392:"Preventive detention laws and special legislations like UAPA -- anti-terror laws as they are called -- allow the state to carve out exception for its own lawlessness. These are the laws which permit the state to claim that we are governed by the rule of law and on the other hand pass such legislations which violate the rule of law altogether. These are the laws which go against the basic tenets of the constitution, such as freedom, equality, right to life, liberty etc. It therefore becomes important to look at these laws which gives an exceptional power to the state over citizens -- to arrest them, to detain them, to charge them with offences which otherwise they may not be able to charge them with, keep them behind bars for years together, and also for ensuring that dissent in all forms is crushed."
376:, that UAPA 2019 has made it possible for the Union Government to designate individuals as terrorists without a due process of law. He wrote, "Neither the Amendment Bill nor the parent statute provides a concrete definition of terrorism. This opens a Pandora's box. Categorization as a 'terrorist' by the executive bears serious consequences, such as social boycott or loss of employment." Such labeling by the executive could lead to mob lynching by the vigilante groups in India. Calling it a "colourable legislation which bears the potential for abuse by the executive", he noted that the constitutionality of the act should be contested. He wrote, the UAPA 2019 "echoes laws made under the colonial regime to crush the freedom movement in the garb of ensuring public order."
235:, it was further strengthened. The most recent amendment has been done in 2019. According to the statement of objects and reasons, the Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 to make it more effective in preventing unlawful activities, and meet commitments made at the Financial Action Task Force (an intergovernmental organization to combat money laundering and terrorism financing). In July 2019, the ambit of UAPA was expanded. It was amended allowing the government to designate an individual as a terrorist without trial. The previous versions of the Bill allowed for only groups to be designated as terrorists.
1516:
334:(DGP) of the State. However, it is possible for the NIA officer to obtain the consent of the DGP of the NIA thus bypassing the State DGP. The police normally have 60 to 90 days to investigate a case and submit a charge-sheet failing which the accused may obtain default bail. However, under the UAPA, this pre-charge sheet time is extended to 180 days. Further, normal bail rules do not apply to an accused under Section 43(d)5 of the UAPA.
32:
149:. Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The most recent amendment of the law, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 (UAPA 2019) has made it possible for the Union Government to designate individuals as terrorists without following any formal judicial process. UAPA is also known as the "Anti-terror law".
350:
contain any provisions to prevent misuse. Specifically, the power to designate an individual as a terrorist before being proven guilty by trial, was criticised. Critics of the UAPA consider the definitions of "terrorist", "like to threaten" and "likely to strike terror" to be very broad and open to misuse by the police as the burden of proof of innocence is on the accused. The example of
157:
acceptance of recommendations of the committee, the
Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963 was enacted to impose, by law, reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. In 2019, the BJP led NDA government claimed that in order to implement the provisions of 1963 Act, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Bill was introduced in the Parliament.
422:. Alam further stated that UAPA has a realistic conviction rate of 2%. He further stated that this law can lead to situations where case may fail but the accused would have been incarcerated for 8 to 12 years. He said in such cases, the case may have no legs to stand on but the accused has suffered and he concluded that in such cases the process becomes the punishment.
310:: The Act defines terrorist acts to include acts committed within the scope of any of the treaties listed in a schedule to the Act. The Schedule lists nine treaties, including the Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997), and the Convention against Taking of Hostages (1979). The Bill also adds another treaty to the list. This is the
259:, on 8 July 2019. The Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. The Act provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other things. The act was passed in the Lok Sabha on 24 July and Rajya Sabha on 2 August. It received the assent of the president on 8 August.
