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each other and to other input from the eyes and stretch receptors in the neck, thereby detecting whether only the head is tilted or the entire body is tipping. The inertia of the otolithic membranes is especially important in detecting linear acceleration. Suppose you are sitting in a car at a stoplight and then begin to move. The otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi briefly lags behind the rest of the tissues, bends the stereocilia backward, and stimulates the cells. When you stop at the next light, the macula stops but the otolithic membrane keeps going for a moment, bending the stereocilia forward. The hair cells convert this pattern of stimulation to nerve signals, and the brain is thus advised of changes in your linear velocity. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken.
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380:. This membrane is weighted with calcium carbonate-protein granules called otoliths. The otolithic membrane adds weight to the tops of the hair cells and increases their inertia. The addition in weight and inertia is vital to the utricle's ability to detect linear acceleration, as described below, and to determine the orientation of the head. When the head is tilted such that gravity pulls on the statoconia, the gelatinous layer is pulled in the same direction also, causing the sensory hairs to bend. Labyrinthine activity responsible for the
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Unbent and at rest hairs in the macula have a base rate of depolarization of 90-100 action potentials a second. The brain suppresses this, and we ignore it and know that our body is stabilized. If the head moves or the body accelerates or decelerates, then bending occurs. Depending on the direction
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or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. Any orientation of the head causes a combination of stimulation to the utricles and saccules of the two ears. The brain interprets head orientation by comparing these inputs to
361:) is a small (2 by 3 mm) thickening lying horizontally on the floor of the utricle where the epithelium contains vestibular hair cells that allow a person to perceive changes in latitudinal acceleration as well as the effects of gravity; it receives the utricular filaments of the
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372:. The kinocilium is the only sensory aspect of the hair cell and is what causes hair cell polarization. The tips of these stereocilia and kinocilium are embedded in a gelatinous layer, which together with the
219:(small oval chamber). They use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle detects linear accelerations and head-tilts in the horizontal plane.
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The macula is also sensitive to linear acceleration as the inertia possessed by the statoconia can also shift the gelatinous layer during increases and decreases in linear velocity.
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Cohen, B; Suzuki, JI; Raphan, T (Oct 3, 1983). "Role of the otolith organs in generation of horizontal nystagmus: effects of selective labyrinthine lesions".
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of bending, the hair cells will either be excited or inhibited resulting in either an increase or decrease in firing frequency of the hair cells.
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induced by off-vertical axis rotation arises in the otolith organs and couples to the oculomotor system through the velocity storage mechanism.
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The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical
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The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the
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which, due to gravity, pull on the stereocilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the
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Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and
Function. Dubuque: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print.
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Moores, Keith L. "Essential
Clinical Anatomy" Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Second Edition (2002).
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Johnsson, LG; Hawkins JE, Jr (Sep 22, 1967). "Otolithic membranes of the saccule and utricle in man".
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The hair cells are mechanoreceptors which have 40 to 70 stereocilia and only one true cilium called a
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comes off of the anterior wall of the utricle and opens into the
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Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function
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illustration of otolith organs showing detail of utricle,
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The cavity of the utricle communicates behind with the
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77:Components of the inner ear including the utricle
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16:Membranous labyrinth in the vestibule of ear
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651:THE INNER EAR: THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
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569:(5th ed.). Dubuque: McGraw-Hill.
478:This article incorporates text in the
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203:. The word utricle comes from
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1074:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
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817:promontory of tympanic cavity
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451:, showing utricle near centre
425:set-up. These are covered by
604:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90558-9
565:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2010).
231:, lying in contact with the
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807:secondary tympanic membrane
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832:aditus to mastoid antrum
359:macula acustica utriculi
357:The macula of utricle (
235:and the part below it.
462:anatomical terminology
452:
405:ductus endolymphaticus
341:Anatomical terminology
168:Anatomical terminology
823:Posterior structures
447:
1064:Cochlear duct /
1028:Perilymphatic space
928:Auditory tube /
213:membranous labyrinth
19:For other uses, see
1246:Semicircular canals
1219:Vestibular aqueduct
646:Diagram at ipfw.edu
528:1967Sci...157.1454J
233:recessus ellipticus
1224:endolymphatic duct
1212:Otolithic membrane
1125:Tectorial membrane
1084:Reticular membrane
889:posterior ligament
837:pyramidal eminence
793:Medial structures
460:This article uses
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396:by five orifices.
394:semicircular ducts
378:otolithic membrane
1342:Vestibular system
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1279:crista ampullaris
1229:endolymphatic sac
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1037:Cochlear aqueduct
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884:superior ligament
872:anterior ligament
862:superior ligament
750:Auricular muscles
733:intertragic notch
417:Balance (ability)
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246:Macula of utricle
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1002:Vestibular duct
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192:are the two
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137:A15.3.03.063
124:
1113:stereocilia
1066:scala media
1007:Helicotrema
797:oval window
686:Anatomy of
423:stereocilia
287:Identifiers
114:Identifiers
96:vertebrates
1326:Categories
1264:Horizontal
1202:Kinocilium
967:membranous
960:Labyrinths
777:Middle ear
728:antitragus
468:References
431:kinocilium
415:See also:
374:statoconia
370:kinocilium
265:, cupula,
198:vertebrate
55:Horizontal
1259:Posterior
1170:Vestibule
1118:tip links
1091:Endolymph
1052:Boettcher
1032:Perilymph
952:Inner ear
911:stapedius
745:Ear canal
718:antihelix
700:Outer ear
484:page 1051
449:Inner ear
382:nystagmus
376:form the
271:hair cell
263:endolymph
229:vestibule
223:Structure
201:inner ear
125:utriculus
92:Inner ear
62:Vestibule
1274:Ampullae
1254:Superior
1140:internus
1135:externus
1047:Claudius
1017:Modiolus
907:Muscles
849:Ossicles
620:20083626
552:39417066
456:See also
427:otoliths
411:Function
259:otoconia
1316:Anatomy
1207:Otolith
1190:Saccule
1178:Utricle
997:Cochlea
990:General
857:Malleus
755:Eardrum
738:earlobe
708:Auricle
692:balance
688:hearing
612:6626994
544:5341324
524:Bibcode
516:Science
282:Details
194:otolith
190:saccule
186:utricle
108:Balance
88:Part of
83:Details
72:Saccule
67:Cochlea
51:Utricle
29:Utricle
21:Utricle
1302:Portal
1195:macula
1183:macula
1043:Cells
896:Stapes
723:tragus
618:
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492:(1918)
267:macula
239:Macula
103:System
879:Incus
713:helix
616:S2CID
548:S2CID
482:from
345:[
334:61113
293:Latin
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205:Latin
172:[
161:61113
120:Latin
57:canal
972:bony
760:umbo
690:and
608:PMID
571:ISBN
540:PMID
399:The
322:6999
305:TA98
209:uter
188:and
184:The
149:6999
132:TA98
1337:Ear
600:doi
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520:157
329:FMA
317:TA2
156:FMA
144:TA2
94:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
