Uturuncu - Knowledge

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evidence for a net uplift in the geomorphology of the region, and findings in the terrain around Uturuncu indicate that this uplift certainly began less than 1,000 years ago and likely also less than 100 years ago. The uplift might be either a temporary deformation of the volcano that eventually deflates over time, or the current uplift might only be in its beginning stage. The term 'zombie volcano' has been coined to describe volcanoes like Uturuncu that have been inactive for a long time but are actively deforming.

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magmatic body but occur below it, implying that it is underlaid by brittle, cold crust. Whether there are long-term trends in seismic activity is difficult to estimate as the detection and reconnaissance techniques of seismic activity at Uturuncu have changed over time. This amount of seismic activity is large when compared to neighbouring volcanoes and the seismic activity may be a consequence of the deformation, as intruding magma pressurizes and destabilizes local

4036: 492:, flow ridges and steep, blocky fronts over 10 metres (33 ft) thick. The northernmost lava flow is known as Lomo Escapa and with a length of 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) it is also the largest lava flow at Uturuncu. Five lava domes south, west and northwest of the summit form a northwest–southeast trending alignment that appears to be an older volcanic system; the southern of these domes have volumes of about 1410:

Whether the ongoing unrest at Uturuncu is part of a benign process of the growth of a pluton or the prelude of a new eruption or even a caldera-forming eruption is as of 2008 an open question. A large caldera-forming eruption could have catastrophic, globe-spanning consequences as demonstrated by the

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The deformation is most likely caused by magma intruding into the crust from the Altiplano–Puna magmatic body, with the intrusion taking place at a level below that where magma accumulated prior to past eruptions of Uturuncu. The more recent changes may instead be a consequence of the upward movement

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imaging has discovered that a region of about 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi) around Uturuncu is uplifting. The uplift may have begun around 1965 but was first detected in 1992. Between 1992 and 2006, the uplift amounted to 1–2 centimetres per year (0.39–0.79 in/year) in an area 70

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on the northwestern flank produces water with temperatures of 20 °C (68 °F) and may be identical to the Campamento Mina Uturuncu spring which in 1983 was reported to produce 21 °C (70 °F) warm water at a rate of 5–7 litres per second (0.18–0.25 cu ft/s). The presence of

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years. The mean eruption rate was less than 60,000 cubic metres per year (2,100,000 cu ft/a)-270,000 cubic metres per year (9,500,000 cu ft/a), much less than other rhyolitic volcanoes. There is no evidence of large ignimbrite eruptions nor of large flank collapses but some lavas

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has found a tooth-shaped anomaly that begins at 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) depth and continues to over 80 kilometres (50 mi) of depth. Such structures have been found at other volcanoes and explained by the presence of magma. Seismic activity concentrates at the top of this anomaly. Finally,

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3.7. Most of this seismic activity occurs below the summit of Uturuncu around sea level and some earthquakes appear to relate to the northwest-southeast tectonic trend of the region although swarms occur in several areal clusters. Earthquakes are missing from the depth range of the Altiplano-Puna

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At an elevation of 6,008 metres (19,711 ft), Uturuncu is the highest mountain in southwestern Bolivia. It dominates the regional geomorphology, rising about 1,510–1,670 metres (4,950–5,480 ft) above the surrounding terrain and presenting a good view of the surrounding mountains from the

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Jay, Jennifer A.; Pritchard, Matthew E.; West, Michael E.; Christensen, Douglas; Haney, Matthew; Minaya, Estela; Sunagua, Mayel; McNutt, Stephen R.; Zabala, Mario (1 May 2012). "Shallow seismicity, triggered seismicity, and ambient noise tomography at the long-dormant Uturuncu Volcano, Bolivia".

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The uplifting area is surrounded by a ring-shaped area of subsidence (sinking), which is occurring at a rate of 2 millimetres per year (0.079 in/year); the total width of deforming terrain is about 170 kilometres (110 mi) although it is not clearly visible in all InSAR data. This joint

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has been observed. Relatively invariant temperature anomalies (hot spots) have been recorded by satellites on Uturuncu between its two summit peaks; these temperature anomalies of about 15 °C (27 °F) are among the largest fumarole fields visible to satellites. The existence of intense

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was discovered in the early 21st century; since then scientific interest and activity has increased, including a reconnaissance mission carried out by scientists in 2003, and numerous geophysical studies have been carried out on the volcano. The volcano has been used to reconstruct the regional

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to the west and several shallower ones which ascend from the deep conductor that appears to coincide with the Altiplano–Puna magmatic body. The shallow conductors appear to relate to local volcanoes such as the Laguna Colorada vent but also Uturuncu; the latter conductor lies at 2–6 kilometres

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Such surface uplift has been observed at other volcanic centres in the Central Volcanic Zone but on a global scale it is unusual both for its long duration and its spatial extent, and in the case of Uturuncu demonstrates the continuing activity of the Altiplano–Puna magmatic body. There is no

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Pritchard, M. E.; Silva, S. L. de; Michelfelder, G.; Zandt, G.; McNutt, S. R.; Gottsmann, J.; West, M. E.; Blundy, J.; Christensen, D. H.; Finnegan, N. J.; Minaya, E.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Sunagua, M.; Unsworth, M. J.; Alvizuri, C.; Comeau, M. J.; Potro, R. del; Díaz, D.; Diez, M.; Farrell, A.;

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variations. There are longer-term changes in the uplift rate, such as a temporary acceleration after a 1998 earthquake, a gradual slowdown either continuing after 2017 or followed by an acceleration to about 9 millimetres per year (0.35 in/year) in the few years before 2017, or constant

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occur in two fields below the summit, with a number of tiny vents located between the two summit peaks; vapour emissions are visible from close distance. The summit fumaroles have temperatures of less than 80 °C (176 °F). Their gases contain large quantities of

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Solíz, Claudia; Villalba, Ricardo; Argollo, Jaime; Morales, Mariano S.; Christie, Duncan A.; Moya, Jorge; Pacajes, Jeanette (15 October 2009). "Spatio-temporal variations in Polylepis tarapacana radial growth across the Bolivian Altiplano during the 20th century".

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Salisbury, Morgan J.; Jicha, Brian R.; Silva, Shanaka L. de; Singer, Brad S.; Jiménez, Néstor C.; Ort, Michael H. (1 May 2011). "40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province".

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Hovland, Martin; Rueslåtten, Håkon; Johnsen, Hans Konrad (1 April 2018). "Large salt accumulations as a consequence of hydrothermal processes associated with 'Wilson cycles': A review, Part 2: Application of a new salt-forming model on selected cases".

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Martin, Léo C. P.; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Lavé, Jérôme; Condom, Thomas; Prémaillon, Mélody; Jomelli, Vincent; Brunstein, Daniel; Lupker, Maarten; Charreau, Julien; Mariotti, Véronique; Tibari, Bouchaïb; Team, Aster; Davy, Emmanuel (1 August 2018).