185:
Pursuant to the acceptance by
Government of a unanimous recommendation of the Committee on National Integration and Regionalism appointed by the National Integration Council, the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, was enacted empowering Parliament to impose, by law, reasonable restrictions
349:
In July 2019 while introducing the
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019 the BJP led Union Government claimed that the bill would give it power to probe terror attacks on India, the Opposition parties in the Lok Sabha termed it draconian. The Opposition claimed that the Bill did not
156:
appointed a
Committee on National Integration and Regionalisation to look into the aspect of putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. The agenda of the NIC limited itself to communalism, casteism and regionalism and not terrorism. Pursuant to the
200:
The object of this bill was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The bill was passed by both the Houses of
Parliament and received the assent of the President on 30 December 1967. The Amending Acts are as follows:
346:, in the period 2016 to 2020, 5,027 cases were registered under the act against 24,134 individuals. Only 212 of the 24,134 people were convicted and 386 were acquitted. This means, in the years 2016-2020, 97.5% of the people arrested under UAPA remain under prison awaiting trial.
304:: Under the Act, investigation of cases may be conducted by officers of the rank of Deputy Superintendent or Assistant Commissioner of Police or above. The Bill additionally empowers the officers of the NIA, of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases.
405:
judge spoke on a webinar titled "Discussion On
Democracy, Dissent and Draconian Law – Should UAPA & Sedition Have A Place In Our Statute Books?". In the discussion, he called UAPA a "draconian law" and said that it was the UAPA that caused the death of Father
294:: Under the Act, an investigating officer is required to obtain the prior approval of the Director General of Police to seize properties that may be connected with terrorism. The Bill adds that if the investigation is conducted by an officer of the
242:
ruled that bail could be granted to accused if the right to speedy trial was violated. In another significant judgement in 2023, the
Supreme Court ruled that "membership of an unlawful organisation" constituted an offence under UAPA.
2219:
1816:
2881:
2594:
441:
called the UAPA a draconian anti-terror law and reported that many protestors and journalists were arrested, detained or charged with UAPA. UAPA had made it harder for the accused to get bail. PM
2819:
425:
In June 2021, Delhi High Court called out UAPA misuse by the Union government by observing the state had broadened the scope of "terrorist activity" to include ordinary penal offences.
2851:
2538:
1590:
1737:
354:
among others is cited wherein he spent 7 years in prison during trial only to be acquitted of all charges, wherein the imprisonment during trial itself amounted to punishment.
1790:
2151:
2100:
2203:
1448:
1849:
2479:
2967:
1714:
1200:
2126:
1894:
2670:
2024:
1826:
1147:
2724:
2177:
2560:
1764:
326:(MHA) is required. However, for prosecution under Sections 16, 17 and 18, the permission of the respective State government is required. Section 25 allows the
2873:
1466:
1876:
2501:
2644:
1665:
366:
168:
2586:
2348:
1324:
59:
An Act to provide for the effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations and for matters connected therewith.
1174:
2809:
2242:
1791:"In UAPA Cases The Process Itself The Punishment, It Stares Us In The Face In The Death Of Father Stan Swamy Without Trial: Justice Aftab Alam"
1426:
2417:
3001:
2841:
2049:
1278:
2528:
2443:
1968:
2270:
1534:
1449:"Breaking-Violation Of Fundamental Right To Speedy Trial Is A Ground For Constitutional Court To Grant Bail In UAPA Cases: Supreme Court"
1253:
231:
was withdrawn by the
Parliament. However, in the Amendment Act in 2004, most of provisions of POTA were re-incorporated. In 2008, after
1942:
1612:
1092:
Involvement in killing of four unarmed Indian Air Force officials in 1990 in
Srinagar. Funding Islamic Terrorism in Kashmir valley.
1990:
1687:
1227:
2755:
2616:
1397:
428:
While the misuse of the law has been constantly debated, Police was also criticized for not invoking UAPA in some cases like the
2780:
228:
2469:
362:
164:
1637:
1561:
2918:
1497:
1715:"Constitutionality of India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019: India's McCarthyism Moment | OHRH"
883:
2297:
2075:
2732:
1152:
415:
358:
160:
2322:
3016:
586:
Booked for threatening complainants in connection with a story revealing lapses in
Karnataka Police investigation.
