425:
144:
586:
35:
470:
In his dissent, Harlan argued "the doctrine of the autonomy of the states cannot properly be invoked to justify a denial of power in the national government to meet such an emergency." He continued to argue the
Constitution gives Congress "authority to enact all laws necessary and proper" to regulate
461:
That which belongs to commerce is within the jurisdiction of the United States, but that which does not belong to commerce is within the jurisdiction of the police power of the State. . . . Doubtless the power to control the manufacture of a given thing involves in a certain sense the
404:, in his second term of office (1893–1897), directed the national government to sue the Knight Company under the provisions of the Sherman Antitrust Act to prevent the acquisition. The question the court had to answer was, "could the Sherman Antitrust Act suppress a monopoly in the
1725:
466:
The decision required any action against manufacturing monopolies to be taken by individual states. The ruling prevailed until the end of the 1930s, when the Court took a different position on the federal government's power to regulate the economy.
2887:
865:
1322:
4293:
3584:
2847:
453:
The Court held "that the result of the transaction was the creation of a monopoly in the manufacture of a necessary of life" but ruled that it "could not be suppressed under the provisions of the act."
1402:
1370:
2823:
4285:
832:
3020:
686:
4277:
3424:
4017:
3937:
792:
3376:
2126:
743:
4261:
3592:
1797:
1346:
739:
690:
3944:
796:
4513:
2757:
4139:
4269:
3736:
3704:
3384:
1011:
4384:
4301:
1541:
4498:
3892:
3392:
2988:
1095:
1821:
1103:
457:
The Court ruled that manufacturing, in this case, refining, was a local activity, not subject to congressional regulation of interstate commerce. Fuller wrote:
4229:
3813:
3760:
3464:
3145:
2855:
2056:
1854:
1170:
918:
3108:
2948:
1274:
601:
561:
185:
17:
3688:
3274:
2815:
2110:
2024:
1749:
1645:
1434:
444:
4221:
3600:
3311:
1709:
3320:
3170:
1330:
56:
49:
4309:
3980:
3624:
3560:
2863:
3996:
3838:
3792:
3360:
2871:
1418:
978:
4508:
3536:
3092:
2786:
2501:
2416:
1565:
99:
3768:
3472:
3258:
3178:
2703:
2562:
2424:
71:
4253:
3664:
3186:
3028:
2695:
1693:
672:
514:
1961:
590:
3822:
3290:
3100:
2972:
2940:
2631:
2006:
1613:
397:
gained control of the E. C. Knight
Company and several others, which resulted in a 98% monopoly of the American sugar refining industry.
78:
4518:
3608:
3012:
2735:
1557:
1410:
1378:
1047:
4503:
3368:
3266:
2509:
2493:
2485:
3680:
3400:
3154:
2546:
2392:
2384:
1306:
85:
4493:
3696:
3076:
2687:
2312:
1597:
1442:
1362:
1055:
3648:
3298:
2727:
1605:
1186:
485:
Although the decision was never expressly overturned, the Court later retreated from its position in a series of cases such as
67:
4453:
4213:
3784:
3752:
3552:
3544:
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3116:
3084:
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2839:
2432:
1629:
1525:
1154:
3218:
3132:
2831:
2765:
2554:
2408:
2400:
1773:
1485:
1314:
1266:
660:
371:
could not regulate manufacturing and thus gave state governments the sole power to take legal action against manufacturing
4429:
3830:
3776:
3052:
2879:
2586:
2529:
1290:
519:
3640:
3124:
3004:
2895:
1733:
1717:
1282:
1234:
824:
763:
710:
669:
487:
437:
148:
3616:
3488:
3328:
2679:
2663:
2517:
1669:
1621:
1386:
118:
4488:
4461:
3656:
3568:
3344:
3194:
1258:
1242:
1218:
424:
4074:
3202:
3060:
2794:
2048:
1210:
1178:
885:
394:
377:
2251:
1829:
1661:
1194:
1063:
92:
4189:
2777:
2570:
2476:
1949:
1426:
938:
4363:
3036:
2040:
1677:
1226:
630:
235:
Manufacturing is not considered an area that can be regulated by
Congress pursuant to the commerce clause.
