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Upper half-plane

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lie on a circle centered at the intersection of their perpendicular bisector and the boundary. By the above proposition this circle can be moved by affine motion to
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in the upper half-plane with centers on the boundary. Then there is an affine mapping that takes
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copies of the upper half-plane. Yet another space interesting to number theorists is the
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can be used to define a distance that is invariant under dilation. In the former case
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and logarithmic measure on this ray. In consequence, the upper half-plane becomes a
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either intersects the boundary or is parallel to it. In the latter case
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is concerned with the study of certain functions on the direct product
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in the upper half-plane can be consistently defined as follows: The
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The term arises from a common visualization of the complex number
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Mathematicians sometimes identify the Cartesian plane with the
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can be defined using the correspondence with points on
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of the upper half-plane and the real axis. It is the
2232: 2204: 2172: 2136: 2103: 2060: 2040: 2014: 1973: 1944: 1858: 1761: 1735: 1704: 1680: 1656: 1628: 1604: 1580: 1556: 1528: 1504: 1453: 1395: 1355: 1319: 1255: 1227: 1180: 1149: 1116: 1078: 1028: 970: 937: 909: 797: 763: 727: 660: 623: 599: 573: 553: 527: 503: 469: 413: 382: 326: 278: 242: 208: 168: 137: 1806:{\displaystyle {\bigl \{}(1,y)\mid y>0{\bigr \}}} 1300:{\displaystyle {\bigl \{}(1,y)\mid y>0{\bigr \}}} 1009:{\displaystyle {\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}},0{\bigr )},} 1440:{\displaystyle 1+\tan ^{2}\theta =\sec ^{2}\theta } 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2607: 2566: 2542: 2497: 2467: 2434: 2402: 2374: 2337: 2245: 2214: 2182: 2146: 2125:is equally good, but less used by convention. The 2115: 2072: 2046: 2020: 1991: 1959: 1927: 1805: 1745: 1717: 1686: 1662: 1634: 1610: 1586: 1562: 1534: 1510: 1480: 1439: 1379: 1337: 1299: 1237: 1204: 1162: 1131: 1099: 1058: 1008: 952: 919: 891: 772: 745: 708: 644: 605: 579: 559: 533: 509: 481: 456:{\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto (\lambda x,\lambda y)} 455: 396: 368: 290: 260: 220: 186: 150: 2708: 2442:. In this terminology, the upper half-plane is 16:Complex numbers with non-negative imaginary part 1817:. The generic name of this metric space is the 1644:lie on a ray perpendicular to the boundary and 300:instead. Each is an example of two-dimensional 1798: 1764: 1292: 1258: 998: 973: 2269:. The PoincarĂ© metric provides a hyperbolic 1919: 1869: 1059:{\displaystyle \rho (\theta )=\cos \theta .} 1481:{\displaystyle \rho (\theta )=\cos \theta } 1825:, this model is frequently designated the 929:can be recognized as the circle of radius 1915: 390: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2054:axis and thus complex numbers for which 2709: 2034:" corresponds to the region above the 2688: 784: 1496:The distance between any two points 369:{\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto (x+c,y)} 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 2608:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{n},} 2375:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}^{n},} 2292:of surfaces with constant negative 2257:It also plays an important role in 2156:(the set of all complex numbers of 2095:. The lower half-plane, defined by 2030:is oriented vertically, the "upper 13: 2591: 2543:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}^{n}} 2529: 2468:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}^{2}} 2454: 2358: 2314: 2235: 2207: 2175: 2160:less than one) is equivalent by a 2139: 1861: 1738: 1707: 1491: 1488:is the reciprocal of that length. 1230: 1152: 912: 800: 307: 140: 14: 2748: 2636:Extended complex upper-half plane 2087:of many functions of interest in 591:Proof: First shift the center of 397:{\displaystyle c\in \mathbb {R} } 1832: 1380:{\displaystyle (1,\tan \theta )} 1205:{\displaystyle (1,\tan \theta )} 316:of the upper half-plane include 23: 2666:Moduli stack of elliptic curves 2246:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}.} 1718:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {Z}}.} 1163:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {Z}},} 953:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}} 151:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}},} 34:needs additional citations for 2319:One natural generalization in 2215:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} 2183:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} 2147:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}} 1986: 1974: 1781: 1769: 1746:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {Z}}} 1463: 1457: 1374: 1356: 1332: 1320: 1275: 1263: 1238:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {Z}}} 1199: 1181: 1132:{\displaystyle \rho (\theta )} 1126: 1120: 1091: 1079: 1038: 1032: 920:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {Z}}} 740: 728: 703: 689: 681: 667: 636: 624: 482:{\displaystyle \lambda >0.