323:
2968:"Constitutionality of India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019: India's McCarthyism Moment"
1201:"Constitutionality of India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019: India's McCarthyism Moment"
2908:
1298:
487:
2392:
445:
led BJP Union Government has been accused of misusing UAPA to stifle dissent and target minorities in India.
327:
295:
3011:
1010:
844:
822:
799:
776:
754:
732:
710:
688:
666:
411:
387:
in a lecture titled, "The Problem Of Preventive Detention in India", delivered on 23 November 2020, stated
311:
153:
288:
The Bill additionally empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists on the same grounds.
271:: Under the Act, the central government may designate an organisation as a terrorist organisation if it:
342:
UAPA is criticized for its low conviction rate, which is around 2%. According to the data shared by the
1467:"Mere Membership Of Unlawful Organization Is UAPA Offence: Supreme Court Overrules Its 2011 Precedents"
331:
2617:"Crackdown amid corona: Kashmir police book photojournalist Masrat Zahra under UAPA to send a message"
2127:"Six months after Hindutva violence in Nuh, Haryana Police books Congress MLA Mamman Khan under UAPA"
2298:"No Release For Professor G N Saibaba As Bombay HC Refuses To Suspend Sentence [Read Order]"
1535:"Delhi Riots 'Conspiracy': In Tandem with MHA, Kejriwal Govt Clears Trial of Umar Khalid Under UAPA"
1817:"Granting bail to activists, Delhi HC exposes abuse of UAPA – but flaws inherent in the law remain"
410:
without a trial. Stan Swamy was an activist that was charged with UAPA for his alleged role in the
298:(NIA), the approval of the Director General of NIA would be required for seizure of such property.
262:
2986:
3006:
1228:"UAPA Amendment : Why Giving Govt Power To Declare Individuals 'Terrorists' Is Problematic?"
373:
2561:"Citizenship Act: Akhil Gogoi charged with criminal conspiracy, unlawful association under UAPA"
2874:"Drop UAPA cases against Arundhati Roy, Showkat Hussain: UN Human Rights Office urges to India"
1051:
617:
429:
402:
239:
2645:"Delhi violence: UAPA against students 'grave abuse of state power', says civil society group"
2502:"Activist Gautam Navlakha before surrender: Accused guilty unless proven innocent is new norm"
1895:"Haridwar hate speech offenders should be booked under UAPA, says Congress leader Kapil Sibal"
1023:
330:
to seize property it considers to be proceeds of terrorism, with the written consent of the
1520:
1515:
1373:
71:
8:
2418:"Sudha Bhardwaj walks out of Byculla jail. Here are the bail conditions set by NIA court"
1112:
Collaboration with Jammu Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society, under investigation by NIA.
636:
232:
91:
39:
2937:
2785:
2533:
546:
398:
2698:
2356:
2349:"May 17 Movement leader Thirumurugan Gandhi held in Bengaluru on charges of sedition"
2211:
1998:
1912:
2810:"Who Is Khurram Parvez, the 'Human Rights Defender' of J&K Arrested Under UAPA?"
177:
has reported that people arrested and charged with UAPA find it harder to get bail.
1642:
813:
723:
559:
380:
351:
343:
1738:"Preventive Detention Laws Allow State To Carve Out Exception For Its Lawlessness"
2271:"16 Indian Journalists Have Been Charged Under UAPA, 7 Are Currently Behind Bars"
1348:
1042:
914:
835:
767:
642:
361:
stated that the provisions of the UAPA 2019, contravenes several articles of the
163:
stated that the provisions of the UAPA 2019, contravenes several articles of the
1877:"Haridwar hate speeches call for UAPA, sedition charges: Advocate Dushyant Dave"
2050:"'Humanity is bubbling in Taloja prison,' Stan Swamy says in letter to friends"
1854:
1064:
948:
656:
567:
Accused of involvement in terrorist activity and member of banned organisation
1398:"PRS | Bill Track | The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2011"
2995:
2360:
2215:
2002:
1122:
965:
931:
578:
501:
442:
2101:"Nuh violence: 6 months on, terror charges against Congress MLA Mamman Khan"
1850:"Delhi HC calls out misuse of UAPA, raises bar for State to slap terror tag"
251:
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019 was introduced in
1104:
896:
790:
597:
479:
2393:"The People's Fighters: Meet the Five Arrested in the Bhima Koregaon Case"
116:
3. The Delegated Legislation Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1986 (4 of 1986).
2444:""Free At Last": Poet Varavara Rao, 81, Released After Last Month's Bail"
1082:
983:
874:
857:
745:
679:
537:
521:
384:
123:
6. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 (28 of 2019).
120:
5. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008 (35 of 2008).
118:
4. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004 (29 of 2004).
111:
1. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 1969 (24 of 1969).
2781:"Nearly two years in jail, journalist Siddique Kappan gets bail from SC"
2529:"Kashmiri journalist Aasif Sultan kept in jail for more than 1,000 days"
2204:"Karnataka: No relief for Kerala journalist and 2 others in Madani case"
1936:
1934:
2846:
2671:"No immediate Supreme Court relief for anti-CAA activist Sharjeel Imam"
1001:
407:
246:
142:
50:
2152:"Congress MLA Mamman Khan charged under UAPA for role in Nuh violence"
1943:"How a terrorism law in India is being used to silence Modi's critics"
2814:
2675:
2474:
1931:
1821:
1765:"This is what NIA's Bhima Koregaon chargesheet says about Stan Swamy"
1613:"Section 43D. Modified application of certain provisions of the Code"
701:
312:
International Convention for Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
256:
252:
1562:"UAPA Amended: The Govt Is Stealing Our Liberty From Under Our Feet"
1050:
Accused for having alleged links with banned terrorist organization
322:
For prosecution under Section 13 of the UAPA, the permission of the
2243:"Journalist Shahina KK wins International Press Freedom Award 2023"
457:
Notable individuals charged under the act and their current status
419:
173:
2756:"Why a Muslim reporter in India has spent nearly 150 days in jail"
31:
2470:"Who Is Vernon Gonsalves, the Activist Held for 'Naxalite' Links"
1913:"Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati: Who is the arrested Hindu priest?"
2987:
Sr Adv Mihir Desai: The Problem of Preventive Detention in India
2842:"India arrests Kashmiri journalist amid ongoing media crackdown"
545:
Accused of involvement in terrorist activity by instigating the
453:
Between 2014 and 2020, 10,552 people were arrested under UAPA.
186:
in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India, on the:
2587:"CAA protest case: NIA court clears Akhil Gogoi of all charges"
1638:"UAPA Case Data Suggests That Process Is Indeed the Punishment"
145:
aimed at the prevention of unlawful activities associations in
2699:"Umar Khalid: India student leader arrested over Delhi riots"
2323:"Bombay HC Acquits G.N. Saibaba and Five Others in UAPA Case"
146:
81:
2025:"Knock on Ferreira's door came at 6am, arrest 9 hours later"
448:
2919:"The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019"
2912:
1941:
Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Hassan, Aakash (10 December 2021).
1498:"The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019"
1374:"The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019"
383:
Lectures on Law, Justice and Human Rights, Senior Advocate
2938:"The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019"
1349:"The Unlawful Activities Prevention (Amendment) Act, 2012"
1169:
1167:
211:
The Delegated Legislation Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1986
1519: This article incorporates text available under the
750:
Secretary - Committee for Release of Political Prisoners
437:
223:
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019
220:
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2012
217:
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008
214:
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004
205:
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 1969
1666:"Opposition slams amendment to UAPA, call it draconian"
1164:
1148:
List of organisations banned by the Government of India
114:
2. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1972 (31 of 1972).
