Urartian language - Knowledge

3694:

10) in the mountainous region of Eastern Anatolia. The name Armenia first occurs in the Old Persian inscriptions at Bīsotūn dated to c. 520 BCE (but note that the Armenians use the ethnonym hay to refer to themselves). We have no record of the Armenian language before the fifth century CE. The Old Persian, Greek, and Roman sources do mention a number of prominent Armenians by name, but unfortunately the majority of these names are Iranian in origin, for example, Dādrši- (in Darius’ Bīsotūn inscription), Tigranes, and Tiridates. Other names are either Urartian (Haldita- in the Bīsotūn inscription) or obscure and unknown in literate times in Armenia (Araxa- in the Bīsotūn inscription)."

464: 3477: 574: 564: 3463: 4668: 198: 323:

BCE onwards. Although Urartian is not a direct continuation of any of the attested dialects of Hurrian, many of its features are best explained as innovative developments with respect to Hurrian as it is known from the preceding millennium. The closeness holds especially true of the so-called Old Hurrian dialect, known above all from Hurro-Hittite bilingual texts.

1057:

either case, contrasting fully with the respective aspirated /pʰ, tʰ, t͡sʰ, kʰ/ and voiced /b, d, d͡z, g/ series. Near front vowels, /g/ was palatalized and probably merged with, or at least became perceptibly close to, /j/. A distinct /v/ is suggested by variant spellings alternating between ‹ú› and ‹b› and by the toponym rendered in Armenian as Վան

489:, built this temple and this mighty fortress. I proclaimed it Irbuni (Erebuni) for the glory of the countries of Biai (=Urartu) and for holding the Lului (=enemy) countries in awe. By the greatness of God Khaldi, this is Argishti, son of Menua, the mighty king, the king of the countries of Biai, ruler of the city of Tushpa 3614:

Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Urartian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.106: "We do not know when the language became extinct, but it is likely that the collapse of what had survived of the empire until the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century BCE caused

3549:

Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Urartian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.105. "Neither its geographical origin can be conclusively determined, nor the area where Urartian was spoken by a majority of the population. It was probably dominant in the mountainous areas along the

3693:

Clackson, James P. T. 2008. Classical Armenian. In: The languages of Asia Minor (ed. R. D. Woodard). P.125. "The extralinguistic facts relevant to the prehistory of the Armenian people are also obscure. Speakers of Armenian appear to have replaced an earlier population of Urartian speakers (see Ch.

3602:

Although virtually all the cuneiform records that survive from Urartu are in one sense or another royal, they provide clues to the existence of linguistic diversity in the empire. There is no basis for the a priori assumption that a large number of people ever spoke Urartian. Urartian words are not

1978:

The person suffixes express the persons of the absolutive subject/object and the ergative subject. When both subject and object are present, a single transitive suffix may expresses a unique combination of persons (e.g. the combination of ergative 3rd singular and absolutive 3rd singular is marked

985:

The three-way laryngeal contrast for stops and affricates was faithfully represented in Urartian writing, except for the “emphatic” /pʼ/ which the Semitic-based cuneiform writing system did not have a distinct symbol for. Their values are confirmed by loans in Armenian. Urartian voiceless stops and

1056:

The precise phonetics of “emphasis” is not recoverable. It possibly may have been ejectivization or glottalization /pʼ, tʼ, t͡sʼ, kʼ/ as in Semitic languages of the time and the nearby endemic languages of the Caucasus, or just plain unaspirated (and unvoiced) /p⁼, t⁼, t͡s⁼, k⁼/ as in Armenian, in

322:

Urartian is closely related to Hurrian, a somewhat better documented language attested for an earlier, non-overlapping period, approximately from 2000 BCE to 1200 BCE, written by native speakers until about 1350 BCE. The two languages must have developed quite independently from approximately 2000

3444:

Arnaud Fournet, Hrach Martirosyan, and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian "eue" ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely a loan from Armenian

1427:

preceding the case suffix in the oblique cases), but some of the case suffixes also differ in form between the singular and the plural. Therefore, separate plural version of the case suffixes are indicated below separately. The nature of the absolutive and ergative cases is as in other ergative

2223:

subject/object, both in intransitive and in transitive verbs. The picture is complicated by the fact that the absolutive third person singular is expressed by a different suffix depending on whether the ergative subject is in the first or third person. An additional detail is that when the

556:

There are suggestions that besides the Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions, Urartu also had a native hieroglyphic script. The inscription corpus is too sparse to substantiate the hypothesis. It remains unclear whether the symbols in question form a coherent writing system, or represent just a

416:

in the 1850s, Schulz's drawings became the basis of the decipherment of the Urartian language. It soon became clear that it was unrelated to any known language, and attempts at decipherment based on known languages of the region failed. The script was deciphered in 1882 by

3961:

Paul Zimansky, Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 299/300, The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia (Aug. - Nov., 1995), pp.

3150:, have rejected many of the Hurro-Urartian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian from Armenian, and not vice versa. 281:, Urartian ceased to be written after the fall of the Urartian state in 585 BCE and presumably became extinct due to the fall of Urartu. It must have had long contact with, and been gradually totally replaced by, an early form of 2487:(where S refers to the ergative agent), but the rule is not rigid and components are occasionally re-arranged for expressive purposes. For example, names of gods are often placed first, even though they are in oblique cases: 3668:

Armenian presence in their historical seats should then be sought at some time before c 600 BC; ... Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of

4411:

Electronic Corpus of Urartian texts with English translations and general informations on Urartu and the Urartian written sources created by B. Christiansen on the basis of M. Salvini's Corpus dei testi urartei

4246:

Armen Petrosyan. "Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review." Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. 2007. pp. 33-34.

4247: 1822:

The paradigm of the verb is only partially known. As with the noun, the morphemes that a verb may contain come in a certain sequence that can be formalized as the following "verb chain":

319:

inscriptions found in the territory of the Kingdom of Urartu. There have been claims of a separate autochthonous script of "Urartian hieroglyphs" but they remain unsubstantiated.

4223: 2942:ḫal-di-ni uš-ta-a-be ma-si-ni šu-ri-e ka-ru-ni ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni ka-ru-ni gi-di-ma-ru-ú-ni ka-ru-ni ša-ti-ru-ú-i e-ba-a-ni ḫal-di-ni ku-ru-ni ḫal-di-ni-e šu-ri-i ku-ru-ni 1624:

modifiers) agree with the head noun by absorbing its case suffixes. The copied suffixes must be preceded by the article (also agreeing in number with the head). Examples:

4258: 2948:"Haldi marched forth with his weapon(?), conquered Huradinaku, conquered Gidimaru, conquered the land of Shatiru. Haldi is powerful, Haldi's weapon(?) is powerful." 561:

or ad-hoc drawings. What can be identified with a certain confidence are two symbols or "hieroglyphs" found on vessels, representing certain units of measurement:

4421: 3853:

Hrach Martirosyan (2013). "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian*" Leiden University. p. 85-86.

