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experiments have confirmed TSI variation occurs on virtually every timescale from their 2-minute observation cadence to the decades-long length of the TSI record to date. A precise knowledge of the TSI and its variation over time is essential to understanding climate change. Recent findings indicate that instrinsic TSI variation has had a much larger role (up to 50%) in global warming during the industrial era than previously predicted by global circulation models (GCM's). The profound sociological and economic implications of understanding the relative climate change contributions of natural and anthropogenic forcings makes it essential that the TSI database, a critical component of climate change research, be carefully sustained into the foreseeable future. The UARS/ACRIM2 experiment was an important part of providing the long term TSI database.
672:, with good accuracy and spatial resolution, and hence to study the structure and dynamics of the region, (ii) To investigate the distribution and variability of water vapour in the middle atmosphere, to determine its role in the atmospheric general circulation, and its sources and sinks in the middle atmosphere, (iii) To measure the global distribution of oxides of nitrogen and hence to investigate their origins and their roles in catalytic cycles which control the amount of ozone in the stratospheric ozone layer. It also made extensive observations of volcanic aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds in the middle atmosphere. The instrument operated from September 1991–July 1992.
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stable emissions over intervals on the order of the spacecraft's operational lifetime. The instrument's input slit was configurable for solar or stellar modes, to accommodate for the vast difference in target brightness. In addition to stars, SOLSTICE also took occasional measurements of targets of opportunity, including the moon and other objects in the solar system.
888:
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Because of the energy of UV, instrument degradation is a major issue. To help with this problem, the instrument contained two identical spectrometers. One was used almost continuously during the daylight portion of UARS' orbit. The second was used infrequently to verify the sensitivity of the first.
911:
The Solar
Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment was designed to measure solar radiation. The instrument used a novel approach to calibration: instead of calibrating against an internal reference lamp, the instrument regularly took measurements of bright blue stars, which have theoretically very
932:
reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar
Maximum Mission (SMM). The ACRIM1 experiment's results provided the first discoveries of intrinsic variations in the TSI and their relationships to solar magnetic activity phenomena. ACRIM
480:
The original mission duration was to be only three years, but was extended several times. When the mission finally ended in June 2005 due to funding cuts, 14 years after the satellite's launch, six of its ten instruments were still operational. A final orbit-lowering burn was performed in early
492:
The decommissioned satellite re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 24 September 2011. Considerable media attention surrounded the event, largely due to NASA's predictions that substantial parts of the satellite might reach the ground, potentially endangering inhabited areas. However, the satellite
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of UARS had reduced to 175 by 185 km (109 by 115 mi). 26 pieces of debris were expected to survive reentry and strike the surface, the largest of which had an estimated mass of 158.30 kg (348.99 lb), possibly reaching the surface at a velocity of 44 meters per second
785:), temperature, aerosol extinction, aerosol composition and size distribution versus atmospheric pressure at the Earth's limb. The measurements are done at eight different wavelengths of infrared across a 1.6 km (0.99 mi) wide field of view of Earth's limb.
899:(UV) emissions from the sun. The observations are made both through vacuum and through occultations of the sun through the atmosphere. This allowed a comparison of the amount of UV light that reaches the earth and the amount absorbed by the upper atmosphere.
866:. The instrument looked at Earth's limb from two different angles, 45 degrees and 135 degrees off the spacecraft's angle of motion. This allowed the instrument to read the same areas of the sky from two angles within a few minutes of the previous reading.
873:
camera. The two telescopes (45 degrees and 135 degrees) each have a one meter long baffle tube to reduce stray light during daytime viewing. The input from the telescopes is positioned side by side on the CCD so both views are imaged simultaneously.
701:
Thermal radiation enters the instrument through a three-mirror antenna system. The antenna mechanically scans in the vertical plane through the atmospheric limb every 65.5 seconds. The scan covers a height range from the surface up to
582:(−238 °F). As the neon and carbon dioxide evaporated, they kept the instrument cool for a planned 19 months. The final cryogens evaporated from the instrument on May 5, 1993, and the instrument warmed up, ending its useful life.
989:
in
California said the satellite penetrated the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean". A precise re-entry time and location was not initially stated. Nicholas Johnson, the chief orbital debris scientist at NASA's
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994:, stated that "We don't know where the debris field might be... We may never know." However, the Joint Space Operations Center later announced that the reentry took place at 04:00 UTC on 24 September, at
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and a fixed electronics unit. The optics unit contains a telescope that collects solar energy as well as the gas detectors. The electronics unit handles data, motor control and power for the instrument.
