Urban forestry - Knowledge

739:. Annually, urban forestry creates 14.8 metric tons of wood waste in the United States through pruning and removal. Within urban forestry there are initiatives to use this waste as wood products such as fuel, lumber, art, and more. These initiatives seek to extend the value of urban trees after their lives. One such initiative is the Virginia Urban Wood Group, a nonprofit with the mission to, "enhance the quality of life through the Stewardship of our Commonwealth's urban and community trees." The Virginia Urban Wood Group promotes the production and sale of wood products sourced from urban wood waste. The group connects governmental and commercial professionals such as arborists, municipal foresters, mills, carpenters, and more. Another group contributing to the urban wood waste industry is Wisconsin Urban Wood. This group collects suitable removed trees from local businesses and arborists and sells the wood to local mills. While urban lumber may not be as high of a grade quality as forest grown lumber, these products are suitable for smaller projects such as woodworking and artisan furniture. Some localities use their urban lumber to reduce costs on amenity construction— they use their wood to build their picnic tables and benches. Additionally, some urban wood initiatives seek the use of 1722:

Scandinavian countries, Denmark's municipalities are unique in that they regularly buy and sell land to the private sector. This exchange of land results in various owners of the green spaces that reside within Denmark's urbanized areas. Only around a quarter of municipalities in Denmark have woodland policies in place for managing their urban forests. The others either have a stand-alone policy (around 20%), or no policy at all (roughly 30%). In fairly recent years, the budget for parks and tree maintenance in most places seem to be steadily dwindling. Sweden as well has transitioned into more of a conservation and active management mindset. In Sweden, the urban forests and green spaces are classified into five zones based on size and use. After classification, recommendations for future improvements and management strategies are formed. In addition to urban zone classification, the use of i-tree inventory is also used for the assessment and management planning of their urban green spaces. Swedish municipalities are constantly innovating and adapting their managing strategies for the old growth forests in central urban areas and the younger forests on the outskirts.

961:. It should be recognized that such credentials require a minimum time period of on-the-job training followed by a written and/or practical exam. To accomplish certifications such as these, online course material and tangible study guides can be purchased, such as through the ISA's website. After thorough review, computer-based and paper exams can be taken to officially earn a certain credential. As urban forestry focuses on the extensive management of trees, it is important to note that these organizations are geared to credentialing arborists, or those who manage trees intensively. The TCIA is another professional organization that sets standards for tree firms and provides education and information through publications, conferences, and workshops. While the TCIA is designed to provide tree care firms with training and certification, certain programs, such as the Electrical Hazards Awareness Program (EHAP), may benefit those in urban forestry. An urban forester who directly manages street trees, for example, may find the EHAP useful, for their management decisions because street trees are often affected by overhead and/or underground utilities. 1662:, India, evaluated the effects of human impact and capacity of ecosystems services. Bhopal's swift urbanization has negatively impacted ecosystems in the Kerfa Forest Area. Due to human impacts, there were very few ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, that were evident enough to be measured in the study. The forest is still able to filter stormwater and provide stable drinking water supplies for Bhopal city residents. 40% of Bhopal citizens rely on the Upper Lake, a reservoir that sits in a region of the Kerfa Forest, for drinking water. Forest degradation has increased runoff from the Kerwa Forest Area, which alters water quality in the lake. Direct overland flow transports excess nutrients from adjacent agricultural fields to the lake, which causes eutrophication and reduces lake biodiversity. The Kerfa Forest Area is under critical environmental stress and supplies ecosystem services necessary to the health and wellbeing of Bhopal residents. 1968:

city's responsibility. The nails also served as a protection method from citizens that wanted to either cut these trees down or cause them any harm. Tree wardens were required in Massachusetts starting in 1896 to protect these urban trees. Other New England states quickly followed suit. Each municipality was required to have their own tree warden, someone who was knowledgeable enough about trees to decide how to properly care for them. Some larger municipalities paid these wardens, but many of the smaller municipalities had to recruit volunteers for this position. The wardens' job is to protect the trees and at once protect the public from the trees. Even though shade trees can be perceived as harmless they can also cause risks to the safety of the public. It is the job of the warden to make sure they preserve as many trees as possible, while keeping the public safe.

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urban coyote diet was from human-created sources. Wildlife is also attracted to urban forests for their increased surface waters due to reduced runoff in these areas. Having wildlife interacting around humans in urban areas can create conflicts between humans and animals. A case study in Aspen, Colorado observed the foraging habits of bears, tracking their movements using GPS collars, and found that bears visited forested areas in the city with fruit-bearing trees for food. Alternatively, in a study on the behavioral ecology of urban deer populations, the authors discussed the difficulty of managing this species due to its positive public perception as an aesthetically pleasing animal. Proper species selection, placement of trees, and other urban forest management strategies can be utilized to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts in cities.

474:. When planted and managed properly, these cooling benefits extend past the city itself. If not planted in locations ideal for their survival, trees will be vulnerable to disease. Diseased trees provide decreased ecosystem services, making it important for urban forestry to be a part of the planning and management of the urban canopy. Trees in urban environments can also aid in stormwater management and reduce the risk of flash floods by intercepting rainfall in the tree canopy. Tree canopy interception can also minimize the amount of sediment and nutrient contamination that occurs downstream. This is now a focus in cities around the world through using water sensitive urban design (WSUD) in urban forestry. Urban forests protect watershed health by utilizing riparian and street buffering with urban forestry practices. 1081:

are shown to have higher costs in economic and environmental aspects. Models and formulas may also be used to warrant adequate species diversity for more resiliency to disturbances and stressors. An example of a formula that municipalities abide by in planning is Santamour's 10-20-30 rule. This formula allows for no more than 10% of the same tree species, no more than 20% of the same genus, and no more than 30% of the same family. The Species Selection Model focuses on procedures that create a suitable street tree by surveying common species used in urban areas. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is a three layer structure that includes an objective, criteria, and factors. Some factors that may be included in street tree establishment are tree height, DBH, canopy density, and drought resistance. Planning for the physical

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pesticides from lawns that can lead to abnormal reproduction or development. Consumption of prey species by domesticated pets, such as dogs and cats, also leads to an increased mortality rate in urban habitats. Urban forests are essential to creating habitats for wildlife within cities, and many species have adapted to living in the disturbed conditions of the built environment by utilizing urban green-spaces. Research has shown diverse green-spaces to be better suited for wildlife. For example, in Krakow, Poland, the species richness of owls was higher in parts of the city with varied land uses than more homogeneous areas. Additional support for land-use diversity in urban areas is provided in a study showing the importance of leaving dead and decaying trees on the landscape for wildlife habitat.

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sought to create more environmentally pleasing harmony between new development and existing infrastructure. These new ordinances, legislated by local governments, may include specific provisions such as the diameter of tree and percentage of trees to be protected during construction activities (Xiao 1995). The implementation of these tree ordinances is greatly aided by a significant effort by community tree advocates to conduct public outreach and education aimed at increasing environmental concern for urban trees, such as through National Arbor Day celebrations and the USDA Urban and Community Forestry Program (Dwyer et al. 2000, Hunter and Rinner 2004, Norton and Hannon 1997, Wall et al. 2006). Much of the work on the ground is performed by

1251: 1037: 1774:, is characterized by low-lying shrubbery with few trees. In response to the Cape's natural timber deficiency, alien tree species were introduced during the Dutch occupation, beginning in 1652, to support a growing population and economy. Foreign settlers planted trees in cities, alongside new roads and around private dwellings. Compelled by the need to support a growing population and economy, Cape foresters developed new methods for growing exotic trees in the new climate. These methods, which began in the Cape, later spread to other South African colonies. Many South African towns remain characterized by road-side rows of exotic trees, which were planted from as early as the 17th century. 487:

urban foraging. Some examples of urban agriculture are fruit trees and rooftop gardens. While fruit trees can provide produce and many other benefits, they can also create a mess if the produce is not harvested and fruit is left on the ground. Proper pruning can help reduce the mess created but not eliminate it. An urban forest that can provide produce significantly cuts down on food transportation from distant farms and therefore lowers carbon emissions annually. Urban wood utilization is an often overlooked provisioning service. Almost 70% of urban wood is wasted while only 25% is recycled and/or reused. Urban wood that is reused can be turned into useful products, such as furniture or

9401: 1577: 1798:. programme was established in 1990 by the then Countryside Commission as a pilot project to demonstrate the potential contribution of environmental improvement to economic and social regeneration. Each Community Forest was established as a partnership between local authorities and local, regional and national partners including the Forestry Commission and Natural England. Collectively, this work has formed the largest environmental regeneration initiative in England. In the mid-1990s the National Urban Forestry Unit (NUFU) grew out of a Black Country Urban Forestry Unit and promoted urban forestry across the UK, notably including the establishment of the 1216:

planning and management processes within municipalities. Urban forest assessments have the potential to increase urban forest economic, social, and cultural benefits to the community. Diverse stakeholder groups allow a comprehensive plan to develop with unique elements brought to attention by each group. Things included in an urban forest plan include land use, transportation, infrastructure, and green space because they all affect the urban forest structure. It will be determined per municipality why each of these is of certain importance and vice versa, as well as the proper actions to be taken to protect the urban forest function and role in the area.

1824: 719:, are used by urban foresters to accurately assess the effects of an urban forest's structure; this information is used to quantify ecosystem services and ultimately the economic value of the forest across a variety of locations. By creating these models, urban foresters are able to quantify and communicate the value of the urban forest to stakeholders and the general public. These evaluations can be used to influence the amount of money allocated to tree management by the government and general populace. Trees may live a long and healthy life if they continue to receive proper management in the form of maintenance and 46: 1208:

distribution, and health, to be monitored and predicted for current and future management needs. Data from urban forest assessments can prove to be useful in not only providing information for foresters but in quantifying benefits that can show members of the public the importance of preserving and protecting trees in urban forest settings. Urban forest assessments are becoming integral to trees in urban communities as they plan and care for their trees, an example being found within cities like Tallahassee, Florida that have incorporated assessment into their urban forest master plan. Within the United States, the

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public tree. However, they need not be as involved. Rather than needing the tree warden to be present when the tree is maintained, now there are certified arborists and educational programs, so the tree warden can feel at ease about other people and companies maintaining the trees that he or she approves. The scope of their jobs has increased in modern times. While wardens used to primarily ensure that street trees were cared for and did not cause problems, now they have to worry about the entire urban forest. This includes a great deal of planning and following countless regulations.

1336:. Modern urbanization has degraded forests, depleting ecosystem services that are vital to city functioning. Invasive species seem to be a large issue in Brazilian urban forest conservation. Exotic and invasive species are more common than native in 29 amazonian urban forests. 34.7% of all identified species are invasive, while 65.3% were native. Urban forest development and management in Brazil is supported by legislation. The 2012 Brazilian Forest code states that city halls can require green areas in residential allotments, commercial property, and in public infrastructure. 27: 1709:

recreational areas. Urban forest development was initially dictated by the wealthy and upper class society, yet in the second half of the 19th century, direct government intervention increased. At the same time, more urban greenspaces began opening to the public. The development of urban greenspaces led to a need for management of these areas, leading to the urban forester professions becoming commonplace. Forestry experts then became more involved in forest and green services management as localities and national forest services became responsible for these areas.

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Assessment is the first step in planning and provides necessary information on the forest extent, age distribution, tree health, and species diversity. Once the assessment is completed, the next step becomes deciding what criteria—or indicators—to incorporate into the plan so that there are set performance goals. Incorporating indicators into the management plan makes it easier to track the progress of the urban forest and whether goals are being met. Criteria/indicators typically focus on a category of urban forest management and usually include subjects such as:

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as air quality, climate change, water flow, real estate, and even community well-being can be quantified to determine their economical impact. Examples of the economic values created by the urban forest includes an annual $ 4.7 billion of air pollution removal, $ 3.8 billion in carbon sequestration. Additionally, recreational experiences have the potential to surpass $ 2 billion in annual value. Furthermore, while these are national estimates for the United States, it is necessary to note that all of these estimates may vary by location.

507:, and biodiversity. Additionally, proper management of urban forests can provide habits for native wildlife, including endangered species. Urban forests that include a large range of native and exotic trees provide a large range of habitats for wildlife. It has been shown in Sweden that certain endangered bird species mainly inhabit urban forests where certain trees are planted. One Swedish city contains two thirds of the red-list endangered species of the area by including endangered plants and habitats for endangered wildlife. 1199:

valuable input and knowledge as to what trees to plant and where, in order to ensure an urban forest that is long lived and healthy. The public works department and planning commissioners also play a role in the process to make sure that no trees are planted where they may interfere with emergency practices, underground or above ground utilities, or safety of the public in any way. Planning for an urban forest involves input from a variety of people and the consideration of how trees affect the community they grow in.

608:, meaning that the urban forest is typically the first to be affected by them, and can also serve as the first line of defense to keep them from invading native forests. Without one of the basics of survival, undesirable wildlife cannot inhabit the area. Trees and vegetation can be altered to decrease habitat space and fewer fruit producing trees could be planted or fruit could be cleaned up to limit food sources. In response to the growing prevalence, many municipalities have begun planting disease and pest resistant 9429: 1855:(Egleston 1878, Favretti 1982). In the 1890s, New England's "Nail" laws enabled towns to take definitive steps to distinguish which shade trees were public. Chapter 196 of the 1890 Massachusetts Acts and Resolves stated that a public shade tree was to be designated by driving a nail or spike, with the letter M plainly impressed on its head, into the relevant trunk. Connecticut passed a similar law in 1893, except its certified nails and spikes bore the letter C. (Northrup 1887). 182: 2033:(SAM), a dynamic circulation pattern promoting warm and dry conditions via cold front redirection. Such conditions intensify standalone climate change challenges, particularly throughout the southern half of Australia. Since nearly 90% of Australians inhabit urban areas, adaptable, efficient and cost-effective methods of climate change mitigation may limit negative human consequences. Establishing, maintaining and retaining trees and shrubs in the urban environment is a 830: 38: 1899:: "Gradually and silently the charm comes over us; the beauty has entered our souls; we know not exactly when or how, but going away we remember it with a tender, subdued, filial-like joy" (Beveridge and Schuyler 1983 cited in Young 2009:320). The conscious inclusion of trees in urban designs for American cities such as Chicago, San Francisco, and Minneapolis was also inspired by Paris's urban forest and its broad, tree-lined boulevards as well as by the English 1754:(Betula pubescens). Urban forests also tend to be fairly irregular in age and tree placement, however general favor tends to be shown towards older trees. Visibility is rated as a priority in the design of these places, and is a common issue faced by managing officials. Between surveys conducted across Finland, Denmark, and Sweden, approximately 53% of Urban Canopy cover is managed directly by municipal governments, while the rest is under private ownership. 9469: 1348:

able to transfer that area's constructive potential somewhere else. This means instead of building on an area of Atlantic Forest, the owner of such can add what could have been built there somewhere else, allowing the building to which the building potential was transferred to surpass the usual urbanistic height and density limit, thus preserving the forest and zeroing the urban impact. The project won 2006's UNEP-Bayer Young Environmental Envoy programme.

9387: 974: 752: 698:. In the Washington-Virginia Vale neighborhood the city website cites 2,002 individual trees as having been planted and maintained by the City Forester. These trees are believed to bring in an annual ecosystem benefit of $ 159,521. This is mostly wrapped up in property benefits, which cite a contribution to this total of $ 143,331. The majorities of these trees are between 0 and 12 feet tall and are a mix of mostly Elm, Maple, Pine, and Locust species. 1527:

ring-shaped forests, an inner ring 500 m wide by 97 km in length surrounding the central district, and an outer ring 180 km long in suburban land, eight longitudinal forest belts 1000 m wide along expressways and major rivers, five large forest parks about 30 km2 each in area scattered in the suburbs, multiple green corridors 25 to 500 m, grids of forests along the seashore and in industrial areas, and one chain linking various habitats.