1983:). The following chart lists the currently ascertained endings, along with gaps for those not yet ascertained (the ellipsis marks the place of the valency vowel): 3164: 3146:

Diakonoff (1985) and Greppin (1991) present etymologies of several Old Armenian words as having a possible Hurro-Urartian origin. Contemporary linguists, such as

1371:, although their use does not always seem to match that description exactly. They also obligatorily precede agreement suffixes added through Suffixaufnahme: e.g. 986:

affricates were loaned as voiceless aspirates in Armenian, while Urartian “emphatic” stops are found as unaspirated voiceless stops in Armenian. E.g., Urartian

589:

Hachikian (2010) gives the following consonants for Urartian inferred both from Urartian writing as well as loans into neighboring languages, mainly Armenian:

1072:

Hachikian (2010) also suggests /f/ and /z/. For a phonemic /ɣ/ distinct from /x/, there is limited evidence from the Greek rendering of the toponym Κομμαγηνή

2806:"When, through Haldi's might and Haldi's command, Menua, son of Ishpuini, ascended to his father's place (i.e. throne), (the land of) Šatiru was rebellious." 514:

Urartian cuneiform is a standardized simplification of Neo-Assyrian cuneiform. Unlike in Assyrian, each sign only expresses a single sound value. The sign

4448: 4341:

Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. (1996). "Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European"". In Ivanov, Vyacheslav V.; Vine, Brent (eds.).

5215: 385:, as well as some Urartian vocabulary and grammar. Surviving texts of the language are written in a variant of the cuneiform script called Neo-Assyrian. 501:

Approximately two hundred inscriptions written in the Urartian language, which adopted and modified the cuneiform script, have been discovered to date.

5041: 3447: 5220: 2945:Ḫaldi=nə ušt=a=bə masi=nə šuri=ə, kar=u=nə Ḫuradinaku=nə, kar=u=nə Gidimaru=nə, kar=u=nə Šatiru=yə ebanə. Ḫaldi=nə kurunə, Ḫaldi-ni-yə šuri kurunə. 1021:

The cuneiform signs usually transliterated with ‹s, z, ṣ› were not fricatives, but affricates, as again shown by loans in Armenian. E.g., Urartian

2800:ḫal-di-ni-ni uš-ma-ši-ni ḫal-di-ni-ni ba-a-u-ši-ni me-nu-a-ni iš-pu-ú-i-ni-e-ḫé i-ú a-te-i-ni e-si na-ḫa-a-be ša-ti-ru-ú-ni du-ur-ba-i-e ma-nu 3374:"weapon, spear" (considered doubtful by Diakonoff, contemporary linguists believe this is an Armenian word from the Proto-Indo-European root 2554:

The sample below is from inscription 372 by Menua, son of Ishpuini, based on G. A. Melikishvili's corpus of Urartian Cuneiform Inscriptions.

2324:

in non-reduced form) - the following absolutive person suffix is optional, and the ergative subject is apparently not signalled at all: e.g.

3197:, a proper name with a presumed meaning of "eagle" (more recent scholarship suggests that this is an Armenian word from Proto-Indo-European 4143:

Greppin, John A. C.; Diakonoff, I. M. (1991). "Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians".

2235:

The encoding of the person of the absolutive subject/object is present, even though it is also explicitly mentioned in the sentence: e.g.

5036: 4095:

According to the interpretation in Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.120

1119:. There may have been phonemic vowel length, but it is not consistently expressed in the script. Word-finally, the distinction between 942: 5092: 4441: 4107: 3839: 3629: 1375:"Argišti (ergative), son of Menua (ergative)". The plural form can also serve as a general plural marker in non-absolutive cases: 4653: 973: 270:. Its past prevalence is unknown. While some believe it was probably dominant around Lake Van and in the areas along the upper 1787:

The encoding of pronominal ergative and absolutive participants in a verb action within the verb is treated in the section on

4331: 3644: 3603:

borrowed in any numbers by neighboring peoples, and the language disappears from the written record along with the government

1926:. The modal suffix appears in several marked moods (but not in the indicative). The other person suffixes express mostly the 1752:

should be the base for the "regular" case forms. An enclitic dative case suffix for the first person singular is attested as

3703:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East - Page 292 by Eric M. Meyers, American Schools of Oriental Research

3384: 2495:"For Ḫaldi the lord Argišti, son of Menua, built this temple." Verbs can be placed sentence-initially in vivid narratives: 1139:). The full form of the vowel appears when suffixes are added to the word and the vowel is no longer in the last syllable: 498:, from the late 9th century BCE. Texts were produced until the fall of the realm of Urartu, approximately 200 years later. 4783: 4434: 2803:Ḫaldi=ni=nə ušma=ši=nə Ḫaldi=ni=nə bau=ši=nə Menua=nə Išpuini=ḫə iu ate=y=n(ə)=ə esi=ə naḫ=a=bə, Šatiru=nə durbayə man=u. 967: 929: 215: 177: 4079: 3816: 4236: 3653: 4257:

Yervand Grekyan. "Urartian State Mythology". Yerevan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press. 2018. pp. 44-45.

2557:

For each sentence, the transliteration is given first, the morphological transcription second, the translation third.