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This only weakly erosive glacier deposited five sets of moraines up to 5 metres (16 ft) high within the shallow valley; the lowest of these lies at 4,800–4,850 metres (15,750–15,910 ft) elevation and appears to be a product of an early

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tectonic stress patterns delineate a 40–80 kilometres (25–50 mi) wide ring surrounding the volcano that may be prone to fracturing; such a ring could constitute a future pathway for magma transport or the margin of a future caldera.

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where rocks are partially molten, the Altiplano–Puna magmatic body. Its existence has been established with various techniques; it extends over an area of 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) and has a volume of about

1429:. Evidence does not unequivocally indicate that a future super-eruption such as past events in the region is possible and there is no indication for a near-future eruption, but there is potential for a smaller eruption. 1336:

although an alternative theory holds the ascent of volatiles along a magma column reaching to the Altiplano–Puna magmatic body as responsible for the surface deformation; in that case the uplift might reverse over time.

881:. The Altiplano–Puna magmatic body is the source of magmas for many of the volcanoes in the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex. Its magma is extremely water-rich, consisting of about 10% water by weight; in addition, about 1297:

deformation between 2010 and 2018. As of 2023, uplift was still underway. The overall volume change between 1992 and 2006 was about 1 cubic metre per second (35 cu ft/s), with a total volume change of about

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can be found on the northern, eastern and southern flanks of Uturuncu. The past glaciation of Uturuncu was not extensive, owing to its steep flanks. One valley on Uturuncu's southwestern flank has been subject to

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Ward, Dylan J.; Cesta, Jason M.; Galewsky, Joseph; Sagredo, Esteban (15 November 2015). "Late Pleistocene glaciations of the arid subtropical Andes and new results from the Chajnantor Plateau, northern Chile".

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mya ago. Cerro San Antonio, a Miocene volcano with a westward-opening collapse scar, lies just north of Uturuncu. It is heavily eroded and 3 mya old. Other volcanoes from east counterclockwise to west are the

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Comeau, Matthew J.; Unsworth, Martyn J.; Ticona, Faustino; Sunagua, Mayel (1 March 2015). "Magnetotelluric images of magma distribution beneath Volcán Uturuncu, Bolivia: Implications for magma dynamics".

4067:"Über Klima und Wasserhaushalt des Altiplano (Bolivien, Peru) während des Hochstandes der letzten Vereisung (Klimate and Hydrology of the Altiplano Bolivia, Perú) during the Climax of the Last Glaciation" 1308:

system at the volcano and the depth of the deformation. The form of the deforming structure is not well known but it lies presumably at a depth of 15–20 kilometres (9.3–12.4 mi) below sea level.

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There is little information on local climatology, but mean annual precipitation is about 100–200 millimetres per year (3.9–7.9 in/year) or even less than that, most of it originating in the

709:(5.65 mya old) ignimbrites underlie the volcano and crop out in the Quetena River valley. The Vilama lavas (4 mya old) are found southwest of Uturuncu and are partly buried by the volcano. The 465:

summit. The volcano has two summit peaks, one 5,930 metres (19,460 ft) and the other 6,008 metres (19,711 ft) high. They are about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) apart and separated by a

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basin to the east and falling during December, January and February. This low amount of precipitation is not adequate to sustain glaciers even though the summit of Uturuncu lies above the

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It was first ascended in 1955 by Friedrich Adolf Ernest Ahlfeld (Germany), but like other volcanoes in the Puna region miners and native inhabitants may have ascended it earlier. A former

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Lau, Nicholas; Tymofyeyeva, Ekaterina; Fialko, Yuri (1 June 2018). "Variations in the long-term uplift rate due to the Altiplano–Puna magma body observed with Sentinel-1 interferometry".

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Sparks, R. Stephen J.; Folkes, Chris B.; Humphreys, Madeleine C. S.; Barfod, Daniel N.; Clavero, Jorge; Sunagua, Mayel C.; McNutt, Stephen R.; Pritchard, Matthew E. (1 June 2008).

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processes and contamination with crustal rocks. The origin of these magmas appears to relate to the Altiplano–Puna magmatic body, which generates melts through differentiation of

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with a thickness variously estimated at 1–20 kilometres (0.62–12.43 mi); about 20-30% of its volume is melt. It has been referred to as the largest reservoir of magma in the

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Blard, Pierre-Henri; Lave, Jérôme; Farley, Kenneth A.; Ramirez, Victor; Jimenez, Nestor; Martin, Léo C. P.; Charreau, Julien; Tibari, Bouchaïb; Fornari, Michel (1 July 2014).

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Rock formations that are smooth on one side and rough on the other, which form when glaciers moving over the formation erode the flat side but do not smooth the other side.

6275: 5850:"Geochronological imaging of an episodically constructed subvolcanic batholith: U-Pb in zircon chronochemistry of the Altiplano–Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes" 6163:

Muir, Duncan D.; Blundy, Jon D.; Hutchinson, Michael C.; Rust, Alison C. (20 February 2014). "Petrological imaging of an active pluton beneath Cerro Uturuncu, Bolivia".

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Starting in 1992, satellite observations have indicated a large area of regional uplift centered on Uturuncu, which has been interpreted as an indication of large-scale

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of ignimbrite. Uturuncu lies at its centre but unlike it most surrounding volcanic systems have been characterized by explosive eruptions, including several so-called "

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mine named "Uturuncu" is situated on the mountain, close to the summit, and was considered to be one of the highest in the world. It reportedly contained reserves of 50

559: 5957:"Crustal anisotropy and state of stress at Uturuncu Volcano, Bolivia, from shear-wave splitting measurements and magnitude–frequency distributions in seismicity" 6330:

Henderson, S. T.; Jay, J. A.; Lopez, T.; Legrand, D.; Naranjo, J. A.; McFarlin, H.; Muir, D.; Perkins, J. P.; Spica, Z.; Wilder, A.; Ward, K. M. (1 June 2018).

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Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M.; Clavero, J. (1 January 2013).

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is likely at Uturuncu although probably at great depth, considering the low temperature and spread out nature of the fumarolic activity. There may be a shallow

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The complex covers an area between 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) and 70,000 square kilometres (27,000 sq mi) of the Altiplano-

5349:"Last Local Glacial Maximum and deglaciation of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone: the case of Hualcahualca volcano and Patapampa Altiplano (Southern Peru)" 4929: 3248: 4854: 3364: 2681: 2572: 6433:

Schäbitz, F.; Liebricht, H. (1999). "Zur Landschaftsgeschichte der Halbinsel Copacabana im peruanisch-bolivianischem Grenzbereich des Titicacagebietes".

4197:"Sensibilidad del hongo (Leptosphaeria polylepidis) de la Keñua (Polylepis tarapacana) a la aplicación de fungicidas orgánicos y químicos en laboratorio" 3447: 1759: 1703: 1136:

trees are found on the lower slopes of the volcano; the trees reach 4 metres (13 ft) in height and form forests. They have been used as a source of

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flows along the western foot of the volcano and receives tributaries which originate close to Uturuncu's northeastern foot; it eventually flows into the

2516: 1301:; such rates are typical for intrusions in the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex and historical lava dome eruptions and might reflect a short-term rate. 1064:

studies, which identified a former glacier originating both from the summit and from an area about 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) south of the summit.