3863:
3632:
2956:
2440:
1581:
1354:
986:
356:
353:
218:
3916:
3408:
1250:
1162:
1007:
4405:
4397:
3908:
3250:
2655:
2602:
1805:
1757:
1653:
1589:
1039:
4197:
4090:
4042:
3800:
3432:
3226:
2996:
2578:
2538:
2456:
930:
653:
381:
and subsequent cases, the Court has held that
Congress can regulate manufacturing when it affects
3504:
3282:
3210:
2623:
2594:
1137:
1071:
1023:
893:
861:
491:, which have defined various steps of the manufacturing process as part of commerce. Eventually,
412:
45:
359:
case that severely limited the federal government's power to pursue antitrust actions under the
4437:
3720:
3520:
3440:
2719:
2639:
2464:
2304:
2086:
1789:
1765:
440:
294:
4413:
3876:
2931:
2671:
2614:
2320:
2271:
2146:
1986:
1978:
1924:
1886:
1701:
1533:
1298:
1202:
605:
565:
473:
360:
302:
258:
177:
462:
control of its disposition, but . . . affects it only incidentally and indirectly.
4445:
4342:
3884:
3744:
3480:
3456:
3416:
2376:
2243:
2094:
1087:
877:
447:
282:
266:
8:
4162:
4106:
4082:
3352:
2360:
2344:
2328:
2179:
2078:
1685:
1549:
755:
646:
382:
278:
638:
4152:
4066:
4058:
3988:
3576:
3044:
2647:
2448:
2352:
2336:
2219:
2211:
2118:
2102:
1868:
1637:
1079:
959:
914:
612:
4355:
4205:
3964:
3900:
3448:
3242:
3162:
2911:
2280:
2259:
2155:
2032:
1933:
1813:
1573:
1394:
1146:
718:
621:
568:
290:
4016:
4181:
4050:
3956:
3672:
3528:
3496:
2980:
2288:
2171:
1994:
1911:
1517:
1477:
1461:
1031:
971:
808:
401:
214:
4421:
4135:
3712:
3512:
3068:
2296:
2227:
2203:
2163:
2016:
1741:
1493:
1469:
1338:
1124:
840:
771:
509:
364:
250:
180:
4317:
4245:
4098:
4034:
3728:
2711:
2195:
2187:
2134:
1941:
1781:
816:
524:
398:
4482:
4237:
3972:
3585:
Florida
Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3234:
2848:
College
Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
2747:
2368:
2235:
2068:
1970:
702:
368:
4114:
2903:
2824:
San
Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1371:
Oregon Waste
Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
495:
came to be a precedent narrowed to its precise facts, with no other force.
429:
1878:
833:
Arizona State
Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
436:
The court's 8–1 decision, handed down on
January 21, 1895 and written by
406:
270:
1403:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
2806:
1501:
196:
3425:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
3021:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
529:
504:
1726:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
319:
Fuller, joined by Field, Gray, Brewer, Brown, Shiras, Jackson, White
34:
3377:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
2127:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
372:
585:
3936:
738:
222:
3862:
3593:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
192:
143:
2888:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
2758:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
1006:
3385:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
3737:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
3705:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
1542:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
860:
668:
3393:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
2989:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
4430:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
1822:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1171:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
1104:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2856:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
2057:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
4514:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
4341:
3109:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
2949:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
2025:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1275:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
958:
913:
3689:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3275:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
2816:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
2111:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
1910:
1750:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
1435:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
685:
3601:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
3465:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
1123:
3321:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
3171:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
1853:
1331:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
791:
3981:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
3625:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
3561:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
3361:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
2864:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
1866:
1646:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
4480:
4134:
3997:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
3839:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
3793:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
2872:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
2417:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
1419:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1323:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
979:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
4499:United States Constitution Article One case law
4383:
4294:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
3761:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
3537:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
3093:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
1566:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
4310:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
3769:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
3473:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3259:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
3179:International News Service v. Associated Press
2704:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
2696:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
2563:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2425:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
3823:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
3665:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
3187:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
3029:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
1694:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
654:
367:'s majority opinion, the Court held that the
2787:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
2632:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
2502:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
375:. The case has never been overruled, but in
4254:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3291:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
3101:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
2973:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
2941:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
2736:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
1614:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
1379:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
3609:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
1558:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
1411:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
661:
647:
3369:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3267:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
2547:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
2510:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
2494:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
2486:Straus v. American Publishers Association
2393:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
3681:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
3401:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
3155:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
3077:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2385:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
1598:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1307:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
1048:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
423:
348:, 156 U.S. 1 (1895), also known as the "
4286:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
3697:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
3013:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
2728:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
2688:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2313:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1443:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
1363:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1187:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
1056:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
14:
4509:United States Commerce Clause case law
4481:
3649:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
3545:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3299:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
2965:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
1606:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
55:Please improve this article by adding
4454:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
4382:
4340:
4214:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
4133:
4015:
3935:
3861:
3785:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
3753:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
3553:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3337:United States v. General Electric Co.