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should have an extensive assortment of coniferous and broadleaved species displaying vibrant colors. These conditions provide a multitude of sensory experiences, which can be experienced with infrastructure such as benches, picnic tables, and pavilions. It is important to provide handicap-accessible options and locate urban forests close to public transportation so that they can support daily visits and restorative experiences for all.

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follow the requirements for proper spacing between the lines and public trees. Also, tree wardens and urban forest ordinances are no longer restricted to New England. They now span across the entire United States. While they generally follow similar guidelines, their policies can vary quite a bit. In order to keep policies fairly uniform, the introduction of the Tree City USA program was created by the Arbor Day Foundation in 1976.

320: 9457: 2259: 9415: 230:, air and water pollution, trapping of rainfall surface runoff, and energy savings on air conditioning from tree shade. These populations also do not benefit from the psychological benefits that trees provide, such as having areas that increase social cohesion and congregation, recreation, and nature aesthetics. An example of other social benefits associated with urban tree canopy includes a research study reviewed by 9373: 2046: 9443: 1606: 1999:, ameliorating the livability of cities in the country. The establishment and progression of urban forestry in Australia have helped alleviate the impacts of the country's harsh climatic conditions in urban areas. The present focus is on improving tree species adaptability, resiliency, and diversity to continue providing similar benefits in a future of increasingly harsh climatic conditions. 1629:, the capital of India. Currently, 20% of landcover in Delhi is green space. The parks and garden society is newly in charge of urban forestry initiatives. Two biodiversity parks and nine city forests have been constructed in Delhi, and there are still nine more city forests in the planning process. Roads in Dehli are identified by trees species planted beside them (e.g. Vigyan path with 1021:, there are many factors to consider and difficulties to overcome. Depending on climate, soil moisture, nutrient dynamic, and location much planning goes into planting street trees. If done incorrectly these trees can cost a municipality time and money to maintain and remove. Urban site conditions, Species selection, and tree management are three key aspects of cultivating street trees. 399:, are also worse off in neighborhoods with lower tree canopy coverage. In the Bronx, childhood asthma rates are disproportionately high. Children in the Bronx visit the emergency room for asthma 2x the rate of children in other boroughs. There are approximately 17% of children (age 13 and younger) suffering from asthma in the Bronx, compared to the citywide average of 11%. 1266:, Illinois created a forest vulnerability assessment and synthesis in 2017 that looks at their current forest assessment and what the future could look like. They found that the species distribution will change for the native tree species and that stressors like drought, heat, and flooding will make the trees more vulnerable to pests and disease. A report published by the 1372:, coined the oxymoronic term "urban forestry" while assisting a master's student with his curriculum. However, after this milestone in the urban forestry community, urban forestry faded to the background with few accounts of urban forestry being practiced. As urban forestry started gaining recognition globally and the importance of urban forestry was realized, 576:. Urban areas provide and maintain a mosaic of diverse wildlife habitat to support existing and introduced fauna. Urban Forestry Management Plans in conjunction with Wildlife Management Plans can support and improve urban biodiversity by including following attributes: routine tree inventories to identify a biodiversity baseline for goal setting, intentional 949:) and the Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA), are often specific qualifications for becoming an urban forester. The ISA, for example, is a global organization that offers an array of certifications and qualifications, including ISA Certified Arborist. According to a 2020 survey, urban forestry employers desired most employees who possessed the ISA 159:, grass, and small fences. Residents near the "greened" lots who had incomes below the poverty line reported a decrease in feelings of depression of 68%, while residents with incomes above the poverty line reported a decrease of 41%. Removing trash from vacant lots without installing landscaping did not have an observable mental health impact. 1055:) is known to be intolerant of poor urban soils, and therefore is rarely used as a street tree. There is no tree species perfectly suited for every site so characteristics of each species are scrutinized to determine their suitability for planting as a street tree. Some important characteristics of street tree species include tolerance of 1312:, structural, and functional diversity of trees in the urban forest. One way to accomplish diversity is through implementation of the 30-20-10 rule, which states that no more than 30% of the trees should belong to a single taxonomic family, no more than 20% of a single taxonomic genera, and no more than 10% a single taxonomic species. 1145:

mitigation when they are placed in the right spot. Urban forest planning is used to maximize the benefits that trees provide by thoughtfully placing them in the best locations. Challenges that are faced during planning include managing the disservices from trees and valuating their services, the loss/replacement cost of

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environments. Tree roots are known to inflict costly damage by fracturing pavement, which is a common cause for tree removal. In order to receive the full benefit of ecosystem services of street trees, urban foresters aim to minimize these conflicts and provide young trees with the highest opportunity to reach maturity.

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and his laboratory became increasingly devoted to shade tree research in Canada. Jorgensen continued to define and justify the importance of Urban Forestry through his conference papers published in the Shade Tree Research Laboratory throughout the 70's and 80's. He ended up leaving the university in

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experiencing disproportionately poor air quality, flooding, elevated heat, and high rates of health concerns are then mapped to plan for large-scale planting of ideal tree species. This framework can be altered and applied to any municipality to improve negative conditions worsened by climate change.

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Urban forestry planning and management methods are key to creating and maintaining an urban forest that produces sustainable benefits for the surrounding community. Stakeholders, such as individual citizens, local volunteer groups, and political figures, can oftentimes be involved in the urban forest

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and balled-and burlapped (B&B) trees. When deciding upon bare root or B&B, species, age, street traffic intensity, site type, wound presence, and dimensions of sidewalk pit cuts should be examined. Taking into account bare root and B&B trees along with the above criteria are beneficial in

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are common where street trees are planted. Because of these adverse conditions, street trees typically have lower growth rates and lower survival rates than trees planted in nurseries or more natural settings. There are also conflicts between tree parts and urban infrastructure because of dense urban

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Trees serve an economical function within the urban forest, providing various monetary benefits. It is estimated that there are around 3.8 billion trees in urban areas around the United States, equating to $ 2.4 trillion in overall structural value. In addition, environmental and social benefits such

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infestations, respectively. There are also rising regulations against the planting of invasive tree species that are harmful to the naturally occurring ecosystems because they can out compete native species for resources or attract undesirable wildlife. In April 2019, the state of Indiana enacted the

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are nonnative plants, animals, microbial pathogens, and fungi that cause damage environmentally and/or economically. These species are having a number of negative effects on our forests, both wild and urban, from being a nuisance to compromising and killing native trees. Oftentimes, invasive species

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producing trees provide food sources, trees and other vegetation provide shelter and habitats, and artificial water sources in cities and their parks provide water. The urban forest can be planned and managed in the context of the wildlife populations in the area, increasing the population of desired

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as the uneven distribution of urban trees in neighborhoods that are socioeconomically disadvantaged. These neighborhoods that lack sufficient canopy cover compared to areas that have access to suitable canopy cover, experience inaccessibility to the benefits that trees provide, and other social

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When planning an urban forest there are several practices that can be used. Many municipalities put plans for an urban forest into an official document such as a master plan. While not every city can implement an urban forest plan, it is possible to implement plans for specific areas, such as parks,

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The law specifically addresses the removal of public trees by requiring that the public be notified of their removal at least two weeks beforehand and that replacements are planted. Key features of the law include the formation of a Tree Working Group, which reviews tree-related policies, and a Tree

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Following these events Vice Mayor Jim Shulman contacted the Nashville Tree Conservation Corps, a non-profit that "works to promote, preserve, protect, and plant the tree canopy in Davidson County" in order to prevent future incidents such as this one. Thanks to the efforts of the lead sponsor of the

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Management challenges for urban forestry include maintaining a tree and planting site inventory, quantifying and maximizing the benefits of trees, minimizing costs, obtaining and maintaining public support and funding, and establishing laws and policies for trees on public and on private land. Urban

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and edible green infrastructure. Wild food products produced from trees pose a variety of benefits to the residents in that area. They can supply food to local residents and wildlife and increase biodiversity in the community. These trees can be harvested by local residents with minimal education on

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forester John French, drawing inspiration from ongoing efforts in North America. Australia's understanding of urban forestry evolved during the second period to include all spaces used by the urban population. Known as a "city forest" this vision of urban forestry incorporated the economic value of

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until the late 18th century, when private individuals seriously promoted and sponsored public beautification with shade and ornamental trees (Favretti 1982, Lawrence 1995). Almost a century later, around 1850, institutions and organization were founded to promote ornamentation through private means

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program has led to significant positive changes in the quality and quantity of many Chinese cities. Currently, 58 cities have been awarded this title. While changes have been made, inequity of recreational green spaces may still be a challenge. In a case study of Wuhan, China, equal distribution of

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is internationally known as a pioneer city in conservationist efforts. Since 2006 Curitiba has instituted the Municipal Private Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPNM) project, allowing owners of relevant native areas within the city to turn them into privately owned natural reserves in exchange of being

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During the creation of the urban forest management plan, criteria and goals are usually outlined in the plan early in the planning process. Determining criteria is done by assessing the current state of the urban forest and then incorporating criteria for performance goals into the management plan.

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In late March 2019, the Nashville Metro Council announced its plan to cut down 21 cherry trees from Riverfront Park so that a temporary outdoor stage could be constructed for the NFL draft. Immediate public outcry from residents, including a Change.org petition that garnered over 80,000 signatures,

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Planning is an important step in the establishment of street trees. Policies and guidelines are beneficial in the street tree planning process by lowering costs and improving the health and safety of a municipality. Studies have shown that municipalities that do not abide by policies and guidelines

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A guiding principle of urban forestry is to plant the right tree in the right place. Certain species are more tolerant of adverse urban conditions than others, and urban foresters strive to select species that will maximize benefits and minimize costs for a specific site. For example, yellow-poplar

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festivals can significantly reduce social isolation problems, enhance people's experience and raise environmental awareness. Urban forests also encourage more active lifestyles by providing space for exercise and are associated with reduced stress and overall emotional well-being. Urban forests may

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Disturbances in urban forests are known for occurring more frequently and with higher intensities than in nature. Changes in the urban landscape can lead to greater competition for resources among species on fragmented areas of land, leading to more stress for urban wildlife. Urban wildlife is also

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Dwyer, J. F., Nowak, D. J., Noble, M. H. & Sisinni, S. M. 2000. "Connecting People with Ecosystems in the 21st Century: an assessment of our nation's urban forests." General technical report PNW ; GTR-490 Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research

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development (American Forests 2011). This is often due to the failure of municipalities to integrate trees and other elements of the green infrastructure into their day-to-day planning and decision-making processes (American Forests 2002). The inconsistent quality of urban forestry programs on the

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program, sustain native animal habitat, and reduce landscape fragmentation among others. Another recent study points out that public action is also a large part of combating climate change. Those researchers note that an urban forestry program is only as strong as its community support, and if the

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management decisions. The top-down approach utilizes aerial and satellite imagery to discern canopy cover, plantable space, and impervious surfaces at a low cost. There are different tools available to complete these assessments. i-Tree is a set of tools cooperatively created and maintained by the

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areas. The first stage is an excluding stage, which uses a set of criteria to exclude poor locations and indicate potential locations for planting. Second is a suitability stage, which evaluates the potential locations to determine a more selective group of suitable spots. Finally, the feasibility

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as the city underwent a development boom. Starting in 2015, Nashville experienced a surge of construction projects that consisted of high rise residential towers to a $ 220 million office building. This development has shown no signs of slowing down, and if left unchecked runs the risk of actively

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The first calls for conserving woodland areas in and around cities arose in the 1970s in response to increasing urbanisation and the consequent demand for recreational green space and awareness of protecting native wildlife. BOBITS – bits of bush in the suburbs – was a popular term at the time to

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The responsibilities of tree wardens have grown and shifted over the years. While each municipality has a tree warden in charge of overseeing the urban forest, they have less time to manage each individual tree. That being said, tree wardens are required to approve the pruning and trimming of any

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has been corroborated by more recent research that links trees to the presence of stronger ties among neighbors, more adult supervision of children in outdoor areas, more use of the neighborhood common areas, and fewer property and violent crime (Kuo et al. 1998, Kuo and Sullivan 2001, Kuo 2003).

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in Europe, rapid city expansion resulted in forests being kept to the edge of cities, making the only urban greenspaces privately owned by monarchs, religious establishments, and other positions of power. Over time, as democracies began to emerge, the public was able to express interest in public

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With a rapidly growing population, China has started developing strategies to improve urban life. The concept "making forests enter cities and making cities embrace forests" has been promoted. The creation of the "National Forest City" title in 2004 has incentivized urban forest development. This

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phenomena, in which urban areas with large amounts of impermeable, heat absorbing surfaces are measurably warmer than the surrounding areas, particularly those with more natural cover. As climate change impacts Earth, it will continue to disproportionately affect urban areas, and the warming will

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provide crucial knowledge for urban foresters including collecting attribute data of the urban forest and the implementation of best management practices. Precise data on the urban forest is often scarce and not up-to-date due to the difficulty of traditional sampling approaches. Higher education

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skills and traffic and pedestrian control. The many constraints that the typical urban environment places on trees limits the average lifespan of a city tree to only 32 years – 13 years if planted in a downtown area – which is far short of the 150-year average life span of trees in rural settings

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Cultural services are non-material benefits (such as aesthetics and spiritual enrichment) that can be obtained from an ecosystem. Certain tree species have cultural value to different groups of people, and different tree species provide a range of different aesthetic values. The tree species that

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Urban forests can alter natural diets by providing dietary supplements to wildlife in the form of fruit or nut-producing ornamental plants, trash, or even domestic pets like cats. By examining coyote scat and using stable isotope analysis, it was estimated that about 22% of the scat or 38% of the

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The construction of urban infrastructure requires deforestation, leveling, and other activities that lead to habitat fragmentation, reduced genetic diversity, and changes in behavior. Urban wildlife is also exposed to higher amounts of toxic substances, including heavy metals, road treatments, or

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measures how the risk of heat related illness and death differs across city neighborhoods, and it shows that New York City neighborhoods that are more heat-vulnerable, such as those in the South Bronx, tend to have lower tree canopy coverage. Populations living in these communities are at greater

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A case study conducted in Belgrade, Serbia evaluated the mental health benefits of The Faculty Urban Forest for a younger population. Time spent in an arboretum is shown to benefit mental health by lowering depression, anxiety, and stress. An ideal forest environment for psychological improvement

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Heat waves cause 1,300 deaths each year in the United States alone, which is more than any other weather-related event. As temperatures continue to rise due to global warming, we can expect to see this number increasing in coming years. The risk is exacerbated for low-income households who do not

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As society has progressed and the technology has improved, the roles of tree wardens have adapted. For instance, power lines have become a large issue for public trees and the development of utility forestry has been immense. Wardens now create relationships with utility foresters to ensure they

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that plagued cities from the 1930s to 1960s, and grew in response to urban development, loss of urban tree canopy, and rising public concern for the environment (Wolf 2003). The 1980s saw the beginning of the second generation of ordinances with higher standards and specific foci, as communities

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and other organizations. i-Tree Eco is commonly used for bottom-up approach assessment, and uses the field data collected by the user to quantify value and benefits of the trees. The i-Tree software also has tools helpful to top-down approaches. i-Tree Landscape uses National Land Cover Database

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As urban tree canopy inequity remains present in lower-socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, impacting the livelihoods and environmental state of these areas and populations, efforts are being made by urban foresters, city officials, and organizations to address this problem and present

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created urban forestry policies that laid the foundation for urban areas everywhere. Initially, surface level policies, such as Nail laws and the introduction of tree wardens, were created to protect street trees. Nail laws consisted of placing a nail in street trees to mark them as part of the

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language acts as a means to protect not only listed species but also the conservation of their habitats to sustain them, many of which are found in urban areas. Multiple transcontinental research projects on urban wildlife have found that there is a consistent positive correlation between human

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in several ways. An urban habitat can impact wildlife behavior significantly and can alter the ecology of urban wildlife, influencing these organisms' behavior. The interactions between humans and wildlife and the impacts of urbanization on these wildlife populations influence cities across the

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Journal of Forest Research, an average of 53% of forest lands within any Danish municipality are owned by the municipality itself. While this number varies respectively as the size of a municipality increases and decreases, this average serves as a general statistic. When compared to the other

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area, cherry and pine trees were planted along sidewalks 5 meters apart in 1873. The growth of these trees, however, was unhealthy, so they were replaced with Shidareyanagi willow trees in 1880. Japanese maple was also one of the most popularly planted species. In 1907, the city of Tokyo did a

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and parks management", three years following that the university began creating diplomas for urban forestry; producing seven graduates by 1982. The University of Toronto's program has continued and has grown significantly into current times, inspiring many other institutions to offer a similar

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finally convinced forest pathologists at the school to consider the urban forest on a systems level, where small changes can create forest-wide effects if not properly managed. In 1962 this thinking gave Jorgensen a convincing enough argument to secure funding for the world's first "Shade Tree

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An assessment must first be completed before any benefits are gained. There are generally two basic ways that urban forests are assessed. The bottom-up approach is a field inventory completed by crews on the ground. This process is detailed and can provide useful forest information needed for

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Urban forest assessment is a strategy that is used within broader management and planning operations that allows urban foresters to better understand and care for the forest resource at hand. It allows aspects of the forest, such as ecosystem services and benefits, species composition, canopy

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The management of urban forest planning falls into many hands. During the writing process of a plan, the input from professionals and citizens are taken into consideration. When designing the plan and determining planting locations, landscape architects, arborists, and urban foresters provide

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There are many benefits, costs, and challenges to planning an urban forest. Urban forests provide both ecosystem services and disservices that are considered prior to planning. Urban forests provide services such as improved air quality, noise reduction, temperature mitigation, and stormwater

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Review Panel made up of representatives from Water, Parks, Codes, Transportation, General Services, Planning, and the Mayor's Office who oversee public trees. It also mandates that a countywide tree canopy study be conducted every five years in order to keep accurate data on the public trees.