2076: 5518:"Multiple spatial and temporal scales of deformation from geodetic monitoring point to active transcrustal magma system at Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia" 5427: 5277: 1304:

The deformation is centered on an area 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of the summit and is most likely of magmatic origin given the lack of a large

107: 6536:"Deflation and inflation of a large magma body beneath Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia? Insights from InSAR data, surface lineaments and stress modelling" 6502: 3694: 1140: 456:. A winding road that served the sulfur mine leads up the mountain, and roads pass along the northern, eastern and southwestern feet of Uturuncu. 1423:

in Peru; this possibility has resulted in international media attention and in popular culture; the volcano's threat is depicted in the 2016 film

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magmas first to andesites and then to dacites before being transferred to the shallow crust below Uturuncu from where it was then erupted through

5445:"New constraints on the magma distribution and composition beneath Volcán Uturuncu and the southern Bolivian Altiplano from magnetotelluric data" 5244: 3647: 5303: 2098: 1389:

imaging of the volcano has found a number of high-conductivity anomalies below Uturuncu, including a wide, deep conductor that extends to the

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Ignimbrites are fluids consisting of gas and fragmented rocks that are expelled from volcanoes and form ignimbritic rocks when they solidify.

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About 105 lava flows propagate outward from the central sector of the volcano, reaching lengths of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) and featuring

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McFarlin, Heather; Christensen, Douglas; McNutt, Stephen R.; Ward, Kevin M.; Ryan, Jamie; Zandt, George; Thompson, Glenn (2 February 2018).

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years ago) makes up most of the peripheral sectors of the volcano, while an upper unit of middle to upper Pleistocene age (427,000–271,000

6247: 5384:"Progressive glacial retreat in the Southern Altiplano (Uturuncu volcano, 22°S) between 65 and 14ka constrained by cosmogenic 3He dating" 772:. This subduction process at first involved a relatively flat descent of the Nazca Plate until 12 mya ago, after which it steepened. The 4216: 6296:"Topographic constraints on magma accumulation below the actively uplifting Uturuncu and Lazufre volcanic centers in the Central Andes" 5647:"Time-dependent deformation of Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia, constrained by GPS and InSAR measurements and implications for source models" 6618: 1183:

years for the Lomo Escapa lava flow, while the aligned lava domes have been dated to be between 549,000 ± 3,000 and 1,041,000 ± 12,000

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between 65,000 and 37,000 years ago, earlier than the global last glacial maximum. Afterwards, not much retreat occurred until 18,000

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Kukarina, Ekaterina; West, Michael; Keyson, Laura Hutchinson; Koulakov, Ivan; Tsibizov, Leonid; Smirnov, Sergey (1 December 2017).

1288: 4501: 1394:(1.2–3.7 mi) depth, is less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide and may consist of molten rock with saline aqueous fluids. 2163: 2112:

Gustavson Associates (1992). Compendio de geología económica de Bolivia (Report). Ministeria de Minería y Metalurgia – via

6264: 1320:. A second, shallow subsidence area has been found south of Uturuncu, which may relate to changes in a hydrothermal system when 5848:

Kern, Jamie M.; Silva, Shanaka L. de; Schmitt, Axel K.; Kaiser, Jason F.; Iriarte, A. Rodrigo; Economos, Rita (1 August 2016).

3993:"Paleolakes of Northeast Hellas: Precipitation, Groundwater-Fed, and Fluvial Lakes in the Navua–Hadriacus–Ausonia Region, Mars" 4287: 6638: 6628: 6598: 6147: 5789:"Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010" 4923: 4848: 3688: 3519: 3433: 3350: 3290: 3242: 3142: 2766: 2675: 2558: 2510: 2147: 2070: 1990: 1745: 1689: 4387:

Kussmaul, S.; Hörmann, P. K.; Ploskonka, E.; Subieta, T. (1 April 1977). "Volcanism and structure of southwestern Bolivia".

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Beiträge zur quartären Landschaftsentwicklung Südamerikas. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Professor Dr. Karsten Garleff

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Hudson, Thomas S.; Kendall, J-Michael; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Blundy, Jonathan D.; Gottsmann, Joachim H. (1 January 2022).

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lasting minutes to hours with up to 60 earthquakes occur several times per month. The intensities of the earthquakes reach

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Uturuncu was active during the Pleistocene. A lower unit emplaced during the lower and middle Pleistocene (890,000–549,000

515:. Aside from volcanic deposits there are also traces of glaciation that has smoothened the slopes of Uturuncu, as well as 6623: 773: 499:

The broad edifice of the volcano covers an area of about 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) and has a volume of

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activity with occasional bursts of higher activity; about three or four earthquakes occur every day at the volcano, and

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perhaps due to the latter being filtered out by a hydrothermal system. The fumaroles have emplaced abundant sulfur, and

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years old and correlates to a glacial advance in the Altiplano that has been linked to the maximum growth of the former

1374:, as well as the ascent of fluids in faults and cracks. Further triggering processes are large earthquakes such as the 201: 5287: 1610:

A diapir is a rock formation, which owing to having a lower density than surrounding rock ascends through the latter.

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Veettil, Bijeesh K.; Kamp, Ulrich (2 December 2017). "Remote sensing of glaciers in the tropical Andes: a review".

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Graf, K. (1991). "Ein Modell zur eiszeitlichen und heutigen Vergletscherung in der bolivianischen Westkordillere".

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Several lakes surround Uturuncu. Mama Khumu lies on the eastern foot of Uturuncu and is bordered by steep slopes;

6379: 3499: 676: 5885:"Focused magmatism beneath Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia: Insights from seismic tomography and deformation modeling" 4903: 3222: 3330: 3270: 2538: 3413: 1725: 1669: 744:

volcanoes as well as many more minor volcanic centres. Many of them formed along northwest–southeast trending

6332:"Synthesis: PLUTONS: Investigating the relationship between pluton growth and volcanism in the Central Andes" 4828: 3122: 2655: 357: 2490: 1264:

fumarolic activity on the northwestern slope at 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) was already reported in 1956.

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years ago, shorelines formed around the lakes that surround Uturuncu; Lake Tauca may have been a source of

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Muir, D. D.; Barfod, D. N.; Blundy, J. D.; Rust, A. C.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Clarke, K. M. (1 January 2015).

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of Bolivia. It is 6,008 metres (19,711 ft) high, has two summit peaks, and consists of a complex of

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for Uturuncu. After 14,000 years ago, the glacier receded at the same time as climate warmed during the

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may have interacted with water or ice as they were erupted and were reportedly emplaced over moraines.