593:. CLAES produced a 19-month global database showing the vertical distributions of important ozone-layer gases in the stratosphere and their variation with time of day, season, latitude, and longitude.
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The telescope used a narrow field of view to prevent
Doppler shift variation across the field of view from distorting the results. Input from the telescope is fed to the processor via a
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in the atmosphere, CLAES had to have high resolution and sensitivity. To achieve this, the instrument combined a telescope with an infrared spectrometer. The whole instrument was
547:. This platform produced the first global maps of ozone depleting chlorinated compounds. It did this by inferring the amount of gases in the atmosphere by measuring the unique
982:(140 ft/s) (98 mph; 160 km/h). Smaller pieces were expected to strike the surface at up to 107 metres per second (350 ft/s) (240 mph; 390 km/h).
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A vertical scan of the atmosphere was obtained by tracking the sun during occultation. The scan will measure the amount of solar energy absorbed by gases in the atmosphere.
614:
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On 7 September 2011, NASA announced the impending uncontrolled re-entry of UARS, and noted that there was a small potential risk to the public. By 23 September 2011, the
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thermal emissions from Earth's limb to create vertical profiles of atmospheric gases, temperature, pressure and cloud ice. MLS looks 90° from the angle of UARS' orbit.
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mission on 15 September 1991. It entered Earth orbit at an operational altitude of 600 kilometers (370 mi), with an orbital inclination of 57 degrees.
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UARS was decommissioned on 14 December 2005. The final perigee lowering burns lowered the orbit to 518 km x 381 km. They were followed by the
706:(55 miles). Upon entering the instrument, the signal from the antenna is separated into three signals for processing by different radiometers. The
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As late as June 2005, the 63 and 205 GHz radiometers remained operational, but the 183 GHz radiometer failed after 19 months of operation.
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of the lines to determine horizontal winds and uses the line shapes and strengths to obtain information about temperature and atmospheric make-up.
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At 07:46 UTC on 24 September 2011, NASA released an updated statement on the UARS website, stating that: "The Joint Space
Operations Center at
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Scafetta, N., West, B. J., Phenomenological solar contribution to the 1900–2000 global surface warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., V. 33, 2006
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Willson, R.C., S. Gulkis, M Janssen, H.S. Hudson and G.A. Chapman, Observations of Solar
Irradiance Variability, Science, v. 211, 1981.
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cooled to keep heat from the instrument from interfering with the readings. The cryogenics system consisted of an inner tank of solid
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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2017:
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The specific objectives of ISAMS were: (i) To obtain measurements of atmospheric temperature as a function of pressure, from the
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225:
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1029:. According to NASA, the satellite's debris field would extend between positions 300 and 800 miles (480 and 1,300 km)
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emission from the Earth's limb (the line of the horizon as seen from UARS), on both sides of the spacecraft. It used the
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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Willson, R.C., Hudson, H.S., the Sun's luminosity over a complete solar cycle, Nature, v. 351, pp. 42–44, 1991
126:
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Development and
Execution of End-of-Mission Operations Case Study of the UARS and ERBS End-of-Mission Plans
1392:"SUSIM UARS: An Ongoing Satellite Experiment Measuring the Spectral Composition of Solar Ultraviolet Light"
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1339:
817:
HRDI observed the emission and absorption lines of molecular oxygen above the limb of the Earth, uses the
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1049:
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482:
62:
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The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar
986:
585:
The instrument looked sideways out of the UARS platform to allow the instrument to look through the
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77:
56:
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467:
206:
681:
791:
In order to support scanning, the instrument came in two parts, the optics unit on a two-axis
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459:
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8:
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Hughes, John; Marius, Julio L; Montoro, Manuel; Patel, Mehul; Bludworth, David (2006).
1186:
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Optical
Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research
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863:
68:
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to achieve high detector sensitivity. ISAMS uses 7 gas cells for 6 different gases: CO
1532:
1190:
762:
758:
379:
1533:
Re-entry and risk assessment for the NASA Upper
Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)
1132:
1394:. Naval Research Laboratory E. O. Hulburt Center for Space Research. Archived from
1178:
1159:"Overview and highlights of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) mission"
1154:
778:
302:
618:
319:
312:
136:
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1157:; Jackman, Charles H. (September 30, 1994). Wang, Jinxue; Hays, Paul B (eds.).
