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353:, isostatic uplift plays a relatively small role, and high peak formation can be more attributed to tectonic processes. Direct measures of the elevation change of the land surface can only be used to estimate erosion or bedrock uplift rates when other controls (such as changes in mean surface elevation, volume of eroded material, timescales and lags of isostatic response, variations in crustal density) are known.
120:. The preserved inverted metamorphic gradient indicates that nappes were actually stacked on top of each other so quickly that hot rocks did not have time to equilibrate before being thrust on top of cool rocks. The process of nappe stacking can only continue for so long, as gravity will eventually disallow further vertical growth (there is an upper limit to vertical mountain growth).
84:(processes that wear away the earth's surface) by raising buried rocks closer to the surface. This process can redistribute large loads from an elevated region to a topographically lower area as well – thus promoting an isostatic response in the region of denudation (which can cause local bedrock uplift). The timing, magnitude, and rate of denudation can be estimated by
173:). If a change in surface height represents an isostatically compensated change in crustal thickness, the rate of change of potential energy per unit surface area is proportional to the rate of increase of average surface height. The highest rates of working against gravity are required when the thickness of the crust (not the lithosphere) changes.
348:
Crustal thickening, which for example is currently occurring in the
Himalayas due to the continental collision between the Indian and the Eurasian plates, can also lead to surface uplift; but due to the isostatic sinking of thickened crust, the magnitude of surface uplift will only be about one-sixth
478:
Measuring uplift and exhumation can be tricky. Measuring the uplift of a point requires measuring its elevation change – usually geoscientists are not trying to determine the uplift of a singular point but rather the uplift over a specified area. Accordingly, the change in elevation of all points on
328:
The removal of mass from a region will be isostatically compensated by crustal rebound. If we take into consideration typical crustal and mantle densities, erosion of an average 100 meters of rock across a broad, uniform surface will cause the crust to isostatically rebound about 85 meters and will
214:
Orogenic uplift is the result of tectonic-plate collisions and results in mountain ranges or a more modest uplift over a large region. Perhaps the most extreme form of orogenic uplift is a continental-continental crustal collision. In this process, two continents are sutured together, and large
432:
The word "uplift" refers to displacement contrary to the direction of the gravity vector, and displacement is only defined when the object being displaced and the frame of reference is specified. Molnar and
England identify three kinds of displacement to which the term “uplift” is applied:
483:
though can be valuable; these studies involve inferring changes in climate in an area of interest from changes with time of flora/fauna that is known to be sensitive to temperature and rainfall. The magnitude of the exhumation a rock has been subjected to may be inferred from
479:
the surface of that area must be measured, and the rate of erosion must be zero or minimal. Also, sequences of rocks deposited during that uplift must be preserved. Needless to say, in mountain ranges where elevations are far above sea level these criteria are not easily met.
544:
Molnar, P., and P. Tapponnier. "Cenozoic
Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision: Features of Recent Continental Tectonics in Asia Can Be Interpreted as Results of the India-Eurasia Collision." Science 189.4201 (1975): 419-26.
192:, a viscous layer that in geological time scales behaves like a fluid. Thus, when loaded, the lithosphere progressively reaches an isostatic equilibrium. For example, the lithosphere on the oceanward side of an
492:
and bounds on the exhumation process; however, geobarometric/geothermometric studies do not produce a rate of exhumation (or any other information on time). Exhumation rates can be inferred from
227:
are responsible for the suturing together of the two plates. The collision of the Indian and
Eurasian plates produced the Himalayas and is also responsible for crustal thickening north into
579:
Gilchrist, A. R., M. A. Summerfield, and H. A. P. Cockburn. "Landscape
Dissection, Isostatic Uplift, and the Morphologic Development of Orogens." Geology 22.11 (1994): 963-966. Print.
488:(measuring previous pressure and temperature history of a rock or assemblage). Knowing the pressure and temperature history of a region can yield an estimate of the ambient
441:. This is what we refer to as "surface uplift"; and surface uplift can be defined by averaging elevation and changes in elevation over surface areas of a specified size.
475:
and makes a good frame of reference. A given displacement within this frame of reference allows one to quantify the amount of work being done against gravity.
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mainly result from crustal thickening, there are other forces at play that are responsible for the tectonic activity. All tectonic processes are driven by
223:
plates is a good example of the extent to which orogenic uplift can reach. Heavy thrust faulting (of the Indian plate beneath the
Eurasian plate) and
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that runs through a mountain range from low-lying country on one side to similar country on the other. Examples of such water gaps include the
635:
424:
with their coral reefs are the result of crustal subsidence as the oceanic plate carries the islands to deeper or lower oceanic crust areas.
247:, and other mountain belts are all examples of mountain ranges formed in response to the collision of the Indian with the Eurasian plate.
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cause only a 15-meter loss of mean surface elevation. An example of isostatic uplift is post-glacial rebound following the melting of
108:(thrust sheets) from each plate collide and begin to stack one on top of the other; evidence of this process can be seen in preserved
676:
570:
Burbank, Douglas W., and
Anderson, Robert S. Tectonic Geomorphology. Chichester, West Sussex: J. Wiley & Sons, 2011. Print.
556:
Mantle-driven dynamic uplift of the Rocky
Mountains and Colorado Plateau and its surface response: Toward a unified hypothesis,
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61:
response is important, an increase in the mean elevation of a region can only occur in response to tectonic processes of
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Burbank, Douglas West., and Robert S. Anderson. Tectonic
Geomorphology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 2000.