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The Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex is underpinned at about 20 kilometres (12 mi) depth by a wide

808: 6055:"Application of a plate model to reproduce surface deformations observed at Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia" 6054: 3612:"On Snow Line Depression and Atmospheric Circulation in the Tropical Americas during the Pleistocene*" 2286: 1361: 6366: 5989: 5716: 5585: 4985: 3611: 827: 640: 411: 5553:"Transcrustal Compressible Fluid Flow Explains the Altiplano-Puna Gravity and Deformation Anomalies" 4526:

McNutt, S. R.; Pritchard, M. E. (2003). "Seismic and Geodetic Unrest at Uturuncu Volcano, Bolivia".

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lavas existed, but glaciation has affected the youngest lava flows. The volcano is considered to be

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mya old) ignimbrites are other large ignimbrites in the area while the San Antonio ignimbrite (10.33

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Perkins, Jonathan P.; Finnegan, Noah J.; Henderson, Scott T.; Rittenour, Tammy M. (1 August 2016).

6210:"Experimental Constraints on Dacite Pre-eruptive Magma Storage Conditions beneath Uturuncu Volcano" 4570: 2202: 17: 4122: 4120: 2620: 2120: 2013: 1324:

drained out underground. This area may have begun subsiding in 2014. Deformation stopped in 2017.

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eruption, and Holocene or recent eruptions have not been reported. At first, it was proposed that

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epoch and the last eruption was 250,000 years ago; since then Uturuncu has not erupted but active

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years ago) forms its central sector and is less extensive. Several rocks have been dated through

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while the third is a by-product of the magma generation process. Additionally, the occurrence of

2746: 5612:"Decadal volcanic deformation in the Central Andes Volcanic Zone revealed by InSAR time series" 4117: 993: 566:. These watercourses are usually confined between steep bedrock walls and are characterized by 248: 6209: 748:

such as the Lipez-Coranzuli and Pastos Grandes-Cojina lineament that passes through Uturuncu.

410:. The region is almost uninhabited and the volcano was little known until ongoing large-scale 407: 224: 6438: 4240:"Multi-century lake area changes in the Southern Altiplano: a tree-ring-based reconstruction" 4196: 3778:"Lake Tauca highstand (Heinrich Stadial 1a) driven by a southward shift of the Bolivian High" 1375: 675:

Uturuncu has formed about 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the main volcanic front in the

616: 5972: 5931: 5697: 5682:"From slab to surface: Earthquake evidence for fluid migration at Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia" 391: 387: 325:, even though it does not currently carry glaciers. Volcanic activity took place during the 306: 205: 6547: 6470: 6405: 6343: 6307: 6221: 6172: 6115: 6066: 6031: 5968: 5927: 5896: 5861: 5800: 5751: 5693: 5658: 5623: 5564: 5529: 5516:

Eiden, Elizabeth; MacQueen, Patricia; Henderson, Scott; Pritchard, Matthew (1 April 2023).

5488: 5456: 5395: 4964: 4535: 4396: 4251: 4149: 4004: 3945: 3862: 3789: 3623: 3176: 1358: 1069: 608: 209: 8: 5788: 1035:-dependent processes. Magma composition has been stable over the history of the volcano. 768:

and the Nazca Plate was accompanied by an increased subduction rate and the onset of the

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under the volcano. This might be a prelude to large-scale volcanic activity, including "

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for the youngest dated lava flow found just south-southeast of the summit and 544,000

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formed beginning 10 mya ago, with a volcanic flare-up occurring during the Miocene.

466: 5779: 5002: 4497: 4032: 3957: 3511: 3342: 3282: 3188: 2753:. Advances in Oil and Gas Exploration & Production. Springer. pp. 353–415. 2713: 2711: 2637: 2635: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2550: 1316:

pattern" and the subsidence may reflect either a sideward or an upward migration of

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and Puripica Chico ignimbrites were erupted in the surrounding terrain. The Atana (4

6555: 6520: 6478: 6413: 6361: 6351: 6315: 6229: 6180: 6123: 6074: 6039: 5984: 5976: 5935: 5904: 5869: 5808: 5759: 5711: 5701: 5666: 5631: 5580: 5572: 5537: 5496: 5464: 5403: 5360: 4980: 4972: 4911: 4836: 4576: 4477: 4404: 4269: 4259: 4239: 4157: 4078: 4012: 3953: 3870: 3813: 3797: 3676: 3635: 3631: 3507: 3425: 3421: 3338: 3278: 3230: 3184: 3130: 2754: 2663: 2626: 2546: 2498: 2126: 2058: 2019: 1914: 1737: 1733: 1681: 1677: 1252: 756:

The geological history of the region is complex. After subduction commenced in the

702: 636: 508: 430: 155: 6103: 5069: 5057: 4840: 4748: 4621: 3916: 3874: 3134: 2667: 6523:

Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia

4161: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2896: 2708: 2632: 2608: 2587: 2502: 2321: 2319: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 1598: 1386: 1371: 1328:

of fluids, rather than magmatic processes. It has been described as an ascending

1224: 710: 474: 33: 6208:

Muir, Duncan D.; Blundy, Jon D.; Rust, Alison C.; Hickey, James (1 April 2014).

5407: 4082: 2758: 1579:

Changes in magma composition caused by crystals settling out under their weight.

6456:"Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia: Volcanic unrest due to mid-crustal magma intrusion" 6234: 5980: 5939: 5706: 5681: 5081: 5033: 4976: 4772: 4760: 4709: 4558: 2197: 1256: 1244: 1120: 1092: 861: 816: 780: 769: 761: 563: 539: 361: 260: 217: 6184: 5763: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5125: 5123: 5098: 5096: 4874: 4872: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4599: 4597: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4326: 4324: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 3991:

Hargitai, Henrik I.; Gulick, Virginia C.; Glines, Natalie H. (November 2018).

3680: 3033: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2354: 2316: 2062: 2025: 733: 6612: 6569: 6490: 6446: 6425: 6243: 6192: 6135: 6086: 5998: 5947: 5820: 5771: 5725: 5594: 5508: 5415: 5374: 4994: 4489: 4416: 4283: 4212: 4169: 4090: 3965: 3809: 3758: 3643: 3557: 3555: 3482: 3480: 3467: 3465: 3396: 3394: 3196: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2989: 2987: 2957: 2955: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2913: 2911: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 1926: 1425: 1412: 1354: 1277: 973: 938: 922: 804: 737: 726: 511:

deposits was reported at first, later research has not found any evidence of

470: 253: 122: 109: 5147: 4264: 4238:

Morales, M. S.; Carilla, J.; Grau, H. R.; Villalba, R. (15 September 2015).

4195:

Aguilar, Sergio Gabriel Colque; Villca, Edwin Edgar Iquize (29 April 2020).