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A bright pass of the UARS, photographed from the
Netherlands on 16 June 2010.
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December 2005 to prepare the satellite for deorbit. On 26 October 2010, the
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HRDI conducted scientific operations from November 1991 until April 2005.
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1260:"The Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS) Level 2 data"
896:
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A photo of the UARS/ACRIM2 Total Solar Irradiance monitoring instrument.
882:
858:
The WINDII instrument measured wind, temperature and emission rate from
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2218:
665:
590:
563:
1368:. York University Solar Terrestrial Physics Laboratory. Archived from
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466:. The 5,900-kilogram (13,000 lb) satellite was deployed from
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1968:
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2008:
1974:
1538:(Report). NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. September 9, 2011
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212:
93:
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The instrument consists of an interferometer which feeds to a
850:
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The MLS instrument before installation on the UARS spacecraft.
1996:
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887:
741:
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536:
458:-operated orbital observatory whose mission was to study the
349:
339:
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1314:
824:
The instrument consists of two parts, the telescope and the
809:
1639:
1486:"Huge Defunct Satellite to Plunge to Earth Soon, NASA Says"
1169:. International Society for Optics and Photonics: 254–265.
567:
554:
In order to differentiate the relatively weak signature of
455:
410:
235:
49:
1210:. Lockheed Martin Space Physics Laboratory. Archived from
414:
907:
Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE)
736:
418:
26:
1734:
1262:. British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC). Archived from
1234:"Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS)"
1152:
1133:"Final Update: NASA's UARS Re-enters Earth's Atmosphere"
804:
527:
that determined the concentrations and distributions of
1417:
1289:"The UARS MLS Instrument: Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)"
965:
performed a debris-avoidance maneuver in response to a
916:
Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor II (ACRIM2)
845:
485:
performed a debris-avoidance maneuver in response to a
430:
597:
Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS)
1459:
1078:
NASA and the Environment: The Case of Ozone Depletion
883:
Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM)
753:
to measure simultaneous vertical profiles of ozone (O
1671:
617:to obtain high spectral resolution, and innovative
710:radiometer measures temperature and pressure. The
2602:Earth observation satellites of the United States
1647:(Report). NASA. pp. 4-1–4-63. Archived from
1236:. British Atmospheric Data Centre. Archived from
1050:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details"
406:
2593:
1586:"Center for orbital and re-entry debris studies"
511:Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES)
714:radiometer measures water vapor and ozone. The
675:
1556:
1483:
1202:
1200:
944:
609:ISAMS is an infrared radiometer for measuring
1720:
1127:
1125:
1088:
1086:
16:NASA-operated orbital observatory (1991-2011)
1642:UARS Project Data Book: The UARS Instruments
1315:"The Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE)"
493:ultimately impacted in a remote area of the
1588:. The Aerospace Corporation. Archived from
1197:
1727:
1713:
1366:"WINDII - The Wind Imaging Interferometer"
1122:
1083:
574:(−430 °F) and an outer tank of solid
67:
25:
1418:"Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Monitoring"
2612:Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle
1033:, generally northeast of this position.
935:
919:
886:
849:
808:
740:
685:
645:cells also allow measurement of ozone (O
600:
514:
1334:
1332:
519:A cutaway view of the CLAES instrument.
2594:
1612:"UARS: When and Where Did It Go Down?"
1559:"NASA: Satellite debris has hit Earth"
1103:. July 2011. p. 2. Archived from
949:
737:Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE)
1708:
1557:Joel Achenbach (September 24, 2011).
1283:
1281:
805:High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI)
694:The MLS detected naturally occurring
1695:UARS summary from NASA Earth Science
1640:Goddard Space Flight Center (1987).
1618:. Universe today. September 24, 2011
1484:David, Leonard (September 7, 2011).
1340:"The High Resolution Doppler Imager"
1329:
846:Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII)
384:14 September 1991, 20:00:00 UTC
324:6,953.0 kilometers (4,320.4 mi)
854:A diagram of the WINDII instrument.
505:
448:Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
20:Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
13:
2622:Spacecraft which reentered in 2011
1633:
1278:
1101:NASA Orbital Debris Program Office
891:A diagram of the SUSIM instrument.
745:A diagram of the HALOE instrument.
14:
2638:
1667:
1420:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 2005
813:A diagram of the HRDI instrument.