930:. Community and client-based relationships often require a certain social expertise to resolve conflict. Through field training and client interaction, skills in conflict management are acquired. This may include, but not limited to effective listening, participatory planning, and leadership. 1294:

has developed a simple yet effective framework for tree planting to fight the increasingly noticeable effects of climate change. Native "super" tree species have been identified by a ranking system examining the highest combination of absorption of carbon dioxide, absorption other air

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were just beginning to understand the relationship between developing parks in urban areas and " a better society" (Young 1995:536). At this time, parks and trees were not necessarily seen as a way to allow urban dwellers to experience nature, but more of a means of providing mechanisms of

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Another pilot project by Shanghai Municipal Agricultural Commission aims to convert 35% of the total area of Shanghai to urban forest. A forest network of two rings, eight lines, five zones, multi-corridors, multi-grids, and one chain was introduced in the project, which means planting two

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Higher education, field work, and credentials are all methods of training that provide experiences for someone pursuing a career in urban forestry. This training is crucial to establishing trust among urban forest stakeholders and withholding professionalism in the urban forest industry.

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legislation. In 1896, the Massachusetts legislature passed the first tree warden law, and the other five New England states soon followed suit: Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire in 1901, Vermont in 1904, and Maine in 1919. (Kinney 1972, Favretti 1982, Campanella 2003).

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Trees are important in regulating ecosystem processes; they contribute to filtering air pollution, microclimate regulation, carbon dioxide sequestration, and reducing climate change. Trees can reduce the urban heat island effect through shading paved areas, aiding in airflow, and

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However, climate change impacts also bring challenges to the existing urban forest. A 2019 study of 22 southeastern Australian suburbs showed that over half (53%) of the existing tree species were vulnerable to heat and/or moisture stress. A study of 2017 tree health decline in

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of Stefano Boeri Architetti, consists of two towers: one 200 meter tower that will hold office spaces, a museum, a rooftop club, and a green architecture school while the other 108-meter tower that will include a Hyatt hotel and swimming pool. With construction now complete,

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policies, which classified certain neighborhoods as "risky" areas for banks and mortgage lenders to approve in funding home investments. Demographics of these communities typically included higher percentages of Black, African American, and Latino community members. These

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and the shading of streets and buildings. Reforesting a 10-meter radius corresponds to 0.7 degree Celsius decrease in daytime air temperature, compared to a 1.3 degree decrease in a 30-meter radius, and over 1.5 degrees in a 60 or 90 meter radius. This reduces the risk of

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as conditions change and become unfavorable. Trees and the urban canopy are vital in mitigating these heat effects and other challenges. They serve as an asset to the communities which is why planning and implementation of strategies to adapt are coming to the forefront.

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also provide products such as timber or food, and deliver economic benefits such as increased property values and the attraction of tourism, businesses and investment. Street trees, if managed and cared for, are beneficial in creating sustainable and healthy communities.

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forestry presents many social issues that require addressing to allow urban forestry to be seen by the many as an advantage rather than a curse on their environment. Social issues include under funding which leads to inadequate maintenance of urban trees. In the UK the

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such as houses, sidewalks, and parking lots, contribute to the heat island effect and there is a lack of temperature moderation. In these areas, temperatures are more extreme. Without the presence of trees, there would be poor air quality and an increase in

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area has planted 420,563 trees bordering 2,712 kilometers of streets. In 4,177 ha of urban parks in Tokyo, there are over 1.5 million trees planted. The urban forest in Tokyo is managed by the Japan Greenery Research and Development Center Foundation since 1973.

2057:, explored opportunities for living infrastructure to mitigate conditions like increasing temperature and drought. The authors identified urban forests as one of four kinds of living infrastructure with the potential to provide ecosystem services like cooling, 1573:

massive urban planting of the most healthy and dependable street trees that had survived. Historically, the ginkgo was first a widely successful and popular street tree in Tokyo, which is why the tree is now planted along streets and in parks around the world.

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Australian cities have outlined urban forestry initiatives and visions to guide future regulation of climate change challenges, as seen in the 2014 Urban Forestry Strategy Guide. Cities have set goals to double tree canopy coverage and encourage tree species

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urban trees and a focus on ecosystem services. The third and present period in Australia's urban forestry history is known as "city in a forest", and considers the ongoing efforts to include urban forestry as a solution to environmental and health problems.

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Many municipalities throughout the United States employ community-level tree ordinances to empower planning officials to regulate the planting, maintenance, and preservation of trees. The development of tree ordinances emerged largely as a response to the

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and its associated tree and forest assessment tools, and Tree Equity Score, along with many others, assist urban foresters, professionals, and students in conducting research on urban areas and presenting planning solutions to urban tree canopy inequity.

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began creating Urban Forest Management Plans (UFMPs). These plans focus on maintenance, improving canopy cover, enhancing tree species diversity, and educational programs, without focus on economic or environmental services urban forests provide. Today,

1225:(NLCD) along with other layers to provide information about canopy cover, plantable space, ecological benefits, and more. i-Tree Canopy allows the user to interpret aerial and satellite imagery to determine land cover on a smaller scale than landscape. 866:

in urban neighborhoods. Higher education, field experience, and credentials are used to effectively develop and verify these goals. Achievement of the above training can provide prospects for commercial or governmental career opportunities such as a

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concerns. Urban tree canopy inequity limits the access to the beneficial ecosystem services that trees provide. Populations that do not live in neighborhoods with suitable canopy cover do not experience the protection from the impacts of

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Nesbitt, Lorien; Hotte, Ngaio; Barron, Sara; Cowan, Judith; Sheppard, Stephen R.J. (July 2017). "The social and economic value of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North America: A review and suggestions for future research".

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and control for newly arrived immigrants and their children (e.g., areas to encourage "structured play" and thus serve as a deterrent for youth crime) (Pincetl and Gearin 2005). Other prominent public intellectuals were interested in exploring the

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This kind of regulation of the city's trees promises both environmental and social benefits. Maintaining a healthy population of public trees in cities helps to reduce the effect of environmental issues that are common in urban landscapes, such as

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Forests that have been included in urban environments have shown beneficial effects for the residents who live there. Urban forestry has been shown to promote psychological healing, stress recovery, and to improve concentration and productivity.

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found significant negative relationships between tree health and climate conditions for every species studied. Researchers concluded that drought was the primary factor inducing decline, increasing tree vulnerability to secondary stressors like

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The urban forest provides habitat for many wildlife species, including song birds, squirrels and other small mammals, and insects. The urban forest provides the basics that animals need for survival; food, water, shelter, and space or habitat.

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Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J. M., Nilon, C. H., Pouyat, R. V., Zipperer, W. C. & Costanza, R. 2008. "Urban Ecological Systems: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas."

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Since cities are heavily impacted by climate change, urban forestry professionals need to adopt strategies that will lessen the effect of climate change on cities. Many cities have created management plans to address this issue. The city of

592:. Challenges to managing for biodiversity and endangered species include the difficulties in creating and managing artificial, fragmented, yet diverse habitat types simultaneously in the context of social problems such as poverty and crime. 3156: 4532:

Nowak, David J.; Stein, Susan M.; Randler, Paula B.; Greenfield, Eric J.; Comas, Sara J.; Carr, Mary A.; Alig, Ralph J. (2010). Sustaining America's urban trees and forests: a Forests on the Edge report (Report). Newtown Square, PA.

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throughout the 1960s. While being interviewed for a newspaper article in 1969 he defined Urban Forestry as "a specialized branch that has as its objective the cultivation and management of city trees". He continued his career at the

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threatened 90% elm mono-culture at the university. What made this new discipline different from prior urban tree management strategies was the sense of scale. Prior to the 1960s urban trees were managed on a tree-by-tree basis. The

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of urban areas. Based on American Forests' Urban Ecosystem Analyses conducted over the past six years in ten cities, an estimated 634,407,719 trees have been lost from metropolitan areas across the U.S. as the result of urban and

254:, and storing it in their structures. A lack of trees would also result in the risk of chemicals and other harmful pollutants entering water sources and collecting on sidewalks and roads, as they would not be present to increase 166:

symptoms. Children with ADHD struggle with directed attention - a type of attention that is a part of the theory of attention restoration. Directed attention entails "periods of deliberate focus" and requires breaks to continue

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inequalities. Many of the neighborhoods that are most impacted by this inequity are where minorities and impoverished populations reside. This inequity of the urban tree canopy is caused by many social factors, such as

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Wu, Jianguo. 2008. "Toward a Landscape Ecology of Cities: Beyond Buildings, Trees, and Urban Forests." in Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests: International Perspectives, edited by M. M. Carreiro. New York:

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Larger, more mature trees are often used to provide scale and a sense of establishment to a scheme. These trees grow more slowly and do not thrive in alien soils whilst smaller specimens can adapt more readily to existing

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Harper, Richard W.; Bloniarz, David V.; DeStefano, Stephen; Nicolson, Craig R. (3 July 2017). "Urban forest management in New England: Towards a contemporary understanding of tree wardens in Massachusetts communities".

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as well as other social and ecological effects (Webb et al. 2008). The recognition of this hierarchical linkage among healthy urban forests and the effectiveness of broader ecosystem protection goals (e.g., maintaining

2012:, summarised in its 1988 Greenhouse 21C: A Plan of Action for a Sustainable Future strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This and many other efforts to implement urban forestry in Australia were stimulated by 138:

as trees intercept rainwater in the canopy, and can slow down, filter and pump water back into the atmosphere via their roots. Other benefits include noise control, traffic control, and glare and reflection control.

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Wolf, K. L. 1998. Enterprising landscapes: Business districts and the urban forest. In C. Kollin (Ed.), Cities by Nature's Design: Proceedings of the 8th National Urban Forest Conference. Washington, D.C.: American

1928:. However, the uneven distribution of healthy urban forests across the landscape has become a growing concern in the past 20 years. This is because the urban forest has become an increasingly important component of 1690:

in areas undergoing rapid urbanization can act as carbon sinks for excess carbon dioxide emissions. A mix of native species, however, is often ecologically more valuable and will provide more ecosystem services.

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also gave the government a valid reason to plant more trees in the city. There were 12,000 street trees planted in Tokyo by 1965. The species composition of street trees changed dramatically from 1980 to 1996.

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BL2021-829 "seeks to promote transparency and oversight within Metro departments regarding tree removal and replacement." The passage of the bill signaled the Nashville Metro Council's commitment to maintaining

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is conducting studies to address the gaps within their urban forestry programs. Because urban forestry is practiced under different departments, labels, and disciplines, the true extent of urban forestry in

83:. Urban forestry involves both planning and management, including the programming of care and maintenance operations of the urban forest. Urban forestry advocates the role of trees as a critical part of the 1416:

had its first official urban forestry course, called "the Study of Urban Forestry", taught by Jorgensen. Only one year later department head, Dean Sisam, applied the term to the previously known courses of

364:. People living in urban communities with significantly lower percentages of urban trees do not benefit from the same environmental and health impacts as those in communities with greater tree populations. 238:, indicating that tree cover and species composition have a positive effect on the academic performance of primary school-aged children, especially those enrolled in socio-economically challenged schools. 8406:

Dean, J. (2009). Seeing Trees, Thinking Forests: Urban Forestry at the University of Toronto in the 1960s. In Method and Meaning in Canadian Environmental History (pp. 236–253). Nelson Education Ltd.

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Lohr, V. I., Caroline H. Pearson-Mims, John Tarnai, and Don A. Dillman. 2004. How Urban Residents Rate and Rank the Benefits and Problems Associated with Trees in Cities. Journal of Arboriculture, 30(1),

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Murray, Maureen H; Sánchez, Cecilia A; Becker, Daniel J; Byers, Kaylee A; Worsley-Tonks, Katherine EL; Craft, Meggan E (December 2019). "City sicker? A meta-analysis of wildlife health and urbanization".

2065:. While hopeful that a high-quality urban forest can provide these benefits, the authors emphasized the importance of planning and collaboration across diverse stakeholders for successful implementation. 155:"how often they felt nervous, hopeless, restless, depressed and worthless." As an experimental mental health intervention, trash was removed from vacant lots. Some of the vacant lots were "greened", with 6058:

Brandt, Leslie A.; Lewis, Abigail Derby; Scott, Lydia; Darling, Lindsay; Fahey, Robert T.; Iverson, Louis; Nowak, David J.; Bodine, Allison R.; Bell, Andrew; Still, Shannon; Butler, Patricia R. (2017).

802:, constraining hardscape and building foundations, and physical damage (Pickett et al. 2008). Urban forestry also challenges the arborists that tend the trees. The lack of space requires greater use of 6214:

Janowiak, Maria K.; Brandt, Leslie A.; Wolf, Kathleen L.; Brady, Mattison; Darling, Lindsay; Lewis, Abigail Derby; Fahey, Robert T.; Giesting, Kristen; Hall, Eboni; Henry, Molly; Hughes, Maise (2021).

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help to implement programs and initiatives within cities and neighborhoods to engage volunteers, preserve and care for the urban forest and promote educational and career opportunities for the public.

234:, an organization active in the movement of connecting children and their families to nature. Researchers conclude that there is a positive relationship between academic performance and tree cover and 1478:

was found, but there was unequal distribution of public parks. These findings suggest that some social groups and populations cannot equally enjoy the recreational and health benefits of these public

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The value of an urban forest is estimated by quantifying social and ecosystem services, then assigning those services monetary worth, which are often based on market value. Modeling tools, such as

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with potential to mitigate some impacts that climate change has on Australia's urban population. Municipalities in Australia are exploring the benefits of urban forestry for their regional needs.

922:

While in-classroom education is one method of training, experiential learning is highly recommended in order to hone the more technical aspects of the field, such as tree inventory, planting, and

8313:

USDA Forest Service. 2003. Benefits of Urban Trees: Urban and Community Forestry: Improving Our Quality of Life. In Southern Region (Ed.), Urban Forestry Manual. Athens, GA: USDA Forest Service.