2178:"City court acquits man held under UAPA after 7 years"
2023:
Karlikar, Nishikant; Ali, S. Ahmed (29 August 2018).
602:
Scholar, writer, human rights activist and professor
1940:
1427:"UAPA Bill draconian, terms Opposition in Lok Sabha"
367:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
247:
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019
169:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1969:"73 yr old Maoist ideologue Kobad Ghandy gets bail"
1299:"UN Special Rapporteurs express concerns over UAPA"
973:Seditious speech during anti CAA protests in Delhi
1736:
1226:
1905:
275:(i) commits or participates in acts of terrorism,
193:Right to Assemble peaceably and without arms; and
2993:
2725:"Delhi pogrom UAPA case: Ishrat Jahan gets bail"
1325:"The unlawful activities (prevention) Act, 1967"
2043:
2041:
2909:The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
1584:
1582:
24:The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
1421:
1419:
2047:
2038:
1293:
1291:
1254:"National Integration Council reconstituted"
2972:Oxford Human Rights Hub, The Faculty of Law
2022:
1734:
1579:
1492:
1490:
1488:
830:Since August 2018, lodged in Taloja prison
516:Since August 2018, lodged in Taloja prison
238:In a ruling passed on 1 February 2021, the
1847:
1728:
1706:
1416:
1279:"The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act"
821:Accused in 2007 for Naxalite links and in
631:Acquitted from all charges in March 2022.
2346:
2295:
1763:Sandhu, Kamaljit Kaur (13 October 2020).
1288:
1224:
605:Sentence to life for having Maoist link.
449:Notable individuals charged under the Act
16:Indian law to prevent unlawful activities
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
1991:"Kobad Ghandy cleared of terror charges"
1485:
1130:Delivering speech about Kashmir in 2010
625:Arrested in alleged terror funding case
610:Acquitted by the Supreme court in 2024.
284:(iv) is otherwise involved in terrorism.
1814:
1605:
1588:
1006:Jesuit priest, tribals rights activist
292:Approval for seizure of property by NIA
2994:
2526:
2467:
2222:from the original on 11 September 2022
1762:
1712:
818:Trade unionist, activist and academic
227:This last Amendment was enacted after
208:The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1972
2822:from the original on 24 November 2022
2807:
2639:
2637:
2374:
2265:
2263:
2240:
2124:
2073:
1988:
1815:Yamunan, Sruthisagar (16 June 2021).
1688:"CPI (Maoist) spokesperson acquitted"
772:Trade Unionist/Civil Rights Activist
363:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
196:Right to Form Associations or Unions.
165:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3002:Acts of the Parliament of India 1967
2468:Ramesh, Mythreyee (29 August 2018).
1788:
139:Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
2808:Mohan, Saadhya (23 November 2021).
2125:Staff, Maktoob (22 February 2024).
1966:
1848:Vishwanath, Apurva (16 June 2021).
372:Lawyer Rongeet Poddar wrote in the
13:
2960:
2854:from the original on 13 April 2024
2634:
2482:from the original on 19 April 2021
2260:
1713:Poddar, Rongeet (14 August 2019).
1680:
1589:Ambasta, Kunal (23 October 2018).
1198:
359:United Nations special rapporteurs
161:United Nations special rapporteurs
14:
3028:
2884:from the original on 29 June 2024
2753:
2296:Sebastian, Manu (26 March 2019).
2048:Scroll Staff (14 November 2020).
1989:Kumar, Nirnimesh (11 June 2016).
1153:Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
1059:Granted bail on 9 September 2022
1018:Died during incarceration - 2021
840:Human Rights Activist/Journalist
641:Human Rights Activist, founder -
526:Doctor and Human rights activist
416:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
308:Insertion to schedule of treaties
255:by the Minister of Home Affairs,
190:Freedom of Speech and Expression;
2597:from the original on 2 July 2021
2541:from the original on 2 July 2021
2241:Staff, T. N. M. (30 June 2023).