1690:UARS project science office page
1674:
877:
354:575.0 kilometers (357.3 mi)
344:574.0 kilometers (356.7 mi)
154:5,900 kilograms (13,000 lb)
146:6,540 kilograms (14,420 lb)
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1307:
1080:, "The UARS controversy" p 43f.
127:MultiMission Modular Spacecraft
2627:Geospace monitoring satellites
2607:NASA satellites orbiting Earth
1317:. NASA Langley Research Center
1252:
1226:
1146:
1067:
1042:
500:
462:, particularly the protective
79:
1:
1094:Orbital Debris Quarterly News
1036:
653:) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N
615:pressure-modulation technique
1700:View and download HALOE data
958:of the satellite's systems.
676:Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)
605:A cutaway view of the ISAMS.
103:14 years, 3 months
94:http://umpgal.gsfc.nasa.gov/
7:
2617:Spacecraft launched in 1991
972:
963:International Space Station
945:End of mission and re-entry
799:
483:International Space Station
183:12 September 1991, 23:11:04
10:
2643:
1291:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
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2327:
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1948:
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987:Vandenberg Air Force Base
832:and support electronics.
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1099:(Report). Vol. 15.
961:On 26 October 2010, the
551:signature of each gas.
1511:"Orbital Debris ORSAT"
941:
925:
892:
855:
814:
746:
691:
682:Microwave Limb Sounder
619:stirling-cycle coolers
606:
520:
187:1991-09-12UTC23:11:04Z
1592:on September 24, 2011
1346:on September 24, 2011
939:
923:
890:
853:
828:which consists of an
812:
744:
689:
604:
518:
299:Reference system
116:Spacecraft properties
1743:Orbital launches in
1153:Schoeberl, Mark R.;
1025:, just downrange of
992:Johnson Space Center
718:radiometer measures
560:background radiation
1564:The Washington Post
1175:1994SPIE.2266..254S
1110:on October 20, 2011
1054:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1009: /
950:Orbit-lowering burn
649:), nitric acid (HNO
21:
1682:Spaceflight portal
1398:on October 6, 2018
1214:on January 6, 2009
1074:W. Henry Lambright
942:
926:
893:
856:
815:
747:
692:
607:
521:
460:Earth's atmosphere
364:56.97999954223633°
294:Orbital parameters
19:
2589:
2588:
1295:on March 31, 1997
1266:on August 5, 2011
1183:10.1117/12.187563
1155:Douglass, Anne R.
769:), water vapor (H
765:(HF), methane (CH
763:hydrogen fluoride
759:hydrogen chloride
749:HALOE uses solar
730:and water vapor.
625:(times 2), CO, CH
444:
443:
374:95.9 minutes
281:24 September 2011
162:1600.0 watts
41:Earth observation
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1654:on April 2, 2012
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1372:on June 28, 2007
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1342:. Archived from
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779:nitrogen dioxide
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506:Chemical studies
340:Perigee altitude
273:
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266:15 December 2005
211:
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190:
188:
175:Start of mission
100:Mission duration
81:
72:
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29:
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2439:
2430:Gorizont No.35L
2391:
2352:Molniya-3 No.48
2323:
2248:
2244:Resurs-F1 No.53
2170:Gorizont No.34L
2158:
2149:Resurs-F1 No.52
2103:
2035:
1944:
1930:Molniya-3 No.55
1915:Nadezhda No.409
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1796:Informator No.1
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1634:Further reading
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1286:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1240:on July 5, 2011
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1208:"CLAES Mission"
1206:
1205:
1198:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1000:
998:
996:
995:
975:
952:
947:
918:
909:
895:SUSIM measured
885:
880:
848:
807:
802:
784:
772:
768:
756:
739:
715:
711:
707:
703:
684:
678:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
599:
579:
571:
513:
508:
503:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
350:Apogee altitude
320:Semi-major axis
269:
267:
200:
199:
186:
184:
137:Martin Marietta
66:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2587:
2586:
2582:Crewed flights
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:Interkosmos 25
2552:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2465:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2435:Intelsat VI F1
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Resurs-F2 No.7
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Intelsat VI F5
2274:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2212:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Resurs-F2 No.6
2081:
2074:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1971:
1966:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1669:
1668:External links
1666:
1665:
1664:
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1629:
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1549:
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1502:
1476:
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1277:
1251:
1225:
1196:
1145:
1121:
1082:
1066:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1027:American Samoa
1013:14.1°S 170.1°W
974:
971:
951:
948:
946:
943:
930:radiant energy
917:
914:
908:
905:
884:
881:
879:
876:
847:
844:
826:interferometer
806:
803:
801:
798:
782:
770:
766:
754:
738:
735:
724:sulfur dioxide
680:Main article:
677:
674:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
598:
595:
589:and the lower
576:carbon dioxide
512:
509:
507:
504:
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468:Space Shuttle
442:
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258:Decommissioned
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250:End of mission
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2545:Inmarsat-2 F3
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Eutelsat-2 F3
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
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2426:
2425:Progress M-10
2423:
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2398:
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2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Meteor-3 No.5
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:Okean-O1 No.6
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:Meteor-3 No.6
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Inmarsat-2 F2
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Eutelsat-2 F2
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1738:
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1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1672:
1658:September 22,
1650:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1622:September 25,
1617:
1613:
1607:
1596:September 24,
1591:
1587:
1581:
1570:September 24,
1566:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1542:September 22,
1534:
1528:
1517:September 17,
1512:
1506:
1495:September 10,
1491:
1487:
1480:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1419:
1413:
1402:September 10,
1397:
1393:
1387:
1376:September 10,
1371:
1367:
1361:
1350:September 10,
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1321:September 10,
1316:
1310:
1299:September 10,
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1270:September 10,
1265:
1261:
1255:
1244:September 22,
1239:
1235:
1229:
1218:September 10,
1213:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1138:September 27,
1134:
1128:
1126:
1114:September 22,
1106:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:-14.1; -170.1
993:
988:
983:
980:
970:
968:
964:
959:
957:
938:
934:
931:
922:
913:
904:
900:
898:
889:
878:Energy inputs
875:
872:
867:
865:
861:
852:
843:
840:
838:
833:
831:
830:optical bench
827:
822:
820:
819:Doppler shift
811:
797:
794:
789:
786:
780:
776:
764:
760:
752:
743:
734:
731:
729:
725:
721:
699:
697:
688:
683:
673:
671:
667:
662:
620:
616:
612:
603:
594:
592:
588:
583:
577:
569:
565:
564:cryogenically
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
517:
498:
496:
495:Pacific Ocean
490:
488:
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244:
240:
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230:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
209:
203:
202:Space Shuttle
198:
194:
182:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
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110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
82:
75:
70:
64:
60:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2581:
2564:Gran' No.39L
2502:
2402:
2340:
2334:
2316:
2287:Progress M-9
2264:
2260:Molniya 1-82
2141:
2137:Molniya 1-81
2119:
2099:Progress M-8
2076:
2007:
1995:
1973:
1920:Progress M-7
1875:Gran' No.38L
1865:Molniya 1-80
1772:Progress M-6
1656:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1620:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:the original
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1562:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1479:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1424:September 2,
1422:. Retrieved
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1319:. Retrieved
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1268:. Retrieved
1264:the original
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1166:
1162:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1112:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1077:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
984:
976:
960:
953:
927:
910:
901:
894:
868:
857:
841:
834:
823:
816:
790:
787:
775:nitric oxide
748:
732:
700:
693:
663:
608:
587:stratosphere
584:
553:
525:spectrometer
523:CLAES was a
522:
491:
479:
469:
451:
447:
445:
330:Eccentricity
207:
133:Manufacturer
38:Mission type
2569:Zhongxing-4
2550:Kosmos 2174
2515:Kosmos 2173
2498:Kosmos 2172
2493:Kosmos 2171
2488:Kosmos 2170
2484:Kosmos 2169
2480:Kosmos 2168
2476:Kosmos 2167
2472:Kosmos 2166
2468:Kosmos 2165
2420:Kosmos 2164
2415:Kosmos 2163
2410:Foton No.7L
2404:Soyuz TM-13
2387:Kosmos 2162
2383:Kosmos 2161
2379:Kosmos 2160
2375:Kosmos 2159
2371:Kosmos 2158
2367:Kosmos 2157
2357:Kosmos 2156
2347:Kosmos 2155
2297:Kosmos 2154
2189:Kosmos 2153
2184:Kosmos 2152
2132:Kosmos 2151
2127:Kosmos 2150
2089:Kosmos 2149
2078:Soyuz TM-12
2072:Kosmos 2148
2068:Kosmos 2147
2064:Kosmos 2146
2060:Kosmos 2145
2056:Kosmos 2144
2052:Kosmos 2143
1991:Kosmos 2142
1980:Compton GRO
1964:Kosmos 2141
1960:Kosmos 2140
1956:Kosmos 2139
1935:Kosmos 2138
1925:Kosmos 2137
1900:Kosmos 2136
1870:Kosmos 2135
1860:Kosmos 2134
1855:Kosmos 2133
1850:Kosmos 2132
1846:Kosmos 2131
1842:Kosmos 2130
1838:Kosmos 2129
1834:Kosmos 2128
1830:Kosmos 2127
1826:Kosmos 2126
1822:Kosmos 2125
1817:Kosmos 2124
1812:Kosmos 2123
1791:Kosmos 2122
1786:Kosmos 2121
1616:ADRIAN WEST
1016: /
969:with UARS.