3117:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
3085:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
2920:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
2840:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
1909:
1852:
1630:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
1526:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
1155:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
1122:
1005:
957:
912:
859:
790:
740:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
737:
684:
642:
591:United States v. E. C. Knight Company
480:
131:1895 United States Supreme Court case
18:United States v. E. C. Knight Company
4278:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3219:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
3133:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
2832:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
2766:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
2555:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2409:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
2401:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
1774:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
1486:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1315:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1267:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
553:
551:
549:
547:
515:Sugar companies of the United States
28:
3831:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
3777:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
3053:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
2880:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
2587:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
2530:International Copyright Act of 1891
1291:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
520:Sugar industry of the United States
68:"United States v. E. C. Knight Co."
24:
3641:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
3005:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
2896:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
1734:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
1718:National League of Cities v. Usery
1283:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1235:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
825:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
764:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
711:Department of Commerce v. New York
488:Swift and Company v. United States
149:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
4530:
4519:United States Supreme Court cases
3657:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
3617:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
3489:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3329:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
2680:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
2664:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
2518:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
1622:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
1510:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
1387:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
598:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
578:
558:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
544:
345:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
4504:United States antitrust case law
4462:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
3569:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3345:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
3195:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1259:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1243:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1219:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
1179:Swift & Co. v. United States
584:
378:Swift & Co. v. United States
167:United States v. E.C. Knight Co.
142:
137:United States v. E.C. Knight Co.
33:
4075:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3203:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
3061:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
2433:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
1662:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1211:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
608:1 (1895) is available from:
443:, went against the government.
419:
395:American Sugar Refining Company
4494:1895 in United States case law
2252:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1195:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
1064:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
13:
1:
4262:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
4190:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
2778:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
2571:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2477:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
2049:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
1950:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
1427:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1347:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
939:United States v. Munoz-Flores
537:
57:secondary or tertiary sources
4364:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
3037:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
2041:Schillinger v. United States
1678:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1227:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
221:1894); affirmed, 60 F. 934 (
7:
3864:Necessary and Proper Clause
3633:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
2957:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
2441:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
1582:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1355:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
987:Clinton v. City of New York
498:
388:
354:United States Supreme Court
10:
4535:
4270:City of El Paso v. Simmons
3917:United States v. Kebodeaux
3409:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
1670:Henderson v. United States
1251:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
1163:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1008:Taxing and Spending Clause
410:of a good, as well as its
337:U.S. Const. Art. I, Sec 8.