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420:. The uplift of these islands is the result of the movement of oceanic tectonic plates. Sunken islands or
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is the process by which the lithosphere bends under the action of forces such as the weight of a growing
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when density differences are present. A good example of this would be the large-scale circulation of the
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345:
are currently undergoing gradual rebound as a result of the melting of ice sheets 10,000 years ago.
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may occur. In these, erosion from a stream occurs faster than mountain uplift, resulting in a
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The "uplift of rocks" refers to the displacement of rocks with respect to the geoid.
365:. This is evidenced by the presence of various oceanic islands composed entirely of
309:
292:
When mountains rise slowly, either due to orogenic uplift or other processes (e.g.,
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54:
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or changes in ice thickness related to glaciation. The lithosphere rests on the
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Crustal thickening has an upward component of motion and often occurs when
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events), changes in the density distribution of the crust and underlying
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Geologic uplift of Earth's surface that is attributed to plate tectonics
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373:. Examples of such islands are found in the Pacific, notably the three
334:
277:
in Texas, a geographical location named after its uplift features. The
244:
147:
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850:
712:
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Le Fort, Patrick. "Evolution of the
Himalaya." (n.d.): 95-109. Print.
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The dynamics of mountain ranges are governed by differences in the
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The displacement of rocks with respect to the surface is called
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This simple equation relates the three kinds of displacement:
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Surface uplift, uplift of rocks, and exhumation of rocks,
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is the result of broad tectonic uplift followed by river
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Displacement of the Earth's surface with respect to the
349:
of the amount of crustal thickening. Therefore, in most
124:
Density distribution of the crust and underlying mantle
643:
38:- the water used to extend to the mangroves at right
215:mountain ranges are produced. The collision of the
196:at a subduction zone will curve upwards due to the
73:, and flexural support due to the bending of rigid
254:is a broad uplifted area which resulted from the
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500:as long as a thermal profile can be estimated.
361:In a few cases, tectonic uplift can be seen in
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462:Surface uplift = uplift of rock - exhumation
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34:Former sea bottom that raised during the
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687:Principle of inclusions and components
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469:The term geoid is used above to mean
341:of Canada and the United States, and
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88:using pressure-temperature studies.
662:Principle of original horizontality
523:Geology, v. 18 no. 12 p. 1173-1177
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104:onto continental crust. Basically
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609:An explanation of tectonic forces
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296:), an unusual feature known as a
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273:. Another related uplift is the
134:Although the raised surfaces of
130:Continental crust § Density
116:) and in rocks with an inverted
672:Principle of lateral continuity
554:Karlstrom, K.E., et al., 2012,
369:, which otherwise appear to be
682:Principle of faunal succession
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261:to the south in the states of
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558:Lithosphere, v. 4, p. 3–22
80:Tectonic uplift results in
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519:England and Molnar, 1990,
481:Paleoclimatic restorations
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112:nappes (preserved in the
771:Geomorphologic processes
654:Stratigraphic principles
647:principles and processes
294:rebound after glaciation
169:of the lithosphere (see
312:in New Zealand and the
886:Mountain geomorphology
837:Mass wasting processes
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337:region of Canada, the
200:of the Earth's crust.
53:that is attributed to
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713:Petrologic principles
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428:Uplift vs. exhumation
351:convergent boundaries
36:2013 Bohol earthquake
33:
799:Marine transgression
667:Law of superposition
182:Lithospheric flexure
177:Lithospheric flexure
163:gravitational energy
118:metamorphic gradient
490:geothermal gradient
281:which includes the
140:gravitational force
856:Geology portal
814:Sediment transport
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486:geothermobarometry
314:Cumberland Narrows
198:elastic properties
92:Crustal thickening
63:crustal thickening
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832:Glacial processes
827:Aeolian processes
822:Fluvial processes
804:Marine regression
410:Marquesas Islands
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67:mountain building
16:(Redirected from
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371:volcanic islands
324:Isostatic uplift
279:Colorado Plateau
259:Ouachita Orogeny
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275:Llano Uplift
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339:Great Lakes
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870:Categories
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756:Compaction
751:Diagenesis
741:Weathering
504:References
449:exhumation
335:Hudson Bay
331:ice sheets
245:Hindu Kush
165:of entire
148:subduction
128:See also:
110:ophiolitic
86:geologists
82:denudation
726:Extrusive
721:Intrusive
496:and from
406:Fatu Huku
375:phosphate
298:water gap
237:Tian Shan
114:Himalayas
65:(such as
59:isostatic
731:Volcanic
645:Geologic
560:abstract
525:Abstract
318:Maryland
267:Oklahoma
263:Arkansas
221:Eurasian
171:isostasy
158:motion.
57:. While
416:in the
408:in the
386:Makatea
287:erosion
256:Permian
229:Siberia
225:folding
210:Orogeny
186:orogeny
167:columns
45:is the
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545:Print.
422:guyots
412:; and
390:Banaba
388:, and
378:islets
333:. The
306:valley
269:, and
231:. The
217:Indian
106:nappes
102:thrust
71:mantle
439:geoid
398:Lifou
382:Nauru
367:coral
302:gorge
271:Texas
241:Altai
156:plate
590:ISBN
396:and
394:Maré
250:The
219:and
400:in
380:of
316:in
304:or
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100:is
49:of
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