590:
142:
130:
98:
186:
110:
807:
862:
National
Guardsman then remarked, "You won't be killing policemen any more." All of the prisoners were then machine-gunned, killing four of them. The youngest rebel, 17-year-old Antonio González, pleaded for water. At this, a Guardsman remarked, "You want water?" before bayonetting him. Outraged local civilians went outside and said the perpetrators were murderers. However, quickly went back inside after having warning shots fired over their heads. The bodies were left on display for the next several hours.
1528:
1033:
918:
37:
727:
609:
during World War I, and believed that Puerto Rico should be an independent nation - even if that required an armed confrontation. By 1930, Coll y Cuchi departed from the party because of his disagreements with Albizu Campos as to how the party should be run. On May 11, 1930, Albizu Campos was elected
861:
Four
Nationalists had been massacred after surrendering. After surrendering, the nine surviving Nationalists had been marched to the town plaza and were told to remove their shoes, belts and personal belongings. They were then taken behind the police station. Stationed there was a machine-gun. One
683:
Under this new law it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the
892:
Some attempt to frame the events as if the Puerto Ricans bombed themselves (Luis Ferrao). Nelson Denis refutes this: "The P-47 fighter planes that bombed Utuado and Jayuya were built in the US, hangared in US airfields, maintained with US equipment, flown by US-trained pilots who dropped US-made
877:
According to police estimates, 28 people were killed and 50 were wounded in the uprising, including in Utuado and elsewhere in Puerto Rico. 16 Nationalists, 8 police officers and soldiers, and 4 civilians were killed. After the
Nationalists were forced to surrender, the Puerto Rican government
795:
Macaná, under the pretext that he was storing weapons for the
Nationalist revolt. Without warning, the police fired on the house and a gunfight ensued. Two Nationalists were killed and six police officers were wounded. Nationalists Meliton Muñoz Santos, Roberto Jaume Rodriguez, Estanislao Lugo
869:
Heriberto Castro and Damián Torres. According to the plans of Albizu Campos, the
Nationalists were to put up an armed resistance in their respective towns and then retreat to Utuado. Once in Utuado, the Nationalists were to continue fighting against U.S. rule, until the
755:
Albizu Campos called for an armed revolution because he considered the "new political status" a colonial farce. Campos picked the town of Jayuya as the headquarters of the revolution because of its location, and weapons were stored in the home of Blanca
Canales.
763:
when he received word that his house in San Juan was surrounded by police waiting to arrest him. He was also told that the police had already arrested other
Nationalist leaders. He escaped from Fajardo and ordered the revolution to start.
790:
The first incident of the
Nationalist uprisings occurred in the pre-dawn hours of October 29. The Insular Police surrounded the house of the mother of Melitón Muñiz Santos, the president of the Peñuelas Nationalist Party in the
2233:
893:
bombs, and all of it – the planes, the airfield, the pilots, the bombs – were financed by the US. Yet Ferrao would have us believe that a decal saying “Air
National Guard” means that Puerto Rico bombed itself."
644:
shot the 18 people, Albizu Campos was arrested, and sentenced to ten years in a U.S. federal prison. Campos finally returned to Puerto Rico on
December 15, 1947, after completing his ten-year sentence.
699:(Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives who did not belong to the PPD, the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the
688:, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both.
767:
On October 27, in the town of Peñuelas, the police surrounded and fired on a caravan of Nationalists, killing four. On October 30, the Nationalists staged uprisings in the towns of Ponce,
1429:
970:
The last major attempt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to draw world attention to Puerto Rico's colonial situation occurred on March 1, 1954. On that day, Nationalist leader
963:
died in the failed attempt. Collazo was arrested and sentenced to death. His sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment by President Truman, and he eventually received a
617:, and police colonel Riggs applied harsh repressive measures against the Nationalist Party. In 1936, Albizu Campos and the leaders of the party were arrested and jailed at the
990:. Lebrón and her comrades were charged with attempted murder and other crimes. Gilberto Martínez, one of the last survivors of the Utuado Uprising, died on January 1, 2009.
578:, a former member of the Union Party, was elected its first president. He wanted radical changes within the economy and social welfare programs of Puerto Rico. In 1924,
1648:
1201:
501:
796:
Santiago, Marcelino Turell, William Gutirrez and Marcelino Berrios were arrested and accused of participating in an ambush against the local Insular Police.
2198:
227:
28:
1621:
718:
of the U.S. Constitution. Nationalists from all over the island had gathered - to hear Campos's speech, and to prevent the police from arresting him.
