy 10913:Public transportation 9983:President pro tempore 9839:Executive departments 9608:National Park Service 9263:Territorial evolution 8512:Territorial evolution 7876:George Floyd Protests 7859:Unite the Right rally 7728:Oklahoma City bombing 7723:Republican Revolution 7670:Space Shuttle program 7492:Civil Rights Movement 7460:North Atlantic Treaty 7268:Sherman Antitrust Act 7253:Chinese Exclusion Act 6843:French and Indian War 6833:Prelude to Revolution 6818:First Great Awakening 6778:European colonization 6526:Technology in America 6447:A Nation of Inventors 6081:Labor research review 5986:UAW Washington Report 4333:"Greatest Inventions" 4095: 3914: 3771: 3663:aerial reconnaissance 3613: 3552:U.S. Military Academy 3511: 3500:Land-grant university 3494:Research universities 3392: 3367: 3319: 3130: 3100:The invention of the 2988: 2873:interchangeable parts 2814: 2802: 2727:. Brown and Edison's 2721:Westinghouse Electric 2688:in order to operate. 2564: 2446:Sherman Antitrust Act 2430:American oil industry 2357: 2350:Pennsylvania oil rush 2318:Alexander Graham Bell 2253: 2089:being poured from an 2084: 2063:Iron and steel-making 1967: 1875: 1852:Overman Wheel Company 1842: 1806:The period after the 1545: 1438:internal improvements 1365: 1351: 1280:Appalachian Mountains 1228:joint-stock companies 1195: 1093:Lowell, Massachusetts 937:interchangeable parts 933:interchangeable parts 883: 872: 718:as well as rendering 674:In the 17th century, 632:Appalachian Mountains 539: 494:as one of two global 468:internal improvements 424:by American inventor 411:After the end of the 406:Scientific Revolution 391:Industrial Revolution 250: 72: 35:Further information: 11582:Environmental issues 11247:Political ideologies 11146:Indigenous languages 10346:List of legislatures 10143:separation of powers 9844:Independent agencies 9770:World Heritage Sites 9405:September 11 attacks 9328:Spanish–American War 9268:Mexican–American War 9224:Confederation period 9155:Continental Congress 8426:Palestinian American 7853:Obergefell v. Hodges 7745:September 11 attacks 7581:Second-wave feminism 7502:Cuban Missile Crisis 7362:Bath School disaster 7280:Spanish–American War 7243:The Gospel of Wealth 7122:California Gold Rush 7082:Mexican–American War 7072:Nullification crisis 7040:Era of Good Feelings 6940:Confederation period 6848:Proclamation of 1763 6798:Atlantic slave trade 6365:Winterthur Portfolio 6277:Cowan, Ruth Schwartz 5530:American Electrician 4517:(1970) 18#3 pp 5–13. 4337:Britannica Corporate 3959:dropped 41 percent, 3690:transatlantic flight 3644:first flying machine 3520:were modeled on the 3411:Progressive movement 3350:organizing strikes. 2451:In the 1911 case of 2380:California Gold Rush 2372:western Pennsylvania 2288:Mexican–American War 2214:vertical integration 2091:electric arc furnace 1946:Cornelius Vanderbilt 1571:Robert R. Livingston 1507:United States Senate 1443:Cumberland, Maryland 1382:Governor of New York 1352:Canals in the U.S., 1268:Cumberland, Maryland 1182:Turnpikes and canals 1128:Francis Cabot Lowell 1073:Francis Cabot Lowell 976:breech-loading rifle 968:Captain John H. Hall 885:Francis Cabot Lowell 624:Mississippian Valley 355:light-emitting diode 11861:Trinidad and Tobago 11756:Antigua and Barbuda 11425:Health care finance 10918:Rail transportation 10684:Imperial presidency 10406:State constitutions 10351:List of legislators 10301:Auditor/Comptroller 10274:Lieutenant governor 10000:Library of Congress 9891:Diplomatic Security 9534:Indian reservations 9197:American Revolution 8875:U.S. Virgin Islands 8361:Lithuanian American 8317:Vietnamese American 7663:End of the Cold War 7653:Invasion of Grenada 7603:Iran hostage crisis 7352:Tulsa race massacre 7159:Election of Lincoln 7154:Dred Scott decision 7142:Kansas–Nebraska Act 7045:Missouri Compromise 6963:Northwest Ordinance 6953:Pennsylvania Mutiny 6948:and Perpetual Union 6908:American Revolution 6823:War of Jenkins' Ear 6148:, pp. 140–141. 5888:. October 6, 1895. 5740:on August 20, 2006. 5686:. Reprinted in the 5592:The New York Herald 5573:. pp. 232–233. 5136:, pp. 245–252. 5033:, pp. 213–214. 5009:, pp. 115–117. 4972:Scientific American 4919:, pp. 105–106. 4853:, pp. 319–320. 4841:, pp. 309–310. 4829:, pp. 257–258. 4775:Union and Democracy 4676:Hounshell, David A. 4629:, pp. 107–114. 3976:biomedical sciences 3721:air traffic control 3625: – 3548:scientific research 3427:Meat Inspection Act 3340:Frederick W. Taylor 3108:in the late 1950s. 3029:Arlington, Virginia 2981:Radio communication 2970:rising family sizes 2725:war of the currents 2709:alternating current 2660:limited their use. 2599:alternating current 2422:John D. Rockefeller 1994:Trucking businesses 1992:on most railroads. 1982:Interstate highways 1826:. This facilitated 1643:ferry service, was 1573:contracted a civil 1515:William H. Crawford 1120:Rhode Island System 859:Factories and mills 628:pyramid-like mounds 460:gained independence 441:Embargo Act of 1807 11796:Dominican Republic 11535:affirmative action 11508:Capital punishment 11467:Poverty and health 11462:Physician shortage 11435:Health care prices 11365:Standard of living 11048:standard of living 10855:Financial position 10482:Hawaiian home land 10470:Indian reservation 10443:Tribal sovereignty 10286:Secretary of state 10155:United States Code 10071:Territorial courts 10043:Associate Justices 9928:Inspector generals 9415:War in Afghanistan 9278:Reconstruction era 9145:Stamp Act Congress 8525:Historical regions 8481:Transgender people 8039:Capital punishment 7898:Support of Ukraine 7847:Black Lives Matter 7755:War in Afghanistan 7680:Invasion of Panama 7636:Iran–Contra affair 7497:Early–mid Cold War 7367:Harlem Renaissance 7226:Compromise of 1877 7201:Reconstruction era 7137:Fugitive Slave Act 7132:Compromise of 1850 7077:Westward expansion 7015:Louisiana Purchase 6858:Stamp Act Congress 6803:King William's War 6354:Tunis, E. (1965), 6336:American Railroads 5886:The New York Times 5790:Burian et al. 2000 5778:Burian et al. 2000 5493:The New York Times 4515:Virginia Cavalcade 4382:on March 10, 2012. 4355:Business Economics 4174:personal computers 4102:telecommunications 4098: 3917: 3882:Weather satellites 3864:, to the reusable 3780: 3706:passenger airlines 3616: 3546:skills or conduct 3542:rather than teach 3514: 3481:naval architecture 3407: 3378: 3322: 3203:emerged to demand 3145:George Henry Evans 3140: 3036:radio broadcasting 2995: 2885:Ford Motor Company 2824: 2815:A junction of the 2809: 2758:Downtown Manhattan 2674:AC induction motor 2567: 2459:U.S. Supreme Court 2390:to extract usable 2364: 2314:was laid in 1866. 