4946: 1955:), highlights the need for scientists and policymakers to gain a better understanding of the socio-spatial dynamics that are associated with tree canopy health at different scales (Wu 2008). 8132:

Mansfield, Carol; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K.; McDow, William; McDonald, Robert; Halpin, Patrick (December 2005). "Shades of Green: Measuring the value of urban forests in the housing market".

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is continuous as cities expand and densification occurs; available growing space is limited in city centres. This problem is compounded by pressure to convert green space, parks, etc. into

5032:

Sherman, Alex R.; Kane, Brian; Autio, Wesley A.; Harris, J. Roger; Ryan, H. Dennis P. (September 2016). "Establishment period of street trees growing in the Boston, MA metropolitan area".

375:, in general, is the lowest of all five New York City boroughs. There is only 19.86% canopy coverage provided by street trees, which is much lower than the citywide average of 23.98%. The 2698:

Kielbaso J.J. (2008) Management of Urban Forests in the United States. In: Carreiro M.M., Song YC., Wu J. (eds) Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests. Springer, New York, NY

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Although quite striking in an urban environment, large trees in particular present a continuing dilemma for the field of urban forestry due to the stresses that urban trees undergo from

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city, six ha of land is planted with trees acknowledging these religious beliefs. It is a dedicated space for giving life and love to the trees for health and prosperity of the forest.

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Higher education in urban forestry is a method of training for aspiring urban foresters. Careers in urban forestry often require higher education that concentrates in urban forestry,

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have access to air conditioning, as well as heat-sensitive populations such as the elderly, infants, and those who have chronic health problems. Urban forests mitigate the effects of

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bill, council member Jeff Syracuse, and the Nashville Tree Conservation Corps, more than two years later on August 19, 2021, the new public tree bill BL2021-829 was signed into law.

6912:

Nielsen, Anders Busse; Konijnendijk, Cecil Cornelis; Wiström, Björn; Jensen, Rasmus Bartholdy (January 2013). "Municipal woodland in Denmark: resources, governance and management".

302:., analyze and contribute to the knowledge of urban tree canopy inequity by utilizing various methods including interviews, collaboration with private and public organizations, and 8415:

Ordóñez, C., & Duinker, P. N. (2013). An analysis of urban forest management plans in Canada: Implications for urban forest management. Landscape and Urban Planning, 116, 36–47

6061:"Chicago Wilderness region urban forest vulnerability assessment and synthesis: a report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework Chicago Wilderness pilot project" 1795: 1503:

are being installed. 600 tall trees, 200 medium-sized trees and 2,500 cascading plants and shrubs will be planted on the building facades. It is expected to absorb 18 tonnes of CO

2769: 8322:

Wall, B. W. T. J. S., and Stephen E. Miller 2006. "An Econometric Study of the Factors Influencing Participation in Urban and Community Forestry Programs in the United States."

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Roman, Lara A.; Conway, Tenley M.; Eisenman, Theodore S.; Koeser, Andrew K.; Ordóñez Barona, Camilo; Locke, Dexter H.; Jenerette, G. Darrel; Östberg, Johan; Vogt, Jess (2021).

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Department of Parks and Recreation website hosts interactive online tools that allow residents to view the financial impact to their neighborhoods directly related to healthy

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alongside rural roads is estimated to have happened around the 3rd Century (AD). The first record of government policy ordering roadside tree planting was in 759 AD. Cherry,

457:

urban foresters plant affect many cultural benefits provided by urban forestry, such as an increase in physical health, psychological health, social health, property values,

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of American cities in the late 19th century was a concern to many as encouraging intellectual separation of humanity and nature (Rees 1997). By the end of the 19th century,

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has also identified potential strategies for creating more resilient urban forests to be prepared for more unpredictable conditions. Important to this is the enhancement of

461:, and tourism. Understanding the values and interests of the different stakeholders in the community can help improve the cultural services provided through urban forestry. 7000:

Gundersen, Vegard Sverre; Frivold, Lars Helge (January 2008). "Public preferences for forest structures: A review of quantitative surveys from Finland, Norway and Sweden".

2084:. The study found that providing 30% green roof coverage significantly reduced temperature, electricity usage, and cost. Researchers concluded that green roofs and similar 2029:

are exacerbated within certain regions of Australia based on location and exposure to climate factors. Australia is susceptible to variable climatic intensities due to the

9016: 8358: 1270:

addresses the different ways that an urban forestry program can work to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Some strategies include maintaining natural order (restore

8319:

Valencia, R.L. 2000. Management of Green Area in Mexico City. Presentation to the 20th Session of the North American Forestry Commission, June 6–10, St. Andrews, Canada.

7349: 3738:

Honda, T.; Iijima, H.; Tsuboi, J.; Uchida, K. (December 2018). "A review of urban wildlife management from the animal personality perspective: The case of urban deer".

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during the 1960s was home to some of the most significant forest pathology developments of the decade. Two professors at the university (Jorgensen, and media professor

1183:

The incorporation of indicators into management plans are a strong aid in the implementation and revision of management plans and help reach the goals within the plan.

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is increasingly necessary when working with marginalized communities, formatting budget plans, managing aesthetics, and other urban forestry responsibilities. Through

126:, decreases cooling costs, and improves general well-being. Trees have saved 1,200 lives annually in the U.S, by preventing heat related deaths. Urban forests improve 6838:

Behera, Soumit K.; Mishra, Shruti; Sahu, Nayan; Manika, N; Singh, Shiv Naresh; Anto, Sonik; Kumar, Rahul; Husain, Ragib; Verma, Anil K.; Pandey, Nalini (2022-08-01).

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Tiotiu, Angelica I.; Novakova, Plamena; Nedeva, Denislava; Chong-Neto, Herberto Jose; Novakova, Silviya; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Kowal, Krzysztof (September 2020).

7872:

Barro, S. C., Gobster, P. H., Schroeder, H. W. & Bartram, S. M. 1997. "What Makes a Big Tree Special? Insights from the Chicagoland Treemendous Trees Program."

1625:, have very low urban forest availability per capita compared to U.S., Australian, and European cities. There are, however, strong urban forestation initiatives in 1071:) are species renowned for their adaptability to urban environments, but even they have drawbacks such as Blackgum being difficult to transplant. The London plane ( 241:

There are many environmental impacts that are associated with the inequity of the urban tree canopy. A lack of trees in neighborhoods and a heavy presence of

7844:

Anderson, L.M.; Cordell, H.K. (June 1988). "Influence of trees on residential property values in Athens, Georgia (U.S.A.): A survey based on actual sales prices".

3933:

Matteo, Michelle; Randhir, Timothy; Bloniarz, David (May 2006). "Watershed-Scale Impacts of Forest Buffers on Water Quality and Runoff in Urbanizing Environment".

2008:

describe these early "simplified versions of Australia's native forests" that flourished in Australian cities by the ecologist policies of the then prime minister

7947:

Hanson, Michael L. (1990). Urban & Community Forestry, a Guide for the Interior Western United States, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah.

5067:

Mullaney, Jennifer; Lucke, Terry; Trueman, Stephen J. (February 2015). "A review of benefits and challenges in growing street trees in paved urban environments".

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provides insight to modernized technologies that analyze the urban forest, such as remote sensing, and generates accurate data with more precise details on urban

4724: 775:, and protection, and the overall management of trees as a collective resource. The urban environment can present many arboricultural challenges such as limited 3157:"Tree cover and species composition have a positive effect on children's academic performance, especially for children in socio-economically challenged schools" 348:

policies led to overall lack in investment in these areas, including lack of equitable investment in environmental resources. There remain lower percentages of

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Leets, Laura; Sprenger, Amber; Hartman, Robert O.; Howard Jackson, Jessica; Britt, Marge; Gulley, Andrew; Simon Thomas, Juli; Wijesinghe, Sanith (2022-03-01).

2101:. Researchers emphasized a need for planting trees that are better suited to the region, given predictions of hotter and drier conditions in the coming years. 7134: 4579:

David J. Nowak (2017), "Assessing the benefits and economic values of trees", in Francesco Ferrini; Cecil C. Konijnendijk van den Bosch; Alessio Fini (eds.),

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is world famous for its ability to sequester carbon from our atmosphere. Since the 1960's, cities were integrally linked with their surrounding forest in the

723:, which sustains the value of the urban forest. Moreover, after death, trees have the potential to remain profitable to the community— if utilized correctly. 8787: 7397:"Becoming-urban, becoming-forest: a historical geography of urban forest projects in Australia: A historical geography of urban forest projects in Australia" 376: 1730:

Most of the species in Scandinavian urban forests are native, with a majority of people stating their preference for native species. Common species include

1646:(religious Hindu text), each planet, constellation, and zodiac has its own preferred tree. Planting these trees is said to benefit human life and luck. In 1964: 1900: 4493: 8060:

Kuo, Frances E.; Bacaicoa, Magdalena; Sullivan, William C. (January 1998). "Transforming Inner-City Landscapes: Trees, Sense of Safety, and Preference".

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Coder, K. 1996. Cultural aspects of trees: traditions and myth. Athens, GA: Cooperative Extension Service, Forest Resources Unit, University of Georgia.

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Berland, Adam; Shiflett, Sheri A.; Shuster, William D.; Garmestani, Ahjond S.; Goddard, Haynes C.; Herrmann, Dustin L.; Hopton, Matthew E. (June 2017).

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Esperon-Rodriguez, Manuel; Power, Sally A.; Tjoelker, Mark G.; Beaumont, Linda J.; Burley, Hugh; Caballero-Rodriguez, Dayenari; Rymer, Paul D. (2019).

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The supporting ecosystem services are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. Some of these services include biomass production,

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European Union, Commission, Brussels.2016.Urban and Periurban Forests. Management,Monitoring and Ecosystem Services. EMONFUR LIFE+Project Experiences.

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Rines, David; Kane, Brian; Dennis, H.; Ryan, P.; Kittredge, David B. (January 2010). "Urban forestry priorities of Massachusetts (USA) tree wardens".

6443:

Ordóñez, Camilo; Duinker, Peter N. (August 2013). "An analysis of urban forest management plans in Canada: Implications for urban forest management".

919:, individual tree metrics, species, and age structures. The aforementioned educational training creates a path to becoming a credible urban forester. 5420: 2136:

Inadequate space is allowed for the root system. Research indicates that healthy large maturing trees require approximately 1,000 cubic feet of soil.

4245:"Developing publicly acceptable tree health policy: public perceptions of tree-breeding solutions to ash dieback among interested publics in the UK" 1802:. As urban forestry become more mainstream in the 21st century, NUFU was wound up, and its advocacy role is now carried on by organisations such as 8378:

Xiao, H. 1995. "Local ordinances to protect private trees: A field investigation & analysis." Ypsilanti, Michigan: Eastern Michigan University.

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Hunter, Lori M.; Rinner, Lesley (July 2004). "The Association Between Environmental Perspective and Knowledge and Concern With Species Diversity".

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Hansen-Moller, J. & Oustrup, L. 2004. "Emotional, physical/functional and symbolic aspects of an urban forest in Denmark to nearby residents."

6549: 6167:"A simple tree planting framework to improve climate, air pollution, health, and urban heat in vulnerable locations using non-traditional partners" 2615: 8782: 8200:

Morales, D. J., Micha, F. R., & Weber, R. L. 1983. Two Methods of Valuating Trees on Residential Sites. Journal of Arboriculture, 9(1), 21–24.

7898:

Dwyer, J. F., Schroeder, H. W. & Gobster, P. H. 1991. "The Significance of Urban Trees and Forests: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Values."

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has provided resources to inform foresters and community members about the importance of these assessments and the benefits to conducting them.

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There are many different tree species that provide provisioning services in the urban forest. These services have a variety of names, including

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pressured the city and the NFL to revise the plan so that only 10 trees would be uprooted and relocated, leaving the remaining ones untouched.

8183:

McPherson, E. G., Simpson, J. R. & Scott, K. (2002). Actualizing Microclimate and Air Quality Benefits with Parking Lot Shade Ordinances.

7744:"The influence of climate and drought on urban tree growth in southeast Australia and the implications for future growth under climate change" 6107:"Adopting public values and climate change adaptation strategies in urban forest management: A review and analysis of the relevant literature" 5232: 1237:

due to high amounts of paved surfaces, increased pollution, denser human population, and concentration of built structures. This leads to the

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McPherson, E. G., & Rowntree, R. A. 1993. Energy Conservation Potential of Urban Tree Planting. Journal of Arboriculture, 19(6), 321–331.

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Terrestrial Plants Rule, banning 44 invasive nursery species that cause harm to the urban forest and attract undesirable wildlife, including

552:. Preserving and bolstering biodiversity ensures that ecosystems of all kinds are functioning properly, and we can thus reap the benefits of 7837: 8826: 8331:

Webb, T. J., Bengston, D. N. & Fan, D. P. 2008. "Forest value orientations in Australia: An application of computer content analysis."

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Kinney, J. P. 1972. The development of forest law in America including legislation in America prior to March 4, 1789. Arno Press, New York.

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Kaplan, R. 1992. Urban Forestry and the Workplace (No. NC-163). Chicago, IL: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

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Prebble, M. (1970). Organizational Developments and Program Adjustments in the Canadian Forestry Service. The Forestry Chronicle, 154–156

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Resolving limitations will require coordinated efforts among cities, regions, and countries (Meza, 1992; Nilsson, 2000; Valencia, 2000).

134:. Communities with better air quality measures demonstrate lower levels of childhood asthma. Urban forestry can be an important tool for 7935:

Glickman, D. 1999. "Building Cities of Green". 1999 National Urban Forest of Conference. American Forests, Washington, DC. pp. 4–7.

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Widespread urban tree cover, as shown above in Adelaide, Australia, is one method of effective climate change mitigation in urban areas.

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public does not see the urgency of climate change and understand the science behind the program's actions, then progress will be slow.

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Galenieks, Andrejs (March 2017). "Importance of urban street tree policies: A Comparison of neighbouring Southern California cities".

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Dwyer, J. F., McPherson, E. G., Schroeder, H. W., & Rowntree, R. A. 1992. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of the Urban Forest.

6579:"Characterizing Horizontal and Vertical Perspectives of Spatial Equity for Various Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study of Wuhan, China" 5446: 91:

preservation, conduct research and promote the many benefits trees provide. Urban forestry is practiced by municipal and commercial

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Loughner, Christopher P.; Allen, Dale J.; Zhang, Da-Lin; Pickering, Kenneth E.; Dickerson, Russell R.; Landry, Laura (2012-10-01).

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stage is a final test to determine if the suitable locations are the most feasible planting areas with minimal site use conflicts.

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Nitschke, Craig R.; Nichols, Scott; Allen, Kathy; Dobbs, Cynnamon; Livesley, Stephen J.; Baker, Patrick J.; Lynch, Yvonne (2017).

938:, job experience, and field training opportunities, many skills are developed that are crucial for professions in urban forestry. 3962:"The Urban Forest and Ecosystem Services: Impacts on Urban Water, Heat, and Pollution Cycles at the Tree, Street, and City Scale" 1267: 8344:

Wolf, K. L. 1999. Grow for the Gold: Trees in Business Districts. Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Natural Resources.

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USDA Forest Service. 2004. Urban Forestry Manual – Benefits and Costs of the Urban Forest. Athens, GA: USDA Forest Service.

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Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. 1989. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

4112:"Urban Wildlife: Challenges and Opportunities - Other Resources - Local Community Resources - University of Illinois Extension" 2230: 1850:

of public, or common, spaces with shade trees also increased. However, the ornamentation of public areas did not evolve into a

946: 50: 8203:

Mudrack, L. 1980. "Urban Vegetation: A Reference for New York Communities". New York Department of Environmental Conservation.

