641:
416:
703:
443:
451:
38:
595:
221:
678:
657:
571:, a large natural riverine lake that is part of Pool 4 of the Upper Mississippi River. National and regional efforts are addressing these problems, but nutrient impairment problems are occurring elsewhere in the Upper Mississippi River as well, particularly in off-channel portions. Excessive nutrients contribute to thick floating mats of filamentous
579:
that have a pronounced negative impact on light penetration and may threaten the growth and persistence of submerged aquatic vegetation that is important for fish and aquatic life, including waterfowl. Efforts to control nutrients from point and non-point sources in the basin have aimed to provide
548:
Although the river is much cleaner than it was in recent decades, water quality is still a priority concern. Agricultural runoff, including sediment, excessive nutrients, (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), and chemicals from agricultural and industrial sources continue to threaten Upper
680:
685:
683:
679:
618:
and barge transportation industries have lobbied in the late 20th and early 21st centuries for a multibillion-dollar project to upgrade the aging lock and dam system. Some environmental groups and advocates of budgetary restraint argue that the project lacks economic justification.
684:
549:
Mississippi River aquatic resources. In addition new threats continue to emerge such as personal care items including pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The five states bordering the Upper
Mississippi River are working together to address water quality issues.
659:
664:
662:
658:
663:
682:
661:
520:
The Upper
Mississippi provides habitat for more than 125 fish species and 30 species of freshwater mussels. Three national wildlife refuges along the river cover a total of 465 square kilometers (285,000 ac). The largest of them, the
350:
with high limestone bluffs carved by the waterfall. Upstream of the waterfall the land slopes gently to rivers edge. Downstream of downtown St. Paul the river enters its wide preglacial valley. The states of
681:
611:
660:
2137:, a collection of images of the Mississippi Valley along the Iowa/Illinois border, from the 1860s through the 1950s. Images are from regional library special collections.
374:
is the
National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself. The other two National Park Service sites along the river are:
522:
415:
1566:
589:
2039:
1982:
1561:
422:
225:
371:
1957:
2069:
409:
transportation. The dams regulate water levels for the Upper River and play a major part in regulating levels on the Lower
Mississippi.
1873:
498:
304:
1718:
Hallberg, G. R. (1986). "Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the central plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and
Missouri".
541:. The refuge consists of blufflands, marshes, bottomland forest, islands, channels, backwater lakes and sloughs. It is part of the
1843:
830:
711:
626:
104:
622:
Each lock and dam complex creates a pool upstream of it. There are 29 locks on the Upper
Mississippi maintained by the
553:
556:
planned to test the entire 650-mile length (1,050 km) of the river within the state for the first time in 2024.
326:
left unglaciated at that ice age's height, hence not smoothed out or covered over by previous geological processes.
2107:"Big Price—Little Benefit: Proposed Locks on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers are not Economically Viable"
987:
615:
375:
347:
614:
down to Cairo, has been made suitable for commercial navigation with a depth of 2.75 meters (9 ft). The
458:
430:
363:, along with the federal government, have preserved certain areas of the land along this reach of the river.
2047:
1929:"Upper Mississippi River Nutrient Monitoring, Occurrence, and Local Impacts: A Clean Water Act Perspective"
640:
20:
1990:
644:
633:
upstream to Chain of Rocks downstream. The locks provide a collective 123 meters (404 ft) of lift.
630:
606:, barges, and other vessels to transit the dams. Approximately 1350 kilometers (850 mi), from the
560:
405:
in the 1930s, and most were completed by 1940. A primary reason for damming the river is to facilitate
2150:
1508:
502:
379:
2013:
933:
393:
Unlike the Lower
Mississippi, much of the upper river is a series of pools created by a system of 29
960:
264:
1881:
1257:
506:
300:
2080:
1530:
1014:
1446:
1230:
534:
367:
1904:"2007 Water Quality Program Report- Protecting Water Quality through Interstate Cooperation"
1753:
Richmond, G. (1986). "Summation of quaternary glaciations in the United States of
America".
311:. The Upper Mississippi River valley likely originated as an ice-marginal stream during the
1762:
1727:
1505:
1500:
1419:
1284:
702:
280:
8:
1788:
1643:
1535:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1397:
1370:
1343:
1316:
1311:
1289:
1262:
1235:
1208:
1181:
1154:
1127:
1100:
965:
852:
803:
776:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
474:
296:
43:
1766:
1731:
275:
In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper
Mississippi east and south of
1851:
1693:
1473:
1073:
1068:
1046:
1019:
992:
938:
911:
884:
857:
668:
607:
542:
454:
1774:
1739:
1593:
598:
The inland and intracoastal waterways, with the Upper
Mississippi highlighted in red.