2256: 2094: 2008:railroad declared 1988:led to the end of 1984:. The rise of the 1970: 1959:diesel locomotives 1886: 1848: 1808:American Civil War 1621:federal government 1551: 1402:Syracuse, New York 1374: 1360: 1313:on the north. The 1287:Dismal Swamp Canal 1272:Wheeling, Virginia 1201: 958:in 1798. In 1819, 895:In the mid-1780s, 893: 878: 822:investment casting 560:Bering land bridge 548: 458:American colonies 447:(1812–15) and the 265: 74: 11989: 11988: 11878:other territories 11710: 11709: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11636:National security 11345:Income inequality 11225:Statue of Liberty 11028:income inequality 10941: 10940: 10933:Trucking industry 10745: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10672:Foreign relations 10660:Electoral College 10641: 10640: 10429: 10428: 10381:District attorney 10228: 10227: 10055:Courts of appeals 9778: 9777: 9491: 9490: 9432:COVID-19 pandemic 9385:Feminist Movement 9231:American frontier 9150:Thirteen Colonies 9011: 9010: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8530:American frontier 8491: 8490: 8421:Lebanese American 8406:Egyptian American 8341:Estonian American 8331:Albanian American 8325:European American 8302:Japanese American 8292:Filipino American 8253: 8252: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7864:COVID-19 pandemic 7767:Hurricane Katrina 7708:Los Angeles riots 7598:Watergate scandal 7443:Start of Cold War 7411:Manhattan Project 6998:Whiskey Rebellion 6828:King George's War 6793:Thirteen Colonies 6754:Pre-Columbian Era 6644:978-0-87332-101-3 6520:Marcus, Alan I.; 6475:978-0-300-15109-1 6457:978-1-57960-077-8 6346:978-0-226-77658-3 6261:10.1080/713684134 6100:on April 11, 2007 6024:978-0-7641-1276-8 5862:. October 6, 2021 5495:. April 27, 1899. 5213:978-0-8047-2629-0 4693:978-0-8018-2975-8 4665:, pp. 81–82. 4566:, pp. 41–63. 4542:, pp. 4, 82. 4504:, pp. 63–65. 4492:, pp. 40–43. 4245:History of gaming 4217:wireless networks 4182:operating systems 4164:. Companies like 4146:personal computer 4134:SRI International 4114:Bell Laboratories 4076: 4075: 3831:crewed spacecraft 3823:Wernher von Braun 3748:Manhattan Project 3686:Charles Lindbergh 3640:history of flight 3522:liberal curricula 3368:The floor of the 3192:Food distribution 3137:combine harvester 3106:transistor radios 3002:Guglielmo Marconi 2863:Hiram Percy Maxim 2855:electric ignition 2631:generating plants 2570:Benjamin Franklin 2260:Samuel F.B. Morse 2254:A 1950s telephone 2112:for local needs ( 2037:Class I railroads 2026:Staggers Rail Act 1798: 1797: 1674:boiler explosions 1633:state of New York 1625:state governments 1511:John Quincy Adams 1488:Two years later, 1406:Buffalo, New York 1317:, (1823–1828) in 1289:in Virginia, the 1276:Mississippi River 1266:began in 1815 in 1159:Lowell mill girls 1100:Blackstone Valley 1051:(near to today's 948:division of labor 773:Colonial Virginia 620:eastern woodlands 603:buildings, fired 588:food preservation 347:personal computer 278:industrialization 245: 244: 172:African Americans 59: 16:(Redirected from 12019: 11946:Saint Barthélemy 11876:Dependencies and 11749:Sovereign states 11737: 11730: 11723: 11714: 11713: 11690: 11683: 11570:African American 11452:Health insurance 11340:Household income 11210:National symbols 11141:American English 11114:Federal holidays 11023:household income 10956: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10756: 10755: 10694:Anti-Americanism 10618:Special district 10545:Independent city 10514:County executive 10497: 10496: 10291:Attorney general 10250: 10249: 10239:Federal District 9822:Executive Office 9802: 9801: 9793: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9549:populated places 9529:federal enclaves 9524:federal district 9502: 9501: 9365:American Century 9348:Great Depression 9343:Roaring Twenties 9303:Women's suffrage 9182:Halifax Resolves 9175:Founding Fathers 9170:military history 9135:Pre-colonial era 9059: 9058: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9015: 9014: 9001: 8991: 8990: 8955: 8954: 8884:Outlying islands 8841:Washington, D.C. 8836:Federal District 8535:Manifest destiny 8508: 8507: 8497: 8496: 8439:Native Americans 8411:Iranian American 8385:Mexican American 8371:Serbian American 8356:Italian American 8346:Finnish American 8336:English American 8287:Chinese American 8274:African American 8259: 8258: 8064:Direct democracy 8054:The Constitution 8013:Higher education 7936:American Century 7921: 7920: 7374:Great Depression 7347:Women's suffrage 7337:Roaring Twenties 7263:Haymarket affair 7221:Enforcement Acts 7010:Jeffersonian era 6958:Shays' Rebellion 6878:Intolerable Acts 6873:Boston Tea Party 6808:Queen Anne's War 6736: 6735: 6725: 6724: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6647: 6629: 6592: 6574: 6556: 6538: 6522:Segal, Howard P. 6516: 6496: 6478: 6460: 6440: 6420: 6395: 6359: 6350: 6329: 6311: 6293: 6272: 6246: 6236: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6175: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6058: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5834:10.2307/41171270 5813: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5742: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5589: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4931: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4524: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4375:. Archived from 4374: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4346: 4340: 4329: 4314:Yankee ingenuity 4148:industry, while 4071: 4068: 4049: 4041: 3892:Service industry 3632:John T. Thompson 3562:established the 3477:material science 3303: 3291: 3279: 3259:sanitizing water 3201:Farmers Alliance 3048:Valdemar Poulsen 2843:Gottlieb Daimler 2738:General Electric 2662:Frank J. Sprague 2635:electric service 1793: 1790: 1771: 1763: 1693:private property 1654:Gibbons v. Ogden 1629:private property 1526:Thomas Jefferson 1463:Virginia dynasty 1424:to the brink of 1372: 1369: 1358: 1355: 1329:across northern 1315:Blackstone Canal 1259:Anti-Federalists 1165:, family labor, 993:textile industry 960:Thomas Blanchard 946:suggested using 917:Nathanael Greene 818:lost-wax casting 564:Native Americans 558:who crossed the 556:hunter-gatherers 484:Great Depression 464:shift production 383:British subjects 359:air conditioning 312: 237: 230: 223: 210: 206: 205: 204: 182:Native Americans 104: 95: 92: 80: 62: 57: 49: 43: 42: 21: 12027: 12026: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12018: 12017: 12016: 11992: 11991: 11990: 11985: 11879: 11877: 11870: 11744: 11741: 11711: 11706: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11662: 11648:Opioid epidemic 11565:Native American 11545:intersex rights 11496: 11492:Life expectancy 11482:Medical deserts 11472:Race and health 11369: 11355:Personal income 11301: 11205:National anthem 11038:personal income 11003:Economic issues 10937: 10889: 10737: 10637: 10626:School district 10612: 10595:Minor divisions 10589: 10528: 10486: 10425: 10411:Statutory codes 10392: 10355: 10332: 10242: 10237: 10224: 10159: 10116:civil liberties 10097: 10088:Other tribunals 10067:District courts 10019: 9978:current members 9961:current members 9942: 9876:Law enforcement 9774: 9487: 9436: 9427:Great Recession 9298:Progressive Era 9288:Native genocide 9219:Perpetual Union 9207:Treaty of Paris 9165:United Colonies 9123: 9048: 9042: 9012: 9007: 8961: 8935: 8879: 8843: 8831: 8570: 8544: 8502: 8487: 8393:Jewish American 8366:Polish American 8307:Korean American 8297:Indian American 8264: 8249: 8104:Merchant Marine 8074:Law enforcement 7926: 7907: 7781: 7777:Great Recession 7684: 7658:Reagan Doctrine 7612: 7591:Stonewall riots 7513: 7487:Project Mercury 7448:Truman Doctrine 7424: 7332:First Red Scare 7306: 7275:Progressive Era 7187: 7147:Bleeding Kansas 7103: 7050:Monroe Doctrine 7026: 6974: 6933:Treaty of Paris 6894: 6868:Boston Massacre 6863:Sons of Liberty 6759: 6730: 6719: 6701: 6696: 6654: 6645: 6627: 6596:Servos, John W. 6590: 6572: 6554: 6536: 6514: 6494: 6476: 6458: 6438: 6418: 6402: 6400:Further reading 6347: 6327: 6309: 6291: 6244: 6216: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6198:. MedPage Today 6192: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6103: 6101: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6061: 6052: 6048: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6009: 6005: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5745: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5664: 5660: 5651:(3). New York: 5637: 5633: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5603: 5599: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5563: 5559: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5522: 5518: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5117: 5110: 5106: 5095: 5091: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4694: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4525: 4521: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4456:, pp. 7–8. 