4406:Virginia v. West Virginia
4392:
4378:
4350:
4336:
4173:
4150:
4146:
4129:
4029:
4018:No Bills of Attainder or
4011:
3951:
3931:
3909:United States v. Comstock
3871:
3857:
3811:
3309:
3251:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
3143:
2930:
2805:
2776:
2746:
2656:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
2613:
2603:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
2528:
2475:
2270:
2145:
2067:
2005:
1960:
1923:
1919:
1905:
1862:
1848:
1806:United States v. Morrison
1758:New York v. United States
1654:North American Co. v. SEC
1590:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
1453:
1136:
1132:
1118:
1040:Springer v. United States
1018:
1001:
967:
953:
925:
908:
872:
855:
803:
786:
750:
733:
697:
680:
336:
331:
323:
315:
310:
244:
239:
234:
229:
209:
204:
172:
162:
155:
141:
136:
4198:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4091:Barr v. City of Columbia
4043:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3801:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
3433:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3227:KVOS v. Associated Press
2997:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
2795:Dowling v. United States
2579:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2539:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
2457:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
931:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
886:United States v. Johnson
158:Decided January 21, 1895
4489:American sugar industry
4302:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
3505:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3283:Goldstein v. California
3211:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
2624:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2595:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
1830:Taylor v. United States
1138:Dormant Commerce Clause
1072:United States v. Butler
1024:Hylton v. United States
894:Gravel v. United States
862:Speech or Debate Clause
4438:New Jersey v. New York
3893:Sabri v. United States
3721:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
3521:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
3441:United States v. Adams
2720:De Sylva v. Ballentine
2640:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
2465:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2305:Schreiber v. Sharpless
2087:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
1798:Jones v. United States
1790:United States v. Locke
1766:United States v. Lopez
1096:Sabri v. United States
464:
441:Melville Weston Fuller
433:
156:Argued October 4, 1894
44:relies excessively on
4414:Virginia v. Tennessee
3877:McCulloch v. Maryland
2932:Copyright Act of 1976
2672:Douglas v. Cunningham
2615:Copyright Act of 1909
2321:Thornton v. Schreiber
2272:Copyright Act of 1870
2147:Copyright Act of 1831
1925:Copyright Act of 1790
1887:Juilliard v. Greenman
1702:Katzenbach v. McClung
1534:Hoke v. United States
1299:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1203:Edwards v. California
474:McCulloch v. Maryland
459:
427:
361:Sherman Antitrust Act
4446:Virginia v. Maryland
4343:Import-Export Clause
4230:Stone v. Mississippi
3885:Lambert v. Yellowley
3745:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
3481:Gottschalk v. Benson
3457:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
3417:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2377:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2244:Bolles v. Outing Co.
1088:South Dakota v. Dole
878:Kilbourn v. Thompson
448:John Marshall Harlan
4163:Hepburn v. Griswold
4107:Kansas v. Hendricks
4083:De Veau v. Braisted
3353:Altvater v. Freeman
2361:Belford v. Scribner
2345:Thompson v. Hubbard
2329:Banks v. Manchester
2180:Stevens v. Gladding
2079:Pennock v. Dialogue
2007:Patent infringement
1686:Boynton v. Virginia
1550:Hammer v. Dagenhart
756:Powell v. McCormack
631:Library of Congress
471:commerce and cited
383:interstate commerce
363:. In Chief Justice
4398:Florida v. Georgia
4153:Legal Tender Cases
4067:Samuels v. McCurdy
4059:Hawker v. New York
3989:Boumediene v. Bush
3577:Dickinson v. Zurko
3045:Eldred v. Ashcroft
2648:Manners v. Morosco
2449:Scribner v. Straus
2353:Higgins v. Keuffel
2337:Callaghan v. Myers
2220:Higgins v. Keuffel
2212:Callaghan v. Myers
2119:Egbert v. Lippmann
2103:Cochrane v. Deener
1962:Patent Act of 1793
1869:Legal Tender Cases
1638:Wickard v. Filburn
1080:Helvering v. Davis
960:Presentment Clause
915:Origination Clause
687:Enumeration Clause
670:U.S. Supreme Court
481:Later developments
434:
255:Associate Justices
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4374:
4373:
4356:Brown v. Maryland
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4222:Bronson v. Kinzie
4206:Ogden v. Saunders
4125:
4124:
4007:
4006:
3965:Ex parte Merryman
3941:Suspension Clause
3927:
3926:
3901:Gonzales v. Raich
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3449:Brenner v. Manson
3243:Buck v. Gallagher
3163:Ferris v. Frohman
2912:Iancu v. Brunetti
2281:Perris v. Hexamer
2260:Mifflin v. Dutton
2156:Wheaton v. Peters
2095:O'Reilly v. Morse
2033:Rowell v. Lindsay
1934:Wheaton v. Peters
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1814:Gonzales v. Raich
1710:Maryland v. Wirtz
1574:Gold Clause Cases
1395:Granholm v. Heald
1147:Brown v. Maryland
1114:
1113:
997:
996:
949:
948:
904:
903:
851:
850:
782:
781:
729:
728:
719:Trump v. New York
589:Works related to
341:
340:
295:Howell E. Jackson
291:George Shiras Jr.
