342:, and also designated forests as reserves for either water conservation or timber use. They also brought many new Western concepts, which often were diametrically opposed to traditional beliefs, such as coexistence with the forest versus forest as a "separate wilderness". The result of colonialism was a massive change in the way forests were perceived in the community, and conversion of traditional agriculture to cultivating cash crops such as quinine, pine trees, bananas, maize, tea, and coffee.
83:
42:
379:
70% of the original forest cover of the West and East
Usambaras has been lost. Its ecosystems were significantly disrupted by foreign-controlled logging companies that carried out large-scale deforestation from the 1950s onwards. A sawmill at Tanga processed East Usambara timber, and its output was
345:
In 1882 Adalbert Emil Walter
Redliffe le Tanneux von St. Paul-Ilaire (known as Baron Walter), the Governor of the Usambara District of German East Africa, collected seed and plants of a small herb which were sent to Hermann Wendland, Director of the Berlin Royal Botanic Garden. Wendland cultivated
725:
Burgessa, N.D.; Butynski, T.M.; Cordeiroe, N.J.; Doggart, N.H.; Fjeldså, J.; Howell, K.M.; Kilahama, F.B.; Loader, S.P.; Lovett, J.C.; Mbilinyi, B.; Menegon, M.; Moyer, D.C.; Nashanda, E.; Perkin, A.; Rovero, F.; Stanley, W.T.; Stuart, S.N. (2007). "The biological importance of the
Eastern Arc
375:
Today, the population of the
Usambara Mountains region has one of the highest growth rates (about 4% compared to the Tanzanian national average of 2.1%), a staggering amount of poverty, and highest densities of people in all of Tanzania. Most of the inhabitants are subsistence farmers who rely
204:
The mountain range was formed nearly two million years ago. Due to a lack of glaciations and a relatively consistent climate, the rainforest has gone through a long term and unique evolution resulting in an impressive amount of endemism and an old-growth cloud rainforests.
195:
in the east. The
Usambaras are commonly split into two sub-ranges, the West Usambara Mountains and the East Usambara Mountains. The East Usambara are closer to the coast, receive more rainfall, and are significantly smaller than the West Usambara.
777:
Seddon, N.; Capper, D.R.; Ekstrom, J.M.; Isherwood, I.S.; Muna, R.; Pople, R.G.; Tarimo, E; Timothy, J. (1999). "The importance of Nilo and Nguu North Forest
Reserves for the conservation of montane forest birds in Tanzania".
227:. These mountains were formed by faulting and uplifting creating the drainage system of troughs that form many watersheds, which provide water to a majority of the population of northeast Tanzania.
247:. There are many protected zones throughout the range, which are being expanded and contributed to by the Tanzanian government, associated NGO's and research teams, and donor countries such as
356:. In the generic name. Saintpaulia he recognized von St. Paul-Ilaire; the specific name he assigned means violet (Gr. ion) flower (Gr. anthos). In their native Usambara Mountains
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in the first half of the 18th century. His grandson
Kinyashi Muanga Ike gave the kingdom a stronger political and military structure. Under Kinyashi's son
125:
rocks. They are split into two sub-ranges; the West
Usambaras being higher than the East Usambaras, which are nearer the coast and receive more rainfall.
901:
168:
The
Usambaras are approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) long and ranging from 30–50 kilometres (19–31 mi) in width. They form part of the
759:
387:
There are still many places that attract visitors looking for experiences beyond developed tourist resorts. These include the trade town of
832:
181:
891:
700:
739:
Conte, Christopher A. (2010). "Forest history in East Africa's
Eastern Arc Mountains: Biological science and the uses of history".
148:. The kingdom eventually fell apart after a succession struggle in 1862. German colonists settled in the area which was to become
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767:
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243:, which otherwise continentally remain primarily in Western Africa. Considered tremendously significant ecologically and a
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The mountains are clad in virgin tropical rainforest which has been isolated for a long period and they are a centre of
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338:, German colonialists came into the area bringing with them a mix of cash crops like lumber trees, coffee, tea, and
881:
661:. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania, and Tanzania Forest Conservation Group.
110:. The ranges of approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) long and about half that wide, are situated in the
876:
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heavily on the forests around them for timber, medicinal plants, clearing for agriculture, and fuelwood.
327:
the kingdom grew to cover both the west and east Usambaras, extending down to the coast and into the
659:"Biodiversity surveys in eleven Forest Reserves in the vicinity of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania"
408:
17:
794:
Route to a Regional Past: An Archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500–1900 CE
331:
valley to the south. After Kimweri died in 1862 the kingdom fell apart in a succession struggle.
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118:. They were formed nearly two million years ago by faulting and uplifting, and are composed of
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107:
74:
392:
348:
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399:, which is considered the last example of pristine tropical forest in the East Usambaras.
8:
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Our Vegetable Kingdom: global timetable of botany, agriculture, and horticulture history.
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697:"Tanzania & Zanzibar (Chapter: South from Kilimanjaro – Usambara Mountains)"
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Tropical-biology.org: Introduction and fieldguide for the Amani Nature Reserve
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the plants and recognized them as representing a new species in a new genus,
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Highland Sanctuary: Environmental History in Tanzania's Usambara Mountains
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Following World War I, it became part of the British mandate territory of
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increased in the 1970s with Finnish development funding. Major land and
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Doggart, N.H.; Lovett, J.; Mhoro, B.; Kiure, J.; Burgess, N.D. (2005).