4014:"Edible green infrastructure: An approach and review of provisioning ecosystem services and disservices in urban environments" 850:

are often a prerequisite to proper and efficient management. Skills within urban forestry may consist of community-based tree

8017: 7905:

Egleston, N.H. 1878. Villages and village life with hints for their improvement. Harper and A Brothers, Publishers, New York.

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urban design, which has shown to have health benefits and facilitate stronger social and emotional connections among people.

8797: 8024:

Kuo, Frances E.; Sullivan, William C. (May 2001). "Environment and Crime in the Inner City: Does Vegetation Reduce Crime?".

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Sipilä, Maija; Tyrväinen, Liisa (September 2005). "Evaluation of collaborative urban forest planning in Helsinki, Finland".

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local level ultimately impacts the regional context in which contiguous urban forests reside, and is greatly exacerbated by

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exposed to warmer temperatures as well as higher levels of pollution as cities alter the natural environment significantly.

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coverage in nearly every U.S. city that had formerly redlined neighborhoods, including the three most populous U.S. cities,

8089:

Lin, Jian; Wang, Qiang; Huang, Bo (2021). "Street trees and crime: What characteristics of trees and streetscapes matter".

7615:"Governance lessons from Australian local governments for retaining and protecting urban forests as nature based solutions" 8209:

Northrup, B. G. 1887. Arbor Day: Its history and aims, and how to secure them. Rep. Sec. Connecticut Board of Agric. 13 p.

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Gómez-Baggethun, Erik; Barton, David N. (February 2013). "Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning".

3331: 2831: 1924:

Policy on urban forestry is less contentious and partisan than many other forestry issues, such as resource extraction in

8206:

Nillsson, K., Randrup, T.B., and Wandell, B.I.M. 2000. "Trees in the Environment". Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

3635:"Effects of urbanization on resource use and individual specialization in coyotes (Canis latrans) in southern California" 8303:

Simpson, J. R., & McPherson, E. G. 1996. Potential of Tree Shade for Reducing Residential Energy Use in California.

8194:

McPherson, E. G. 1998. Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 24(4):174–90.

7558:"The city as forest - integrating living infrastructure, climate conditioning and urban forestry in Canberra, Australia" 2412:"Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer" 1539:

metropolitan areas. The current research evaluates tree count, species richness, and carbon sequestration capacity. The

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policies. This resulted in the trend that poorer and predominantly minority neighborhoods experience less canopy cover.

8488: 8446: 7656:"The role of green roofs in mitigating Urban Heat Island effects in the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia" 3889:

Solomou, Alexandra D.; Topalidou, Eleni T.; Germani, Rafaelia; Argiri, Apostolia; Karetsos, George (27 November 2018).

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Orland, B., Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. 1992. The Effect of Street Trees on Perceived Values of Residential Property.

7997:

Jones, O. & Cloke, P. 2002. Tree Cultures: The Place of Trees and Trees in Their Place. Oxford and New York: Berg.

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that are successful and help present solutions for urban tree canopy inequity. The use of online applications such as

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Konijnendijk, C. C, Nilsson, K, Randrup, T. B, Schipperijn J (Eds.) 2005. Urban Forests and Trees- A Reference Book.

4619:"Waste Not, Want Not: Using Urban Wood-Waste to Benefit Communities | Mississippi State University Extension Service" 2522: 2488: 1787: 819: 8006:

Kellert, S. R. & Wilson, E. O. 1993. The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, D.C.: Island Press/ Shearwater Books.

5776: 5724: 2942:"Ecosystem services and urban heat riskscape moderation: water, green spaces, and social inequality in Phoenix, USA" 1164: 8474: 7138: 3182:"Examining the distributional equity of urban tree canopy cover and ecosystem services across United States cities" 1584:

In the late 60's, street trees were used to solve urban environmental issues, such as air and noise pollution. The

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The urban forest vegetation and its characteristics such as canopy cover, age distributions, and species diversity.

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Urban sites present many challenges to street trees because of their adverse conditions. Limited soil volume, high

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holds potential solutions to achieve high levels of biodiversity when managed correctly. In the United States, the

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skyrocketed in popularity and were extensively planted. There were 420,564 street trees planted in Tokyo by 1997.

1535:

In recent years, there has been significant national effort to deploy urban reforestation research initiatives in

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Nowak, D. (2000). Tree Species Selection, Design, and Management to Improve Air Quality Construction Technology.

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Campanella, T.J. 2003. Republic of shade: New England and the American elm. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

5970:"Roles of Urban Tree Canopy and Buildings in Urban Heat Island Effects: Parameterization and Preliminary Results" 2278: 1995:

Australian urban forestry involves the care and management of single trees and tree populations throughout urban

658: 4799:"High resolution remote sensing for reducing uncertainties in urban forest carbon offset life cycle assessments" 1179:

The planning of the urban forest and whether it is successful in the management and funding of the urban forest.

9377: 8214: 7202:"Guardians of Municipal Public Trees: Commonwealth of Massachusetts Tree Wardens' Authority and Accountability" 6899:

Konijnendijk, C.C. (1997). A Short History of Urban Forestry in Europe. Journal of Arboriculture, 23(1), 31-39.

4407: 4375: 4220:"Restoring American Elms to their Native Range- Partnerships - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service" 2512: 1446:

at extreme rates and killing thousands of Elm trees in its path. He was a professor of Forest Pathology at the

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by absorbing pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, and particulate matter as well as performing

9508: 8865: 6958:

Rydberg, D; Falck, J (February 2000). "Urban forestry in Sweden from a silvicultural perspective: a review".

5258: 5132:"Examining Species Diversity and Urban Forest Resilience in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) Metropolitan Area" 2240: 1925: 1025: 525:

species or decreasing the population of undesirable or invasive ones based on the biological and/or cultural

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has far fewer trees than New York City neighborhoods with higher income levels. Tree canopy coverage in the

2235: 1305: 1221: 1209: 812: 275: 231: 3946: 1040:

Street trees have to be highly tolerant in often hostile conditions and with numerous human disturbances.

8675: 8481: 8240: 4195: 2313: 2215: 895: 7829:

American Forests. 2002. "Urban Ecosystem Analysis, Knox County, Tennessee." American Forests. Available

3534:"The role of arborists in providing wildlife habitat and landscape linkages throughout the urban forest" 2710:"Forest experience and psychological health benefits: the state of the art and future prospect in Korea" 2604: 206:, which is environmental injustice that largely impacts racial groups by policies or practices, such as 9189: 8831: 8467: 8399: 4066: 1799: 1279: 1176:

Having a community focus that involves industry cooperation, and community and stakeholder involvement.

6839: 6792: 6629:"Stefano Boeri's The Vertical Forests are growing in China as trees are starting inhabiting in towers" 6106: 4350: 3692:

Lewis, D. L.; Baruch-Mordo, S.; Wilson, K. R.; Breck, S. W.; Mao, J. S.; Broderick, J. (August 2015).

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With over 75% of Canadians in urban areas, urban forests play an important role in the daily lives of

9152: 8972: 8841: 8502: 8229: 3423: 1113: 1077:) has been planted in cities all over the world, due to being highly tolerant of urban environments. 993:

Street tree rising like a river island in the middle of a public road, Fujimino-city, Saitama, Japan.

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of hardy species to promote biodiversity, and lastly to focus on the preservation and improvement of

6254: 6091: 3694:"Foraging ecology of black bears in urban environments: guidance for human-bear conflict mitigation" 3557: 3498:"Pressures and Threats to Nature Related to Human Activities in European Urban and Suburban Forests" 1838:

states are important examples of some of the earliest and most far-sighted state urban forestry and

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Kenney, W. A. (2003). A strategy for Canada's urban forests. The Forestry Chronicle, 79(4), 785–789

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Jorgensen, E. (1977). Vegetation Needs and Concerns in Urban Areas. The Forestry Chronicle, 267–270

8333: 7951: 7874: 6840:"Assessment of carbon sequestration potential of tropical tree species for urban forestry in India" 5284: 255: 8927: 7810: 7439: 5834: 5605: 4555: 1895:(Young 2009). To Olmsted, unity between nature and urban dwellers was not only physical, but also 1576: 1059:, compacted soils, low soil volume, de-icing salts, drought, and having good structure. Blackgum ( 41:

Professional Tree Climber (arborist: Zack Weiler) climbing a willow tree in Port Elgin, ON. Canada

9503: 9120: 9011: 8907: 8902: 8278: 8251: 8188: 8165: 7957:

Herwitz, E. 2001. Trees at Risk: Reclaiming an Urban Forest. Worcester, MA: Chandler House Press.

7743: 7655: 7230:"Tree wardens and utility arborists: A management team working for street trees in Massachusetts" 6028: 3055: 2863:"Urban forest benefits to the younger population: The case study of the city of Belgrade, Serbia" 2800:"Could Exposure to Everyday Green Spaces Help Treat ADHD? Evidence from Children's Play Settings" 2308: 1051: 287: 270:

for animals decline in these areas as trees are not available for animals and plants to utilize.

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Wolf, K. L. 2003. "Introduction to Urban and Community Forestry Programs in the United States."

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Fernow, B.E. 1910. The care of trees in lawn, street and park. Henry Holt and Company, New York.

4137:"UN Report: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'" 3573:"Nocturnal noise and habitat homogeneity limit species richness of owls in an urban environment" 2940:

Jenerette, G. Darrel; Harlan, Sharon L.; Stefanov, William L.; Martin, Chris A. (October 2011).

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and a visionary in seeing the value of including green space and trees as a fundamental part of

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continue. This poses challenges for urban foresters as tree species will be pushed out of their

1073: 8897: 8892: 8772: 8760: 8439: 8197:

Meza, H.M.B. 1992. "Current Situation of the Urban Forest in Mexico City". J. Arbor., 18: 33-36

5668:"A methodology to select the best locations for new urban forests using multicriteria analysis" 4674: 4160:

Alvey, Alexis A. (December 2006). "Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest".

3054:

Fan, Chao; Johnston, Mark; Darling, Lindsay; Scott, Lydia; Liao, Felix Haifeng (January 2019).

2303: 2034: 1002: 31: 6165:

Hopkins, Loren P.; January-Bevers, Deborah J.; Caton, Erin K.; Campos, Laura A. (2021-12-02).

5170: 2410:

Ziter, Carly D.; Pedersen, Eric J.; Kucharik, Christopher J.; Turner, Monica G. (2019-03-25).

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McPherson, E. G. & Simpson, J. R. (2000). Reducing Air Pollution Through Urban Forestry.

6241: 6078: 3544: 2333: 2030: 1884: 1452: 1447: 1413: 1395: 1369: 1188:

A methodology to select the best locations for new urban forests using multicriteria analysis

903: 218: 135: 8999: 7201: 2916: 1402:), were given the catalyst to pioneer the discipline of "urban forestry" when the crisis of 1360:

citizens. Urban forests provide numerous environmental and health benefits to the people of

9281: 9021: 8962: 8932: 8802: 8590: 8141: 8100: 7970: 7853: 7755: 7667: 7626: 7569: 7490: 7314: 7278: 7044: 7009: 6967: 6921: 6851: 6804: 6793:"Ecological benefits of urban forestry: The case of Kerwa Forest Area (KFA), Bhopal, India" 6708: 6452: 6281: 6118: 5981: 5551: 5510: 5076: 5041: 5006: 4810: 4758: 4445: 4256: 4169: 4083: 4028: 3973: 3856: 3802: 3747: 3646: 3584: 3459: 3259: 3193: 3114: 3067: 3026: 2953: 2874: 2721: 2653: 2423: 2288: 2085: 2058: 1933: 1892: 1671: 1585: 1561: 1243: 1153:

could alter the sense of place, community identity, and social cohesion of a municipality.

1150: 1146: 833:

Proper measurement of diameter at breast height (DBH) as part of an urban forest inventory.

815:

produced a series of case studies around best practice in urban forestry which is archived

764: 251: 214: 203: 131: 84: 26: 6493:"Seeing Trees, Thinking Forests: Urban Forestry at the University of Toronto in the 1960s" 5805: 1903:

movement (Zube 1973). The belief in green cover by early park proponents as a promoter of

8: 9482: 8853: 8670: 8638: 8390: 8173: 7165: 7105: 5603: 5538:"Beyond 'trees are good': Disservices, management costs, and tradeoffs in urban forestry" 2338: 2220: 1881: 1839: 1803: 1014: 911: 907: 855: 638: 630: 16:

Land use management system in which trees or shrubs are cared or protected for well-being

8145: 8104: 7974: 7857: 7759: 7671: 7630: 7573: 7494: 7318: 7282: 7048: 7013: 6971: 6925: 6855: 6808: 6712: 6456: 6285: 6122: 5985: 5555: 5514: 5080: 5045: 5010: 4867:

Scanlan, Caroline; Doroski, Danica; Murphy-Dunning, Colleen; Ashton, Mark (2021-01-04).

4814: 4762: 4449: 4260: 4173: 4032: 4012:

Russo, Alessio; Escobedo, Francisco J.; Cirella, Giuseppe T.; Zerbe, Stefan (May 2017).

3977: 3860: 3806: 3751: 3650: 3588: 3463: 3263: 3197: 3118: 3071: 3030: 2957: 2878: 2725: 2657: 2427: 1299:, and their ability to thrive under projected future climate conditions. Regions of the 1036: 945:

through professional organizations, such as the International Society of Arboriculture (

9433: 8952: 8947: 8777: 8740: 8695: 8648: 8555: 8545: 8116: 8077: 8041: 7986: 7912:

Favretti, Rudy J. (October 1982). "The ornamentation of New England towns: 1750–1850".

7724: 7595: 7524: 7372: 7330: 7251: 6937: 6875: 6605: 6578: 6305: 6229: 6196: 5752: 5628: 5572: 5537: 5310: 4896: 4841: 4798: 4776: 4277: 4244: 4065:

Bratkovich, Steve; Bowyer, Jim; Fernholz, Kathryn; Lindburg, Alison (23 January 2008).

4044: 3912: 3823: 3790: 3771: 3669: 3634: 3633:

Larson, Rachel N.; Brown, Justin L.; Karels, Tim; Riley, Seth P. D. (5 February 2020).

3605: 3572: 3475: 3285: 3224: 3181: 3101:

Nowak, David J.; Hirabayashi, Satoshi; Bodine, Allison; Greenfield, Eric (2014-10-01).

3083: 2995: 2898: 2742: 2709: 2676: 2641: 2581: 2546: 2454: 2411: 1989: 1309: 1186:

A key part of a master plan is to map spaces where trees will be planted. In the paper

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Solotaroff, W. 1911. Shade-trees in towns and cities. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

7767: 6979: 6464: 5088: 4970: 4869:"Urban Resources Initiative: A University Model for Clinical Urban Forestry Education" 4111: 3079: 2666: 1642:

state through association with religious practices in numerous belief systems. In the

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A forested region lining the Tokyo monorail planted to dampen noise and air pollution.

9472: 9233: 8755: 8735: 8725: 8710: 8615: 8432: 8171:

McPherson, E. G. 1994. Using Urban Forests for Energy Efficiency and Carbon Storage.

8120: 8081: 8013: 7990: 7865: 7728: 7716: 7599: 7587: 7528: 7516: 7478: 7459: 7376: 7334: 7085: 6879: 6867: 6820: 6768: 6724: 6669: 6610: 6356: 6309: 6297: 6233: 6200: 6188: 6142: 6134: 6044: 6009: 5632: 5577: 5476: 5178: 5151: 5110: 4900: 4888: 4846: 4828: 4780: 4592: 4556:"Assessing the sustainability of agricultural and urban forests in the United States" 4282: 3991: 3828: 3763: 3674: 3610: 3479: 3361: 3289: 3277: 3229: 3211: 3138: 3130: 2987: 2979: 2902: 2890: 2816: 2799: 2747: 2681: 2586: 2568: 2518: 2484: 2459: 2441: 2368: 2318: 2174: 2081: 1984: 1952: 1913: 1479: 1475: 1439: 1408: 1403: 1326: 1238: 1108: 1010: 1006: 931: 625: 621: 553: 526: 483: 446: 227: 114: 80: 8212:

Norton, B. G., & Hannon, B. 1997. "Environmental values: A place-based theory."