640:. 19 people were killed, including two police officers and 17 unarmed Puerto Ricans - including a 7-year-old girl, who was shot in the back. Although
2343:
715:
1927:
2254:
2223:
1426:
2328:
2318:
494:
1288:
1117:
744:
From 1949 to 1950, the Nationalists began to prepare for an armed revolution. The revolution was to take place in 1952, on the date the
2218:
956:
247:
1376:
2323:
2313:
1611:
1517:
1591:
487:
998:
The following is an FBI list of the Utuado Nationalists who were incarcerated in 1950 and who were still in prison as of 1954:
987:
657:
1333:
1249:
1209:
1103:
858:, leaving Jayuya in ruins, and proceeded to bomb the neighboring town of Utuado, demolishing approximately 70% of the town.
1531:
652:
which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the island. The Senate, controlled by the
252:
1729:
1489:
2338:
1822:
1095:
2137:
1759:
1156:"Ley Núm. 282 de 2006 -Para declarar el día 21 de septiembre como el Díadel Natalicio de Leopoldo Figueroa Carreras"
468:
2173:
1817:
1606:
1832:
1684:
1601:
896:
871:
527:
1349:
1942:
1481:
1176:
847:
811:
571:
175:
102:
2158:
1616:
1051:
840:
734:
2333:
2308:
2293:
2052:
1847:
1596:
1510:
837:
731:
330:
1912:
1907:
1749:
2208:
832:
fighter planes out of Ramey Air Force Base to bomb the town of Jayuya. American infantry troops and the
784:
237:
1714:
1704:
2303:
2087:
1724:
1244:
El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
833:
589:
458:
2132:
1699:
1694:
1664:
932:
The top leaders of the Nationalist party were arrested, including Albizu Campos and the leader of the
375:
1797:
1769:
815:
473:
2127:
1962:
1792:
1719:
885:
take direct charge in all matters concerning Puerto Rico. In addition, the Governor of Puerto Rico,
398:
370:
1902:
1744:
2032:
1827:
768:
555:
538:. There were simultaneous revolts in various other towns in Puerto Rico, including the capital of
320:
2228:
2037:
2027:
1709:
1503:
1090:"Puerto Rico" By Kurt Pitzer, Tara Stevens, page 224, Published by Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2001,
983:
822:
413:
408:
2178:
1882:
1862:
1445:
1221:
1066:
203:
2298:
2112:
2022:
2012:
1997:
1637:
1282:
1114:
866:
772:
745:
575:
463:
423:
310:
295:
213:
2117:
2107:
2017:
1872:
846:, attacked the various towns involved in the Nationalist uprisings. The United States and the
711:
438:
360:
355:
2188:
2067:
1992:
1115:"La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948-2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
1071:
975:
886:
825:
673:
661:
622:
543:
539:
340:
290:
218:
185:
2072:
1877:
1842:
1754:
1495:
448:
1957:
1642:
1586:
1473:
1155:
776:
760:
677:
547:
275:
2082:
453:
8:
2249:
2142:
1952:
1887:
1867:
1739:
964:
806:
780:
685:
649:
579:
559:
535:
380:
270:
62:
1734:
1304:
1265:
2168:
2122:
2077:
1972:
1922:
1802:
1061:
1038:
944:
633:
598:
551:
365:
345:
280:
1967:
1679:
1046:
921:
Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
403:
2062:
1857:
1807:
1550:
1485:
1477:
1329:
1245:
1205:
1099:
1091:
704:
692:
602:
443:
2102:
1812:
1472:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony"; Author:
350:
2234:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
1669:
1545:
829:
2047:
1764:
1689:
971:
325:
2213:
2203:
1987:
1977:
1897:
1674:
1433:
1323:
1300:
1261:
1121:
933:
843:
737:
700:
614:
315:
232:
146:
2183:
2163:
1982:
1852:
1527:
1056:
960:
937:
889:
was required to consult directly with the White House. But this did not occur.