2074:Sethi, Aman (24 December 2010).
1735:Mihir Desai (29 November 2020).
1559:
1514:
1225:Sebastian, Manu (28 July 2019).
808:Granted bail on medical grounds
785:Granted bail on 9 December 2021
418:and later died in prison due to
30:
2902:
2866:
2834:
2801:
2773:
2747:
2731:. 14 March 2022. Archived from
2717:
2691:
2663:
2609:
2579:
2553:
2520:
2494:
2461:
2436:
2410:
2347:Sivaraman, R. (9 August 2018).
2340:
2315:
2289:
2234:
2196:
2170:
2144:
2118:
2093:
2067:
2016:
1982:
1967:Jha, Satish (15 October 2019).
1960:
1887:
1869:
1841:
1808:
1782:
1756:
1658:
1630:
1553:
1527:
1459:
1441:
1390:
728:Dalit and tribal rights lawyer
592:Anticipatory bail in July 2011
1668:. Deccan Herald. 2 August 2019
1366:
1341:
1317:
1271:
1246:
1218:
1192:
1037:Granted bail on 14 March 2022
919:Civil Rights Activist/Scholar
1:
2911:— Updated text of the Act at
2527:Kuchay, Bilal (31 May 2021).
1158:
879:Peasant leader/ RTI Activist
573:Acquitted of charges in 2016
296:National Investigation Agency
1789:Jain, Mehal (25 July 2021).
1011:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
845:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
823:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
800:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
777:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
755:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
733:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
711:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
689:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
667:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
412:2018 Bhima Koregaon violence
337:
317:
281:(iii) promotes terrorism, or
278:(ii) prepares for terrorism,
154:National Integration Council
7:
2182:timesofindia.indiatimes.com
2076:"Life term for Binayak Sen"
1141:
1028:Congress Councillor, Delhi
706:Rights Activist/ Professor
10:
3033:
1175:"UAPA, 1967 at NIA.gov.in"
1072:Funding terror activities
909:Charged but not arrested.
332:Director General of Police
180:
564:Incarcerated for 7 years
430:Haridwar hate speech case
397:On 25 July 2021, Justice
265:explained the act below:
127:
110:
105:
97:
87:
77:
67:
45:
38:
29:
23:
2923:PRS Legislative Research
1502:PRS Legislative Research
1429:. The Hindu. 8 July 2019
324:Ministry of Home Affairs
269:Who may commit terrorism
263:PRS Legislative Research
3017:Terrorism laws in India
1591:"The law will not hold"
1205:Oxford Human Rights Hub
991:Accused in Delhi Riots
684:Tribal Rights Activist
374:Oxford Human Rights Hub
2974:. University of Oxford
1090:Chief of banned JKLF.
1069:Human rights activist
988:Human Rights Activist
662:Dalit Rights Activist
511:2007; Rearrested 2018
506:Human Rights Activist
395:
240:Supreme Court of India
1354:. Government of India
389:
2210:. 28 December 2021.
1593:. The Indian Express
1087:Kashmiri Separatist
435:On 20 January 2022,
302:Investigation by NIA
3012:Separatism in India
2705:. 14 September 2020
637:Thirumurugan Gandhi
488:Naxalite insurgency
458:
92:Parliament of India
40:Parliament of India
2789:. 9 September 2022
2786:The Indian Express
2567:. 17 December 2019
2506:The Indian Express
2422:The Indian Express
2208:The Times of India
2158:. 21 February 2024
1899:Free Press Journal
1455:. 1 February 2021.
1404:. 29 December 2011
1099:Life imprisonment
1031:Anti-CAA protests
953:Student Activists
936:Student Activists
891:Acquitted in 2021
547:2023 Haryana riots
496:Acquitted in 2016
456:
78:Territorial extent
72:Act No. 37 of 1967
2850:. 21 March 2023.