1876: 1874: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 6526: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5159: 5135: 5120: 5108: 5093: 4869: 4721: 4665: 4594: 4423: 4363: 4321: 4302: 4051: 4024: 3827: 3801: 2857: 2855: 2364: 2113: 1420: 1390: 1305: 1116: 985: 706: 691: 628: 547: 375: 287: 5443:

Comeau, Matthew J.; Unsworth, Martyn J.; Cordell, Darcy (1 October 2016).

4016: 3552: 3477: 3462: 3391: 3311: 3203: 2999: 2984: 2952: 2923: 2908: 2816: 2331: 2221: 1970: 6560: 5576: 5310: 4447: 4445: 3906: 3904: 3728: 3726: 3724: 1871: 1633: 1448: 1280:

below the volcano at 1–3 kilometres (0.62–1.86 mi) below sea level.

1220: 942: 910: 765: 624: 620: 604: 571: 516: 326: 241: 6104:"The temporal record of magmatism at Cerro Uturuncu, Bolivian Altiplano" 4098: 4066: 3093: 3091: 3089: 2884: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 1774: 1230: 542:

is located northeast of Uturuncu, Chojllas southeast of the volcano and

433:. The volcano is visible from afar. Today Uturuncu is a tourism target. 6482: 6356: 6331: 6320: 6295: 6044: 6019: 5909: 5884: 5874: 5849: 5671: 5646: 5636: 5611: 5542: 5517: 5469: 5444: 5045: 4481: 4274: 3579: 1934: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1398: 1088: 1061: 965: 926: 914: 751: 684: 664: 652: 648: 600: 452:

which is dispersed among tephra deposits and contains large amounts of

416: 353: 322: 81: 6375: 6020:"Receiver function analyses of Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia and vicinity" 5365: 5348: 4738: 4736: 4687: 4685: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4609: 4546: 4442: 4341: 4339: 3901: 3889: 3721: 3540: 3062: 2874: 2872: 2870: 1543:

Rocks containing numerous crystals embedded in more fine-grained rock.

1525:

An anastomosing river has multiple channels through which water flows.

632: 6417: 6374: 6053:

Morand, Alexandra; Brandeis, Geneviève; Tait, Stephen (1 July 2021).

5500: 4953:"Global Volcano Monitoring: What Does It Mean When Volcanoes Deform?" 4808: 4697: 4182: 4126: 3379: 3086: 3050: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2833: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2497:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer. 2008. p. 39. 2471: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2295: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 1833: 1416: 1137: 1132: 1077: 1013: 1009: 969: 934: 909:

in the form of inclusions within the dacite). Rocks are vesicular or

812: 784: 745: 688: 656: 555: 527: 482: 478: 371: 314: 310: 6127: 5812: 5334:

Ahlfeld, L.P. Von Friedrich (1956). "Sodaseen in Lipez (Bolivien)".

4796: 1801: 485:

erupted from a number of vents in the central part of the volcano.

356:

in sometimes very large eruptions. Underneath it lies the so-called

5171: 5021: 4784: 4733: 4682: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4351: 4336: 3972: 3591: 3567: 2940: 2867: 1918: 1570:

Rock fragments entrained in ascending magma from surrounding rocks.

1313: 1239: 1215:

No large effusive eruptions have occurred since the 250,000 ± 5,000

1124: 1100: 1080:

was about 0.7–1.5 kilometres (0.43–0.93 mi) lower than today.

1032: 1005: 997: 977: 962: 954: 930: 906: 858: 831: 757: 679:, in a terrain formed by various volcanic and sedimentary rocks of 543: 523: 520: 330: 2967: 2804: 2787: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2393: 2381: 2267: 1791: 1789: 1175:

years ago have been obtained from the summit area, 250,000 ± 5,000

1083:

Conversely, the uppermost of these moraines is about 16,000–14,000

6591:

Bolivien: Die schönsten Wanderungen und Trekkingrouten. 52 Touren

6293: 5075: 5063: 4884: 4754: 4627: 3922: 3709: 2902: 2717: 2641: 2614: 2602: 1350: 1260: 1130:

The regional vegetation is relatively sparse at high elevations.

1127:

was reported to exceed 5,900 metres (19,400 ft) elevation.

1052: 1044: 950: 918: 729: 680: 660: 575: 453: 449: 395: 341: 5245:"Growth Spurt at a Bolivian Volcano Is Fertile Ground for Study" 4633: 1476:

A sill is a sheet-shaped magma intrusion between layers of rock.

546:

to the south. The first two receive their inflow from Uturuncu.

344:

which over the last few million years (mya) have emplaced about

6328: 5515: 5087: 5039: 4778: 4766: 4715: 4577:

U.S. Geological Survey & Servicio Geologico de Bolivia 1983

4564: 4386: 3103: 3044: 2627:

U.S. Geological Survey & Servicio Geologico de Bolivia 1983

2325: 2127:

U.S. Geological Survey & Servicio Geologico de Bolivia 1983

2057:. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Boston, MA. pp. 554–557. 2038: 2020:

U.S. Geological Survey & Servicio Geologico de Bolivia 1983

1905:

Read, William A. (1952). "Indian Terms in Vázquez' Compendio".

1786: 1513: 1333: 1329: 1293: 1028: 1001: 989: 981: 958: 946: 902: 644: 567: 437: 426: 66: 6521:

U.S. Geological Survey; Servicio Geologico de Bolivia (1983).

5645:

Henderson, Scott T.; Pritchard, Matthew E. (1 December 2017).

3834: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 1023:

magmas played a role in the genesis of Uturuncu rocks, as did

992:

have also been found; the first two appear to be derived from

6017: 5551:

Gottsmann, J.; Eiden, E.; Pritchard, M. E. (28 August 2022).

5153: 3675:. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer. pp. 963–964. 3023: 3021: 3019: 2375: 1886: 1321: 1317: 1248: 1091:

north of Uturuncu and a wet and cold climate associated with

1020: 890: 878: 788: 695: 612: 583: 579: 489: 368: 6262: 5679: 5129: 1976: 1880: 1780: 6453: 5740: 5477: 5189: 5165: 5141: 5114: 5102: 4878: 4727: 4676: 4603: 4582: 4374: 4330: 4315: 4138: 3561: 3486: 3471: 3400: 3317: 3209: 3010: 2993: 2934: 2917: 2827: 2358: 2248: 2242: 1656: 50: 5882: 5279:

Corporate wrongdoing on film : the 'public be damned'

5230: 5213: 5201: 4436: 4237: 3074: 3016: 2961: 1378:, which caused an intense seismic swarm in February 2010. 1051:, glacially eroded valleys, both recessional and terminal 469:

that is 5,700 metres (18,700 ft) high. Uturuncu is a

6394: 5316: 4908:

Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik

3504:

Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik

3227:

Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik

2890: 2861: 2728: 2726: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1861: 1859: 1187:

years old. Overall, Uturuncu was active for about 800,000

713:

in the region is about 65 kilometres (40 mi) thick.

445: 32:"Uturunku" redirects here. For the mountain in Peru, see 6162: 4951:

Biggs, Juliet; Pritchard, Matthew E. (1 February 2017).