191:15 S. Ct 249; 39
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
4526:
4380:
4379:
4338:
4337:
4182:Fletcher v. Peck
4148:
4147:
4131:
4130:
4051:Ex parte Garland
4013:
4012:
3957:Ex parte Bollman
3933:
3932:
3859:
3858:
3673:Bilski v. Kappos
3529:Diamond v. Diehr
3497:Dann v. Johnston
2981:Stewart v. Abend
2289:Trade-Mark Cases
2172:Stephens v. Cady
1995:Evans v. Hettich
1921:
1920:
1912:Copyright Clause
1907:
1906:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1518:Champion v. Ames
1478:Paul v. Virginia
1462:Gibbons v. Ogden
1134:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1032:Collector v. Day
1003:
1002:
972:Pocket Veto Case
955:
954:
910:
909:
857:
856:
809:Ex parte Siebold
793:Elections Clause
788:
787:
735:
734:
682:
681:
663:
656:
649:
640:
639:
635:
629:
626:
620:
617:
611:
588:
572:
555:
402:Grover Cleveland
350:Sugar Trust Case
259:Stephen J. Field
240:Court membership
146:
145:
134:
133:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4468:
4422:Wharton v. Wise
4388:
4370:
4346:
4324:
4169:
4142:
4136:Contract Clause
4121:
4025:
4003:
3947:
3923:
3867:
3866:of Section VIII
3845:
3814:trademark cases
3807:
3713:Kappos v. Hyatt
3513:Parker v. Flook
3305:
3146:copyright cases
3139:
3125:Allen v. Cooper
3069:Golan v. Holder
2926:
2801:
2772:
2742:
2609:
2524:
2471:
2297:Merrell v. Tice
2266:
2228:Holmes v. Hurst
2204:Baker v. Selden
2164:Backus v. Gould
2141:
2063:
2017:Evans v. Jordan
2001:
1956:
1915:
1914:of Section VIII
1893:
1858:
1857:of Section VIII
1836:
1742:EEOC v. Wyoming
1494:Kidd v. Pearson
1470:Passenger Cases
1449:
1339:Maine v. Taylor
1128:
1127:of Section VIII
1125:Commerce Clause
1110:
1014:
993:
963:
945:
921:
900:
868:
847:
841:Moore v. Harper
799:
778:
772:Cook v. Gralike
746:
725:
693:
676:
667:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
609:
581:
576:
575:
556:
545:
540:
510:Commerce Clause
501:
483:
422:
391:
365:Melville Fuller
303:Edward D. White
293:
281:
279:David J. Brewer
269:
251:Melville Fuller
200:
157:
151:
132:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
54:
50:primary sources
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4532:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4385:Compact Clause
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:Sveen v. Melin
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4246:Block v. Hirsh
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4144:
4143:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4099:Teague v. Lane
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4035:Calder v. Bull
4030:
4027:
4026:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3729:Gunn v. Minton
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2712:Mazer v. Stein
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2196:Paige v. Banks
2192:
2188:Little v. Hall
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:Voss v. Fisher
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1987:Evans v. Eaton
1983:
1979:Evans v. Eaton
1975:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1942:Paige v. Banks
1938:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1855:Coinage Clause
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1782:Reno v. Condon
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1015:
999:
998:
995:
994:
992:
991:
983:
975:
968:
965:
964:
962:of Section VII
951:
950:
947:
946:
944:
943:
935:
926:
923:
922:
906:
905:
902:
901:
899:
898:
890:
882:
873:
870:
869:
853:
852:
849:
848:
846:
845:
837:
829:
821:
817:Smiley v. Holm
813:
804:
801:
800:
784:
783:
780:
779:
777:
776:
768:
760:
751:
748:
747:
731:
730:
727:
726:
724:
723:
715:
707:
698:
695:
694:
678:
677:
666:
665:
658:
651:
643:
637:
636:
594:
580:
579:External links
577:
574:
573:
542:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
532:
527:
525:Sugar refining
517:
512:
507:
500:
497:
482:
479:
421:
418:
399:U.S. President
390:
387:
339:
338:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
283:Henry B. Brown
267:John M. Harlan
256:
253:
248:
242:
241:
237:
236:
232:
231:
227:
226:
211:
207:
206:
202:
201:
190:
174:
170:
169:
164:
163:Full case name
160:
159:
153:
152:
147:
139:
138:
130:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4531:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:Smyth v. Ames
4235:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4024:of Section IX
4023:
4021:
4020:Ex post facto
4014:
4010:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:Ex parte Endo
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3939:Habeas corpus
3934:
3930:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