5205: 4510: 4365: 4317:]. Handbuch der Orientalistik (in German). Vol. I.2, 1/2, 1. Leiden/New York/Cologne: Brill. pp. 31–53. 4299: 3980: 3790: 3748: 3534: 3317:(rejected by Diakonoff, others have suggested an origin stemming from Proto-Indo-European *bel- (“to dig, cut off?”); 300: 3412: 2301:, added between the valency vowel and the person suffixes, participates in the construction of several modal forms: 5174: 3199: 2530:"under", etc..) which govern certain cases (often ablative-instrumental). There is only one attested preposition, 2243:"to be", in that it has a transitive valency vowel, and takes no absolutive suffix for the third person singular: 327: 2282:

in the slot of the valency vowel, whereas the persons are marked in the usual way, following an epenthetic vowel

858: 167: 3712:

Jeffrey J. Klein, Urartian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Altintepe, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 24, (1974), 77-94

5087: 5071: 3392:"spring" (an alternate etymology suggests that at least ǰur has an Armenian etymology from Proto-Indo-European 211: 361:, etymologies have been proposed for many Urartian personal and topographic names, such as the names of kings 5113: 331: 1103:. Hachikian believes that there was an /o/ as well, as reflected in loans such as the rendition of Urartian 141: 5123: 4858: 891: 866: 326:

The external connections of the Hurro-Urartian languages are disputed. There exist various proposals for a

5179: 5061: 5056: 4991: 4667: 2484: 833: 5184: 4793: 4417:

Russian-language scholarly publications on Urartu and the Urartian language; includes texts in Urartian

3177: 3155: 2219:

As the paradigm shows, the person suffixes added after the valency vowel express mostly the person of

4868: 4683: 4067:

Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.120

4058:

Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.118

4049:

Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.115

4040:

Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.112

3393: 3376: 1050: 900: 874: 803: 3163:"field" (however, alternate theories suggest that this is an Armenian word from Proto-Indo-European 3015:ḫa-ú-ni ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni gi-di-ma-ru-ú-ni ḫa-ú-ni ša-ti-ru-ú-i e-ba-a-ni-i tar-zu-ʼa-a-na-a-na-ni 274:

valley, others believe it was spoken by a relatively small population who comprised a ruling class.

4823: 4465: 3805:

Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. "Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European."

3740: 3451:). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian include personal names, toponyms, and names of deities. 1772:) that were adduced above, Urartian also makes use of possessive adjectives formed with the suffix 308: 294: 231: 81: 17: 4277:[The Urartian Language]. In Казанский, Николай Н.; Кибрик, А. А.; Коряков, Ю. Б. (eds.). 3239:"garden" (an alternate etymology suggests that this is an Armenian word from Proto-Indo-European 397:, who discovered the Urartian inscriptions of the Lake Van region in 1826, made copies of several 5133: 5066: 4960: 4813: 4731: 4726: 4235:

Hrach Martirosyan. "Origins and historical development of the Armenian language." 2014. pp. 7-8.

1958:"he built". A verb that is usually transitive can be converted to intransitivity with the suffix 708: 700: 394: 335: 282: 263: 405:, but made no attempt at decipherment. Schulz's drawings, published posthumously in 1840 in the 285:, although it is only in the 5th century CE that the first written examples of Armenian appear. 5164: 5016: 4775: 3782: 3630:

https://www.academia.edu/2939663/The_Armenian_Elements_in_the_Language_and_Onomastics_of_Urartu

3424: 3321: 3305: 3219: 3189: 1364: 908: 750: 742: 358: 304: 3264: 2628:ḫal-di-ni-ni uš-ma-ši-ni me-nu-a-še iš-pu-u-i-ni-ḫi-ni-še ḫal-di-ni-li KÁ (3) ši-di-íš-tú-a-li 4833: 1915: 1845: 936: 917: 643: 635: 581:. This is known because some vessels were labelled both in cuneiform and with these symbols. 542: 482: 3774: 3732: 463: 5051: 5011: 4490: 1588:

Since the "complete" plural forms also include the plural definite article, they appear as

716: 374: 366: 339: 1303:

also occur. They may also end in a derivational suffix. Notable derivational suffixes are

409:, were crucial in forwarding the decipherment of Mesopotamian cuneiform by Edward Hincks. 8: 5138: 5046: 5021: 4828: 4803: 3733: 3021:"He (Menua) captured (the cities) Huardinaku, Gidimaru, Tarzuana of the land of Shatiru." 2445: 1167: 844: 782: 758: 683: 675: 667: 451:

translation in 1971. In the 1970s, the genetic relation with Hurrian was established by

440: 350: 3854: 3562:"Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire" 3400: 3362: 3327: 3293: 3287: 3271: 3263:"(inland) sea" (an alternate theory suggests that this comes from a Proto-Indo-European 105: 5128: 5097: 4996: 4843: 4760: 4392: 4160: 4124: 4023: 3883: 3593: 3585: 3255: 2510:

precede them, and genitives may either precede or follow them. Urartian generally uses

2424:"who has marched forth"). Participles from transitive verbs are formed with the suffix 822: 816: 734: 727: 606: 413: 259: 56: 2343:

is expressed by a graphically similar form, which is interpreted by Wilhelm (2008) as

1127:

is not maintained, so many scholars transcribe the graphically vacillating vowel as a

157: 5118: 4970: 4955: 4890: 4808: 4765: 4485: 4480: 4361: 4327: 4295: 3976: 3952:

The international standard Bible encyclopedia - Page 234 by Geoffrey William Bromiley

3865: 3786: 3775: 3744: 3659: 3649: 3597: 3577: 3530: 3340: 3170: 3147: 2449: 1546: 958: 923: 884: 794: 693: 620: 354: 346: 2436:

is the ending of an infinitive or a verb noun, although that is not entirely clear.

1018:, Hachikian (2010) reconstructs an “emphasis” distinction in the bilabial position. 173: 5031: 5026: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4910: 4905: 4895: 4711: 4568: 4553: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4505: 4422:

A Urartian glossary (based on Die Urartäische Sprache: (1971) by G.A. Melikishvili

4384: 4207: 4152: 4116: 3569: 3500: 2477: 2340: 1368: 611: 602: 597: 486: 444: 312: 205: 4342: 3831:

Petrosyan, Armen "The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu"

5210: 4965: 4940: 4935: 4915: 4863: 4853: 4848: 4838: 4818: 4788: 4740: 4736: 4706: 4083: 3820: 3476: 3468: 3350: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3207: 2461: 2457: 2362:, which may express the wish of either the speaker or the agent, is expressed by 2260: 1927: 1923: 1855: 1451: 1356: 1156: 616: 546: 533:. A variant script with non-overlapping wedges was in use for rock inscriptions. 452: 448: 362: 73: 4008: 3813: 2631:Ḫaldi=ni=nə ušma=ši=nə Menua=šə Išpuini=ḫi=ni=šə Ḫaldi=ni=lə KÁ {} šidišt=u=alə. 1387:

The well-attested possessive suffixes are the ones of the first person singular

4945: 4375:

Klein, Jeffrey J. (1974). "Urartian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Altintepe".

3681: 3505: 1617: 1244: 654: 433: 98: 3131:ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni ... a-ru-ni-e ḫal-di-še me-i-nu-ú-a iš-pu-u-i-ni-e-ḫi-ni-e 2476:"Argišti established a granary". Within the limited number of known forms, no 1930:

subject or object. It is not clear if and how tense or aspect were signalled.