3934: 3585: 3546: 3385: 3165: 3097: 2477: 5550: 4814: 4703: 4521: 4519: 2306: 2304: 1846: 1844: 1842: 496:

and the western dome bears traces of a large collapse.

5847: 5786: 5381: 5051: 4552: 4451: 3910: 3895: 3732: 3068: 2723: 2696: 1949: 1856: 1818: 5442: 4615: 3774: 3056: 2846: 333:

occur in the summit region, between the two summits.

6207: 6101: 5917: 4802: 4742: 4691: 4516: 4357: 4345: 3990: 3597: 3573: 2978: 2946: 2878: 2798: 2465: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2387: 2301: 2280: 2111: 1839: 1198:

and involved the emission of voluminous lava flows (

1163:

and have yielded ages ranging from 1,050,000 ± 5,000

752:

Geologic history and Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex

5955:Maher, Sean; Kendall, J. -Michael (1 August 2018). 4944: 4231: 1202:) between pauses lasting between 50,000 and 180,000 6052: 5644: 5609: 5177: 5027: 4890: 4790: 4659: 4642: 4132: 3978: 3109: 2810: 1362: 1210: 6437:. Bamberger geographische Schriften (in German). 6432: 6376:"Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa" 5242: 4142:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3715: 3669:Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (1997). "Roche moutonnée". 1795: 716:Volcanic activity in the area occurred between 15 6610: 6534:Walter, Thomas R.; Motagh, Mahdi (1 July 2014). 6108:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 5793:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 3846: 896: 893:are contained in the rocks underneath Uturuncu. 823:volcanoes in the region are potentially active. 5610:Henderson, S. T.; Pritchard, M. E. (May 2013). 4525: 3662: 3603: 3263: 3215: 6525:. U.S. Government Printing Office – via 6272:VICEMINISTERIO DE PLANIFICACIÓN Y COORDINACIÓN 6059:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 5346: 4950: 4389:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3840: 3770: 3768: 3323: 1982: 1892: 1485:Fragmented volcanic rocks erupted by the vent. 611:has generated three volcanic belts within the 381: 4380: 4194: 3984: 3492: 3406: 2531: 1907:International Journal of American Linguistics 1561:Fine-grained rock that surrounds phenocrysts. 1349:In addition, the volcano features persistent 420: 6533: 5954: 5336:Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte 5243:Friedman-Rudovsky, Jean (13 February 2012). 4588: 4188: 4058: 3080: 3027: 2745:Yu, Xinghe; Li, Shengli; Li, Shunli (2018). 2647: 2483: 2261: 1662: 1552:Large crystals embedded into volcanic rocks. 1283: 404:Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve 5269: 4896: 3852: 3765: 3159: 2751:Clastic Hydrocarbon Reservoir Sedimentology 1597:Silification is the replacement of rock by 1332:, a plate-shaped intrusion or as a growing 340:, a larger province of large volcanoes and 5302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4820: 4457: 4183:Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas 2019 4127:Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas 2019 3668: 3609: 2296:Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas 2019 2097:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1988: 1834:Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas 2019 1676:( ed.). Springer. 2020. p. 273. 1019:Mixing processes involving hotter or more 6559: 6378:. Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. 6367:1983/cf804ce1-dcfa-4abf-b2e3-0f267f7feed1 6365: 6355: 6319: 6233: 6165:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 6043: 5990:1983/4bddb98d-55d4-4f1e-99de-5253a1b0f075 5988: 5908: 5873: 5717:1983/547d6ff8-64a2-4f58-8ac4-8f8649867a5f 5715: 5705: 5670: 5635: 5586:1983/87dad363-14d0-4822-9960-efe0dc544ee6 5584: 5541: 5468: 5364: 4986:1983/93198190-f2f7-41cf-b380-afebd52bd60a 4984: 4466:"The resonance mechanism of silification" 4273: 4263: 3928: 3817: 3738: 3115: 2105: 1110: 1016:as xenolithic phases has been reported. 5347:Alcalá-Reygosa, J. (15 September 2017). 5236: 2738: 2653: 2044: 1898: 1289:Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar 1229: 687:age. The region is characterized by the 448:, consisting mainly of sulfur with some 5333: 4064: 3855:International Journal of Remote Sensing 2732: 2702: 2156: 2142:. The Mountaineers Books. p. 323. 2132: 1964: 1865: 1718: 1534:A liquid with a very high salt content. 1076:years ago. During the Pleistocene, the 14: 6611: 6588: 5275: 2744: 2543:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology 2310: 1850: 1381: 791:and consists of a number of calderas, 292:1955 by Friedrich Adolf Ernest Ahlfeld 6593:(in German). Bergverlag Rother GmbH. 6382:from the original on 13 November 2019 6263:Municipio San Pablo de Lípez (2021). 6005:from the original on 24 November 2021 5353:Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 5009:from the original on 24 November 2021 4826: 4815:Gottsmann, Eiden & Pritchard 2022 4704:Gottsmann, Eiden & Pritchard 2022 4463: 4219:from the original on 24 November 2021 4105:from the original on 24 November 2021 4042:from the original on 24 November 2021 3610:Hastenrath, Stefan (1 January 1971). 3450:from the original on 24 November 2021 2775:from the original on 24 November 2021 2050: 1512:Sediments formed by the skeletons of 1312:uplift-subsidence has been called a " 5616:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3744: 3650:from the original on 20 October 2021 1904: 1732:. Springer. 2020. pp. 566–567. 1194:Volcanic eruptions at Uturuncu were 1171:years ago. Dates of 271,000 ± 26,000 317:with a total volume estimated to be 5961:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 5920:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 5686:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 5257:from the original on 1 October 2015 4833:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms 4616:Comeau, Unsworth & Cordell 2016 3057:Comeau, Unsworth & Cordell 2016 2847:Comeau, Unsworth & Cordell 2016 2190: 1292:kilometres (43 mi) wide, with 1146: 533: 24: 6150:from the original on 28 March 2020 5430:from the original on 27 March 2020 5282:. Abingdon, Oxon. pp. 79–80. 4743:Lau, Tymofyeyeva & Fialko 2018 4692:Lau, Tymofyeyeva & Fialko 2018 3616:South African Geographical Journal 2979:Lau, Tymofyeyeva & Fialko 2018 2001:from the original on 9 August 2021 558:are visible around the lakes. The 378:" activity and caldera formation. 364:formed by partially molten rocks. 