865:
The Nationalist leaders in Utuado were the Captain of the Utuado branch of the
637:
285:
208:
134:
922:
2287:
2097:
2057:
2002:
1774:
1133:
948:
748:
was to approve the creation of the political status of Free Associated State
433:
335:
300:
141:
115:
664:, approved the bill that day. This bill, which resembled the anti-communist
636:
and the police opened fire on the crowd, in what was to become known as the
2092:
2042:
2007:
1892:
979:
882:
428:
418:
305:
1932:
1917:
1837:
952:
855:
851:
531:
1325:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
1309:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
1270:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
1570:
36:
16:
1950 revolt against the US by Nationalist party in Utuado, Puerto Rico
1353:
665:
606:
593:
Don Pedro Albizu Campos, leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2271:
726:
1565:
1555:
626:
1560:
1394:
583:
1525:
710:
On June 21, 1948, Albizu Campos gave a speech in the town of
759:
On October 26, 1950, Albizu Campos was holding a meeting in
740:
and under the orders of Gov. Luis Muñoz Marín, occupy Jayuya
940:. All of them were imprisoned, and served long jail terms.
613:
In the 1930s, the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
668:
passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the
878:
arrested thousands of people supporting independence.
814:
used the F-47 Thunderbolt, known prior to 1948 as the
632:
On March 21, 1937, the Nationalists held a parade in
597:
Albizu Campos was the first Puerto Rican graduate of
586:, joined the party and was named its vice president.
1028:
161:
3 killed (2 National Guardsmen and 1 police officer)
676:) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
534:which occurred on October 30, 1950, in the town of
228:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
29:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1622:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
648:On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the
828:declared martial law. The United States sent ten
684:1898 law that had made it illegal to display the
2285:
714:, which explained how this Gag Law violated the
565:
41:"El Imparcial" headline "Aviation Bombs Utuado"
1287:GlobalSecurity.Org Accessed 25 December 2021.
1511:
495:
993:
818:, against Nationalists in Jayuya and Utuado.
1476:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
959:. Torresola and White House police officer
874:took notice and intervened in their favor.
550:, plus major confrontations in the city of
1518:
1504:
1200:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza. by
625:, and later sent to the Federal Prison at
502:
488:
248:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
190:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
881:Federal law mandated that U.S. President
2344:Massacres committed by the United States
1612:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1413:
1411:
805:
725:
588:
1592:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
850:used 500-pound (227 kg) bombs and
680:, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.
2286:
2255:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
2199:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1649:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
988:United States House of Representatives
2224:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1499:
1408:
1395:"Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico"
1321:
1299:
1260:
894:
730:The National Guard, commanded by the
2329:Rebellions against the United States
2319:October 1950 events in North America
1532:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1374:
1311:. Bold Type Books. pp. 194–199.
1272:. Bold Type Books. pp. 194–195.
1136:. Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941
610:president of the Nationalist Party.
1375:Díaz, Jaquira (20 September 2022).
1328:. PublicAffairs. pp. 197–199.
1214:
957:assassinating U.S. President Truman
895:Denis, Nelson (28 September 2015).
801:
526:, refers to the revolt against the
253:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
1466:
1342:
1177:"Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fria"
943:On November 1, 1950, Nationalists
14:
2355:
1420:
1169:
2324:Political history of Puerto Rico
2314:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
1526:
1031:
916:
697:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
184:
140:
128:
108:
96:
35:
1602:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1438:
1387:
1368:
1322:Denis, Nelson A. (2015-04-07).
1315:
1293:
1284:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
1276:
872:United Nations Security Council
2138:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1770:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1607:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1254:
1238:
1204:. Page 7. Publicaciones RENÉ.