8045: 7255: 6941: 4048: 3916: 3775: 3759: 3087: 2770:"Study: When a city's trashy lots are cleaned up, residents' mental health improves" 9348: 9333: 9095: 9052: 8887: 8745: 8730: 8705: 8296: 8149: 8108: 8069: 8033: 7978: 7925: 7921: 7861: 7763: 7706: 7675: 7634: 7577: 7506: 7498: 7451: 7418: 7408: 7364: 7322: 7286: 7241: 7177: 7075: 7052: 7017: 6975: 6929: 6859: 6812: 6760: 6716: 6600: 6590: 6460: 6423: 6390: 6346: 6336: 6289: 6219: 6178: 6126: 6064: 6040: 5999: 5989: 5849: 5679: 5620: 5567: 5559: 5522: 5518: 5211: 5143: 5084: 5049: 5014: 4880: 4836: 4818: 4766: 4584: 4534: 4453: 4272: 4264: 4177: 4036: 3981: 3942: 3902: 3864: 3818: 3810: 3755: 3715: 3705: 3664: 3654: 3600: 3592: 3509: 3467: 3267: 3219: 3201: 3122: 3075: 3034: 2999: 2969: 2961: 2882: 2811: 2737: 2729: 2671: 2661: 2576: 2558: 2449: 2431: 2205: 1750: 1399: 1296: 916: 859: 740: 731:

Typically, wood products such as lumber and wood pellets are associated with rural

642: 600: 569: 549: 500: 349: 299: 291: 235: 198: 7350:"Tree Ordinances as Public Policy and Participation Tools: Development in Alabama" 7326: 7135:"Millennium Commission - Projects Black Country Urban Forest Millennium Programme" 6863: 6720: 6130: 5835:"A Ground-Based Method of Assessing Urban Forest Structure and Ecosystem Services" 5421:"Nashville development continues amid pandemic and shows no signs of slowing down" 3056:"Land use and socio-economic determinants of urban forest structure and diversity" 1412:

Research Laboratory" in an old dairy plant that the university owned. By 1965 the

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including stormwater mitigation, air pollutant removal, and shade to mitigate the

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The Urban Forest: Cultivating Green Infrastructure for People and the Environment

2225: 2098: 2062: 1943: 1904: 1863: 1851: 1594: 1500: 1275: 1271: 1067: 1061: 823: 780: 613: 6696: 6269: 5868:"Urban Tree Canopy Assessment - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service" 4919: 2708:

Shin, Won Sop; Yeoun, Poung Sik; Yoo, Rhi Wha; Shin, Chang Seob (January 2010).

1149:, and the cost of remediating gray infrastructure interference. A major loss of 1013:

effect. Since street trees are often planted in areas with a high percentage of

9419: 9343: 9338: 9271: 9179: 9167: 9132: 9090: 9038: 9033: 8957: 8875: 8767: 8610: 8112: 7679: 7639: 7614: 7582: 7557: 7290: 7056: 7021: 6293: 5684: 5667: 5563: 5369:"Nashville Proposes First-Of-Its-Kind Bill To Protect Trees On Public Property" 5053: 5018: 4771: 4746: 4181: 4040: 3868: 3814: 3596: 3039: 3014: 2026: 1847: 1807: 1744: 1675: 1496: 1234: 899: 541: 416: 324: 259: 223: 58: 8153: 7982: 7695:"Assessing the vulnerability of Australia's urban forests to climate extremes" 7502: 5896: 4823: 3386:"Racist Housing Practices From The 1930s Linked To Hotter Neighborhoods Today" 3272: 3248: 3103:"Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States" 2733: 189:

shows the urban tree canopy of the central city, and the greenspace where the

9497: 9447: 9428: 9353: 9313: 9266: 9105: 9077: 8942: 8880: 8819: 8814: 8623: 8575: 8073: 8037: 7720: 7591: 7520: 7463: 6871: 6824: 6772: 6748: 6728: 6595: 6360: 6301: 6192: 6138: 6013: 5994: 5969: 5155: 5131: 4971:"What is a street tree? | Do I need a permit? | The City of Portland, Oregon" 4892: 4832: 4588: 4301: 3365: 3281: 3215: 3134: 2983: 2894: 2572: 2445: 2273: 2150: 2130: 1877: 1868: 1791: 1658:

A case study performed on the Kerwa Forest Area, 10 km from the city of

1635: 1491: 1443: 1418: 1287: 1191: 1125: 1082: 1018: 1017:, they are an important fraction of an area's overall urban tree cover. When 942: 927: 883: 768: 756: 695: 678: 605: 577: 545: 521: 392: 353: 247: 156: 8285:

Pincetl, S. & Gearin, E. 2005. "The reinvention of public green space."

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Forestry and Water Conservation in South Africa: History, Science and Policy

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Salisbury, Allyson B.; Miesbauer, Jason W.; Koeser, Andrew K. (April 2022).

6004: 5606:"Criteria and Indicators for Strategic Urban Forest Planning and Management" 5200:"Survival and Growth Factors Affecting Community-Planted Urban Street Trees" 4868: 3986: 3961: 2436: 1290:

is a proven method of climate change adaptation and mitigation. The city of

37: 9461: 9296: 8992: 8982: 8967: 8937: 8860: 8836: 8750: 8715: 8680: 8595: 8570: 8526: 7423: 7368: 7246: 7080: 6614: 6146: 5853: 5624: 5581: 5216: 5199: 5147: 4884: 4850: 4286: 3995: 3832: 3767: 3678: 3614: 3233: 3142: 2991: 2751: 2685: 2590: 2563: 2463: 2323: 2293: 2264: 2146: 2111: 1948: 1896: 1859: 1705: 1553: 1430:

Erik Jorgensen began as a forest pathologist for the federal government in

1300: 1029: 998: 923: 891: 784: 589: 556: 537: 263: 190: 152: 96: 20: 8248:

Annual meeting proceedings of the American Society of Landscape Architects

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6351: 6270:"Long-term tree survival and diversity of highway tree planting projects" 5753:"Urban Forest Assessments - US Forest Service Research & Development" 3710: 3693: 2941: 2210: 2139: 2088:

have the potential to mitigate urban heat island effects in this region.

1835: 1732: 1718: 1686:

can sequester more carbon in less time than other native trees. Planting

1647: 1610: 1520: 1056: 851: 634: 504: 384: 368: 361: 279: 127: 123: 87:. Urban foresters plant and maintain trees, support appropriate tree and 19:

This article is about use of trees in cities. For forests in cities, see

7511: 6224: 6069: 3720: 1786:

urban forestry was pioneered around the turn of the 19th century by the

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Young, Robert. 2009. "Interdisciplinary Foundations of Urban Ecology."

7711: 7694: 7440:"Re-inventing the Urban Forest: The Rise of Arboriculture in Australia" 6521: 6428: 6411: 6395: 6378: 6341: 6324: 6215: 6183: 6166: 6060: 5875: 4747:"Assessment of skills needed in entry-level urban foresters in the USA" 4539: 2077: 2076:, located in South Australia's driest state, examined the potential of 1918: 1888: 1738: 1618: 1129: 973: 935: 876: 847: 792: 751: 654: 581: 295: 76: 72: 7692: 7166:"Shade Trees and Tree Wardens: Revising the History of Urban Forestry" 5706:

Planning the urban forest: Ecology, economy, and community development

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W. Andy Kenney; Philip J.E. van Wassenaer; Alexander L. Satel (2011).

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of the tree stock planted (especially the planting of clonal material)

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Nowak, D., & Wheeler, J. Program Assistant, ICLEI. February 2006.

7223: 7221: 7219: 4947:"TCIA Credentialing Programs | TCIA - Advancing Tree Care Businesses" 3471: 2328: 2191: 2187:

Lack of public awareness about the benefits of healthy urban forests.

2126: 2093: 2009: 1996: 1929: 1767: 1679: 1626: 1515:

A 99 km long and 100 m wide forest belt surrounding the city of

1357: 1255: 1233:

Cities and urban areas are more vulnerable to the growing impacts of

1086: 1041: 989: 954: 772: 488: 388: 372: 345: 340: 207: 186: 92: 5920: 5233:"Uprooted Cherry Trees In Nashville Spark Protest Against NFL Draft" 4458: 4433: 4400: 3354:"How Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering" 9286: 9256: 9251: 9211: 9157: 9147: 9067: 8455: 7348:

Zhang, Y.; Zheng, B.; Allen, B.; Letson, N.; Sibley, J. L. (2009).

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Dwivedi, Puneet; Rathore, Chinmaya S.; Dubey, Yogesh (2009-04-01).

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Livesley, S. J.; McPherson, E. G.; Calfapietra, C. (January 2016).

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Rogers, Elton C.; Ries, Paul D.; Buckler, Daniel C. (2023-09-01).

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United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Chapter 4

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Mills, John R.; Cunningham, Patrick; Donovan, Geoffrey H. (2016).

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2393:"Trees in the US Annually Prevent 1,200 Deaths During Heat Waves" 1873: 1643: 1639: 1590: 1435: 1431: 1291: 1263: 982: 803: 788: 736: 720: 662: 585: 532: 357: 314: 267: 9456: 8131: 6911: 6695:

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Dahle, Gregory A.; Benjamin, Andrew; McGill, David (June 2020).

4064: 3100: 2639: 2258: 2045: 1001:, whether between the sidewalk and the curb or in an unimproved 162:

Urban forests and green spaces have been associated with milder

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Wolf, K. L. 2004. Economics and Public Value of Urban Forests.

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Razzaghmanesh, Mostafa; Beecham, Simon; Salemi, Telma (2016).

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Urban Forest Strategy - Making a Great City Greener 2012-2032

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Vieira, Thiago Almeida; Panagopoulos, Thomas (January 2020).

5542: 5308: 3888: 2939: 2013: 1569: 1565: 1540: 1536: 1157:

that would help increase the canopy cover of a municipality.

645:, a common landscape tree, has been banned from the state of 517: 278:

outreach and education programs. Organizations such as

217:

neighborhoods has resulted in many social impacts that raise

8362:, 13 (Special Issue on Urban and Periurban Forestry), 31–33. 7836:

American Forests. 2011. Urban Ecosystem Analysis. Available

6749:"Urban forestry in India: development and research scenario" 6666:

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as trees remove carbon and pollutants from the air through

68: 8162:

Proceedings of the 48th meeting of California Pest Council

7653: 5806:"Urban and Community Forestry Program | US Forest Service" 5777:"Tallahassee Urban Forest Master Plan: Growing with Trees" 7741: 5535: 4011: 3424:"Disparities among Children with Asthma in New York City" 2860: 2167:

Poor tree selection which leads to problems in the future

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Zube, E. H. 1973. "The Natural History of Urban Trees."

7228:

Doherty, K. D.; Ryan, H. D.; Bloniarz, David V. (2000).

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Vujcic, Maja; Tomicevic-Dubljevic, Jelena (2018-11-01).

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Native tree species in India have a large potential for

8237:

Proceedings of the 7th National Urban Forest Conference

6557:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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Urban forestry: Planning and managing urban greenspaces

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Riley, Christopher B.; Gardiner, Mary M. (2020-02-11).

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solutions. Examples of these efforts include the

213:

This inequitable distribution of canopy cover in lower

6837: 5175:

The Overstory Book: Cultivating Connections with Trees

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by monitoring taxonomic composition of urban forests.

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Within the profession and practice of urban forestry,

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He, Sanwei; Wu, Yilin; Wang, Lei (19 February 2020).

6548:

Ye, Zhi; Wang, Cheng; Qie, Guangfa (September 2015).

5500: 5395:"Nashville's Skyline Being Reshaped by Building Boom" 3932: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 1846:

As villages and towns grew in population and wealth,

1422:

diploma as the discipline diffused across the globe.

1190:, three different steps are outlined for determining 339:, the federal government started implementing unfair 6694: 5338:

Nashville Tree Conservation Corps (August 3, 2021).

5066: 4431: 3351: 2254: 2160:

Lack of information on the tolerances of urban tree

1254:

Trees strategically planted for flood mitigation in

1168:

Green area on South Olive Street in Los Angeles, CA.

997:

A street tree is any tree that is growing in a city

8059: 7268: 7227: 6790: 4744: 2832:"How Urban Forests Can Help Mitigate ADHD Symptoms" 1921:funded by private donations and government grants. 1090:the physical aspects of establishing street trees. 595: 107: 8365:Wolf, K. L. 2007. City Trees and Property Values. 7437: 6322: 3935:Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 3875: 2642:"The role of trees in urban stormwater management" 1456:1973 to lead a National Urban Forestry program in 7438:Davison, Aidan; Kirkpatrick, Jamie (2014-04-03). 5129: 3495: 1665: 1368:has changed. In the 1960s, Erik Jorgensen of the 759:will be placed in a watering bag to help it grow. 9495: 6999: 3895:Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 3571:Fröhlich, Arkadiusz; Ciach, Michał (June 2019). 3332:"The State of the Urban Forest in New York City" 2707: 2184:and very few have urban forest management plans. 1507:while providing 16,5 tonnes of oxygen annually. 1468: 1094:Case study: Nashville tree density increase bill 7843: 7555: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7034: 5650:. Illinois: Waveland Press Inc. pp. 11–15. 5646:Miller, R.W.; Hauer, R.J.; Wener, L.P. (2015). 4242: 2797: 2416:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1678:concentrations. A highly productive species of 1442:(DED). Which at the time was spreading through 7950:Hastie, C. 2003. The Benefits of Urban Trees. 7159: 7157: 7155: 6747:Chaudhry, Pradeep; Tewari, Vindhya P. 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Prioritizing tree growth also supports 862:monitoring and maintenance, and building 197:Urban tree canopy inequity is defined by 7911: 6576: 5444: 5418: 5230: 5136:Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) 5100: 5098: 4992: 4990: 4797:Tigges, Jan; Lakes, Tobia (2017-10-04). 3452:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2390: 2044: 1983: 1827:Cambridge Urban Forestry (Massachusetts) 1822: 1653: 1617:The majority of Indian cities excluding 1604: 1575: 1389: 1249: 1163: 1035: 988: 972: 828: 750: 477: 406: 318: 180: 142: 44: 36: 25: 7941:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 7612: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7199: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6953: 6951: 6914:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 6907: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6379:"A strategy for Canada's urban forests" 6372: 6370: 6160: 6158: 6156: 4583:, London: Routledge, pp. 152–163, 4432:Turner-Skoff, J.; Cavender, N. 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Health outcomes associated with 14: 9520: 8721:Global Forest Information Service 7768:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.06.012 7200:Steiner, Julie (1 January 2010). 7164:Ricard, Robert M. (1 July 2005). 6522:"Urban Forestry Trends in Canada" 6491:MacFadyen, Josh (30 April 2014). 6465:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.007 5833:Nowak, David J. (November 2008). 5666:Van Elegem, B. 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Street trees provide valuable 672: 596:Undesirable and Invasive Species 108:Environmental and health impacts 57:examining a Japanese Hemlock at 9478: 8261:USDA Forest Service (available 7963:Society & Natural Resources 7116:from the original on 2017-11-11 5798: 5769: 5745: 5732:USFS: Northern Research Station 5639: 5529: 5464: 5438: 5412: 5386: 5302: 5276: 5250: 5224: 5191: 5173:. In Elevitch, Craig R. 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The 1510: 1139: 959:commercial driver's license 896:natural resource management 746: 511:Wildlife Habitat Management 102: 10: 9525: 8832:Growth and yield modelling 8359:Urban Agriculture Magazine 8113:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127366 7680:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.11.013 7640:10.1016/j.nbsj.2021.100004 7583:10.1186/s42055-020-00032-3 7291:10.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.006 7057:10.1016/j.ufug.2005.06.002 7022:10.1016/j.ufug.2008.05.001 6583:Frontiers in Public Health 6294:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127574 5564:10.1007/s13280-020-01396-8 5204:Cities and the Environment 5054:10.1016/J.UFUG.2016.07.006 5019:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.02.004 4772:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126694 4182:10.1016/j.ufug.2006.09.003 4116:web.extension.illinois.edu 4041:10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.026 3869:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.005 3815:10.1038/s41467-018-03622-0 3597:10.1007/s11356-019-05063-8 3040:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.02.011 2367:. Routledge. p. 695. 1988:Typical urban forestry in 1958: 1800:Black Country Urban Forest 1699: 1485: 1280:integrated pest management 957:applicator license, and a 444: 18: 9406:Earth sciences portal 9392:Climate change portal 9367: 9244: 9076: 8973:Great Green Wall (Africa) 8918: 8609: 8519: 8462: 8154:10.1016/j.jfe.2005.08.002 7983:10.1080/08941920490452454 7833:as a pdf (archived page). 7503:10.1007/s00382-016-3191-7 7444:Urban Policy and Research 6668:. Springer. pp. 149–168. 6664:Song, Yong-Chang (2008). 5921:"Home - i-Tree Landscape" 5177:. PAR. pp. 396–422. 4824:10.1186/s13021-017-0085-x 3273:10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100209 3252:Trees, Forests and People 2734:10.1007/s12199-009-0114-9 1790:, whose focus was in the 1674:in urban areas with high 1351: 1320: 1114:environmental degradation 651:Charlotte, North Carolina 548:, and the destruction of 8978:Great Green Wall (China) 8551:Close to nature forestry 8334:Environmental Management 8305:Journal of Arboriculture 8270:Environment and Behavior 8074:10.1177/0013916598301002 8062:Environment and Behavior 8054:Journal of Arboriculture 8038:10.1177/0013916501333002 8026:Environment and Behavior 7952:Warwick District Council 7900:Journal of Arboriculture 7889:Journal of Arboriculture 7875:Journal of Arboriculture 7613:Ordóñez, Camilo (2021). 7234:Journal of Arboriculture 6653:Stefano Boeri Architetti 6596:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00010 5995:10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0228.1 5925:landscape.itreetools.org 5685:10.1093/forestry/75.1.13 4589:10.4324/9781315627106-11 2365:Encyclopedia of the City 2350: 2082:urban heat island effect 2025:Complications of global 1613:, India's greenest city. 1600: 1530: 1463: 1229:Impact of Climate Change 941:Earning credentials and 838:Training and Credentials 655:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 561:Endangered Species Act's 228:urban heat island effect 9012:Million Tree Initiative 7414:10.1111/1745-5871.12177 6765:10.1504/ier.2011.038881 6655:. Retrieved 2019-03-01. 5425:NewsChannel 5 Nashville 4084:"Urban Wildlife Basics" 3987:10.2134/jeq2015.11.0567 3532:Dunster, J. A. (1998). 3107:Environmental Pollution 2946:Ecological Applications 2437:10.1073/pnas.1817561116 2309:Million Tree Initiative 1876:between ecological and 1065:) and swamp white oak ( 1052:Liriodendron tulipifera 791:cars or injure passing 298:, such as one based in 9434:Environment portal 8866:Sustainable management 8761:Trillion Tree Campaign 7699:Plants, People, Planet 7619:Nature-Based Solutions 7369:10.48044/jauf.2009.029 7307:Arboricultural Journal 7247:10.48044/jauf.2000.005 7110:communityforest.org.uk 7081:10.22459/fwcsa.11.2015 6844:Ecological Engineering 6701:Arboricultural Journal 6416:The Forestry Chronicle 6383:The Forestry Chronicle 6249:Cite journal requires 6171:Plants, People, Planet 6086:Cite journal requires 5854:10.48044/jauf.2008.048 5625:10.48044/jauf.2011.015 5451:The Nature Conservancy 5217:10.15365/cate.41102011 5148:10.48044/jauf.2023.017 4975:www.portlandoregon.gov 4885:10.48044/jauf.2021.004 4645:Heinen, Karla (2020). 4438:Plants, People, Planet 3552:Cite journal requires 3339:The Nature Conservancy 2564:10.3390/ijerph17176212 2304:Landscape architecture 2050: 1992: 1828: 1748:(Betula pendula), and 1614: 1595:Japanese zelkova trees 1581: 1564:were planted adjacent 1552:The first planting of 1258: 1169: 1045: 994: 986: 834: 760: 755:Many trees when first 572:across all vertebrate 412: 332: 194: 61: 42: 34: 32:Durham, North Carolina 9359:Wood process engineer 9063:Urban forest inequity 8353:(Japan), 4(3), 19–28. 7401:Geographical Research 7182:10.1093/jof/103.5.230 6033:Habitat International 5949:canopy.itreetools.org 5897:"i-Tree Eco | i-Tree" 4623:extension.msstate.edu 4554:Nowak, D. J. (2016). 4355:franklin.ces.ncsu.edu 4135:Martin (6 May 2019). 3908:10.15835/nbha47111316 3795:Nature Communications 2363:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2334:Urban forest inequity 2048: 2035:nature-based solution 2031:Southern Annular Mode 1987: 1885:Frederick Law Olmsted 1880:, including American 1826: 1770:'s indigenous flora, 1742:(Pinus syl vestris), 1654:The Kerwa Forest Area 1608: 1579: 1562:Japanese pagoda trees 1453:University of Toronto 1448:University of Toronto 1414:University of Toronto 1396:University of Toronto 1390:University of Toronto 1370:University of Toronto 1253: 1167: 1039: 1019:planting street trees 992: 976: 904:environmental science 858:of neglected spaces, 832: 754: 529:of the municipality. 478:Provisioning Services 411:Bird's nests in trees 410: 322: 219:environmental justice 185:This aerial image of 184: 143:Mental health impacts 136:stormwater management 48: 40: 29: 9509:Biophilia hypothesis 9022:Shifting cultivation 8963:Forest fragmentation 8933:Carbon sequestration 8803:Woodland Carbon Code 8768:Forest certification 8676:Even-aged management 8591:Sustainable forestry 8215:Environmental Ethics 5503:Ecological Economics 4306:extension.purdue.edu 4300:Purcell, Lindsey A. 3711:10.1890/ES15-00137.1 2289:Garden city movement 2086:green infrastructure 2059:carbon sequestration 1934:ecological footprint 1672:carbon sequestration 1244:species distribution 1151:green infrastructure 1147:green infrastructure 1112:contributing to the 1074:Platanus × hispanica 765:practical discipline 763:Urban forestry is a 649:, and the cities of 588:as vital wooded and 204:environmental racism 177:Tree canopy inequity 132:carbon sequestration 85:urban infrastructure 53:Certified Municipal 8827:Formally designated 8671:Ecological thinning 8581:Plantation forestry 8489:Research institutes 8391:Geographical Review 8226:Miniature Roseworld 8174:Journal of Forestry 8146:2005JFoEc..11..177M 8105:2021UFUG...6527366L 7975:2004SNatR..17..517H 7858:1988LUrbP..15..153A 7809:Smiley, E. Thomas. 7760:2017LUrbP.167..275N 7672:2016UFUG...15...89R 7631:2021NBS.....100004O 7574:2020SuERv...3...10A 7495:2017ClDy...48.2087G 7319:2017ArbJ...39..162H 7283:2010UFUG....9..295R 7170:Journal of Forestry 7049:2005UFUG....4....1S 7014:2008UFUG....7..241G 6972:2000LUrbP..47....1R 6926:2013SJFR...28...49N 6856:2022EcEng.18106692B 6809:2009AppGe..29..194D 6713:1999ArbJ...23..379C 6457:2013LUrbP.116...36O 6286:2022UFUG...7327574S 6225:10.2737/NRS-GTR-203 6123:2015JEnvM.164..215O 6070:10.2737/NRS-GTR-168 5986:2012JApMC..51.1775L 5704:Schwab, JC (2009). 5556:2021Ambio..50..615R 5515:2013EcoEc..86..235G 5081:2015LUrbP.134..157M 5046:2016UFUG...19...95S 5011:2017UFUG...22..105G 4815:2017CarBM..12...17T 4763:2020UFUG...5226694D 4450:2019PlPPl...1..323T 4261:2017ForPE..80..167J 4174:2006UFUG....5..195A 4033:2017AgEE..242...53R 3978:2016JEnvQ..45..119L 3861:2017UFUG...25..103N 3807:2018NatCo...9.1160E 3752:2018ScTEn.644..576H 3651:2020PLoSO..1528881L 3589:2019ESPR...2617284F 3583:(17): 17284–17291. 3464:2019FrEE...17..575M 3308:treeequityscore.org 3304:"Tree Equity Score" 3264:2022TFP.....700209L 3198:2020PLoSO..1528499R 3119:2014EPoll.193..119N 3072:2019LUrbP.181...10F 3031:2016UFUG...16..188M 2958:2011EcoAp..21.2637J 2879:2018ForPE..96...54V 2726:2010EHPM...15...38S 2658:2017LUrbP.162..167B 2428:2019PNAS..116.7575Z 2339:Urban reforestation 2221:Greening of Detroit 2127:Loss of green space 1882:landscape architect 1840:forest conservation 1804:The Wildlife Trusts 1638:is promoted in the 1586:Tokyo Olympic Games 1499:trees, shrubs, and 1434:, he then moved to 1222:USDA Forest Service 1210:USDA Forest Service 1015:impervious surfaces 877:Consulting Forester 612:, such as modified 606:transportation hubs 554:ecosystem services. 495:Supporting Services 465:Regulating Services 403:Impacts on wildlife 288:Greening of Detroit 243:impervious surfaces 236:species composition 187:St. Louis, Missouri 9420:Ecology portal 8953:Forest degradation 8948:Ecosystem services 8556:Community forestry 8228:10 (1) (available 7712:10.1002/ppp3.10064 7489:(7–8): 2087–2105. 6429:10.5558/tfc53267-5 6396:10.5558/tfc79785-4 6342:10.3390/su12083235 6184:10.1002/ppp3.10245 5901:www.itreetools.org 5471:Gehl, Jan (2014). 5399:The New York Times 5289:The New York Times 5263:The New York Times 4705:chicagotribune.com 4540:10.2737/nrs-gtr-62 4494:"Forestry (Trees)" 4399:Salbitano, Fabio. 4325:DNR (2021-01-29). 4196:"Invasive Species" 3358:The New York Times 2397:Cool Green Science 2051: 2021:Climate challenges 1993: 1990:Milton, Queensland 1965:New England region 1953:wildlife corridors 1901:romantic landscape 1829: 1615: 1582: 1259: 1170: 1046: 1007:ecosystem services 995: 987: 951:Certified Arborist 869:Certified Arborist 835: 822:2011-08-28 at the 800:automobile exhaust 761: 566:population density 472:evapotranspiration 441:Ecosystem Services 413: 387:, or death due to 333: 304:community outreach 195: 157:plantings of trees 119:evapotranspiration 62: 43: 35: 9491: 9490: 9448:Plants portal 9234:green woodworking 8272:, 24(3), 298–325. 8187:4: 98 (available 8018:978-3-540-25126-2 7902:, 17(10), 276–84. 7891:, 18(5), 227–234. 7562:Sustainable Earth 7091:978-1-925022-84-1 6797:Applied Geography 6674:978-0-387-71425-7 5980:(10): 1775–1793. 5872:www.nrs.fs.fed.us 5482:978-0-415-70775-6 5184:978-0-9702544-3-6 5116:978-1-60469-714-8 4679:treesvirginia.org 4654:NC Forest Service 4598:978-1-315-62710-6 4474:"Power BI Report" 4224:www.nrs.fs.fed.us 3515:10.3390/f10090765 2966:10.1890/10-1493.1 2422:(15): 7575–7580. 2319:Planting strategy 2175:genetic diversity 2133:(Glickman, 1999). 1914:Dutch Elm Disease 1440:Dutch Elm Disease 1409:Dutch Elm Disease 1404:Dutch Elm Disease 1327:Amazon rainforest 1306:US Forest Service 1239:urban heat island 1109:urban green space 1011:urban heat island 932:Social engagement 908:interdisciplinary 767:, which includes 626:Emerald Ash Borer 622:Dutch Elm Disease 550:critical habitats 527:carrying capacity 484:urban agriculture 452:Cultural Services 447:Ecosystem service 115:urban heat island 81:urban environment 49:James Kinder, an 9516: 9481: 9480: 9471: 9470: 9462:Trees portal 9460: 9459: 9446: 9445: 9432: 9431: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9375: 9374: 9096:Forest gardening 9053:Timber recycling 9000:Invasive species 8888:Tree measurement 8449: 8442: 8435: 8426: 8425: 8383:Urban Ecosystems 8328:, 32(5), 221–28. 8297:Urban Ecosystems 8291:, 26(5), 365–84. 8218:, 19(3), 227–45. 8185:Wetter und Leben 8177:, 92(10), 36–41. 8157: 8124: 8085: 8049: 7994: 7929: 7878:, 23(6), 239–49. 7869: 7852:(1–2): 153–164. 7818: 7817: 7815: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7714: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7585: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7514: 7483:Climate Dynamics 7474: 7468: 7467: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7416: 7392: 7381: 7380: 7354: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7249: 7225: 7214: 7213: 7197: 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February 2016 5810:www.fs.usda.gov 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5761: 5759: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5713: 5702: 5693: 5664: 5655: 5644: 5640: 5608: 5602: 5589: 5534: 5530: 5499: 5490: 5483: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5365: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5336: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5229: 5225: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5167: 5163: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5103: 5096: 5065: 5061: 5030: 5026: 4995: 4988: 4979: 4977: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4918: 4917: 4908: 4865: 4858: 4795: 4788: 4743: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4682: 4673: 4672: 4661: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4616: 4605: 4599: 4577: 4570: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4530: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4459:10.1002/ppp3.39 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4382: 4380:Tree Pittsburgh 4374: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4335: 4333: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4308: 4298: 4294: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4108: 4101: 4092: 4090: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3958: 3954: 3931: 3924: 3887: 3876: 3844: 3840: 3787: 3783: 3736: 3729: 3690: 3686: 3645:(2): e0228881. 3631: 3622: 3569: 3565: 3553: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3523: 3494: 3487: 3458:(10): 575–583. 3447: 3438: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3392: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3368: 3350: 3346: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3312: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3245: 3241: 3192:(2): e0228499. 3178: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3099: 3095: 3052: 3048: 3011: 3007: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2774:Washington Post 2766: 2759: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2408: 2404: 2389: 2382: 2375: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2263: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2226:Hantz Woodlands 2201: 2120: 2107: 2105:Ongoing efforts 2071: 2061:, and improved 2043: 2023: 2005: 1982: 1961: 1944:suburban sprawl 1905:social cohesion 1852:social movement 1821: 1816: 1780: 1765: 1760: 1736:(Picea abies), 1728: 1715: 1702: 1697: 1668: 1656: 1631:Toona ciliata). 