426:
335:
236:
1770:
1735:
1392:
1365:
1095:
1041:
879:
481:, the alluvial floodplain is approximately 80 kilometers (50 mi) wide. Major
906:
526:
514:
510:
494:
442:
394:
308:
284:
2106:
1203:
1149:
564:
490:
486:
319:
292:
252:
2144:
1618:
1176:
1122:
402:
323:
312:
276:
256:
248:
119:
106:
1928:
450:
37:
1338:
383:
288:
473:
is between 1.5 and 5 kilometers (between 1 and 3 mi) wide. South of
825:
798:
771:
482:
339:
150:
86:
2040:"Operation & Maintenance of Navigation Installations (OMNI) Reports"
568:
470:
260:
1594:"Mississippi River | History, Physical Features, Culture, & Facts"
1987:
Mississippi River Basin Nutrients Science Workshop, October 4–6, 2005
1958:"MPCA testing the entirety of the Mississippi River within Minnesota"
623:
530:
466:
387:
356:
352:
343:
240:
165:
90:
594:
220:
1983:"Nutrient Impairment Identification in the Upper Mississippi River"
603:
576:
538:
478:
244:
169:
2134:
559:
There is general agreement that nutrients are contributing to the
2037:
There is a Lock 5 as well as a Lock 5A, and there is no Lock 23.
1818:
1668:
648:
525:, is over 420 kilometers (260 mi) long, reaching from the
1903:
572:
406:
398:
360:
1698:
EPA: Mississippi River Basin & Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia
523:
Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge
1567:
List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River
590:
List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River
2011:
255:. Historically, it may refer to the area above the
1644:"UMESC - About the Upper Mississippi River System"
1619:"General Information about the Mississippi River"
2142:
1793:USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
1562:List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River
697:
251:, at the confluence of its main tributary, the
226:Mississippi River Bridge (La Crosse, Wisconsin)
2135:Upper Mississippi Valley Digital Image Archive
1878:Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee
1848:Friends of the Upper Mississippi River Refuges
372:Mississippi National River and Recreation Area
1746:
1694:"Background on Upper Mississippi River Basin"
370:sites along the Upper Mississippi River. The
2104:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
2070:"U.S. Waterway System Facts, December 2005"
1955:
485:to the Upper Mississippi River include the
1789:"About the Upper Mississippi River System"
737:
210:5,796 m/s (204,700 cu ft/s)
1936:Upper Mississippi River Basin Association
1908:Upper Mississippi River Basin Association
1823:Upper Mississippi River Basin Association
1806:
1673:Upper Mississippi River Basin Association
1579:
346:) downstream to St. Paul, Minnesota is a
188:490,000 km (190,000 sq mi)
16:Upstream portion of the Mississippi river
1752:
1717:
1711:
701:
676:
655:
639:
593:
465:On the upper reaches near the Minnesota-
449:
441:
295:. The collapse of ice dams holding back
219:
1956:Hassanzadeh, Erin (September 2, 2024).
706:Upper Mississippi locks expansion study
2143:
2012:Marcia Zarley Taylor (March 8, 2006).
1874:"Issues and Challenges- Water Quality"
401:. The structures were authorized by
1636:
172:(flows into the Middle Mississippi)
13:
554:Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
425:Upper Mississippi Valley close to
329:
291:to join the world's oceans at the
14:
2162:
2128:
334:The Upper Mississippi from below
42:The Upper Mississippi River near
612:Mile 858, Minneapolis, Minnesota
414:
279:is a portion of the now-extinct
36:
2098:
2062:
2031:
2005:
1975:
1949:
1921:
1896:
1866:
1836:
376:Effigy Mounds National Monument
283:which carved the valley of the
2105:Walker, Brad (February 2010).
2044:Rock Island District Engineers
1781:
1686:
1661:
1611:
689:Barge on the Upper Mississippi
98: • coordinates
1:
1572:
698:Expansion proposals for locks
583:
303:carved out the Dalles of the
64:Physical characteristics
2077:USACE Navigation Data Center
1775:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8
1740:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1
804:Lower St. Anthony Falls Lock
777:Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock
714:has studied expanding locks
137: • elevation
21:Upper Mississippi Valley AVA
7:
2112:. Nicollet Island Coalition
1555:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
978:
975:
972:
969:
951:
948:
945:
942:
924:
921:
918:
915:
897:
894:
891:
888:
870:
867:
864:
861:
843:
840:
837:
834:
816:
813:
810:
807:
789:
786:
783:
780:
161: • location
82: • location
10:
2167:
1755:Quaternary Science Reviews
1720:Quaternary Science Reviews
1623:U.S. National Park Service
734:on the Upper Mississippi.