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4347: 4343: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4260: 4255: 4241: 4108:. For example, 4090: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4056:needs expansion 4050: 4039: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4011: 3909: 3899: 3894: 3860:landing on the 3766: 3736: 3648:Wright Brothers 3608: 3600:Main articles: 3598: 3506: 3496: 3445: 3439: 3415:Progressive Era 3387: 3374:Lower Manhattan 3362: 3356: 3332: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3295: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3219: 3213: 3165:Cyrus McCormick 3125: 3119: 3114: 3079:radio receivers 3044:arc transmitter 2983: 2883:. In 1908, the 2881:mass production 2859:Duryea brothers 2847:Wilhelm Maybach 2797: 2783: 2763:holding company 2717:Harold P. Brown 2654:electric motors 2559: 2557:War of currents 2549: 2547:Electrification 2543: 2352: 2342: 2324:and formed the 2280:Washington D.C. 2268:dots and dashes 2248: 2242: 2206:Andrew Carnegie 2193:and Englishman 2106:Bloomery forges 2079: 2065: 2030:freight traffic 2022:inter-city rail 2020:. Amtrak began 1870: 1864: 1837: 1804: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1778:needs expansion 1772: 1761: 1729:, invented the 1720: 1715: 1709: 1659:Commerce Clause 1540: 1492:authorized the 1472:Cumberland Road 1458:John C. Calhoun 1433:Albert Gallatin 1385:De Witt Clinton 1370: 1356: 1295:Middlesex Canal 1243:Albert Gallatin 1190: 1184: 1041:Middlesex Canal 1037:Merrimack River 980:Armory practice 956:milling machine 867: 861: 770: 753: 672: 666: 661: 607:, domesticated 595:as they hunted 593:leather workers 534: 528: 486:challenged its 482:. Although the 449:Napoleonic Wars 310: 241: 202: 200: 199: 192: 191: 177:Asian Americans 167: 102: 96: 90: 78: 76: 60: 56: 47: 39: 33: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12025: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11966:Sint Eustatius 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11911:Cayman Islands 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11882: 11880: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11739: 11732: 11725: 11717: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11692: 11691: 11684: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11604:Mass shootings 11601: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11592:Climate change 11589: 11579: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11530:Discrimination 11527: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11510: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11422: 11421: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11385: 11379: 11377: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11320:American Dream 11317: 11311: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11287:Transportation 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11220:Mount Rushmore 11217: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11160: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11106: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11072: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10964: 10962: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10899: 10897: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10840:Federal budget 10837: 10832: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10778:Communications 10775: 10770: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10699:exceptionalism 10696: 10686: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10677:foreign policy 10669: 10668: 10667: 10662: 10652: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10622: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10599: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10505: 10503: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10445: 10439: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10402: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10374:Chief justices 10369:Supreme courts 10365: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10258: 10256: 10247: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10208:National Guard 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10169: 10167: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10125: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10111:Bill of Rights 10107: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10081:list of judges 10078: 10076:list of courts 10064: 10063: 10062: 10060:list of judges 10052: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10029: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9995:Capitol Police 9992: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9952: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9916:Secret Service 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9829:Vice President 9826: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9808: 9806: 9799: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9613:National Parks 9605: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9573: 9568: 9566:Extreme points 9563: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9253:Federalist Era 9250: 9249: 9248: 9246:Bill of Rights 9243: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9194: 9189: 9187:Lee Resolution 9184: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9137: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9047: articles 9041: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9018: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9005: 8995: 8985: 8983:Historiography 8980: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8949: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8921:Navassa Island 8918: 8913: 8908: 8906:Johnston Atoll 8903: 8898: 8896:Howland Island 8893: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8855:American Samoa 8851: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8777:South Carolina 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8742:North Carolina 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8566:The West Coast 8563: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8540:Indian removal 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8516: 8514: 8504: 