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367:. The British administration continued to reserve and exploit forests.
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391:(German colonial era Wilhelmsthal), the once-popular German resort
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Kew.org: The Botanical Research Institute at Amani Nature Reserve
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but in the eighteenth century, a Shambaa kingdom was founded by
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Historically the Usambara Mountains have been inhabited by the
248:
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668:
Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa
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In the late 19th century when within the Usambara District of
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Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
613:. United Nations Development Programme, New York, NY. 2012
797:(Ph.D. thesis). Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
666:
Lovett, J.C. (1993). "Eastern Arc moist forest flora".
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who were a mix of agriculturalists and pastoralists.
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it became part of the British mandated territory of
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176:through Tanzania. The range is one of the world's
810:UsambaraMountains.com: Usambara Mountains website
863:
752:Hamilton, A.C.; Bensted-Smith, R., eds. (1989).
208:The West and East Usambaras are large ranges of
319:A Shambaa kingdom based on Vugu was founded by
360:, the plants are threatened with extinction.
235:The Usambara Mountains are fairly unusual in
239:with their natural regions still covered in
636:Conte, Christopher Allan (1 January 2004).
523:
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187:The range is accessible from the towns of
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902:Tourist attractions in the Tanga Region
815:Bird watching in the Usambara Mountains
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258:to the Usambara forests, including the
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184:peak at 2,289 meters above sea level.
132:. Historically they were inhabited by
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677:"The Usambara Mountains of Tanzania"
611:Equator Initiative Case Study Series
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726:Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya".
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892:Important Bird Areas of Tanzania
607:"Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania"
299:
40:
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352:, with the English common name
872:Biosphere reserves of Tanzania
541:
532:
470:
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46:The western Usambara Mountains
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682:. Irente Biodiversity Reserve
670:. Cambridge University Press.
414:Flora of East Tropical Africa
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215:geologic formations of acid-
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897:Mountain ranges of Tanzania
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102:, comprise the easternmost
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918:
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397:Mazumbai University Forest
384:remains a pressing issue.
230:
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180:. The highest point being
27:Mountain range in Tanzania
887:Geography of Tanga Region
695:Skinner, Annabel (2005).
642:. Ohio University Press.
66:
56:
51:
39:
34:
409:Amani Research Institute
791:Walz, Jonathan (2010).
780:Biological Conservation
728:Biological Conservation
675:Murless, Peter (2013).
562:14 October 2020 at the
371:Development and tourism
87:
882:Eastern Arc Mountains
528:UsambaraMountains.com
178:Biodiversity hotspots
172:, which stretch from
170:Eastern Arc Mountains
108:Eastern Arc Mountains
86:The government hotel.
85:
75:Eastern Arc Mountains
703:on 21 September 2013
566:. accessed 4.29.2015
393:Amani Nature Reserve
349:Saintpaulia ionantha
290:), the tree species
288:Saintpaulia ionantha
254:Several species are
245:Biodiversity hotspot
877:Eastern Arc forests
844: /
594:Doggart et al. 2005
420:Millettia sacleuxii
395:and farm, and the
382:forest degradation
336:German East Africa
325:Kimweri ye Nyumbai
293:Calodendrum eickii
272:Sheppardia montana
260:Usambara eagle-owl
150:German East Africa
92:Usambara Mountains
88:
35:Usambara Mountains
769:978-2-88032-965-5
649:978-0-8214-1554-2
467:, pp. 33–57.
191:in the west, and
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848:4.750°S 38.500°E
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441:"Usambara Peaks"
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241:tropical forests
112:Lushoto District
94:of northeastern
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280:Ploceus nicolli
276:Usambara weaver
268:Usambara akalat
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300:Human history
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758:. Tanzania:
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705:. Retrieved
701:the original
684:. Retrieved
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615:. Retrieved
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501:Skinner 2005
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489:Murless 2013
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448:. Retrieved
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152:, and after
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116:Tanga Region
98:in tropical
91:
89:
69:Parent range
61:Tanga Region
29:
851: /
707:9 September
686:8 September
538:Rogers 2009
465:Lovett 1993
237:East Africa
213:metamorphic
210:Precambrian
154:World War I
123:metamorphic
120:Precambrian
100:East Africa
866:Categories
741:BioScience
513:Conte 2004
450:13 October
365:Tanganyika
225:amphiboles
158:Tanganyika
445:Peakvisor
428:Citations
221:pyroxenes
164:Geography
52:Geography
786:: 59–72.
617:22 March
560:Archived
403:See also
217:gneisses
182:Chambolo
130:endemism
96:Tanzania
57:Location
18:Usambara
839:38°30′E
629:Sources
389:Lushoto
340:quinine
310:Shambaa
282:), the
274:), the
266:), the
256:endemic
231:Ecology
200:Geology
189:Lushoto
138:Shambaa
114:of the
106:of the
836:4°45′S
766:
646:
321:Mbegha
312:, and
249:Norway
223:, and
146:Mbegha
140:, and
104:ranges
680:(PDF)
306:Bantu
193:Amani
174:Kenya
134:Bantu
764:ISBN
760:IUCN
709:2013
688:2013
644:ISBN
619:2017
452:2021
90:The
732:134
868::
784:87
782:.
762:.
745:60
743:.
730:.
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520:^
481:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
