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227:, point to how raising densities results in more expensive real estate, greater road congestion, and more localized air pollution. At a broader level, there is evidence to indicate a strong negative correlation between the total energy consumption of a city and its overall urban density, i.e. the lower the density, the more energy consumed. The location and urban setting where densification processes occur therefore need to be considered for sustainable densification.
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A 2020 study concluded that urban density "boosts productivity and innovation, improves access to goods and services, reduces typical travel distances, encourages energy efficient construction and transport, and allows broader sharing of scarce urban amenities. However, density is also synonymous
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Median density - a density metric which measures the density at which the average person lives. It is determined by ranking the census tracts by population density, and taking the density at which fifty percent of the population lives at a higher density and fifty percent lives at a lower
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Population-weighted density - a density metric which measures the density at which the average person lives. It is determined by calculating the standard density of each census tract, assigning each a weight equal to its share of the total population, and then adding the
158:. Urban density is considered an important factor in understanding how cities function. Research related to urban density occurs across diverse areas, including economics, health, innovation, psychology and geography as well as
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A 2019 meta-analysis of 180 studies on a vast number of economic outcomes of urban density concluded that urban density had net positive effects. However, there may be some regressive distributional effects.
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A 2019 meta-analysis of 180 studies on a vast number of economic outcomes of urban density concluded that urban density had net positive effects. However, there may be some regressive distributional effects.
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It is commonly asserted that higher density cities are more sustainable than low density cities because they reduce urban sprawl, minimize land use, and make public services more efficient. Much urban
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Gross density - any density figure for a given area of land that includes uses not necessarily directly relevant to the figure (usually roads and other transport infrastructure)
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is a very specific measurement of the population of an urbanized area, excluding non-urban land-uses. Non-urban uses include regional open space, agriculture and water-bodies.
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421:"Spatial Distribution of U.S. Household Carbon Footprints Reveals Suburbanization Undermines Greenhouse Gas Benefits of Urban Population Density"
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186:- particularly in North America, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand - has been developed premised on raising urban densities, such as
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Population-weighted density is the mean of the densities of subareas of a larger area weighted by the populations of those subareas.
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Kenworthy, J (1999) Cities and Sustainability: Overcoming automobile dependence, Washington, D. C. : Island Press
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Net density - a density figure for a given area of land that excludes land not directly related to the figure.
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Eggimann, Sven; Wagner, Michael; Ho, yoo Na; ZĂĽger, Mirjam; Schneider, Ute; Orehounig, Kristina (2021).
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and Pafka, Elek (2014) "The urban density assemblage: Modelling multiple measures" in
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There are a variety of other ways of measuring the density of urban areas:
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Achieving the compact city through intensification: An acceptable option
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A graph showing the relationship between urban density and petrol use.
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Residential density - the number of dwelling units in any given area
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with crowding and makes living and moving in cities more costly."
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Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming
Automobile Dependence
154:. As such it is to be distinguished from other measures of
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468:"NASA scientists relate urban population to air pollution"
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Employment density - the number of jobs in any given area
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Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.; Pietrostefani, Elisabetta (2019).
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List of countries and dependencies by population density
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Williams, Katie, Elizabeth Burton, and Mike Jenks. "
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to refer to the number of people inhabiting a given
16:Number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area
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708:Pont, Meta Y. Berghauser and Haupt, Per (2010)
359:"The economic effects of density: A synthesis"
201:The link between urban density and aspects of
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205:remains a contested area of planning theory.
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491:Newman, Peter; Jeffrey R. Kenworthy (1999).