25: 6650: 6576:from the original on 30 June 2020 6540:Geophysical Journal International 6508:from the original on 26 June 2010 4932:from the original on 12 June 2021 4857:from the original on 11 June 2018 4504:from the original on 12 June 2021 4290:from the original on 3 March 2021 3747:Bamberger Geographische Schriften 3697:from the original on 12 June 2021 3367:from the original on 12 June 2021 3251:from the original on 12 June 2021 2575:from the original on 10 June 2021 2519:from the original on 10 June 2021 1977:Municipio San Pablo de Lípez 2021 1781:Municipio San Pablo de Lípez 2021 1762:from the original on 10 June 2021 1095:. At this same time 17,000–13,000 6281:from the original on 9 July 2021 6250:from the original on 1 June 2018 6079:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107241 5835:from the original on 3 July 2020 4916:10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_162618 4910:. Springer. 2014. p. 1018. 4891:Morand, Brandeis & Tait 2021 4643:Morand, Brandeis & Tait 2021 4464:Belov, N. V. (1 November 1974). 3528:from the original on 20 May 2021 3299:from the original on 9 June 2018 3235:10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_163019 3229:. Springer. 2014. p. 1027. 3110:Morand, Brandeis & Tait 2021 2684:from the original on 2 June 2018 2662:. Springer. pp. 1215–1217. 2079:from the original on 4 June 2018 1706:from the original on 20 May 2021 1613: 1604: 1591: 1582: 760:, 26 mya ago the breakup of the 180: 179: 172: 55:Uturuncu seen from the northwest 49: 4470:Journal of Structural Chemistry 3958:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.022 3512:10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_71993 3506:. Springer. 2014. p. 628. 3420:. Springer. 2020. p. 695. 3343:10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0_10097 3337:. Springer. 2009. p. 405. 3335:Dictionary of Gems and Gemology 3283:10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0_16699 3277:. Springer. 2009. p. 661. 3275:Dictionary of Gems and Gemology 3189:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.02.015 2551:10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_30757 2545:. Springer. 2021. p. 304. 2051:Bowes, D. R. (1989). "Tephra". 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1506: 1503:Sediments deposited by gravity. 1497: 1488: 1479: 1211:Holocene and fumarolic activity 774:Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex 338:Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex 266:Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex 202:San Pablo de Lípez Municipality 188:Location of Uturunku in Bolivia 6619:Volcanoes of Potosí Department 6265:"Plan de Desarrollo Municipal" 5178:Henderson & Pritchard 2013 5028:Henderson & Pritchard 2013 4835:. Springer. pp. 581–585. 4791:Henderson & Pritchard 2013 4660:Henderson & Pritchard 2017 3979:Henderson & Pritchard 2017 3636:10.1080/03736245.1971.10559484 3426:10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_2806 3129:. Springer. 2020. p. 51. 2811:Henderson & Pritchard 2013 1997:. A Survey of Andean Ascents. 1991:"Part II. Chile and Argentina" 1738:10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_2251 1682:10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1142 1470: 1461: 838:mya old) and Pastos Grandes (3 321:. It bears traces of a former 13: 1: 4841:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_127 3875:10.1080/01431161.2017.1371868 3716:Schäbitz & Liebricht 1999 3135:10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_200 2747:"Fluvial Depositional System" 2668:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_913 1796:Schäbitz & Liebricht 1999 1626: 1494:Sediments deposited by water. 1344: 1107:and the region became drier. 1038: 897:Composition and magma genesis 826:Within the last two mya, the 336:The volcano rises within the 71:6,008 metres (19,711 ft) 6639:Six-thousanders of the Andes 6629:Potentially active volcanoes 5557:Geophysical Research Letters 4409:10.1016/0377-0273(77)90016-6 4162:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.07.025 3169:Marine and Petroleum Geology 2503:10.1007/978-1-4020-3995-9_30 2495:Encyclopedia of Soil Science 2140:1999 American Alpine Journal 1444:List of volcanoes in Bolivia 1043:Modern Uturuncu features no 809:Volcanic Explosivity Indexes 459: 358:Altiplano–Puna magmatic body 94:List of mountains in Bolivia 7: 6634:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 6463:American Journal of Science 5408:10.1016/j.yqres.2014.02.002 4083:10.3112/erdkunde.1963.03.03 2759:10.1007/978-3-319-70335-0_9 1989:Echevarría, Evelio (1963). 1432: 594: 398:, southeast of the town of 382:Geography and geomorphology 10: 6655: 6624:Stratovolcanoes of Bolivia 5981:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.060 5940:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.03.026 5707:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117268 5326: 4977:10.2113/gselements.13.1.17 4827:Ernst, Richard E. (2015). 4528:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 4065:Kessler, Albrecht (1963). 3938:Quaternary Science Reviews 2660:Encyclopedia of Entomology 2654:Capinera, John L. (2008). 1405: 1025:fractional crystallization 589: 402:and just northeast of the 31: 6185:10.1007/s00410-014-0980-z 5764:10.1007/s00445-011-0568-7 3681:10.1007/3-540-31060-6_316 3500:"Gravity differentiation" 2164:"Stop 6: Volcán Uturuncu" 2063:10.1007/0-387-30845-8_238 1419:and the 1600 eruption of 1284:Recent unrest and threats 854:mya old) is more sparse. 286: 281: 271: 259: 247: 235: 230: 216: 197: 166: 161: 151: 143: 138: 99: 87: 75: 65: 60: 48: 43: 6235:10.1093/petrology/egu005 5276:Dowler, Kenneth (2022). 4589:Maher & Kendall 2018 3418:Dictionary of Geotourism 3127:Dictionary of Geotourism 3081:Maher & Kendall 2018 3028:Maher & Kendall 2018 2298:, Atractivos turísticos. 2262:Walter & Motagh 2014 2203:Global Volcanism Program 1730:Dictionary of Geotourism 1674:Dictionary of Geotourism 1454: 670: 27:Stratovolcano in Bolivia 6589:Wilken, Thomas (2017). 5973:2018E&PSL.495...38M 5932:2018E&PSL.491...43L 5744:Bulletin of Volcanology 5698:2022E&PSL.57717268H 4265:10.5194/cp-11-1139-2015 2208:Smithsonian Institution 2172:Oregon State University 1995:American Alpine Journal 1836:, Mapa: Área protegida. 1619:Intruded volcanic rock. 1105:Bolling–Allerod warming 3802:10.1126/sciadv.aar2514 1251:and larger amounts of 1235: 1111:Climate and vegetation 811:of 8 at Cerro Guacha, 578:that are used to keep 421: 6439:University of Bamberg 5317:Salisbury et al. 2011 5088:Pritchard et al. 2018 5040:Pritchard et al. 2018 4565:Pritchard et al. 2018 4185:, Vegetación y Flora. 