1194:
1148:
1126:
1108:
1084:
897:"The Many Lies of Luis Ferrao"
848:Puerto Rico Air National Guard
812:Puerto Rico Air National Guard
572:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
469:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
103:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
2159:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2073:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1833:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1685:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1077:
1052:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
783:(Utuado Uprising), San Juan (
449:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2219:Truman assassination attempt
1597:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
1305:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1266:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
903:
838:Puerto Rico Adjutant General
732:Puerto Rico Adjutant General
721:
566:Events leading to the revolt
7:
2209:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1818:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1024:
785:San Juan Nationalist revolt
654:Partido Popular Democrático
570:On September 17, 1922, the
238:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
2360:
1587:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1011:Jose Angel Medina Gigueroa
1005:Angel Luis Colon Feliciano
834:Puerto Rico National Guard
2263:
2242:
2151:
1941:
1913:María de Lourdes Santiago
1908:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
1783:
1750:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
1657:
1630:
1579:
1538:
1417:Ribes Tovar et al., p.132
1377:"Let Puerto Rico Be Free"
994:Incarcerated Nationalists
915:
910:
152:
121:
89:
45:
34:
26:
21:
2339:Massacres in Puerto Rico
1745:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
1715:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1705:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1008:Gilberto Martinez Negron
974:and fellow Nationalists
750:(Estado Libre Associado)
528:United States government
2229:Cerro Maravilla murders
2174:Levantamiento de Ciales
2133:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2053:Tomás López de Victoria
2038:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2028:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1848:José M. Dávila Monsanto
1710:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1700:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
1695:Eugenio María de Hostos
1665:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1580:Political organizations
1017:Elidio Olivera Albarran
1014:Juanita Ojeda Maldonado
984:Andres Figueroa Cordero
823:Governor of Puerto Rico
414:Andres Figueroa Cordero
409:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
376:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
331:Tomás López de Victoria
170:Part of a series on the
2128:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2023:Isabel Freire de Matos
2013:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1963:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1793:Antonio Rafael Barceló
1720:José Gualberto Padilla
1658:19th century activists
1638:Cadets of the Republic
1631:Militant organizations
1134:"Puerto Rican History"
955:with the intention of
867:Cadets of the Republic
854:.50-caliber (12.7 mm)
819:
746:United States Congress
741:
594:
424:Isabel Freire de Matos
399:Margot Arce de Vázquez
371:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
311:Juan Antonio Corretjer
214:Cadets of the Republic
122:Commanders and leaders
2088:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2068:Francisco Matos Paoli
2033:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1993:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1928:Carlos Alberto Torres
1828:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
1784:20th and 21st century
1725:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1539:Indigenous resistance
1072:List of Puerto Ricans
1020:Octavio Ramos Rosario
976:Rafael Cancel Miranda
809:
729:
592:
459:Helen Rodríguez Trías
341:Francisco Matos Paoli
321:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
291:Rafael Cancel Miranda
153:Casualties and losses
74:United States victory
2179:Río Piedras massacre
1883:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
1863:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1798:Félix Benítez Rexach
1643:Boricua Popular Army
1474:Nelson Antonio Denis
1446:"pr-secretfiles.net"
1432:May 8, 2009, at the
1350:"HISTORIA DE UTUADO"
1222:"pr-secretfiles.net"
1202:Pedro Aponte Vázquez
1067:Río Piedras massacre
1002:Jose Aviles Maisonet
518:, also known as the
474:Félix Benítez Rexach
393:Notable nationalists
204:Río Piedras massacre
2334:Utuado, Puerto Rico
2309:Mass murder in 1950
2294:1950 in Puerto Rico
2250:Grito de Lares flag
2143:Olga Viscal Garriga
2118:Clemente Soto Vélez
2108:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2018:José Ferrer Canales
1953:Pedro Albizu Campos
1903:Ángel Rivero Méndez
1888:Antonio S. Pedreira
1873:Luis Lloréns Torres
1868:Edwin Irizarry Mora
1740:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
965:presidential pardon
836:, commanded by the
686:Flag of Puerto Rico
650:Puerto Rican Senate
580:Pedro Albizu Campos
439:José Ferrer Canales
381:Olga Viscal Garriga
361:Clemente Soto Vélez
356:Vidal Santiago Díaz
271:Pedro Albizu Campos
265:Nationalist leaders
79:Uprising suppressed
63:Utuado, Puerto Rico
2169:Intentona de Yauco
2123:Griselio Torresola
2078:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1973:Casimiro Berenguer
1923:Alejandrina Torres
1878:Oscar López Rivera
1843:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
1760:Fernando Fernandez
1755:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1120:2012-03-27 at the
1062:Intentona de Yauco
1039:Puerto Rico portal
945:Griselio Torresola
820:
742:
660:) and presided by
599:Harvard Law School
595:
542:and the cities of
524:El Grito de Utuado
366:Griselio Torresola
346:Ruth Mary Reynolds
281:Casimiro Berenguer
198:Events and revolts
2304:Conflicts in 1950
2281:
2280:
2193:Ley de la Mordaza
2083:Germán Rieckehoff
1998:José Coll y Cuchí
1945:Nationalist Party
1858:Leopoldo Figueroa
1808:Americo Boschetti
1335:978-1-56858-502-4
1250:978-1-931702-01-0
1210:978-1-931702-01-0
1104:978-1-58843-116-5
930:
929:
752:for Puerto Rico.
705:Freedom of Speech
703:which guarantees
693:Leopoldo Figueroa
691:According to Dr.