587:
437:
380:Gateway Arch National Park
270:
259:, above the confluence of
206: • average
180:1,300 miles (2092.147 km)
141:450 m (1,480 ft)
18:
287:, permitting the immense
214:
204:
196:
192:
184:
176:
159:
149:
145:
135:
96:
80:
72:
68:
63:
55:
50:
35:
30:
19:For the wine region, see
2014:"River debate continues"
561:Gulf of Mexico dead zone
1669:"River and Basin Facts"
1598:Encyclopedia Britannica
738:List of pools and locks
712:Army Corps of Engineers
631:Upper St. Anthony Falls
602:Navigation locks allow
301:Glacial Lake Grantsburg
233:Upper Mississippi River
224:Barge going under the
31:Upper Mississippi River
707:
690:
672:
651:
599:
462:
447:
235:is the portion of the
228:
705:
688:
667:
643:
597:
580:additional benefits.
453:
445:
368:National Park Service
223:
469:border, the river's
289:Glacial Lake Agassiz
281:Glacial River Warren
1993:on January 17, 2008
1884:on October 15, 2007
1844:"About the refuges"
1767:1986QSRv....5..183R
1732:1986QSRv....5...11H
313:Pre-Illinoian Stage
297:Glacial Lake Duluth
116: /
44:Harpers Ferry, Iowa
1648:www.umesc.usgs.gov
708:
691:
673:
652:
627:Corps of Engineers
608:head of navigation
600:
543:Mississippi Flyway
463:
448:
229:
2151:Mississippi River
1553:
1552:
934:Minnesota City MN
695:
694:
686:
665:
461:in the background
427:Winona, Minnesota
336:St. Anthony Falls
237:Mississippi River
218:
217:
120:47.253°N 95.212°W
2158:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2079:. Archived from
2074:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2050:on July 19, 2006
2046:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1989:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1880:. Archived from
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:on April 3, 2005
1850:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1590:
1258:Illinois City IL
961:Fountain City WI
742:
741:
687:
666:
645:La Crosse County
636:
635:
446:Locks and dam 15
418:
366:There are three
322:is a portion of
207:
138:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
99:
83:
40:
28:
27:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2086:on July 3, 2007
2083:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1751:
1747:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1575:
1558:
1531:Granite City IL
740:
700:
677:
656:
592:
586:
440:
435:
434:
433:
424:
419:
332:
330:Characteristics
309:Interstate Park
305:St. Croix River
285:Minnesota River
273:
205:
162:
136:
125:47.253; -95.212
124:
122:
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
97:
81:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2129:External links
2127:
2124:
2123:
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2030:
2004:
1974:
1948:
1920:
1895:
1865:
1835:
1805:
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1497:Mel Price Pool
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1471:
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1447:Clarksville MO
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1231:Rock Island IL
1228:
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1022:
1017:
1015:La Crescent MN
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
990:
988:Trempealeau WI
985:
981:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
963:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
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927:
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917:
914:
909:
904:
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869:
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839:
836:
833:
828:
826:Minneapolis MN
823:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
801:
799:Minneapolis MN
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
774:
772:Minneapolis MN
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
739:
736:
699:
696:
693:
692:
674:
669:Lock and Dam 6
653:
588:Main article:
585:
582:
565:eutrophication
455:Lock and dam 7
439:
436:
421:
420:
413:
412:
411:
331:
328:
320:Driftless Area
293:Gulf of Mexico
272:
269:
265:Cape Girardeau
253:Missouri River
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
133:
132:
100:
94:
93:
84:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2163:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2108:
2101:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1963:
1962:CBS Minnesota
1959:
1952:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1824:
1820:
1819:"Basin Facts"
1814:
1812:
1810:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
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1714:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1674:
1670:
1664:
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1639:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1585:
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1578:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:East Alton IL
1499:
1496:
1495:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
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1420:New London MO
1418:
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533:area down to
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382:(home to the
381:
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324:North America
321:
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278:
277:Fort Snelling
268:
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257:Arkansas Post
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249:United States
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2114:. Retrieved
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2081:the original
2076:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2043:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1986:
1977:
1967:September 3,
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1877:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1847:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1783:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1506:Melvin Price
1312:Gladstone IL
709:
621:
601:
567:problems in
558:
551:
547:
519:
464:
392:
384:Gateway Arch
365:
333:
317:
274:
239:upstream of
232:
230:
25:
1761:: 183–196.
1474:Winfield MO
1204:LeClaire IA
1150:Bellevue IA
853:Hastings MN
754:Mile marker
616:agriculture
535:Rock Island
483:tributaries
459:I-90 bridge
431:Kings Bluff
340:Minneapolis
263:, or above
123: /
87:Lake Itasca
59:US, Canada
1573:References
1177:Clinton IA
1123:Dubuque IA
1069:Eastman WI
671:time lapse
584:Navigation
569:Lake Pepin
471:floodplain
261:Ohio River
185:Basin size
111:95°12′43″W
108:47°15′11″N
2090:April 27,
2054:April 27,
2023:March 13,
1997:April 11,
1941:March 21,
1913:April 11,
1888:April 11,
1798:March 13,
1726:: 11–15.