1640:

The known personal pronouns are those of the first and third person singular.

573: 5199: 4745: 4593: 4500: 4077: 3581: 2465: 2453: 1839: 1621: 1468: 1419:

The plural is expressed, above all, through the use of the plural "article" (

1152: 563: 558: 134: 3663: 3075:"He reached as far as (the city of) Buštu, as far as (the city of) Malmali." 3018:Ḫa=u=nə Ḫuradinaku=nə, Gidimaru=nə, ḫa=u=nə Šatiru=yə eban=i=yə Tarzuana-nə. 2389:, preceding the verb. A prohibitative particle, also preceding the verb, is 4750: 4563: 4495: 2511: 2359: 1919: 1736:

The first person singular has two different forms for the absolutive case:

1163: 478: 1764:

As for possessive pronouns, besides the possessive suffixes (1st singular

550: 125: 5169: 5159: 4950: 4882: 4755: 4643: 4457: 4410: 3482: 1514: 1159:

also suggests that stress was commonly on the next-to-the-last syllable.

1062: 429: 418: 382: 255: 4027: 2464:, whereas the subject of a transitive verb is expressed with a special 1287:

All nouns appear to end in a so-called thematic vowel - most frequently

4701: 4696: 4396: 3589: 2413: 1530: 629: 4426: 4164: 4128: 4105:

Diakonoff, I. M. (1985). "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian".

2688:"For (the city of) Aludiri he built a fortress to its perfection (?)." 1316: 1144: 5006: 4691: 4578: 4515: 3561: 2634:"Through Haldi's might, Menua, son of Ishpuini, built Haldi's gates." 2534:"to(wards)". Subordinate clauses are introduced by particles such as 1077: 850: 773: 767: 660: 495: 422: 398: 378: 316: 271: 150: 118: 4388: 3573: 3445:(compare to Armenian "ew" (եւ), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European 1744:

as the absolutive object of a transitive verb. The ergative form is

432:, with the discovery of Urartian-Assyrian bilingual inscriptions at 5143: 4798: 4721: 4716: 4623: 4608: 4603: 4558: 4156: 4120: 3495: 3462: 2305: 2278:

or third person imperative is formed by the addition of the suffix

1575: 1558: 1542: 1480: 1034: 247: 185: 4416: 4360:] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 3680:

Igor M. Diakonoff. The Pre-history of the Armenian People. 1968. (

4900: 4628: 4618: 4583: 4573: 2275: 999: 472: 370: 181: 4322:

Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Urartian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).

4224:

About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origin.

3731:

Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Urartian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).

3527:

People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence

2239:"Argišti established(-it) this granary". An exceptional verb is 1220:

The morphemes which may occur in a noun follow a strict order:

4648: 4598: 4520: 3773:

Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Hurrian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).

3641: 3490: 3137:

Haldi gave (the city of) Huradinaku to Menua, son of Ishpuini."

1497: 1108: 1011: 402: 267: 251: 235: 46: 27:

Language spoken by inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Urartu

4283:

Languages of the World: Ancient Dead Languages of Western Asia

3626:

The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu

2483:

The word order is usually verb-final, and, more specifically,

1620:- a process in which dependent modifiers of a noun (including 1135:, while some preserve a non-reduced vowel (usually opting for 234:

which was spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of

5001: 4638: 4633: 4613: 4309:

Friedrich, Johannes (1969). "Urartäisch" [Urartian].

3896:

Schulz, Fr. Ed., "Mémoire sur le lac du Van et ses environs,

1810:, followed by article and case forms). A relative pronoun is 1128: 468: 4177: 4175: 3628:. Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2010. ( 1363:

for the other forms of the plural. They are referred to as "

1084:; thus, /x/ and /ɣ/ were not orthograpically distinguished. 4588: 4326:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–123. 4183:

Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon.

2499:"Forth I marched towards Mana, and I consumed the land." 184:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

4172: 3134:Ḫuradinaku=nə … ar=u=nə Ḫaldi=šə Menua=ə Išpuini=ḫi=ni=ə. 1041:. Urartian ‹š› was loaned into Armenian as /s/: Urartian 278: 1740:

as the absolutive subject of an intransitive verb, and

421:. The oldest of these inscriptions is from the time of 4213:. Belmont, MA: Armenian Heritage Press, 2004. p. 1122. 3992:Хачикян, Маргарит Левоновна (2010). "Урартский язык". 3975:. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1995. 2420:, added to the root, and have an active meaning (e.g. 2228:

is added, the third-person singular absolutive suffix

525:

has the special function of expressing a hiatus, e.g.

494:

The oldest recorded texts originate from the reign of

246:

in Urartian), which was centered on the region around

3566:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

2308:

form, also regularly used in clauses introduced with

949: 3458: 1914:

The meaning of the root complements is unclear. The

2444:Urartian is an ergative language, meaning that the 2416:from intransitive verbs are formed with the suffix 4279:Языки мира: Древние реликтовые языки Передней Азии 3994:Языки мира: Древние реликтовые языки Передней Азии 3781:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3739:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2682:a-lu-di-ri-i-e (4) É.GAL ši-di-iš-tú-ni ba-du-si-e 1758:The third person singular has the absolutive form 3279:"barley" (rejected by Diakonoff; closer to Greek 3069:ku-ṭu-ni pa-ri bu-uš-tú-ú-e pa-ri ma-al-ma-li-i-e 5197: 4142: 3943:Urartu - Page 65 by Boris Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ 3642:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997). 439:In 1963, a grammar of Urartian was published by 3141: 1632:"Argišti (ergative), son of Menua (ergative)". 328:genetic relationship to other language families 3909:Hincks, Edward. "On the Inscriptions at Van." 2502:Nominal modifiers usually follow their heads ( 2460:are expressed identically, with the so-called 518: 4442: 3814:http://www.pies.ucla.edu/IESV/1/VVI_Horse.pdf 3635: 1748:. Judging from correspondences with Hurrian, 1628:"for the gates (dative) of Ḫaldi (dative)", 1006:. Contrasting the last example with Urartian 557:multiplicity of uncoordinated expressions of 3682:http://www.attalus.org/armenian/diakph11.htm 2506:"great king"), but deictic pronouns such as 342:, but none of these are generally accepted. 5037:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 3215:"town" (rejected by Diakonoff and Fournet); 1414: 5216:Languages attested from the 9th century BC 4449: 4435: 3849: 3847: 3529:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 89. 2685:Aludiri=ə {} É.GAL šidišt=u=nə badusi=y=ə. 1802:, followed by article and case forms) and 4308: 4104: 3921: 3919: 3900:ser. 3 vol. 9 (1840): 257-323 + 8 plates. 3877: 3875: 3763:Academic American Encyclopedia - Page 198 1343:The forms of the so-called "article" are 541:Urartian was also rarely written in the " 4145:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4108:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3648:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 30. 3559: 3223:"to reveal one's ancestry" from Hurrian 2263:is formed by the addition of the suffix 1962:before the intransitive valency marker: 1307:, forming adjectives of belonging (e.g. 1166:, various morpheme combinations trigger 462: 5221:Languages extinct in the 6th century BC 4456: 4351: 4321: 4272: 4006: 3991: 3844: 3772: 3730: 2432:"which is built"). It is possible that 2397:is also the conjunction "but", whereas 1428:languages (more details in the section 216:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 178:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 5198: 4340: 4290:Walker, C. B. F. (1996). "Cuneiform". 4289: 4076:Вестник древней истории, № 3, 1977 г. 3916: 3872: 3550:upper Zab Valley and around Lake Van." 3524: 3072:Kuṭ=u=nə parə Buštu=ə, parə Malmali=ə. 2385:Negation is expressed by the particle 1382: 428:Decipherment only made progress after 254:, near the site of the modern town of 4430: 4374: 4285:] (in Russian). Moskow: Academia. 4273:Хачикян, Маргарит Левоновна (2010). 4196:How to Kill A Dragon in Indo-European 3866:"Urartian language | Britannica" 3645:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 1988: 1276:= article + number and case suffixes 1210: 1051:ultimately from Sumerian via Akkadian 549:. Evidence for this is restricted to 4358:History and Culture of the Urartians 3911:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2478:exceptions from the ergative pattern 2370:. The valency marker is replaced by 2224:first-person singular dative suffix 1918:markers express whether the verb is 1817: 1616:A phenomenon typical of Urartian is 1087:The script distinguishes the vowels 471:on display at the Erebuni Museum in 4324:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 4315:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 3777:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 3735:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 2493:Argište-šə Menuaḫini-šə šidišt-u-nə 2428:, and have a passive meaning (e.g. 2408: 1272:-Ø-, -lə-, -š(ə)-, etc. (see below) 311:, whose only other known member is 24: 4354:Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer 3973:Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer 2549: 1973: 1933: 277:First attested in the 9th century 25: 5232: 4404: 1611: 1395:) and of the 3rd person singular 1367:suffixes" and can be compared to 972: 966: 941: 935: 907: 899: 890: 873: 865: 857: 832: 802: 781: 757: 749: 741: 715: 707: 699: 682: 674: 666: 642: 634: 288: 218: instead of cuneiform script. 5175:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 4666: 4294:. London: British Museum Press. 4198:. Oxford University Press. 1995. 4009:"Urartian Sibilants in Armenian" 3475: 3461: 3203:which was loaned into Urartian); 2522:- both originally case forms of 572: 562: 196: 4251: 4240: 4229: 4226:(81.2:207–22) by Arnaud Fournet 4216: 4201: 4188: 4136: 4098: 4089: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4000: 3985: 3965: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3903: 3890: 3858: 3825: 3799: 3766: 3757: 3724: 3715: 3706: 2497:ušt-a-də Mana-idə ebanə at-u-bə 2254: 1399:(in non-reduced form sometimes 1391:(in non-reduced form sometimes 1323:, forming abstract nouns (e.g. 520: 388: 4732:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 4727:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 3697: 3687: 3674: 3618: 3608: 3568:. 299/300 (299/300): 103–115. 3553: 3543: 3518: 3432:"apple" (itself from Akkadian 3309:"dig, excavate" from Urartian 2382:"it wants to take/conquer …". 1950:for transitivity: for example 1854:other person suffixes (mostly 536: 13: 1: 5114:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 4511:Tigris–Euphrates river system 4266: 3511: 1205: 381:, geographical features like 332:Northeast Caucasian languages 4211:Armenian and Iranian Studies 4007:Greppin, John A. C. (2011). 3388:"spring water" from Hurrian 3142:Shared lexicon with Armenian 584: 509: 66:attested 9th–6th century BCE 7: 5180:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 5062:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 5057:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 4311:Altkleinasiatische Sprachen 4016:Historische Sprachforschung 3615:the language to disappear." 3454: 3416:"to destroy" from Urartian 2351:: an example of its use is 2328:"I wanted to besiege-it ", 1842:third person plural suffix 1794:Demonstrative pronouns are 1635: 10: 5237: 5185:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 4344:UCLA Indo European Studies 3807:UCLA Indo-European Studies 3181:"slave girl" from Hurrian 2312:"when", is constructed by 1907:-də, -bə, -(a)-lə, -nə, -ə 1338: 1243:suffixes received through 519: 504: 412:After the decipherment of 292: 5152: 5106: 5080: 4984: 4881: 4774: 4682: 4675: 4664: 4546: 4473: 4464: 4222:Archiv Orientální. 2013. 