967:conjunction
956:passivation
897:ultraviolet
837:fiber optic
751:occultation
728:nitric acid
556:trace gases
541:water vapor
535:compounds,
501:Instruments
489:with UARS.
487:conjunction
473:during the
464:ozone layer
393:Instruments
360:Inclination
263:Deactivated
219:Launch site
180:Launch date
143:Launch mass
2596:Categories
2541:Telecom 2A
2239:Microsat 7
2235:Microsat 6
2231:Microsat 5
2227:Microsat 4
2223:Microsat 3
2219:Microsat 2
2215:Microsat 1
1895:Meteosat 5
1037:References
666:tropopause
591:mesosphere
303:Geocentric
278:Decay date
270:2005-12-16
232:Contractor
2328:September
2198:Orbcomm-X
2094:Satcom C5
2014:IBSS/SPAS
1777:Italsat 1
1490:Space.com
1473:(Report).
1191:129926077
1031:downrange
722:, ozone,
696:microwave
670:mesopause
641:O. The CO
558:from the
470:Discovery
334:0.0003645
313:Low Earth
208:Discovery
191: UTC
63:1991-063B
57:COSPAR ID
2559:Magion 3
2529:December
2444:November
2206:Tubsat-A
1891:Astra 1B
1805:February
1076:, 2005.
1004:170°06′W
973:Re-entry
800:Dynamics
549:infrared
533:chlorine
529:nitrogen
454:) was a
435:ACRIM II
427:SOLSTICE
255:Disposal
151:Dry mass
46:Operator
2396:October
2362:Anik E1
2318:Unnamed
2302:Yuri 3b
2210:UoSAT-5
2179:Losat-X
2143:Unnamed
2047:NOAA-12
1969:Anik E2
1940:Almaz 1
1767:NATO 4A
1760:January
1171:Bibcode
1001:14°06′S
860:airglow
839:cable.
761:(HCl),
716:205 GHz
712:183 GHz
668:to the
611:thermal
580:−150 °C
572:−257 °C
545:methane
268: (
223:Kennedy
185: (
90:Website
78:SATCAT
2520:USA-73
2509:USA-75
2504:STS-44
2463:USA-77
2459:USA-76
2455:USA-74
2451:USA-72
2336:STS-48
2312:Yohkoh
2307:IRS-1B
2271:TDRS-5
2266:STS-43
2253:August
2175:USA-71
2121:STS-40
2030:USA-70
2009:STS-39
1975:STS-37
1905:USA-69
1752:1992 →
1737:← 1990
1652:(.PDF)
1513:. NASA
1189:
1059:May 1,
864:aurora
793:gimbal
777:(NO),
708:63 GHz
475:STS-48
419:WINDII
370:Period
309:Regime
226:LC-39A
213:STS-48
196:Rocket
2194:ERS-1
2026:CRO-C
2022:CRO-B
2018:CRO-A
1997:BS-3h
1986:ASC-2
1949:April
1884:March
1645:(PDF)
1536:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1187:S2CID
1108:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
979:orbit
704:90 km
637:and H
633:O, NO
537:ozone
423:SUSIM
411:HALOE
403:ISAMS
399:CLAES
380:Epoch
205:
159:Power
85:21701
2341:UARS
2202:SARA
2163:July
2108:June
1745:1991
1660:2011
1624:2011
1598:2011
1572:2011
1544:2011
1519:2011
1497:2011
1426:2011
1404:2011
1378:2011
1352:2011
1323:2011
1301:2011
1272:2011
1246:2011
1220:2011
1167:2266
1140:2011
1116:2011
1061:2018
862:and
773:O),
568:neon
543:and
531:and
456:NASA
452:UARS
446:The
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