8503: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8461: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8431:Saudi American 8428: 8423: 8418: 8416:Iraqi American 8413: 8408: 8396: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8351:Irish American 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8281:Asian American 8277: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8209:Sexual slavery 8199: 8192: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8079:Postal service 8076: 8071: 8069:Foreign policy 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8024: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7946: 7939: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7861: 7856: 7849: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7797: 7791: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7645: 7643:Crack epidemic 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7622: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7608:Moral Majority 7605: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7586:Gay liberation 7583: 7578: 7576:Counterculture 7573: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7564:Fall of Saigon 7561: 7556: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7542:Apollo program 7539: 7537:Project Gemini 7529: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7455:Early Cold War 7452: 7451: 7450: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7408: 7403: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7316: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7197: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7139: 7134: 7127:Prelude to War 7124: 7119: 7117:Antebellum Era 7113: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7062:Trail of Tears 7057:Jacksonian era 7054: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7036: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6993:Federalist Era 6990: 6988:Bill of Rights 6984: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6923:Lee Resolution 6920: 6915: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6740: 6732: 6731: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6652:External links 6650: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6630: 6625: 6612: 6593: 6588: 6575: 6570: 6557: 6552: 6539: 6534: 6517: 6512: 6497: 6492: 6479: 6474: 6461: 6456: 6441: 6436: 6421: 6416: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6377:10.1086/495849 6360: 6351: 6345: 6330: 6325: 6312: 6307: 6294: 6289: 6273: 6237: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6186: 6162: 6160:, p. 252. 6150: 6138: 6114: 6085: 6072: 6059: 6057:, May 8, 1983) 6055:New York Times 6046: 6033: 6023: 6003: 5990: 5978: 5966: 5964:, p. 212. 5954: 5929: 5906: 5873: 5847: 5828:(3): 203–221. 5808: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5768:, p. 170. 5758: 5756:, p. 166. 5743: 5720: 5714:978-0470409749 5713: 5693: 5658: 5631: 5616: 5597: 5576: 5557: 5539: 5516: 5498: 5480: 5478:, p. 237. 5468: 5466:, p. 236. 5456: 5454:, p. 230. 5444: 5442:, p. 229. 5432: 5418: 5405: 5389: 5376: 5363: 5361:, p. 164. 5351: 5336: 5334:, p. 163. 5321: 5299: 5277: 5275:, p. 158. 5258: 5256:, p. 161. 5246: 5244:, p. 160. 5234: 5232:, p. 152. 5219: 5212: 5192: 5185: 5167: 5155: 5138: 5126: 5104: 5089: 5081:45 U.S.C. 5059: 5057:, p. 234. 5047: 5045:, p. 219. 5035: 5023: 5021:, p. 154. 5011: 4999: 4997:, p. 113. 4987: 4960: 4951: 4921: 4909: 4903: 4879: 4877:, p. 110. 4867: 4865:, p. 108. 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4817:, p. 256. 4807: 4805:, p. 104. 4792: 4790:, p. 102. 4780: 4771:Johnson, Allen 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4692: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4593:, p. 128. 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4519: 4506: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4424: 4385: 4360: 4341: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4256: 4240: 4237: 4189:World Wide Web 4170:Apple Computer 4142:Silicon Valley 4088:Silicon Valley 4074: 4073: 4053: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4024: 4021: 4010: 4007: 3933:private sector 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3858:Apollo program 3833:. In 1957 the 3813:At the end of 3784:Robert Goddard 3764:technology gap 3735: 3732: 3671:aerial bombing 3636: 3635: 3629: 3597: 3594: 3495: 3492: 3438: 3435: 3386: 3383: 3355: 3352: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3263: 3215:Main article: 3212: 3209: 3149:Horace Greeley 3121:Main article: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 2982: 2979: 2877:assembly lines 2853:pioneered the 2782: 2779: 2693:direct current 2595:direct current 2545:Main article: 2542: 2539: 2523:Houston, Texas 2341: 2338: 2306:, and conduct 2274:line (between 2241: 2238: 2195:Henry Bessemer 2176:crucible steel 2118:Blast furnaces 2064: 2061: 1882:DeWitt Clinton 1878:DeWitt Clinton 1863: 1860: 1836: 1833: 1796: 1795: 1775: 1773: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1748:semi-automatic 1737: 1719: 1716: 1711:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1678:federal agents 1637:Thomas Gibbons 1605:Chesapeake Bay 1583:paddle steamer 1539: 1536: 1503:Andrew Jackson 1494:U.S. president 1380:, proposed by 1343:Illinois River 1309:and the upper 1196:A lock on the 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1163:apprenticeship 1126:") based upon 1124:Waltham System 1049:stream valleys 1012:was the first 997:spinning jenny 901:grain elevator 863:Main article: 860: 857: 769: 768:Silver working 766: 752: 749: 668:Main article: 665: 662: 660: 657: 618:Tribes in the 570:, rudimentary 562:. These first 527: 524: 480:military power 255:, invented by 243: 242: 240: 239: 232: 225: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211: 194: 193: 190: 189: 184: 179: 174: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 159: 158: 152: 151: 146: 138: 137: 133: 132: 131: 130: 121: 120: 115: 107: 106: 98: 97: 75: 65: 64: 52: 51: 29:Main article: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12024: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11873: 11867: 11866:United States 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11747: 11738: 11733: 11731: 11726: 11724: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11673: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11577:Energy policy 11575: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11519: 11518:incarceration 11516: 11515: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11403:Prenatal care 11401: 11399: 11398:Birth control 11396: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11335:Homeownership 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11058:working class 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11018:homeownership 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10892: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10798:Manufacturing 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10748: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10726:Third parties 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10480: 10476: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10395: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10335: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10240: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10162: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10093:U.S. attorney 