2439: 2122: 2081: 2037: 2034: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1946:) for intransitivity and 1630:Argište-šə Menua-ḫi-ne-šə 1626:Ḫaldi-i-na-wə šešti-na-wə 1579: 1550: 1534: 1518: 1472: 1436:Case Endings in Urartian 1373:Argište-šə Menua-ḫi-ne-šə 1311:"of the tribe Abiliani", 1025:‘orchard’ ↦ Armenian ծառ 916: 843: 766: 653: 628: 594: 475:. The inscription reads: 458: 164: 148: 132: 116: 111: 95: 70: 62: 52: 42: 37: 32: 5206:Hurro-Urartian languages 4278: 4274: 4133:. Accessed 19 Feb. 2023. 2378:"I want him to give …", 2237:argište-šə inə arə šu-nə 1938:The valency markers are 1650:absolutive intransitive 1423:in the absolutive case, 1415:Number and case suffixes 1215: 1045:‘kettle’ ↦ Armenian սան 990:‘camel’ ↦ Armenian ուղտ 295:Hurro-Urartian languages 4352:Salvini, Mirjo (1995). 3887:at saudiaramcoworld.com 3560:Zimansky, Paul (1995). 3525:Læssøe, Jørgen (1963). 3366:"sword", from Urartian 3354:"kettle" from Urartian 2355:"whoever destroys it". 1282: 1240:number and case suffix 395:Friedrich Eduard Schulz 336:Indo-European languages 307:, which belongs to the 232:Hurro-Urartian language 5017:Babylonian mathematics 4181:Hrach K. Martirosyan. 4169:Accessed 19 Feb. 2023. 3259:) "sea" from Urartian 3193:"eagle" from Urartian 3124:iš-pu-u-i-ni-e-ḫi-ni-e 3008:tar-zu-ʼa-a-na-a-na-ni 2336:"he shall slaughter". 1653:absolutive transitive 1355:for the plural in the 491: 467:An Urartian cuneiform 345:Indo-European, namely 315:. It survives in many 305:agglutinative language 204:This article contains 166:This article contains 106:Neo-Assyrian cuneiform 3428:"apple" from Hurrian 3404:"camel" from Hurrian 3331:"plum" from Hurrian * 3275:"grain" from Hurrian 3235:"tree" from Urartian 3211:"field" from Hurrian 3159:"field" from Hurrian 2589:iš-pu-u-i-ni-ḫi-ni-še 2401:is "and (also)", and 2366:followed by a suffix 2216:"they dedicated-it". 543:Anatolian hieroglyphs 466: 309:Hurro-Urartian family 250:and had its capital, 5012:Babylonian astronomy 4491:Mesopotamian Marshes 3297:"pine" from Hurrian 2489:Ḫaldi-ə ewri-ə inə E 2474:Argište-šə arə šu-nə 2294:"may they take it". 1351:) for the singular, 1037:’ ↦ Armenian Աղձնի- 340:Kartvelian languages 5093:Destruction by ISIL 5047:Sumerian literature 5022:Akkadian literature 4458:Ancient Mesopotamia 3925:A. Götze 1930, 1935 3394:*yuHr- or gʷʰdyōro- 3380:, meaning "sharp"); 3084:ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni 2968:ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni 2855:ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni 2196:"I marched forth"; 1966:"was occupied" (vs 1826: 1644: 1437: 1407:"from my country", 1383:Possessive suffixes 1251:attested morphemes 1224: 1111:’ as Armenian Տոսպ 393:The German scholar 5129:Mesopotamian myths 4082:2011-07-22 at the 4030:– via JSTOR. 3913:9 (1847): 387-449. 3819:2018-09-24 at the 3624:Petrosyan, Armen. 3283:"barley-roaster"); 2472:"Argišti came" vs 2290:"may he give it", 2267:to the root: e.g. 2212:"he gave to me", 1825: 1643: 1435: 1347:(non-reduced form 1237:possessive suffix 1223: 1211:Nominal morphology 1035:Arzanene (toponym) 1014:’ ↦ Armenian Տոսպ 1002:’ ↦ Armenian Ծոփ- 492: 441:G. A. Melikishvili 414:Assyrian cuneiform 369:, regions such as 260:Armenian highlands 57:Armenian highlands 5193: 5192: 5144:Ziggurat (Temple) 5119:Sumerian religion 4877: 4876: 4824:Middle Babylonian 4766:Kish civilization 4662: 4661: 4486:Lower Mesopotamia 4481:Upper Mesopotamia 4377:Anatolian Studies 4333:978-0-521-68496-5 4208:Russell, James R. 4194:Calvert Watkins. 3934:J. Friedrich 1933 3898:Journal Asiatique 3370:"sword", Hurrian 3313:"canal", Hurrian 3148:Hrach Martirosyan 2737:iš-pu-ú-i-ni-e-ḫé 2526:"person, body" - 2450:intransitive verb 2353:alu-šə tu-l-(e)yə 2297:The modal suffix 2190: 2189: 1912: 1911: 1818:Verbal morphology 1789:Verbal morphology 1768:and 3rd singular 1733: 1732: 1586: 1585: 1369:definite articles 1280: 1279: 1029:‘tree’, Urartian 1000:Sophene (toponym) 983: 982: 961: 926: 827: 825: 737: 731: 624: 469:stone inscription 407:Journal Asiatique 383:the Arșania River 377:, cities such as 212:rendering support 192: 191: 174:rendering support 170:phonetic symbols. 16:(Redirected from 5228: 5042:Sumerian cuisine 5032:Warfare in Sumer 5027:Economy of Sumer 4680: 4679: 4670: 4554:Fertile Crescent 4538:Sinjar Mountains 4533:Hamrin Mountains 4528:Zagros Mountains 4506:Taurus Mountains 4471: 4470: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4400: 4371: 4348: 4337: 4318: 4305: 4292:Reading the Past 4286: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4220: 4214: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4179: 4170: 4168: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4013: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3851: 3842: 3838:(2010): 133-140 3829: 3823: 3812:(1999): 147-264 3803: 3797: 3796: 3780: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3738: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3639: 3633: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3522: 3501:Hurrian language 3485: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3127:Išpuini=ḫi=ni=ə. 2976:gi-di-ma-ru-ú-ni 2871:gi-di-ma-ru-ú-ni 2621:ši-di-íš-tú-a-li 2592:Išpuini=ḫi=ni=šə 2470:Argištə nun-a-bi 2468:. Examples are: 2409:Non-finite forms 1986: 1985: 1979:with the suffix 1836:root complement 1827: 1824: 1708:3rd pers. sing. 1668:enclitic dative 1645: 1642: 1522:(archaic plural 1438: 1434: 1379:"by the deeds". 1225: 1222: 1115:and Greek Θοσπ- 1109:Tushpa (toponym) 1012:Tushpa (toponym) 976: 970: 957: 945: 939: 922: 911: 903: 894: 887: 877: 869: 861: 853: 836: 826: 821: 814: 806: 797: 785: 776: 761: 753: 745: 738: 733: 725: 719: 711: 703: 696: 686: 678: 670: 663: 646: 638: 614: 592: 591: 576: 566: 524: 523: 522: 401:inscriptions at 264:Eastern Anatolia 206:cuneiform script 200: 199: 160: 144: 128: 121: 101: 76: 30: 29: 21: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5148: 5102: 5076: 4985:Culture/society 4980: 4873: 4869:Muslim conquest 4839:Fall of Babylon 4770: 4671: 4658: 4542: 4460: 4455: 4407: 4389:10.2307/3642600 4368: 4334: 4302: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4217: 4206: 4202: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4173: 4141: 4137: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4084:Wayback Machine 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3990: 3986: 3971:Mirjo Salvini: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3891: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3830: 3826: 3821:Wayback Machine 3804: 3800: 3793: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3729: 3725: 3721:Wilhelm 1982: 5 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3574:10.2307/1357348 3558: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3481: 3474: 3469:Language portal 3467: 3460: 3457: 3301:"fir, juniper"; 3183:al(l)a(e)ḫḫenne 3144: 3139: 3129: 3121: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3062:ma-al-ma-li-i-e 3059: 3051: 3043: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3005: 2997: 2989: 2981: 2973: 2965: 2957: 2950: 2940: 2932: 2924: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2892: 2884: 2876: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2844: 2836: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2790: 2782: 2774: 2766: 2758: 2750: 2742: 2734: 2726: 2718: 2710: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2602: 2594: 2586: 2578: 2570: 2562: 2552: 2550:Language sample 2492: 2462:absolutive case 2458:transitive verb 2442: 2411: 2326:qapqar-u-l-i-nə 2257: 2208:"he built-it"; 2204:"I put-it in"; 1976: 1974:Person suffixes 1936: 1934:Valency markers 1898: 1888: 1883: 1820: 1780:, 3rd singular 1776:: 1st singular 1763: 1757: 1735: 1638: 1614: 1417: 1411:"his country". 