670:Ley de la Mordaza
603:Second Lieutenant
601:. He served as a
576:José Coll y Cuchí
554:and the towns of
512:
511:
454:Germán Rieckehoff
296:José Coll y Cuchí
221:Ley de la Mordaza
178:Nationalist Party
165:
164:
85:
84:
2351:
1735:Juan Ríus Rivera
1670:Mariana Bracetti
1530:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:on 22 April 2016
1352:. Archived from
1346:
1340:
1339:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1112:
1106:
1088:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
920:
919:
908:
907:
900:
887:Luis Muñoz Marín
830:P-47 Thunderbolt
826:Luis Muñoz Marín
816:P-47 Thunderbolt
802:Counter response
695:, member of the
662:Luis Muñoz Marín
504:
497:
490:
188:
167:
166:
145:
144:
133:
132:
131:
114:
112:
111:
101:
100:
99:
53:October 30, 1950
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2259:
2238:
2214:Utuado Uprising
2204:Jayuya Uprising
2147:
1988:Nemesio Canales
1978:Julia de Burgos
1968:Elías Beauchamp
1958:José S. Alegría
1944:
1937:
1898:Miguel Poventud
1785:
1779:
1680:Roberto Cofresí
1675:Mathias Brugman
1653:
1626:
1617:Socialist Front
1575:
1534:
1524:
1469:
1467:Further reading
1464:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1434:Wayback Machine
1425:
1421:
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517:
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464:Daniel Santos
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440:
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434:Isabel Rosado
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336:Hugo Margenat
334:
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329:
327:
326:Lolita Lebrón
324:
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314:
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309:
307:
304:
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301:Oscar Collazo
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20:
2270:
2192:
2093:Hiram Rosado
2063:René Marqués
2043:Irvin Flores
2008:Rosa Collazo
1943:Puerto Rican
1893:Pedro Pietri
1730:Manuel Rojas
1645:(Macheteros)
1551:Agüeybaná II
1452:. Retrieved
1440:
1422:
1398:. Retrieved
1389:
1381:The Atlantic
1380:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1344:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1295:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1256:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1216:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1150:
1140:November 20,
1138:. Retrieved
1128:
1110:
1086:
997:
980:Irvin Flores
969:
942:
931:
923:
891:
883:Harry Truman
880:
876:
864:
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856:machine guns
821:
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709:
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631:
618:
612:
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574:was formed.
569:
523:
519:
515:
513:
444:René Marqués
429:Hiram Rosado
419:Irvin Flores
306:Rosa Collazo
242:
220:
176:Puerto Rican
90:Belligerents
73:
1933:Iris Zavala
1918:Piri Thomas
1838:Juan Dalmau
1546:Agüeybaná I
953:Blair House
852:M2 Browning
619:La Princesa
532:Puerto Rico
2288:Categories
1482:1568585012
1078:References
642:the police
621:prison in
1823:Roy Brown
1786:activists
1289:Archived.
904:Aftermath
773:Naranjito
722:Uprisings
666:Smith Act
607:U.S. Army
219:Gag Law (
2272:Claridad
1454:25 April
1430:Archived
1427:Claridad
1400:25 April
1360:25 April
1303:(2015).
1264:(2015).
1230:25 April
1186:25 April
1161:25 April
1118:Archived
1025:See also
769:Mayagüez
623:San Juan
556:Peñuelas
544:Mayaguez
540:San Juan
158:7 killed
58:Location
27:Part of
2243:Symbols
2189:Gag Law
1571:Urayoán
1566:Jumacao
1556:Arasibo
777:Arecibo
761:Fajardo
674:Gag Law
627:Atlanta
605:in the
548:Arecibo
2152:Events
1561:Hayuya
1488:
1480:
1332:
1248:
1208:
1102:
1094:
793:barrio
781:Utuado
712:Manatí
584:lawyer
560:Jayuya
536:Utuado
113:
70:Result
2264:Media
1449:(PDF)
1225:(PDF)
1181:Issuu
634:Ponce
552:Ponce
1486:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1456:2016
1402:2016
1362:2016
1330:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1232:2016
1206:ISBN
1188:2016
1163:2016
1142:2011
1100:ISBN
1092:ISBN
982:and
947:and
924:here
810:The
582:, a
558:and
546:and
514:The
50:Date
658:PPD
530:in
522:or
2290::
1484:;
1410:^
1379:.
1307:.
1268:.
1179:.
1098:,
978:,
967:.
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771:,
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2191:(
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1458:.
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1364:.
1338:.
1234:.
1190:.
1165:.
1144:.
899:.
672:(
656:(
503:e
496:t
489:v
223:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