10091: 10089: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10038:Chief Justice 10036: 10035: 10034: 10033:Supreme Court 10031: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9945: 9939: 9938:Public policy 9936: 9934: 9933:Civil service 9931: 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9781: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9601:Sierra Nevada 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9539:insular zones 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9410:War on Terror 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9390:LGBT Movement 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9046: 9045:United States 9039: 9034: 9032: 9027: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8994: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8978:List of years 8976: 8975: 8972: 8958: 8950: 8948: 8947:Urban history 8945: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8926:Palmyra Atoll 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8901:Jarvis Island 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848:Insular areas 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8817:West Virginia 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8722:New Hampshire 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8682:Massachusetts 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8498: 8494: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8312:Thai American 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8260: 8256: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8150:Party Systems 8147: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8089:Voting rights 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7922: 7918: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7750:War on terror 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7648:Late Cold War 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527:Great Society 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482:Post-war boom 7480: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6628: 6626:0-669-35472-4 6622: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6610:0-691-08566-8 6607: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6589:0-8018-4818-0 6585: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6571:0-521-64653-7 6567: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6553:0-8078-4484-5 6549: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6535:0-15-505531-3 6531: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6513:0-14-009741-4 6509: 6505: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493:0-87474-539-X 6489: 6485: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6437:0-226-71027-0 6433: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6417:0-13-189643-1 6413: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326:9780961999902 6322: 6318: 6313: 6310: 6308:9781421401003 6304: 6300: 6295: 6292: 6290:0-19-504605-6 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6217: 6197: 6190: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6124: 6118: 6111: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6082: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6050: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5943: 5942:oac.cdlib.org 5939: 5933: 5919: 5918: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5861: 5860:Bloomberg.com 5857: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5792:, p. 39. 5791: 5786: 5780:, p. 40. 5779: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5536:(7): 344–346. 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5383:Maury Klein, 5380: 5373: 5370:Jill Jonnes, 5367: 5360: 5355: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5310: 5303: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5215: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5188: 5186:0-8018-6816-5 5182: 5178: 5171: 5165:, p. 58. 5164: 5159: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4904:0-226-71028-9 4900: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4797: 4789: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4760:, p. 98. 4759: 4754: 4748:, p. 94. 4747: 4742: 4736:, p. 87. 4735: 4730: 4724:, p. 83. 4723: 4718: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4653:, p. 80. 4652: 4647: 4641:, p. 77. 4640: 4635: 4628: 4627:Martello 2010 4623: 4616: 4615:Martello 2010 4611: 4605:, p. 25. 4604: 4603:Bartlett 1984 4599: 4592: 4591:Martello 2010 4587: 4585: 4578:, p. 43. 4577: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4554:, p. 20. 4553: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4480:, p. 30. 4479: 4474: 4468:, p. 10. 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4231:and Google's 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221:mobile phones 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4070: 4061: 4057: 4054:This section 4052: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3957:heart disease 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866:Space Shuttle 3863: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3829:, as well as 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796:liquid oxygen 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698:Howard Hughes 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251:typhoid fever 3248: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3171:invented the 3170: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3153:Homestead Act 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:amplification 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:New York City 3061: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3046:developed by 3045: 3041: 3040:Lee de Forest 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952:when wartime 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2939:U.S. Route 66 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2887:released the 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2832:Nicolaus Otto 2829: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2753:conglomerated 2749: 2747: 2746:Niagara Falls 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2686:steam boilers 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2606:Thomas Edison 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2583:lightning rod 2580: 2577:is a form of 2576: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519:Dallas, Texas 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426:consolidation 2423: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408:oil pipelines 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:an "oil rush" 2373: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290:, coordinate 2289: 2285: 2284:Western Union 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191:William Kelly 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146:deforestation 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2057:New York City 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:rapid transit 2042: 2041:commuter rail 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1955:Standard time 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1926:trans-shipped 1923: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:New York City 1891: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1792: 1783: 1779: 1776:This section 1774: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740:John Browning 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1649:Supreme Court 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1579:Robert Fulton 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1544: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1522:observatories 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505:voted in the 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479:Panic of 1819 1475: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1454:James Madison 1450: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1364: 1350: 1346: 1345:(1824–1848). 