1385: 1357:absolutive case 1341: 1285: 1266: 1259: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1157:vowel reduction 1080:’ for Urartian 883: 849: 820: 793: 772: 732: 692: 659: 587: 547:Luwian language 545:" used for the 539: 512: 507: 461: 453:I. M. Diakonoff 447:, appearing in 391: 299:Urartian is an 297: 291: 221: 220: 219: 210:Without proper 201: 197: 172:Without proper 156: 140: 137: 124: 117: 102: 97: 91: 77: 74:Language family 72: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5234: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5165:Assyriologists 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5072:List of rulers 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4961:Proto-Armenian 4958: 4953: 4948: 4946:Middle Persian 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4834:Neo-Babylonian 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4814:Old Babylonian 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4784:Early Dynastic 4780: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4406: 4405:External links 4403: 4402: 4401: 4372: 4366: 4349: 4347:. Vol. 1. 4338: 4332: 4319: 4306: 4300: 4287: 4275:Урартский язык 4268: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4250: 4239: 4228: 4215: 4200: 4187: 4171: 4157:10.2307/603403 4135: 4121:10.2307/602722 4115:(4): 597–603. 4097: 4088: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 3999: 3984: 3964: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3915: 3902: 3889: 3871: 3857: 3843: 3836:Vol V. Issue 1 3824: 3798: 3791: 3765: 3756: 3749: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3686: 3673: 3655:978-1884964985 3654: 3634: 3617: 3607: 3552: 3542: 3535: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3506:Proto-Armenian 3503: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3472: 3456: 3453: 3442: 3441: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3381: 3359: 3358:"kettle, pot"; 3347: 3318: 3302: 3284: 3268: 3253:(cf. Armenian 3246: 3228: 3227:"woman, wife"; 3216: 3204: 3186: 3174: 3143: 3140: 3122: 3114: 3106: 3098: 3090: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3036: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3006: 2998: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2971:Ḫuradinaku=nə, 2966: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2933: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2901: 2893: 2885: 2877: 2869: 2861: 2858:Ḫuradinaku=nə, 2853: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2821: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2791: 2783: 2775: 2767: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2727: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2673: 2667:ši-di-iš-tú-ni 2665: 2657: 2649: 2643:a-lu-di-ri-i-e 2641: 2638: 2637: 2619: 2611: 2603: 2595: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2548: 2546:"that which". 2490: 2441: 2438: 2410: 2407: 2256: 2253: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1975: 1972: 1970:"I put in "). 1935: 1932: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1893: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1819: 1816: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1637: 1634: 1618:Suffixaufnahme 1613: 1612:Suffixaufnahme 1610: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1416: 1413: 1384: 1381: 1340: 1337: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1262: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1245:Suffixaufnahme 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1065:’ and written 981: 980: 978: 964: 962: 954: 953: 947: 933: 927: 920: 914: 913: 905: 896: 888: 880: 879: 871: 863: 854: 847: 841: 840: 838: 830: 828: 811: 810: 808: 800: 798: 790: 789: 787: 779: 777: 770: 764: 763: 755: 747: 739: 722: 721: 713: 705: 697: 689: 688: 680: 672: 664: 657: 651: 650: 648: 640: 632: 626: 625: 609: 600: 595: 586: 583: 538: 535: 511: 508: 506: 503: 460: 457: 390: 387: 293:Main article: 290: 289:Classification 287: 230:is an extinct 214:, you may see 202: 195: 194: 193: 190: 189: 176:, you may see 162: 161: 154: 146: 145: 138: 133: 130: 129: 122: 114: 113: 112:Language codes 109: 108: 103: 99:Writing system 96: 93: 92: 90: 89: 82:Hurro-Urartian 80: 78: 71: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 54: 50: 49: 44: 43:Native to 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5233: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:Syrian Desert 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4367:9783534018703 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4301:0-7141-8077-7 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4271: 4270: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151:(4): 720–30. 4150: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3981:3-534-01870-2 3978: 3974: 3968: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3885: 3881:John Noonan, 3878: 3876: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3794: 3792:9780521684965 3788: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3752: 3750:9780521684965 3746: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3670: 3669:bilingualism. 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3546: 3538: 3536:9781013661396 3532: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3420:"to destroy"; 3419: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3335:or Urartian * 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3087:Ḫuradinaku=nə 3085: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2777:ša-ti-ru-ú-ni 2773: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2624:šidišt=u=alə. 2622: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2558: 2555: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:postpositions 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:ergative case 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2251:"they were". 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2232:is dropped. 2231: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2002: 1997: 1991:Intransitive 1987: 1984: 1982: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1851:modal suffix 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1806:(plural base 1805: 1801: 1798:(plural base 1797: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673:1st p. sing. 1672: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:genitive case 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1377:arniuši-na-nə 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1327:"greatness", 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1153:ergative case 1151:"by Argišti ( 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1069:in Urartian. 