1603: 1533: 1513: 1506: 1488: 1471: 1466: 1428: 1392: 1354: 1342: 1323: 1318: 1231: 1205: 1142: 1096: 1068:Quercus bicolor 1062:Nyssa sylvatica 1026:soil compaction 971: 924:pest management 864:social cohesion 840: 824:Wayback Machine 749: 729: 727:Post life value 709: 704: 688: 675: 598: 535: 513: 497: 480: 467: 454: 449: 443: 426: 405: 317: 179: 145: 110: 105: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9522: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9504:Urban forestry 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9475: 9465: 9451: 9437: 9423: 9409: 9395: 9381: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9349:Timber cruiser 9346: 9344:Shingle weaver 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9182: 9180:Rail transport 9177: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9121:pulp and paper 9118: 9113: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9091:Forest farming 9088: 9082: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9041: 9039:slash-and-char 9036: 9034:slash-and-burn 9031: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9008: 9007: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8958:Forest dieback 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8601:Urban forestry 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8452: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8395: 8386: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8363: 8354: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8337:, 41:1, 52–63. 8329: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8301: 8292: 8283: 8273: 8266: 8255: 8244: 8233: 8222: 8219: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8181: 8178: 8169: 8158: 8140:(3): 177–199. 8129: 8125: 8086: 8057: 8050: 8032:(3): 343–367. 8021: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7969:(6): 517–532. 7958: 7955: 7948: 7945: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7920:(4): 325–342. 7909: 7906: 7903: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7870: 7841: 7834: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7801: 7787: 7773: 7734: 7705:(4): 387–397. 7685: 7646: 7605: 7548: 7534: 7469: 7450:(2): 145–162. 7430: 7407:(4): 433–445. 7382: 7363:(3): 165–171. 7340: 7313:(3): 162–178. 7296: 7277:(4): 295–301. 7261: 7215: 7187: 7176:(5): 230–233. 7151: 7126: 7097: 7090: 7062: 7027: 7008:(4): 241–258. 6985: 6947: 6901: 6885: 6830: 6803:(2): 194–200. 6778: 6734: 6707:(4): 379–392. 6678: 6657: 6644: 6620: 6569: 6537: 6508: 6470: 6435: 6422:(5): 267–270. 6402: 6389:(4): 785–789. 6366: 6329:Sustainability 6315: 6260: 6251:|journal= 6206: 6177:(3): 243–257. 6152: 6097: 6088:|journal= 6050: 6039:(3): 547–558. 6019: 5960: 5936: 5912: 5888: 5859: 5848:(6): 347–358. 5822: 5797: 5768: 5744: 5711: 5691: 5653: 5638: 5619:(3): 108–117. 5587: 5550:(3): 615–630. 5528: 5488: 5481: 5463: 5437: 5411: 5385: 5356: 5327: 5301: 5275: 5249: 5223: 5190: 5183: 5161: 5142:(5): 230–246. 5122: 5115: 5094: 5059: 5024: 4986: 4962: 4935: 4906: 4856: 4786: 4734: 4716: 4691: 4659: 4634: 4603: 4597: 4568: 4546: 4515: 4485: 4465: 4444:(4): 323–335. 4424: 4391: 4367: 4357:. 6 March 2019 4342: 4317: 4292: 4235: 4211: 4187: 4168:(4): 195–201. 4152: 4127: 4099: 4075: 4054: 4001: 3972:(1): 119–124. 3952: 3941:(3): 144–152. 3922: 3874: 3838: 3781: 3727: 3684: 3620: 3563: 3554:|journal= 3521: 3485: 3436: 3415: 3401: 3377: 3344: 3319: 3295: 3239: 3172: 3148: 3093: 3046: 3005: 2975:2286/R.I.55218 2932: 2908: 2848: 2823: 2810:(3): 281–303. 2790: 2757: 2700: 2691: 2632: 2614:. 2015-04-24. 2596: 2537: 2523: 2503: 2489: 2469: 2402: 2380: 2374:978-0415862875 2373: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2158: 2154: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2131:building sites 2119: 2116: 2106: 2103: 2080:to combat the 2070: 2067: 2042: 2039: 2027:climate change 2022: 2019: 2004: 2001: 1981: 1978: 1960: 1957: 1878:social systems 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1808:Woodland Trust 1779: 1778:United Kingdom 1776: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1727: 1724: 1714: 1711: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1676:greenhouse gas 1667: 1664: 1655: 1652: 1602: 1599: 1593:, cherry, and 1532: 1529: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1487: 1484: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1458:Ottawa, Canada 1427: 1426:Erik Jorgensen 1424: 1391: 1388: 1353: 1350: 1341: 1338: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1288:planting trees 1286:Strategically 1278:), promote an 1235:climate change 1230: 1227: 1204: 1201: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1141: 1138: 1095: 1092: 1057:alkaline soils 1028:, and intense 970: 967: 943:certifications 900:urban planning 839: 836: 748: 745: 741:reclaimed wood 728: 725: 708: 707:Lifespan value 705: 703: 700: 692:City of Denver 687: 684: 674: 671: 667:hardwood trees 631:tree-of-heaven 597: 594: 542:climate change 534: 531: 512: 509: 505:soil formation 496: 493: 479: 476: 466: 463: 453: 450: 442: 439: 425: 422: 417:urban wildlife 404: 401: 325:autumn foliage 316: 313: 300:Washington D.C 286:projects, the 224:climate change 178: 175: 144: 141: 109: 106: 104: 101: 65:Urban forestry 59:Hoyt Arboretum 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9521: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9484: 9476: 9474: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9339:Rubber tapper 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9267:Choker setter 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9106:Manufacturing 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8943:Deforestation 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8919:Environmental 8917: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8820:reforestation 8818: 8816: 8815:afforestation 8813: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8624:Arboriculture 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8576:Permaforestry 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8394:, 85(4), 535. 8393: 8392: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368:Arborist News 8364: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8300:, 1:1, 63–75. 8299: 8298: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279:Urban Ecology 8274: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7812: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7783: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 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ANU Press. 7073: 7066: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6966:(1–2): 1–18. 6965: 6961: 6954: 6952: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6654: 6648: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6542: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6371: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6352:10400.1/14006 6348: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6080: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5878:on 2020-05-04 5877: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5785: 5778: 5772: 5758: 5757:www.fs.fed.us 5754: 5748: 5733: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5107:The Tree Book 5101: 5099: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4541: 4536: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4201: 4200:www.fs.fed.us 4197: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4117: 4113: 4110:Cecil, Kyle. 4106: 4104: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3704:(8): art141. 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3546: 3535: 3528: 3526: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3405: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2922: 2918: 2917:"Tree Equity" 2912: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2526: 2524:9783540251262 2520: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2492: 2490:9783319502809 2486: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2355: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2274:Arboriculture 2272: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2255: 2245:Trees Atlanta 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199:Organizations 2193: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2147:tree shelters 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2000: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1869:acculturation 1865: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848:ornamentation 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1814:United States 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:Black Country 1789: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1733:Norway Spruce 1723: 1720: 1710: 1707: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:Tree planting 1633: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1607: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:camphor trees 1550: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1492:Stefano Boeri 1483: 1481: 1477: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1444:North America 1441: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1420: 1419:arboriculture 1415: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1346: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1192:tree planting 1189: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:air pollution 1121: 1117: 1116:of the city. 1115: 1110: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083:tree planting 1078: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1030:microclimates 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 991: 984: 980: 975: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 928:social skills 925: 920: 918: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884:arboriculture 880: 878: 874: 870: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 831: 827: 825: 821: 818: 814: 808: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:Tree planting 766: 758: 753: 744: 742: 738: 734: 724: 722: 718: 713: 699: 697: 696:tree planting 693: 683: 680: 673:Social impact 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:Bradford Pear 640: 636: 632: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:American Elms 611: 607: 602: 593: 591: 590:edge habitats 587: 583: 579: 578:tree planting 575: 571: 567: 562: 558: 555: 551: 547: 546:deforestation 543: 539: 530: 528: 523: 519: 508: 506: 502: 492: 490: 485: 475: 473: 462: 460: 448: 438: 434: 430: 421: 418: 409: 400: 398: 394: 393:air pollution 390: 386: 381: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 338: 330: 326: 321: 312: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 290:program, and 289: 285: 284:Tree Planting 281: 277: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 252:sequestration 249: 248:air pollution 244: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 216: 215:socioeconomic 211: 209: 205: 200: 192: 188: 183: 174: 170: 169: 167:productivity. 165: 160: 158: 154: 149: 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 116: 100: 98: 97:city planners 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 60: 56: 52: 47: 39: 33: 28: 22: 9453: 9439: 9425: 9411: 9397: 9383: 9376: 9354:Tree planter 9334:Resin tapper 9314:Truck driver 9309:River driver 9058:Tree hugging 9043: 9026: 8993:timber mafia 8983:High grading 8968:Ghost forest 8938:Clearcutting 8861:Silviculture 8837:Horticulture 8681:Fire ecology 8600: 8596:Urban forest 8571:Mycoforestry 8531: 8527:Agroforestry 8508: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8475:Forest areas 8473: 8466: 8403:, 82, 48–51. 8398: 8389: 8382: 8366: 8357: 8348: 8332: 8323: 8304: 8295: 8286: 8277: 8269: 8265:, pdf file). 8258: 8254:, pdf file). 8247: 8243:, pdf file). 8236: 8232:, pdf file). 8225: 8213: 8191:, pdf file). 8184: 8172: 8168:, pdf file). 8161: 8137: 8133: 8096: 8090: 8068:(1): 28–59. 8065: 8061: 8053: 8029: 8025: 7966: 7962: 7944:, 19, 56–64. 7939: 7917: 7913: 7899: 7888: 7873: 7849: 7845: 7804: 7795: 7790: 7781: 7776: 7751: 7747: 7737: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7622: 7618: 7608: 7565: 7561: 7551: 7542: 7537: 7512:11343/282695 7486: 7482: 7472: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7404: 7400: 7360: 7356: 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Springer. 2479: 2472: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2396: 2364: 2358: 2324:Silviculture 2294:Horticulture 2265:Trees portal 2121: 2112:biodiversity 2108: 2090: 2072: 2052: 2024: 2006: 1994: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1949:biodiversity 1923: 1910: 1860:urbanization 1857: 1845: 1834:laws in the 1830: 1781: 1766: 1758:South Africa 1749: 1745:Silver Birch 1743: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1719:Scandinavian 1716: 1706:urbanization 1703: 1687: 1683: 1669: 1657: 1634: 1630: 1616: 1583: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1534: 1525: 1514: 1489: 1472: 1429: 1393: 1386:is unknown. 1355: 1343: 1324: 1301:municipality 1295:pollutants, 1285: 1260: 1232: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1159: 1155: 1143: 1122: 1118: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1079: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1050: 1047: 1044:, Australia. 1023: 1003:right-of-way 999:thoroughfare 996: 969:Street trees 963: 940: 921: 910:educational 892:horticulture 881: 871:, Certified 860:urban canopy 841: 809: 797: 785:soil quality 783:space, poor 762: 730: 714: 710: 689: 676: 659:crowding out 639:autumn olive 599: 557:Urbanization 538:Biodiversity 536: 514: 498: 481: 468: 455: 435: 431: 427: 424:Disturbances 414: 366: 334: 331:, Australia. 296:Case studies 280:Casey Tree's 272: 264:Biodiversity 256:infiltration 240: 212: 196: 191:Gateway Arch 171: 168: 161: 153:Philadelphia 150: 146: 111: 64: 63: 21:Urban forest 9378:WikiProject 9302:smokejumper 9282:Firefighter 9245:Occupations 9229:Woodworking 8810:Forestation 8741:restoration 8696:informatics 8561:Ecoforestry 8385:12:311-331. 8250:(available 8239:(available 8164:(available 7754:: 275–287. 7043:(1): 1–12. 6526:www.fao.org 6335:(8): 3235. 6117:: 215–221. 5509:: 235–245. 5210:(1): 1–16. 5075:: 157–166. 5005:: 105–110. 4255:: 167–177. 3855:: 103–111. 3801:(1): 1160. 3746:: 576–582. 3113:: 119–129. 3025:: 188–196. 2652:: 167–177. 2211:Casey Trees 2157:conditions. 2118:Constraints 2078:green roofs 1930:bioregional 1919:non-profits 1889:urban parks 1836:New England 1832:Tree warden 1726:Composition 1695:Scandinavia 1684:T. grandis) 1648:Gandhinagar 1611:Gandhinagar 1521:heat island 1480:greenspaces 1476:greenspaces 936:internships 917:tree canopy 912:disciplines 856:restoration 852:stewardship 848:credentials 793:pedestrians 635:honeysuckle 582:urban parks 385:heat stroke 369:South Bronx 362:Los Angeles 350:tree canopy 193:is located. 128:air quality 124:heat stroke 73:populations 9498:Categories 9324:Lumberjack 9319:Log scaler 9202:engineered 9153:non-timber 9126:sawmilling 9078:Industries 9045:svedjebruk 8756:transition 8736:protection 8726:old-growth 8711:governance 8666:Dendrology 8616:management 8482:Ministries 8257:Nowak, D. 8099:: 127366. 7666:: 89–102. 7625:: 100004. 7145:2004-07-02 7120:2017-11-23 6850:: 106692. 6638:2021-05-05 6531:2020-05-01 6502:2020-05-01 6280:: 127574. 5954:2020-04-30 5930:2020-04-30 5906:2020-04-30 5882:2020-04-18 5816:2020-04-17 5762:2020-04-17 5456:15 October 5430:15 October 5404:15 October 5378:15 October 5349:15 October 5320:15 October 5294:15 October 5268:15 October 5242:15 October 5040:: 95–102. 4980:2020-04-24 4956:2022-04-29 4929:2022-04-29 4757:: 126694. 4710:2020-08-08 4685:2020-04-18 4628:2020-04-18 4479:2018-06-01 4385:2021-04-13 4361:2021-04-13 4336:2021-04-13 4311:2021-04-13 4229:2021-04-13 4205:2021-04-13 4146:2021-05-02 4121:2021-04-13 4093:2021-04-13 3508:(9): 765. 3395:2022-04-03 3371:2022-04-03 3313:2022-04-29 3258:: 100209. 3166:2022-04-29 2926:2022-04-29 2842:2021-03-04 2784:2018-08-18 2346:References 2063:livability 1858:The rapid 1751:Moor Birch 1739:Scots Pine 1704:Following 1688:T. grandis 1680:Teak trees 1623:Canhinagar 1619:Chandigarh 1501:perennials 1316:By country 1203:Assessment 1130:waste heat 686:Case study 445:See also: 395:, such as 389:heat waves 282:Community 9272:Ecologist 9185:Tree farm 9086:Coppicing 9028:chitemene 8928:Acid rain 8876:allometry 8798:SmartWood 8746:secondary 8731:pathology 8706:inventory 8644:driftwood 8510:Arbor Day 8375:Springer. 8282:, 99–122. 8121:243556141 8082:143338178 7991:154975069 7816:(Report). 7729:202194819 7721:2572-2611 7600:220715302 7592:2520-8748 7568:(1): 10. 7529:133132349 7521:0930-7575 7464:0811-1146 7377:166327265 7335:133903420 7212:(3): 377. 6880:249360407 6872:0925-8574 6825:0143-6228 6773:1521-0227 6759:(1): 80. 6729:0307-1375 6451:: 36–47. 6361:2071-1050 6310:248256559 6302:1618-8667 6234:236722674 6201:244885169 6193:2572-2611 6139:0301-4797 6014:1558-8424 5790:April 17, 5737:April 17, 5633:243929815 5156:1935-5297 4901:234162944 4893:1935-5297 4833:1750-0680 4809:(1): 17. 4781:219064340 4027:: 53–66. 3698:Ecosphere 3480:209585355 3366:0362-4331 3290:246581928 3282:2666-7193 3216:1932-6203 3135:0269-7491 3066:: 10–21. 2984:1051-0761 2903:158968387 2895:1389-9341 2873:: 54–62. 2573:1661-7827 2446:0027-8424 2329:Tree care 2192:tree care 2162:cultivars 2149:leads to 2140:Poor soil 2094:Melbourne 2010:Bob Hawke 1997:Australia 1980:Australia 1897:spiritual 1768:Cape Town 1713:Practices 1627:New Delhi 1331:Brazilian 1310:taxonomic 1256:Amsterdam 1134:biophilic 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