2760:www.aljazeera.com
2424:. 9 December 2021
1919:. 20 January 2022
1829:on 14 August 2023
1541:. 6 November 2020
1199:Poddar, Rongeet.
1139:
1138:
514:Acquitted in 2012
414:and links to the
135:
134:
3024:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2880:. 29 June 2024.
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2777:
2771:
2770:
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2754:Ameen, Furquan.
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2742:
2740:
2735:on 14 March 2022
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2293:
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2277:. 6 October 2023
2267:
2258:
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2255:
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2238:
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2122:
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2115:
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2097:
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2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2036:
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2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1825:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
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1760:
1754:
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1409:
1402:www.prsindia.org
1394:
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1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1171:
884:CAA-NRC Protests
827:2007 & 2018
814:Vernon Gonsalves
724:Surendra Gadling
622:Photojournalist
560:Gaur Chakraborty
459:
455:
381:K. G. Kannabiran
352:Gaur Chakraborty
344:Union Government
101:30 December 1967
98:Assented to
34:
21:
20:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
2992:
2991:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2963:
2961:Further reading
2950:
2948:
2945:egazette.nic.in
2940:
2936:
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2905:
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2897:
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2779:
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2738:
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2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2651:. 23 April 2020
2643:
2642:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2593:. 2 July 2021.
2591:Telegraph India
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2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2508:. 14 April 2020
2500:
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2251:
2249:
2247:The News Minute
2239:
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2223:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
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2176:
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2171:
2161:
2159:
2156:Hindustan Times
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
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1893:
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1473:. 24 March 2023
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1183:
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1177:
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1144:
1043:Siddique Kappan
915:Anand Teltumbde
836:Gautam Navlakha
768:Sudha Bharadwaj
643:May 17 Movement
515:
474:Current Status
451:
379:As part of the
340:
320:
249:
183:
121:
119:
117:
115:
112:
88:Enacted by
63:
60:
55:
54:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Crime in India
3004:
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2409:
2373:
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2314:
2302:www.livelaw.in
2288:
2259:
2233:
2195:
2184:. 19 July 2016
2169:
2143:
2117:
2092:
2066:
2037:
2015:
1981:
1959:
1930:
1904:
1886:
1868:
1855:Indian Express
1840:
1807:
1795:www.livelaw.in
1781:
1755:
1727:
1705:
1694:. 20 July 2016
1679:
1657:
1646:. 20 July 2022
1629:
1604:
1578:
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1526:
1484:
1471:www.livelaw.in
1458:
1453:www.livelaw.in
1440:
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1287:
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1233:www.livelaw.in
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1079:
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1075:November 2021
1073:
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1067:
1065:Khurram Parvez
1061:
1060:
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1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:February 2020
1032:
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949:Safoora Zargar
945:
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831:
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806:
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796:
795:Activist/Poet
793:
787:
786:
783:
780:
773:
770:
764:
763:
761:
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751:
748:
742:
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657:Sudhir Dhawale
653:
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589:December 2010
587:
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463:
450:
447:
339:
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319:
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286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
248:
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233:Mumbai attacks
225:
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198:
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182:
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133:
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27:
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15:
9:
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2:
3029:
3018:
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2997:
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2924:
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2900:
2883:
2879:
2878:Maktoob media
2875:
2869:
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2804:
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2729:Maktoob media
2726:
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2694:
2679:. 26 May 2020
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2131:Maktoob media
2128:
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1560:Bora, Harsh.
1556:
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1305:. 18 May 2020
1304:
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1284:. Nia.gov.in.
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1123:Arundhati Roy
1121:
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1056:October 2020
1055:
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1015:October 2020
1014:
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966:Sharjeel Imam
964:
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932:Meeran Haider
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618:Kamran Yousuf
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502:Arun Ferreira
500:
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486:Sedition for
485:
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473:
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464:
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443:Narendra Modi
440:
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403:Supreme Court
400:
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