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2369:Brady v. Daly
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2236:Brady v. Daly
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2069:Patentability
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1971:Tyler v. Tuel
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773:
769:
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749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
721:
720:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
704:
703:Utah v. Evans
700:
699:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
674:
671:
664:
659:
657:
652:
650:
645:
644:
641:
632:
623:
614:
607:
603:
599:
595:
593:at Wikisource
592:
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582:
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478:
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458:
455:
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449:
446:
442:
439:
438:Chief Justice
431:
426:
417:
415:
414:
409:
408:
403:
400:
396:
393:In 1892, the
386:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
369:U.S. Congress
366:
362:
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355:
351:
347:
346:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:Case opinions
309:
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296:
292:
288:
284:
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276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
254:
252:
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247:Chief Justice
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123:
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112:
109:November 2019
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
52:
51:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4387:of Section X
4362:
4354:
4345:of Section X
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4161:
4151:
4115:Smith v. Doe
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4019:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3938:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
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3711:
3703:
3695:
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3647:
3639:
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3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
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3583:
3575:
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3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3312:patent cases
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2918:
2910:
2904:Matal v. Tam
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2793:
2785:
2764:
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2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1885:
1877:
1867:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
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1740:
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1724:
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1700:
1692:
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1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
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1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
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1540:
1532:
1524:
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1509:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
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1409:
1401:
1393:
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1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1012:Section VIII
985:
977:
937:
929:
892:
884:
876:
839:
831:
823:
815:
807:
770:
762:
754:
717:
709:
701:
597:
571: (1895).
557:
492:
486:
484:
472:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
435:
430:Fuller Court
420:The decision
413:distribution
411:
405:
392:
376:
349:
344:
343:
342:
332:Laws applied
298:
286:
274:
262:
219:C.C.E.D. Pa.
205:Case history
184:
166:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
43:
26:
4022:Laws Clause
1879:Knox v. Lee
919:Section VII
493:E.C. Knight
450:dissented.
407:manufacture
271:Horace Gray
4483:Categories
3945:Section IX
2807:Lanham Act
1502:In re Debs
866:Section VI
797:Section IV
691:Section II
538:References
373:monopolies
197:U.S. LEXIS
195:325; 1895
79:newspapers
46:references
4140:Section X
673:Article I
530:Sugarcane
505:Antitrust
357:antitrust
352:," was a
173:Citations
2750:case law
2071:case law
2009:case law
675:case law
596:Text of
499:See also
389:The case
316:Majority
613:Cornell
445:Justice
324:Dissent
230:Holding
223:3d Cir.