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:Massachusetts 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:National Road 1260: 1257:. While many 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104:Massachusetts 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:Charles River 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061:Boston Harbor 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Samuel Slater 1015: 1011: 1006: 1005:spinning mule 1002: 998: 994: 989: 987: 986: 981: 977: 973: 972:machine tools 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:steam engines 910: 906: 902: 898: 890: 886: 882: 875: 871: 866: 856: 854: 850: 844: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 813: 810: 806: 805:Spanish coins 800: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 765: 763: 759: 748: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 671: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 546: 542: 538: 533: 523: 519: 517: 516:biotechnology 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 452: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 414: 409: 407: 403: 402:Samuel Slater 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363:assembly line 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 309: 308: 302: 300: 296: 291: 287: 281: 279: 274: 273:United States 270: 262: 258: 254: 249: 238: 233: 231: 226: 224: 219: 218: 216: 215: 209: 198: 197: 196: 195: 188: 187:Puerto Ricans 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 163: 162: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 140: 139: 135: 134: 129: 128: 123: 122: 119: 116: 114: 111: 110: 109: 108: 105: 100: 99: 93: 87: 86: 83:Lunar Module 81: 71: 67: 66: 63: 54: 53: 50: 45: 44: 41: 38: 32: 27: 19: 11971:Sint Maarten 11951:Saint Martin 11865: 11619:Human rights 11599:Gun politics 11550:Islamophobia 11540:antisemitism 11408:Hospice care 11350:Middle class 11330:Homelessness 11307:Social class 11267:Social class 11131:Human rights 11121:Homelessness 11033:middle class 10998:Demographics 10973:Architecture 10880:Unemployment 10860:Labor unions 10608:Town meeting 10585:City council 10580:City manager 10321:State police 10183:Marine Corps 10173:Armed Forces 10148:civil rights 10128:Constitution 9700:Southwestern 9695:Southeastern 9685:Northwestern 9680:Northeastern 9645:Mid-Atlantic 9635:Great Plains 9482: 9353:World War II 9236:Constitution 9140:Colonial era 9119:2008–present 8916:Midway Atoll 8911:Kingman Reef 8891:Baker Island 8870:Puerto Rico 8782:South Dakota 8772:Rhode Island 8767:Pennsylvania 8747:North Dakota 8463: 8456: 8437: 8398: 8391: 8377: 8323: 8279: 8272: 8216: 8215: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8148: 8122:Marine Corps 8109: 8102: 8095: 8059:Debt ceiling 8044:Civil Rights 8026: 8019: 8005: 7991: 7977: 7948: 7943:Antisemitism 7941: 7934: 7890: 7851: 7787:2008–present 7739:Bush v. Gore 7737: 7675:War on drugs 7549:Mid Cold War 7401:Pearl Harbor 7396:World War II 7216:Ku Klux Klan 6813:Dummer's War 6752: 6745: 6739:Pre-Colonial 6634: 6616: 6600: 6579: 6561: 6543: 6525: 6502: 6483: 6465: 6446: 6426: 6407: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6335: 6316: 6298: 6280: 6255:(3): 33–62. 6252: 6248: 6225: 6221: 6200:. Retrieved 6189: 6177:. Retrieved 6165: 6153: 6141: 6129:. Retrieved 6117: 6109: 6102:. Retrieved 6098:the original 6088: 6080: 6075: 6070:Feb. 6, 1984 6067: 6062: 6054: 6049: 6041: 6036: 6028: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5957: 5945:. Retrieved 5941: 5932: 5921:, retrieved 5916: 5909: 5897:. Retrieved 5885: 5876: 5864:. Retrieved 5859: 5850: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5738:the original 5733: 5723: 5703: 5696: 5687: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5625: 5619: 5610: 5600: 5591: 5579: 5570: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5447: 5435: 5421: 5413: 5408: 5400: 5399:Mark Essig, 5384: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5354: 5345: 5339: 5312:. Retrieved 5302: 5290:. Retrieved 5280: 5249: 5237: 5202: 5195: 5176: 5170: 5158: 5141: 5129: 5107: 5092: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4971: 4963: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4936: 4912: 4889: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4851:Johnson 1915 4846: 4839:Johnson 1915 4834: 4827:Johnson 1915 4822: 4815:Johnson 1915 4810: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4679: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4617:, p. 7. 4610: 4598: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4527: 4522: 4514: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437:. Retrieved 4427: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4377:the original 4363: 4354: 4344: 4336: 4327: 4279:NASA spinoff 4186: 4099: 4064: 4060:adding to it 4055: 4032: 4018: 3988: 3984:human genome 3980:gene therapy 3965: 3953:disabilities 3942: 3929:World War II 3918: 3880:broadcasts. 3855: 3851:Alan Shepard 3847:Yuri Gagarin 3835:Soviet Union 3815:World War II 3812: 3781: 3675: 3655: 3637: 3617: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3556: 3532:universities 3515: 3489: 3446: 3408: 3379: 3348: 3344: 3333: 3268: 3240: 3220: 3211:Urbanization 3185: 3161: 3141: 3099: 3076: 3053: 3033: 3010: 2996: 2991:Regency TR-1 2950:World War II 2947: 2935:U.S. Route 1 2920: 2916:associations 2906:labor unions 2889:Ford Model T 2867: 2825: 2750: 2714: 2690: 2670:Nikola Tesla 2651: 2603: 2587: 2568: 2475: 2452: 2450: 2434:Standard Oil 2420: 2400:Pennsylvania 2396:oil refining 2365: 2316: 2257: 2203: 2188: 2169: 2165:wrought iron 2158: 2143: 2095: 2034: 2006:Penn Central 2004:In 1970 the 2003: 1971: 1930: 1918: 1898:Philadelphia 1890:Oliver Evans 1887: 1880:, named for 1877: 1849: 1805: 1786: 1782:adding to it 1777: 1721: 1697:civil rights 1664:Because the 1663: 1652: 1618: 1601:tidal rivers 1592: 1586: 1563:James Rumsey 1552: 1548:Hudson River 1519: 1487: 1483:James Monroe 1476: 1451: 1430: 1414:Pennsylvania 1397:Hudson River 1375: 1327:Morris Canal 1319:Rhode Island 1291:Santee Canal 1284: 1270:and reached 1246: 1232:Pennsylvania 1221: 1202: 1175:wage laborer 1140: 1097: 1045:Mystic River 1034: 990: 988:in England. 