} 450: 432: 429: 426: 414: 363: 345: 342: 339: 327: 255: 243: 181: 169: 1: 2681: 2676:Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem 2265:provides a way of examining 1821:. In terms of the models of 1311:. Indeed, the diagonal from 7: 2624: 10: 2753: 2384:the maximally symmetric, 2311:of the upper half-plane. 2263:PoincarĂ© half-plane model 1827:PoincarĂ© half-plane model 2290:universal covering space 2617:which is the domain of 2578:Siegel upper half-space 2301:closed upper half-plane 719:and dilate. Then shift 221:{\displaystyle y>0.} 2609: 2568: 2544: 2499: 2469: 2436: 2404: 2376: 2339: 2278:uniformization theorem 2247: 2216: 2184: 2148: 2117: 2116:{\displaystyle y<0} 2074: 2073:{\displaystyle y>0} 2048: 2022: 1993: 1961: 1929: 1807: 1747: 1719: 1688: 1664: 1636: 1612: 1588: 1564: 1546:perpendicular bisector 1536: 1512: 1482: 1441: 1381: 1339: 1301: 1239: 1206: 1164: 1133: 1101: 1100:{\displaystyle (0,0),} 1060: 1010: 954: 921: 893: 774: 747: 710: 646: 645:{\displaystyle (0,0).} 607: 581: 561: 535: 511: 483: 457: 398: 370: 314:affine transformations 292: 291:{\displaystyle y<0} 262: 222: 188: 152: 2727:Differential geometry 2610: 2569: 2545: 2515:Hilbert modular forms 2500: 2470: 2437: 2405: 2377: 2340: 2321:differential geometry 2248: 2217: 2185: 2149: 2118: 2075: 2049: 2023: 2005:Cartesian coordinates 1994: 1992:{\displaystyle (x,y)} 1962: 1930: 1808: 1748: 1720: 1689: 1665: 1637: 1613: 1589: 1565: 1537: 1513: 1483: 1442: 1382: 1340: 1338:{\displaystyle (0,0)} 1302: 1240: 1207: 1165: 1134: 1102: 1061: 1011: 955: 922: 894: 775: 748: 746:{\displaystyle (0,0)} 711: 647: 608: 582: 562: 536: 512: 484: 458: 399: 371: 293: 263: 261:{\displaystyle (x,y)} 234:is the set of points 223: 189: 187:{\displaystyle (x,y)} 160:is the set of points 153: 2619:Siegel modular forms 2585: 2558: 2523: 2489: 2448: 2423: 2394: 2352: 2329: 2230: 2202: 2170: 2134: 2101: 2058: 2038: 2012: 1971: 1960:{\displaystyle x+iy} 1942: 1856: 1759: 1733: 1702: 1678: 1654: 1626: 1602: 1578: 1554: 1548:of the segment from 1526: 1502: 1451: 1393: 1353: 1317: 1253: 1225: 1178: 1147: 1114: 1076: 1026: 968: 935: 907: 795: 761: 725: 658: 621: 597: 571: 551: 525: 501: 467: 411: 380: 324: 276: 240: 206: 166: 135: 43:improve this article 2722:Hyperbolic geometry 2418:sectional curvature 2414:Riemannian manifold 2259:hyperbolic geometry 1823:hyperbolic geometry 1646:logarithmic measure 1389:has squared length 2693:"Upper Half-Plane" 2690:Weisstein, Eric W. 2646:Fundamental domain 2605: 2564: 2540: 2498:{\displaystyle 2.} 2495: 2465: 2435:{\displaystyle -1} 2432: 2400: 2372: 2335: 2294:Gaussian curvature 2267:hyperbolic motions 2243: 2212: 2180: 2144: 2113: 2070: 2044: 2018: 1989: 1957: 1925: 1803: 1743: 1715: 1684: 1660: 1632: 1608: 1584: 1560: 1532: 1508: 1478: 1437: 1377: 1335: 1297: 1235: 1202: 1160: 1129: 1097: 1056: 1006: 988: 950: 948: 917: 889: 847: 785:Inversive geometry 773:{\displaystyle B.} 770: 743: 706: 642: 603: 577: 557: 531: 507: 479: 453: 394: 366: 288: 258: 218: 184: 148: 58:"Upper half-plane" 2631:Cusp neighborhood 2567:{\displaystyle n} 2403:{\displaystyle n} 2338:{\displaystyle n} 2162:conformal mapping 2047:{\displaystyle x} 2021:{\displaystyle y} 1901: 1687:{\displaystyle q} 1663:{\displaystyle p} 1635:{\displaystyle q} 1611:{\displaystyle p} 1587:{\displaystyle q} 1563:{\displaystyle p} 1535:{\displaystyle q} 1511:{\displaystyle p} 987: 947: 846: 755:to the center of 699: 695: 677: 673: 606:{\displaystyle A} 580:{\displaystyle B} 560:{\displaystyle A} 534:{\displaystyle B} 510:{\displaystyle A} 119: 118: 111: 93: 2744: 2717:Complex analysis 2703: 2702: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2513:, the theory of 2506: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2386:simply connected 2383: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2286:upper half-plane 2284:states that the 2254: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2089:complex analysis 2079: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2019: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1918: 1899: 1865: 1864: 1819:hyperbolic plane 1812: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1768: 1767: 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693: 688: 675: 674: 671: 653: 651: 649: 648: 643: 614: 612: 610: 609: 604: 586: 584: 583: 578: 566: 564: 563: 558: 542: 540: 538: 537: 532: 518: 516: 514: 513: 508: 488: 486: 485: 480: 462: 460: 459: 454: 403: 401: 400: 395: 393: 375: 373: 372: 367: 299: 297: 295: 294: 289: 269: 267: 265: 264: 259: 232:lower half-plane 229: 227: 225: 224: 219: 195: 193: 191: 190: 185: 159: 157: 155: 154: 149: 144: 143: 127:upper half-plane 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2707: 2706: 2684: 2671:Riemann surface 2627: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2317: 2315:Generalizations 2234: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2194:PoincarĂ© metric 2174: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2013: 2010: 2009: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1914: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1843:complex numbers 1835: 1797: 1796: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492:Metric geometry 1452: 1449: 1448: 1425: 1421: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1291: 