1393:Quincy IL
1366:Canton MO
1339:Keokuk IA
795:LSAF Pool
768:USAF Pool
624:U.S. Army
577:duckweeds
531:Wisconsin
515:Kaskaskia
511:Wisconsin
499:St. Croix
495:Minnesota
475:St. Louis
467:Wisconsin
388:St. Louis
357:Wisconsin
353:Minnesota
344:Minnesota
241:St. Louis
197:Discharge
166:St. Louis
91:Minnesota
2145:Category
2116:July 13,
1858:April 1,
1828:April 1,
1703:April 1,
1678:April 7,
1628:April 1,
1556:See also
1042:Genoa WI
880:Welch MN
760:Distance
748:Locality
604:towboats
539:Illinois
517:Rivers.
503:Chippewa
491:Illinois
487:Missouri
479:Missouri
403:Congress
378:and the
245:Missouri
170:Missouri
51:Location
1763:Bibcode
1728:Bibcode
1653:June 4,
1603:June 3,
1536:Lock 27
1527:Pool 27
1479:Lock 25
1470:Pool 25
1452:Lock 24
1443:Pool 24
1425:Lock 22
1416:Pool 22
1398:Lock 21
1389:Pool 21
1371:Lock 20
1362:Pool 20
1344:Lock 19
1335:Pool 19
1317:Lock 18
1308:Pool 18
1290:Lock 17
1281:Pool 17
1263:Lock 16
1254:Pool 16
1236:Lock 15
1227:Pool 15
1209:Lock 14
1200:Pool 14
1182:Lock 13
1173:Pool 13
1155:Lock 12
1146:Pool 12
1128:Lock 11
1119:Pool 11
1101:Lock 10
1092:Pool 10
966:Lock 5A
957:Pool 5A
907:Alma WI
790:
563:and to
438:Ecology
271:History
56:Country
1074:Lock 9
1065:Pool 9
1047:Lock 8
1038:Pool 8
1020:Lock 7
1011:Pool 7
993:Lock 6
984:Pool 6
939:Lock 5
930:Pool 5
912:Lock 4
903:Pool 4
885:Lock 3
876:Pool 3
858:Lock 2
849:Pool 2
831:Lock 1
822:Pool 1
787:
730:, and
649:harbor
647:barge
629:—from
513:, and
200:
177:Length
155:
76:
73:Source
2110:(PDF)
2084:(PDF)
2073:(PDF)
2018:AgWeb
1932:(PDF)
763:(km)
573:algae
507:Black
457:with
407:barge
395:locks
348:gorge
151:Mouth
2118:2017
2092:2006
2056:2006
2025:2006
1999:2008
1969:2024
1943:2012
1915:2008
1890:2008
1860:2006
1830:2006
1800:2006
1705:2006
1680:2009
1655:2020
1630:2006
1605:2020
1509:Lock
1081:1043
1054:1093
1027:1132
1000:1150
973:1172
946:1188
919:1212
892:1283
865:1312
838:1365
811:1373
784:1375
757:(km)
751:Lock
745:Pool
710:The
552:The
527:Alma
429:and
399:dams
397:and
361:Iowa
359:and
318:The
299:and
231:The
1771:doi
1736:doi
1549:26
1543:298
1540:185
1522:64
1516:324
1513:201
1492:52
1486:388
1483:241
1465:45
1459:440
1456:273
1438:39
1432:485
1429:301
1411:29
1405:523
1402:325
1384:34
1378:552
1375:343
1357:74
1351:586
1348:364
1330:43
1324:660
1321:410
1303:32
1297:704
1294:437
1276:42
1270:736
1267:457
1249:16
1243:778
1240:483
1222:47
1216:794
1213:493
1195:56
1189:840
1186:522
1168:42
1162:897
1159:557
1141:52
1135:939
1132:583
1114:53
1108:990
1105:615
1087:50
1078:648
1060:39
1051:679
1033:18
1024:703
1006:23
997:714
979:16
970:728
952:24
943:738
925:71
916:753
898:29
889:797
871:53
862:815
835:848
808:853
781:854
610:in
575:or
390:).
386:in
307:at
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1462:28
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1327:27
1300:20
1273:26
1246:10
1219:29
1192:35
1165:26
1138:32
1111:33
1084:31
1057:24
1030:11
1003:14
976:10
949:15
922:44
895:18
868:33
844:8
817:2
732:25
728:24
726:,
724:22
722:,
720:21
718:,
716:20
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