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1930:List of planned cities
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670:10.1257/jep.34.3.3
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1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1216:Urban renewal
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
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1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:Structuralism
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1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
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1119:
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1111:
1109:
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1098:
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1085:
1075:
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1069:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
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1049:
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1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
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1029:
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1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
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1004:
1001:
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996:
995:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
977:
975:
973:
969:
962:
959:
957:
956:Rural housing
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:Redevelopment
913:
910:
907:
905:
902:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
888:
884:
881:
875:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
814:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
786:
782:
775:
770:
768:
763:
761:
756:
755:
752:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
728:
724:
721:
719:
718:9789056627423
715:
711:
707:
705:
704:1-55963-660-2
701:
697:
694:
693:
680:
676:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
639:
626:
619:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
566:
562:
555:
546:
541:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
504:
498:
494:
487:
473:
469:
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454:
450:
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438:
434:
430:
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415:
408:
402:
394:
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385:
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368:
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353:
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275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
254:
250:
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244:
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239:
237:
236:Urban density
228:
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204:
199:
197:
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176:
167:
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157:
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149:
145:
141:
140:Urban density
130:
125:
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118:
116:
111:
110:
108:
107:
104:
94:
93:
88:
85:
83:
80:
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37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
1945:
1922:
1903:
1831:Architecture
1804:Nazi Germany
1612:Thomas Adams
1592:Loretta Lees
1587:Le Corbusier
1557:Edmund Bacon
1522:Andrés Duany
1477:Urbanization
1463:Urban sprawl
1428:Rural flight
1408:Permeability
1403:Model cities
1275:Logging camp
1234:Company town
1148:Smart growth
1138:New Urbanism
920:Urban design
726:
709:
660:
656:
646:
625:cite journal
617:
610:. Retrieved
580:
568:. Retrieved
564:
554:
525:
521:
511:
492:
486:
475:. Retrieved
471:
461:
428:
424:
414:
401:
384:10419/173020
366:
362:
325:Urban sprawl
315:Smart growth
300:Compact city
288:
284:
240:
235:
234:
219:
200:
196:smart growth
188:New Urbanism
181:
164:
148:urban design
139:
138:
1824:disciplines
1647:Jane Jacobs
1572:James Rouse
1453:Urban decay
1438:Third place
1413:Placemaking
1263:Pit village
1253:Global city
663:(3): 3–26.
231:Measurement
222:libertarian
61:Megalopolis
46:Conurbation
1567:Ian McHarg
1512:Theorists/
1289:(New town)
1248:Ghost town
1087:Concepts/
823:Urban area
723:Dovey, Kim
477:2019-07-09
369:: 93–107.
341:References
51:Metropolis
1856:Geography
1768:Barcelona
1747:Singapore
1722:Australia
1715:Countries
1329:Cityscape
1096:Movements
696:Newman, P
679:0895-3309
607:202919206
393:157491186
256:segments.
1962:Category
1924:Category
1773:Shanghai
1675:Training
1317:Concepts
1308:Boomtown
1298:Arcology
1270:Man camp
1238:Monotown
1191:Ekistics
1173:Theories
1089:theories
930:Urbanism
879:branches
848:Planning
843:Land use
797:Theories
612:27 April
570:27 April
453:24328208
294:See also
252:density.
207:Jan Gehl
56:Megacity
23:Ekistics
1946:Commons
1822:Related
1635:Critics
1388:LEED-ND
886:General
816:General
807:Outline
792:History
433:Bibcode
1794:Africa
1778:Sydney
1761:Cities
1742:Serbia
1737:Russia
1708:Places
1504:People
1491:Zoning
1374:Infill
838:Suburb
716:
702:
677:
605:
499:
451:
391:
281:Impact
194:, and
1787:Other
1727:China
1163:YIMBY
1133:NIMBY
939:Rural
911:(Eur)
877:Major
802:Index
603:S2CID
389:S2CID
74:Lists
1356:(US)
963:(UK)
900:(US)
828:City
714:ISBN
700:ISBN
675:ISSN
638:help
614:2020
591:SSRN
572:2020
497:ISBN
449:PMID
146:and
665:doi
595:doi
540:hdl
530:doi
441:doi
379:hdl
371:doi
367:111
1964::
1484:/
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1367:/
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661:34
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629::
627:}}
623:{{
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429:48
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365:.
361:.
349:^
190:,
162:.
773:e
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636:(
597::
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548:.
542::
532::
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455:.
443::
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395:.
381::
373::
128:e
121:t
114:v
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