93:scholar
4465:(2018)
4457:(2009)
4449:(2003)
4441:(1998)
4433:(1985)
4425:(1894)
4417:(1893)
4409:(1871)
4401:(1855)
4367:(1951)
4359:(1827)
4321:(2018)
4313:(1987)
4305:(1983)
4297:(1983)
4289:(1978)
4281:(1977)
4273:(1965)
4265:(1935)
4257:(1934)
4249:(1921)
4241:(1898)
4233:(1880)
4225:(1843)
4217:(1837)
4209:(1827)
4201:(1819)
4193:(1819)
4185:(1810)
4174:Others
4166:(1870)
4118:(2003)
4110:(1997)
4102:(1989)
4094:(1964)
4086:(1960)
4078:(1951)
4070:(1925)
4062:(1898)
4054:(1866)
4046:(1819)
4038:(1798)
4000:(2020)
3992:(2008)
3984:(2001)
3976:(1944)
3968:(1861)
3960:(1807)
3920:(2013)
3912:(2010)
3904:(2005)
3896:(2004)
3888:(1926)
3880:(1819)
3842:(2020)
3834:(1938)
3826:(1915)
3812:Other
3804:(2019)
3796:(2017)
3788:(2016)
3780:(2015)
3772:(2015)
3764:(2014)
3756:(2014)
3748:(2013)
3740:(2013)
3732:(2013)
3724:(2013)
3716:(2012)
3708:(2012)
3700:(2011)
3692:(2011)
3684:(2011)
3676:(2010)
3668:(2008)
3660:(2007)
3652:(2007)
3644:(2007)
3636:(2006)
3628:(2006)
3620:(2006)
3612:(2005)
3604:(2002)
3596:(2001)
3588:(1999)
3580:(1999)
3572:(1998)
3564:(1997)
3556:(1996)
3548:(1990)
3540:(1989)
3532:(1981)
3524:(1980)
3516:(1978)
3508:(1976)
3500:(1976)
3492:(1973)
3484:(1972)
3476:(1971)
3468:(1969)
3460:(1969)
3452:(1966)
3444:(1966)
3436:(1966)
3428:(1965)
3420:(1964)
3412:(1964)
3404:(1964)
3396:(1961)
3388:(1950)
3380:(1950)
3372:(1948)
3364:(1945)
3356:(1943)
3348:(1942)
3340:(1926)
3332:(1916)
3324:(1908)
3310:Other
3302:(1975)
3294:(1974)
3286:(1973)
3278:(1968)
3270:(1962)
3262:(1960)
3254:(1949)
3246:(1939)
3238:(1939)
3230:(1936)
3222:(1934)
3214:(1932)
3206:(1931)
3198:(1923)
3190:(1919)
3182:(1918)
3174:(1914)
3166:(1912)
3158:(1911)
3144:Other
3136:(2020)
3128:(2020)
3120:(2019)
3112:(2019)
3104:(2017)
3096:(2014)
3088:(2014)
3080:(2013)
3072:(2012)
3064:(2010)
3056:(2005)
3048:(2003)
3040:(2001)
3032:(1998)
3024:(1998)
3016:(1996)
3008:(1994)
3000:(1994)
2992:(1991)
2984:(1990)
2976:(1989)
2968:(1985)
2960:(1985)
2952:(1984)
2944:(1977)
2923:(2020)
2915:(2019)
2907:(2017)
2899:(2014)
2891:(2014)
2883:(2003)
2875:(2003)
2867:(2001)
2859:(2001)
2851:(1999)
2843:(1995)
2835:(1992)
2827:(1987)
2819:(1982)
2798:(1985)
2790:(1941)
2769:(1942)
2761:(1917)
2739:(1973)
2731:(1964)
2723:(1956)
2715:(1954)
2707:(1952)
2699:(1943)
2691:(1940)
2683:(1939)
2675:(1935)
2667:(1931)
2659:(1923)
2651:(1920)
2643:(1917)
2635:(1914)
2627:(1911)
2606:(1911)
2598:(1911)
2590:(1909)
2582:(1909)
2574:(1908)
2566:(1908)
2558:(1907)
2550:(1903)
2542:(1896)
2521:(1979)
2513:(1948)
2505:(1941)
2497:(1939)
2489:(1913)
2468:(1912)
2460:(1909)
2452:(1908)
2444:(1908)
2436:(1908)
2428:(1908)