1290: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1027: 1024: 1023: 997: 996: 978: 972: 971: 969: 966: 965: 963: 938: 936: 933: 932: 930: 911: 910: 908: 905: 904: 902: 837: 822: 818: 817: 813: 812: 808: 799: 798: 796: 793: 792: 787: 762: 759: 758: 756: 726: 723: 722: 720: 692: 684: 670: 659: 656: 655: 622: 619: 618: 616: 598: 595: 594: 592: 572: 569: 568: 552: 549: 548: 526: 523: 522: 520: 502: 499: 498: 496: 468: 465: 464: 412: 409: 408: 389: 381: 378: 377: 325: 322: 321: 310: 308:Affine geometry 277: 274: 273: 271: 241: 238: 237: 235: 207: 204: 203: 201: 198:Cartesian plane 167: 164: 163: 161: 139: 138: 136: 133: 132: 130: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2750: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2705: 2704: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2656:Kleinian group 2653: 2648: 2643: 2641:Fuchsian group 2638: 2633: 2626: 2623: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2563: 2537: 2531: 2494: 2462: 2456: 2431: 2428: 2416:with constant 2399: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2334: 2316: 2313: 2273:on the space. 2242: 2237: 2209: 2177: 2158:absolute value 2141: 2127:open unit disk 2112: 2109: 2106: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2043: 2017: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1936: 1935: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1847:imaginary part 1845:with positive 1834: 1831: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1740: 1714: 1709: 1683: 1659: 1631: 1607: 1583: 1559: 1531: 1507: 1493: 1490: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1232: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1159: 1154: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1005: 1000: 995: 992: 986: 983: 975: 946: 943: 914: 887: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 864: 860: 857: 854: 851: 845: 842: 836: 833: 830: 825: 821: 816: 811: 807: 802: 786: 783: 769: 766: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 717: 716: 705: 702: 691: 687: 683: 680: 669: 666: 663: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 602: 576: 556: 530: 506: 490: 489: 478: 475: 472: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 405: 392: 388: 385: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 309: 306: 287: 284: 281: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 217: 214: 211: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 147: 142: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2749: 2738: 2737:Modular forms 2735: 2733: 2732:Number theory 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2661:Modular group 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2602: 2597: 2579: 2561: 2535: 2516: 2512: 2511:number theory 2507: 2492: 2483: 2480: 2477:since it has 2460: 2429: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2412:-dimensional 2397: 2387: 2369: 2364: 2346: 2332: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2240: 2195: 2163: 2159: 2128: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2094: 2093:modular forms 2091:, especially 2090: 2086: 2081: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2015: 2006: 2003:endowed with 2002: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1967:as the point 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1922: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839:complex plane 1833:Complex plane 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1727:Distances on 1712: 1681: 1657: 1647: 1629: 1605: 1581: 1557: 1547: 1529: 1505: 1489: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1310: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1248: 1219: 1217: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1157: 1123: 1117: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1070: 1066: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1021: 1003: 993: 990: 984: 981: 944: 941: 900: 885: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 862: 858: 855: 852: 849: 843: 840: 834: 831: 828: 823: 819: 814: 809: 805: 791: 782: 767: 764: 737: 734: 731: 700: 685: 678: 664: 661: 639: 633: 630: 627: 600: 590: 589: 588: 574: 554: 546: 528: 504: 494: 476: 473: 470: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 423: 420: 417: 406: 386: 383: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 336: 333: 330: 319: 318: 317: 315: 305: 303: 285: 282: 279: 252: 249: 246: 233: 215: 212: 209: 199: 178: 175: 172: 145: 128: 124: 113: 110: 102: 99:February 2010 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: â€“  59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 2696: 2508: 2318: 2300: 2298: 2285: 2275: 2261:, where the 2256: 2082: 1937: 1836: 1815:metric space 1495: 1249:of the line 1220: 1069:Proposition: 1068: 1067: 962:centered at 901: 789: 788: 718: 493:Proposition: 492: 491: 311: 231: 126: 120: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 2325:hyperbolic 2007:. 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Index


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"Upper half-plane"
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mathematics
Cartesian plane
half-space
affine transformations
semicircles
polar plot
collinear points
inversion
unit circle
perpendicular bisector
logarithmic measure
metric space
hyperbolic plane
hyperbolic geometry
Poincaré half-plane model
complex plane
complex numbers
imaginary part
the plane

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