1068: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 979: 975: 969: 965: 963: 960: 956: 955: 951: 948: 944: 938: 934: 931: 928: 925: 921: 919: 915: 910: 906: 902: 897: 893: 889: 886: 882: 881: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 852: 848: 846: 842: 839: 835: 831: 829: 824: 818: 813: 812: 809: 805: 801: 799: 796: 792: 791: 788: 784: 780: 778: 775: 771: 769: 765: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 729: 724: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695: 691: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 662: 658: 656: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 631: 627: 622: 618: 613: 610: 608: 604: 601: 599: 596: 593: 590: 582: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 559:proto-writing 554: 552: 548: 544: 534: 532: 528: 517: 502: 499: 497: 490: 488: 484: 480: 474: 470: 465: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 436:and Topzawä. 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357:and possibly 356: 353:, as well as 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 296: 286: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 262:, now in the 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 217: 213: 209: 207: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 169: 163: 159: 155: 153: 152: 147: 143: 139: 136: 135:Linguist List 131: 127: 123: 120: 115: 110: 107: 104: 100: 94: 88: 85: 84: 83: 79: 75: 69: 65: 61: 58: 55: 51: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 5067:Royal titles 4992:Architecture 4975: 4829:Neo-Assyrian 4676:(Pre)history 4496:Persian Gulf 4380: 4376: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4291: 4282: 4253: 4242: 4231: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4185:Brill. 2009. 4182: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4019: 4015: 4002: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3967: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3910: 3905: 3897: 3892: 3882: 3860: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3776: 3768: 3759: 3734: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3689: 3676: 3667: 3643: 3637: 3625: 3620: 3610: 3601: 3565: 3555: 3545: 3526: 3520: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3389: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3165: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3046:bu-uš-tú-ú-e 3045: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011:Tarzuana-nə. 3010: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2992:ša-ti-ru-ú-i 2991: 2986: 2983: 2979:Gidimaru=nə, 2978: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2887:ša-ti-ru-ú-i 2886: 2881: 2878: 2874:Gidimaru=nə, 2873: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2785:du-ur-ba-i-e 2784: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756:ate=y=n(ə)=ə 2755: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2721:ba-a-u-ši-ni 2720: 2715: 2713:ḫal-di-ni-ni 2712: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2697:ḫal-di-ni-ni 2696: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2597:ḫal-di-ni-li 2596: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2565:ḫal-di-ni-ni 2564: 2556: 2553: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2504:erelə tarayə 2503: 2501: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2473: 2469: 2443: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360:desiderative 2357: 2352: 2348: 2347:followed by 2344: 2338: 2333: 2330:urp-u-l-i-nə 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:followed by 2313: 2309: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2255:Mood marking 2248: 2247:"it was" vs 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2150: 2145: 2134: 2129: 2044: 1980: 1977: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:"I came" vs 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1920:intransitive 1913: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1864: 1821: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1663: 1639: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1568: 1563: 1551: 1547:instrumental 1535: 1523: 1519: 1507: 1502: 1490: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1456: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1408: 1405:ebani-uka-nə 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1376: 1372: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1271: 1264: 1257: 1219: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1164:morphonology 1161: 1148: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1058: 1055: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1007: 1003: 995: 991: 987: 984: 918:Approximants 588: 578: 568: 555: 540: 530: 526: 515: 513: 500: 493: 481:, the lord, 477:For the God 476: 438: 427: 411: 406: 392: 389:Decipherment 359:Paleo-Balkan 344: 325: 321: 298: 276: 243: 239: 227: 223: 222: 203: 165: 149: 86: 5170:Hittitology 5160:Assyriology 5081:Archaeology 4951:Old Persian 4761:Jemdet Nasr 4022:: 292–296. 3483:Asia portal 3200:*h₂r̥ǵipyós 3116:me-i-nu-ú-a 3000:e-ba-a-ni-i 2922:Ḫaldi-ni-yə 2919:ḫal-di-ni-e 2716:Ḫaldi=ni=nə 2705:uš-ma-ši-ni 2700:Ḫaldi=ni=nə 2678:badusi=y=ə. 2670:šidišt=u=nə 2600:Ḫaldi=ni=lə 2573:uš-ma-ši-ni 2568:Ḫaldi=ni=nə 2480:are known. 2414:Participles 2376:ard-i-l-anə 2341:conditional 2292:ḫa-it-in-nə 2214:kuy-it-u-nə 2206:šidišt-u-nə 2200:"he came"; 2123:3rd person 2082:2nd person 2038:1st person 2035:Absolutive 2010:3rd person 2007:2nd person 2004:1st person 1994:Transitive 1956:šidišt-u-nə 1664:possessive 1309:Abiliane-ḫə 1188:ebani-ne-lə 994:, Urartian 537:Hieroglyphs 430:World War I 425:of Urartu. 419:A. H. Sayce 180:instead of 5200:Categories 5134:Divination 4844:Achaemenid 4809:Isin-Larsa 4702:Trialetian 4697:Mousterian 4684:Prehistory 4267:Literature 3996:: 151–153. 3512:References 3390:tarman(l)i 3065:Malmali=ə. 2823:uš-ta-a-be 2769:na-ḫa-a-be 2740:Išpuini=ḫə 2729:me-nu-a-ni 2708:ušma=ši=nə 2675:ba-du-si-e 2581:me-nu-a-še 2576:ušma=ši=nə 2516:ed(i)-i-nə 2380:ḫa-i-l-anə 2261:imperative 2221:absolutive 2192:Examples: 2185:-it-...-lə 2151:-it-...-nə 1964:aš-ul-a-bə 1928:absolutive 1924:transitive 1865:morphemes 1856:absolutive 1531:Comitative 1452:Absolutive 1313:Argište-ḫə 1206:Morphology 1196:turul(e)yə 1172:ar-it-u-mə 1067:bi-a-i-ni- 996:ṣu-(ú-)pa- 895:‹b, u, ú› 845:Fricatives 823:(ejective) 768:Affricates 735:(ejective) 527:u-gi-iš-ti 266:region of 5007:Cuneiform 4883:Languages 4692:Acheulean 4579:Babylonia 4516:Euphrates 4466:Geography 4383:: 77–94. 3598:164079327 3582:0003-097X 3418:harhar-š- 3385:tarma-ǰur 3333:s̄all-orə 3108:ḫal-di-še 3100:a-ru-ni-e 3003:eban=i=yə 2995:Šatiru=yə 2903:ḫal-di-ni 2895:e-ba-a-ni 2890:Šatiru=yə 2815:ḫal-di-ni 2780:Šatiru=nə 2772:naḫ=a=bə, 2753:a-te-i-ni 2724:bau=ši=nə 2646:Aludiri=ə 2520:ed(i)-i-a 2405:is "or". 2334:urp-u-l-ə 2288:ar-in--nə 2271:"give!". 2126:Singular 2085:Singular 2041:Singular 2027:Singular 2021:Singular 2015:Singular 1999:Ergative 1886:(-ul)-i-, 1881:(-ul)-a-, 1863:attested 1662:enclitic 1656:ergative 1515:Directive 1443:Singular 1403:): e.g. 1365:anaphoric 1335:"deed"). 1331:"order", 1155:)". 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