2420:(1907)
2412:(1907)
2404:(1907)
2396:(1903)
2388:(1903)
2380:(1899)
2372:(1899)
2364:(1892)
2356:(1891)
2348:(1889)
2340:(1888)
2332:(1888)
2324:(1888)
2316:(1884)
2308:(1884)
2300:(1881)
2292:(1879)
2284:(1879)
2263:(1903)
2255:(1903)
2247:(1899)
2239:(1899)
2231:(1899)
2223:(1891)
2215:(1888)
2207:(1879)
2199:(1872)
2191:(1856)
2183:(1854)
2175:(1853)
2167:(1849)
2159:(1834)
2138:(1885)
2130:(1885)
2122:(1881)
2114:(1878)
2106:(1876)
2098:(1853)
2090:(1851)
2082:(1829)
2060:(1938)
2052:(1913)
2044:(1894)
2036:(1885)
2028:(1885)
2020:(1815)
1998:(1822)
1990:(1822)
1982:(1818)
1974:(1810)
1953:(1908)
1945:(1872)
1937:(1834)
1890:(1884)
1882:(1871)
1833:(2016)
1825:(2012)
1817:(2005)
1809:(2000)
1801:(2000)
1793:(2000)
1785:(2000)
1777:(1996)
1769:(1995)
1761:(1992)
1753:(1985)
1745:(1983)
1737:(1981)
1729:(1981)
1721:(1976)
1713:(1968)
1705:(1964)
1697:(1964)
1689:(1960)
1681:(1951)
1673:(1950)
1665:(1949)
1657:(1946)
1649:(1944)
1641:(1942)
1633:(1942)
1625:(1941)
1617:(1940)
1609:(1938)
1601:(1937)
1593:(1936)
1585:(1935)
1577:(1935)
1569:(1935)
1561:(1923)
1553:(1918)
1545:(1914)
1537:(1913)
1529:(1911)
1521:(1903)
1513:(1895)
1505:(1895)
1497:(1888)
1489:(1885)
1481:(1869)
1473:(1849)
1465:(1824)
1454:Others
1446:(2023)
1438:(2019)
1430:(2018)
1422:(2015)
1414:(2008)
1406:(2007)
1398:(2005)
1390:(1994)
1382:(1994)
1374:(1994)
1366:(1992)
1358:(1992)
1350:(1989)
1342:(1986)
1334:(1984)
1326:(1983)
1318:(1982)
1310:(1981)
1302:(1980)
1294:(1978)
1286:(1978)
1278:(1977)
1270:(1977)
1262:(1976)
1254:(1970)
1246:(1967)
1238:(1959)
1230:(1954)
1222:(1951)
1214:(1945)
1206:(1941)
1198:(1935)
1190:(1925)
1182:(1905)
1174:(1886)
1166:(1852)
1158:(1829)
1150:(1827)
1107:(2012)
1099:(2004)
1091:(1987)
1083:(1937)
1075:(1936)
1067:(1922)
1059:(1916)
1051:(1895)
1043:(1881)
1035:(1871)
1027:(1796)
990:(1998)
982:(1983)
974:(1929)
942:(1990)
934:(1911)
897:(1972)
889:(1966)
881:(1881)
844:(2023)
836:(2015)
828:(1995)
820:(1932)
812:(1879)
775:(2001)
767:(1995)
759:(1969)
722:(2020)
714:(2019)
706:(2002)
634:
628:
625:
622:Justia
619:
616:
610:
560:,
327:Harlan
301:
299:·
297:
289:
287:·
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277:
275:·
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265:
263:·
261:
193:L. Ed.
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217:306 (
210:Prior
100:JSTOR
86:books
742:and
606:U.S.
566:U.S.
477:. .
428:The
199:2118
186:more
178:U.S.
176:156
72:news
4138:of
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744:III
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416:?"
213:60
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