983: 944:Simeon North 941: 897:Oliver Evans 894: 845: 839:After 1780, 838: 814: 809:supply chain 801: 796:silversmiths 785: 781:Williamsburg 771: 758:mercantilist 754: 673: 659:Colonial era 639:animals for 617: 549: 520: 500:Soviet Union 492:World War II 457: 453: 438: 410: 395: 379: 357:technology, 335:refrigerator 305: 303: 282: 268: 266: 155: 126: 94:in July 1969 84: 46: 40: 26: 11941:Puerto Rico 11851:Saint Lucia 11801:El Salvador 11624:Immigration 11555:LGBT rights 11457:Food safety 11292:Video games 10885:Wall Street 10865:Public debt 10768:Agriculture 10704:nationalism 10416:Uniform act 10338:Legislative 10245:Territorial 10203:Coast Guard 10198:Space Force 9948:Legislative 9743:Red (South) 9733:Mississippi 9655:New England 9591:Appalachian 9561:Earthquakes 9458:Discoveries 9453:Demographic 9395:Vietnam War 9338:World War I 9333:Imperialism 9283:Indian Wars 9258:War of 1812 8931:Wake Island 8697:Mississippi 8612:Connecticut 8556:New England 8223:Agriculture 8142:Coast Guard 8137:Space Force 7985:Immigration 7713:WTC bombing 7631:Reaganomics 7559:Vietnam War 7475:McCarthyism 7357:Second Klan 7342:Prohibition 7320:World War I 7295:Square Deal 7285:Imperialism 7020:War of 1812 6747:Prehistoric 5988:v.22 (1982) 5976:132: (1983) 5134:Stover 1997 5055:Stover 1997 5043:Stover 1997 5031:Stover 1997 4980:February 8, 4944:February 8, 4576:Skerry 1988 4564:Skerry 1988 4552:Waters 1977 4405:: 173–190. 4249:Video games 4225:smartphones 4213:Moore's Law 3773:Buzz Aldrin 3752:procurement 3725:investigate 3667:dogfighting 3652:World War I 3627:Gatling gun 3485:meteorology 3163:processes. 3135:mechanical 3056:vacuum tube 2836:four-stroke 2781:Automobiles 2707:, allowing 2705:transformer 2668:immigrant, 2579:electricity 2541:Electricity 2304:ticker tape 2264:Alfred Vail 2230:J.P. Morgan 2222:Great Lakes 2184:heavy rails 2055:(1897) and 1972:During the 1914:rail tracks 1727:Samuel Colt 1613:Ohio Rivers 1609:Mississippi 1371: 1825 1357: 1825 1311:Susquehanna 1238:. In 1808, 1217:Roman roads 1151:John Capron 1143:power looms 1136:New England 1132:power looms 1065:navigations 1026:Slater Mill 1014:cotton mill 1001:water frame 921:Eli Whitney 849:Paul Revere 841:Paul Revere 830:apprentices 777:plantations 751:Artisanship 724:maple syrup 664:Agriculture 637:domesticate 554:, big-game 541:Monks Mound 508:spaceflight 496:superpowers 445:War of 1812 426:Eli Whitney 387:New England 367:supermarket 295:War of 1812 257:Eli Whitney 144:Discoveries 136:Development 113:Before 1890 11996:Categories 11936:Montserrat 11931:Martinique 11926:Guadeloupe 11781:Costa Rica 11658:Xenophobia 11447:Disability 11388:Healthcare 11297:Visual art 11242:Philosophy 11188:television 11178:newspapers 11168:journalism 11158:Literature 11070:attainment 10721:Republican 10716:Democratic 10689:Ideologies 10650:Corruption 10215:NOAA Corps 10138:preemption 10133:federalism 9748:Rio Grande 9650:Midwestern 9630:West Coast 9625:East Coast 9468:Inventions 9380:Space Race 9375:Korean War 9358:home front 9293:Gilded Age 8812:Washington 8732:New Mexico 8727:New Jersey 8602:California 8097:Journalism 8049:Corruption 8028:Government 7979:Demography 7966:Newspapers 7815:Sandy Hook 7718:Waco siege 7626:Reagan era 7532:Space Race 7465:Korean War 7406:home front 7238:Gilded Age 7206:Amendments 6158:Cowan 1997 6146:Cowan 1997 6014:Management 5962:Cowan 1997 5766:Cowan 1997 5754:Cowan 1997 5476:Cowan 1997 5464:Cowan 1997 5452:Cowan 1997 5440:Cowan 1997 5359:Cowan 1997 5332:Cowan 1997 5273:Cowan 1997 5254:Cowan 1997 5242:Cowan 1997 5230:Cowan 1997 5163:Cowan 1997 5085:§ 501 5019:Cowan 1997 5007:Cowan 1997 4995:Cowan 1997 4917:Burke 1997 4875:Cowan 1997 4863:Cowan 1997 4803:Cowan 1997 4788:Cowan 1997 4758:Cowan 1997 4746:Cowan 1997 4734:Cowan 1997 4722:Cowan 1997 4710:1104810110 4663:Cowan 1997 4651:Cowan 1997 4639:Cowan 1997 4540:Tunis 1965 4502:Cowan 1997 4490:Cowan 1997 4478:Cowan 1997 4466:Cowan 1997 4454:Cowan 1997 4320:References 4243:See also: 4172:developed 4138:Xerox PARC 4128:, and the 4122:transistor 4078:See also: 4067:April 2022 4027:See also: 4013:See also: 3966:Molecular 3921:physiology 3901:See also: 3878:television 3843:Explorer I 3827:satellites 3804:atmosphere 3760:Space Race 3738:See also: 3710:Kelley Act 3700:shattered 3694:Wiley Post 3568:Ivy League 3544:vocational 3498:See also: 3441:See also: 3419:Muckraking 3403:California 3395:Hoover Dam 3385:Regulation 3358:See also: 3324:See also: 3197:The Grange 3169:John Deere 3102:transistor 3072:Pittsburgh 3017:Morse code 2893:horsepower 2869:Henry Ford 2834:created a 2828:automobile 2821:California 2785:See also: 2736:, to form 2619:generators 2551:See also: 2510:California 2494:oil fields 2482:lubricants 2344:See also: 2310:after the 2244:See also: 2234:U.S. Steel 2114:horseshoes 2067:See also: 2028:to revive 2010:bankruptcy 2001:business. 1986:automobile 1910:train cars 1866:See also: 1800:See also: 1789:April 2022 1670:metallurgy 1641:New Jersey 1567:steamboats 1559:John Fitch 1538:Steamboats 1499:Henry Clay 1426:bankruptcy 1378:Erie Canal 1331:New Jersey 1325:, and the 1299:Erie Canal 1224:toll roads 1198:Erie Canal 1141:The first 1108:Daniel Day 1069:Manchester 1057:Chelmsford 1032:in 1793. 962:created a 925:cotton gin 919:recruited 909:gristmills 905:hopper boy 834:journeymen 792:goldsmiths 688:plowshares 613:wove cloth 568:spearheads 530:See also: 422:cotton gin 253:cotton gin 88:above the 11921:Greenland 11836:Nicaragua 11811:Guatemala 11641:Terrorism 11418:Rationing 11315:Affluence 11262:Sexuality 11230:Uncle Sam 11136:Languages 11065:Education 11008:affluence 10968:Americana 10895:Transport 10793:Insurance 10783:Companies 10763:By sector 10655:Elections 10296:Treasurer 10254:Executive 10193:Air Force 10165:Uniformed 9988:President 9805:Executive 9576:Mountains 9509:Territory 9497:Geography 9321:1954–1968 9316:1896–1954 9311:1865–1896 9273:Civil War 9114:1991–2008 9109:1980–1991 9104:1964–1980 9099:1945–1964 9094:1917–1945 9089:1865–1917 9084:1849–1865 9079:1815–1849 9074:1789–1815 9069:1776–1789 9062:By period 8822:Wisconsin 8787:Tennessee 8692:Minnesota 8667:Louisiana 8561:The South 8132:Air Force 8007:Education 7869:recession 7825:Las Vegas 7733:Columbine 7690:1991–2008 7618:1980–1991 7519:1964–1980 7430:1945–1964 7384:Dust Bowl 7312:1917–1945 7193:1865–1917 7171:Civil War 7164:Secession 7109:1849–1865 7032:1815–1849 7003:Quasi-War 6980:1789–1815 6900:1776–1789 6853:Sugar Act 6393:162318347 6371:: 19–33, 6202:March 19, 6179:March 19, 6131:March 18, 6104:March 17, 5947:April 22, 5923:April 22, 5899:April 22, 5894:0362-4331 5866:April 22, 5842:0038-3929 4439:August 3, 4419:154848228 4178:Microsoft 3839:Sputnik I 3692:in 1927, 3536:clergymen 3469:computing 3465:chemistry 3336:deskilled 3247:dysentery 3228:Cleveland 3021:U.S. Navy 2954:rationing 2913:political 2901:conveyors 2851:Karl Benz 2691:Edison's 2658:DC motors 2604:In 1880, 2591:arc lamps 2575:lightning 2506:Louisiana 2488:demanded 2416:teamsters 2392:fuel oils 2388:distilled 2384:Civil War 2368:crude oil 2360:petroleum 2340:Petroleum 2334:operators 2322:telephone 2300:commodity 2276:Baltimore 2272:telegraph 2218:Minnesota 2204:In 1868, 2159:Although 2139:limestone 2122:cast iron 2120:creating 1942:Jay Gould 1862:Railroads 1820:telephone 1816:telegraph 1754:firearms. 1752:automatic 1744:repeating 1718:Civil War 1682:liability 1651:ruled in 1410:Cleveland 1395:with the 1393:Lake Erie 1307:Lake Erie 1251:turnpikes 1209:Tennessee 1171:indenture 732:sugarcane 645:husbandry 512:computing 472:Civil War 343:microwave 331:cellphone 323:microchip 118:1890–1945 79:Apollo 11 11886:Anguilla 11821:Honduras 11791:Dominica 11766:Barbados 11697:Category 11393:Abortion 11257:Religion 11215:Columbia 11173:internet 11109:Holidays 11104:Folklore 11075:literacy 11013:eviction 10903:Aviation 10875:Taxation 10830:Currency 10823:by state 10733:Scandals 10603:Township 10361:Judicial 10262:Governor 10025:Judicial 9911:Marshals 9784:Politics 9738:Missouri 9728:Columbia 9723:Colorado 9718:Arkansas 9711:Longest 9690:Southern 9675:Northern 9519:counties 9473:Military 9463:Economic 9441:By topic 9420:Iraq War 9370:Cold War 9128:By event 8993:Category 8807:Virginia 8757:Oklahoma 8737:New York 8712:Nebraska 8702:Missouri 8687:Michigan 8677:Maryland 8662:Kentucky 8642:Illinois 8617:Delaware 8607:Colorado 8597:Arkansas 8476:Lesbians 8450:Comanche 8445:Cherokee 8238:Medicine 8196:Genocide 8189:Religion 8111:Military 8084:Taxation 8034:Abortion 7950:Cultural 7830:Parkland 7760:Iraq War 7698:Gulf War 7470:Ivy Mike 7389:New Deal 6765:Colonial 6710:Timeline 6524:(1998), 6279:(1997), 6269:23561154 6234:40716254 5314:March 9, 5292:March 9, 4773:(1915), 4702:83016269 4678:(1984), 4258:See also 4205:Facebook 4180:created 4162:Internet 4160:and the 4110:AT&T 3995:HIV/AIDS 3972:genomics 3968:genetics 3949:diseases 3925:medicine 3808:rocketry 3800:gasoline 3740:Cold War 3718:regulate 3714:airports 3680:and the 3473:aviation 3457:medicine 3449:Congress 3433:(1906). 3413:and the 3177:prairies 2966:Chrysler 2931:highways 2729:lobbying 2701:voltages 2535:Gulf Oil 2502:Oklahoma 2490:gasoline 2478:kerosene 2442:monopoly 2374:set off 2135:iron ore 2131:charcoal 2126:pig iron 2096:Because 2059:(1904). 2051:(1892), 1978:airlines 1940:such as 1938:magnates 1908:to move 1835:Bicycles 1812:railroad 1731:revolver 1690:regulate 1645:enjoined 1593:Clermont 1575:engineer 1490:Congress 1234:'s 1795 1205:Kentucky 1112:Uxbridge 887:, whose 680:Puritans 676:Pilgrims 641:drafting 572:harpoons 371:bar code 319:internet 315:airplane 103:Timeline 11916:Curaçao 11901:Bonaire 11896:Bermuda 11826:Jamaica 11806:Grenada 11761:Bahamas 11681:Outline 11629:illegal 11614:Smoking 11477:Obesity 11360:Poverty 11282:Theater 11272:Society 11126:Housing 11087:Fashion 11043:poverty 10988:Cuisine 10960:Culture 10947:Society 10908:Driving 10835:Exports 10813:Tourism 10773:Banking 10751:Economy 10711:Parties 10555:Charter 10519:Sheriff 9966:Speaker 9834:Cabinet 9797:Federal 9705:Western 9670:Eastern 9665:Central 9660:Pacific 9620:Regions 9571:Islands 9054:History 8827:Wyoming 8802:Vermont 8707:Montana 8647:Indiana 8627:Georgia 8622:Florida 8592:Arizona 8582:Alabama 8549:Regions 8471:Gay men 8243:Railway 8203:Slavery 7999:Banking 7993:Economy 7835:El Paso 7820:Orlando 7554:Détente 6715:Outline 6385:1180578 6214:Sources 6068:Fortune 5114:Pub. 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The 2793:, and 2645:, and 2627:cables 2533:, and 2531:Texaco 2527:Sunoco 2521:, and 2508:, and 2457:, the 2133:, and 2075:, and 2053:Boston 2014:Amtrak 1922:gauges 1822:, and 1818:& 1750:, and 1735:pistol 1707:Mining 1635:, but 1627:, and 1597:Albany 1577:named 1555:boiler 1420:, and 1408:, and 1255:canals 1222:Early 1211:, and 1169:, and 1003:, and 952:pistol 788:Boston 742:, and 740:cotton 720:potash 714:, and 682:, and 649:bronze 611:, and 609:cotton 576:Arctic 514:, and 443:, the 373:, and 11891:Aruba 11816:Haiti 11688:Index 11513:Crime 11383:Aging 11200:Names 11195:Music 11183:radio 11163:Media 10993:Dance 10983:Crime 10818:Trade 10575:Mayor 10524:Clerk 10492:Local 10234:State 9753:Yukon 9596:Rocky 9581:peaks 8792:Texas 8672:Maine 8637:Idaho 8465:LGBTQ 8458:Women 8228:Labor 8181:Sixth 8176:Fifth 8166:Third 8156:First 7961:Music 7703:NAFTA 6389:S2CID 6381:JSTOR 6265:S2CID 6245:(PDF) 6230:JSTOR 6174:(PDF) 6126:(PDF) 5588:(PDF) 5150:(PDF) 4415:S2CID 4380:(PDF) 4373:(PDF) 3874:radio 3821:like 3526:great 3173:steel 2998:Radio 2927:lobby 2647:bulbs 2498:Texas 2467:Mobil 2463:Exxon 2438:trust 2296:stock 2292:Union 2161:steel 2087:steel 1686:suits 1445:, to 1389:bonds 1337:from 1153:, of 1149:, by 1053:MA 38 964:lathe 708:wheat 601:adobe 584:weirs 339:email 327:laser 311:' 125:1991– 85:Eagle 11961:Saba 11786:Cuba 11252:Race 11097:list 11092:Flag 10631:list 10475:list 10386:list 10326:list 10279:list 10267:list 10243:and 10188:Navy 10178:Army 10048:list 9760:Time 9640:Gulf 8860:Guam 8797:Utah 8752:Ohio 8652:Iowa 8127:Navy 8117:Army 8021:Flag 6639:ISBN 6621:ISBN 6606:ISBN 6584:ISBN 6566:ISBN 6548:ISBN 6530:ISBN 6508:ISBN 6488:ISBN 6470:ISBN 6452:ISBN 6432:ISBN 6412:ISBN 6341:ISBN 6321:ISBN 6303:ISBN 6285:ISBN 6204:2007 6181:2007 6133:2007 6106:2007 6019:ISBN 5949:2024 5925:2024 5901:2024 5890:ISSN 5868:2024 5838:ISSN 5709:ISBN 5316:2007 5294:2007 5208:ISBN 5181:ISBN 4982:2016 4946:2016 4899:ISBN 4706:OCLC 4698:LCCN 4688:ISBN 4441:2007 4195:and 4168:and 4154:NASA 4152:and 4150:ARPA 4136:and 4130:UNIX 4104:and 3970:and 3951:and 3943:The 3905:and 3876:and 3862:Moon 3798:and 3777:Moon 3723:and 3604:and 3538:and 3516:The 3502:and 3429:and 3409:The 3393:The 3328:and 3199:and 3147:and 3068:KDKA 3011:The 2989:The 2958:Ford 2937:and 2861:and 2845:and 2803:The 2633:and 2555:and 2414:and 2348:and 2298:and 2278:and 2262:and 2174:and 2154:coal 2150:coke 2137:and 2124:and 2098:iron 1980:and 1944:and 1896:and 1876:The 1850:The 1668:and 1611:and 1603:and 1561:and 1470:the 1418:Ohio 1321:and 1253:and 1213:Ohio 1085:lock 991:The 903:and 832:and 794:and 736:rice 722:and 716:oats 704:corn 700:pigs 698:and 696:cows 692:guns 653:iron 622:and 582:and 580:nets 502:for 432:and 353:and 267:The 251:The 91:Moon 11151:ASL 10398:Law 10103:Law 9921:TSA 9906:ICE 9901:FBI 9896:DEA 9886:CBP 9881:ATF 9202:War 6913:War 6373:doi 6257:doi 5830:doi 5680:doi 4407:doi 4229:iOS 4166:IBM 4140:in 4118:LED 4112:'s 4062:. 3923:or 3673:. 3656:see 3372:in 3070:in 3062:in 3060:2XG 3027:in 3025:NAA 3008:. 2925:to 2908:or 2875:on 2819:in 2641:), 2625:), 2601:. 2597:or 2496:in 2448:. 2370:in 2232:'s 1916:. 1912:on 1784:. 1684:in 1245:'s 1106:, ( 1028:in 836:. 786:In 712:rye 651:or 643:or 615:. 280:. 11998:: 6598:, 6387:, 6379:, 6369:12 6367:, 6263:. 6251:. 6247:. 6226:17 6224:, 6108:. 6027:. 5940:. 5884:. 5858:. 5836:. 5826:69 5824:. 5820:. 5746:^ 5732:. 5676:25 5674:. 5670:. 5649:12 5647:. 5643:. 5609:. 5590:. 5569:. 5550:. 5534:11 5532:. 5528:. 5509:. 5491:. 5392:^ 5324:^ 5261:^ 5222:^ 5079:, 4974:)" 4924:^ 4897:, 4795:^ 4704:, 4696:, 4686:, 4583:^ 4413:. 4403:31 4401:. 4397:. 4353:. 4335:, 4247:, 4235:. 4203:, 4082:, 4005:. 3986:. 3888:. 3853:. 3758:, 3754:, 3750:, 3746:, 3742:, 3730:. 3665:, 3479:, 3475:, 3471:, 3467:, 3463:, 3459:, 3257:, 3245:, 3226:, 3131:A 2962:GM 2960:, 2918:. 2841:, 2789:, 2771:GE 2649:. 2537:. 2529:, 2517:, 2504:, 2500:, 2394:, 2071:, 1814:, 1746:, 1703:. 1623:, 1585:, 1474:. 1449:. 1428:. 1416:, 1404:, 1368:c. 1354:c. 1207:, 999:, 855:. 790:, 738:, 734:, 710:, 706:, 690:, 678:, 518:. 510:, 377:. 369:, 365:, 361:, 349:, 345:, 341:, 337:, 333:, 329:, 325:, 321:, 317:, 11736:e 11729:t 11722:v 10241:, 10236:, 10069:/ 9037:e 9030:t 9023:v 6691:e 6684:t 6677:v 6375:: 6349:. 6271:. 6259:: 6253:7 6206:. 6183:. 6135:. 5951:. 5903:. 5870:. 5844:. 5832:: 5717:. 5682:: 5429:. 5318:. 5296:. 5216:. 5189:. 4984:. 4948:. 4443:. 4421:. 4409:: 4357:. 4069:) 4065:( 3993:( 3401:- 3093:( 2761:" 2637:( 2621:( 1791:) 1787:( 263:. 236:e 229:t 222:v 20:)

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