4017:10.1089/ast.2018.1816 3045:Pritchard et al. 2018 2891:Salisbury et al. 2011 2862:Salisbury et al. 2011 2326:Pritchard et al. 2018 2039:Pritchard et al. 2018 1376:2010 Maule earthquake 1234:Fumaroles on Uturuncu 1233: 901:Uturuncu has erupted 617:Central Volcanic Zone 572:anastomosing channels 386:Uturuncu lies in the 123:22.27000°S 67.18000°W 6214:Journal of Petrology 5577:10.1029/2022GL099487 5231:Kukarina et al. 2017 5214:Kukarina et al. 2017 5202:Kukarina et al. 2017 5154:McFarlin et al. 2018 4437:Kukarina et al. 2017 2962:Kukarina et al. 2017 2656:"Diatomaceous Earth" 2376:McFarlin et al. 2018 1070:last glacial maximum 609:South American Plate 390:municipality of the 128:-22.27000; -67.18000 6552:2014GeoJI.198..462W 6475:2008AmJS..308..727S 6410:2011GSAB..123..821S 6348:2018Geosp..14..954P 6312:2016Geosp..12.1078P 6226:2014JPet...55..749M 6177:2014CoMP..167..980M 6120:2015GSLSP.422...57M 6071:2021JVGR..41507241M 6036:2018Geosp..14...50M 5901:2017Geosp..13.1855K 5866:2016Geosp..12.1054K 5805:2013GSLSP.380..161J 5756:2012BVol...74..817J 5663:2017Geosp..13.1834H 5628:2013GGG....14.1358H 5569:2022GeoRL..4999487G 5534:2023Geosp..19..370E 5493:2015Geo....43..243C 5461:2016Geosp..12.1391C 5400:2014QuRes..82..209B 5388:Quaternary Research 5076:Perkins et al. 2016 5064:Perkins et al. 2016 4969:2017Eleme..13...17B 4755:Perkins et al. 2016 4628:Perkins et al. 2016 4540:2003AGUFM.V51J0405M 4401:1977JVGR....2...73K 4256:2015CliPa..11.1139M 4244:Climate of the Past 4154:2009PPP...281..296S 4009:2018AsBio..18.1435H 3950:2015QSRv..128...98W 3923:Perkins et al. 2016 3867:2017IJRS...38.7101V 3841:Alcalá-Reygosa 2017 3794:2018SciA....4.2514M 3628:1971SAfGJ..53...53H 3181:2018MarPG..92..128H 2903:Perkins et al. 2016 2718:Perkins et al. 2016 2642:Perkins et al. 2016 2615:Perkins et al. 2016 2603:Perkins et al. 2016 2178:on 17 December 2019 1893:Alcalá-Reygosa 2017 1382:Tomographic studies 1274:hydrothermal system 819:and Vilama. Over 50 793:composite volcanoes 705:(8.41 mya old) and 560:Rio Grande de Lípez 513:explosive eruptions 473:with remnants of a 408:Cordillera de Lípez 225:Cordillera de Lípez 144:English translation 119: / 6561:10.1093/gji/ggu080 6483:10.2475/06.2008.01 6357:10.1130/GES01578.1 6321:10.1130/GES01278.1 6045:10.1130/GES01560.1 5910:10.1130/GES01403.1 5875:10.1130/GES01258.1 5672:10.1130/GES01203.1 5637:10.1002/ggge.20074 5543:10.1130/GES02520.1 5470:10.1130/GES01277.1 5250:The New York Times 5190:Comeau et al. 2015 5130:Hudson et al. 2022 4879:Comeau et al. 2015 4728:Sparks et al. 2008 4677:Sparks et al. 2008 4482:10.1007/BF00747613 4375:Sparks et al. 2008 4316:Sparks et al. 2008 3562:Sparks et al. 2008 3487:Sparks et al. 2008 3472:Sparks et al. 2008 3401:Sparks et al. 2008 3318:Sparks et al. 2008 3210:Sparks et al. 2008 3011:Comeau et al. 2015 2935:Sparks et al. 2008 2828:Sparks et al. 2008 2359:Sparks et al. 2008 2243:Sparks et al. 2008 1881:Hudson et al. 2022 1657:Sparks et al. 2008 1439:Geology of Bolivia 1236: 1167:to 250,000 ± 5,000 1161:argon-argon dating 1049:glacial striations 677:Western Cordillera 552:diatomaceous earth 477:, and consists of 412:ground deformation 388:San Pablo de Lípez 307:Sur Lípez Province 277:250,000 years ago. 206:Sur Lípez Province 61:Highest point 6600:978-3-7633-4365-2 5366:10.18172/cig.3231 4925:978-3-642-41714-6 4850:978-1-4614-3134-3 4829:"Diapir (Mantle)" 4779:Eiden et al. 2023 4767:Eiden et al. 2023 4716:Eiden et al. 2023 4003:(11): 1435–1459. 3911:Blard et al. 2014 3896:Blard et al. 2014 3733:Blard et al. 2014 3690:978-3-540-31060-0 3521:978-3-642-41714-6 3435:978-981-13-2538-0 3352:978-3-540-72816-0 3292:978-3-540-72816-0 3244:978-3-642-41714-6 3144:978-981-13-2538-0 2768:978-3-319-70335-0 2677:978-1-4020-6242-1 2560:978-3-030-58291-3 2512:978-1-4020-3994-2 2423:, pp. 60–61. 2149:978-1-933056-46-3 2072:978-0-387-30845-6 1819:Blard et al. 2014 1747:978-981-13-2537-3 1691:978-981-13-2538-0 1411:1815 eruption of 1057:roches moutonnées 875:continental crust 394:area of southern 296: 295: 210:Potosí Department 16:(Redirected from 6646: 6604: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6563: 6530: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6460: 6450: 6429: 6418:10.1130/B30280.1 6404:(5–6): 821–840. 6391: 6389: 6387: 6371: 6369: 6359: 6325: 6323: 6306:(4): 1078–1096. 6290: 6288: 6286: 6280: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6237: 6204: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6098: 6049: 6047: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5992: 5951: 5914: 5912: 5895:(6): 1855–1866. 5879: 5877: 5860:(4): 1054–1077. 5844: 5842: 5840: 5783: 5737: 5719: 5709: 5676: 5674: 5657:(6): 1834–1854. 5641: 5639: 5622:(5): 1358–1374. 5606: 5588: 5547: 5545: 5512: 5501:10.1130/G36258.1 5474: 5472: 5455:(5): 1391–1421. 5439: 5437: 5435: 5378: 5368: 5343: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5293: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5052:Kern et al. 2016 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4988: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4803:Muir et al. 2014 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4680: 4674: 4663: 4657: 4646: 4640: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4421: 4420: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4361: 4358:Muir et al. 2015 4355: 4349: 4346:Muir et al. 2015 4343: 4334: 4328: 4319: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4277: 4267: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4136: 4130: 4129:, Biodiversidad. 4124: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4041: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3821: 3782:Science Advances 3772: 3763: 3762: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3607: 3601: 3598:Muir et al. 2015 3595: 3589: 3586:Muir et al. 2014 3583: 3577: 3574:Muir et al. 2015 3571: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3547:Muir et al. 2014 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3386:Muir et al. 2014 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3098:Muir et al. 2014 3095: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3069:Kern et al. 2016 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3031: 3025: 3014: 3008: 2997: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2947:Muir et al. 2014 2944: 2938: 2932: 2921: 2915: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2879:Muir et al. 2014 2876: 2865: 2859: 2850: 2844: 2831: 2825: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2799:Muir et al. 2015 2796: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2721: 2715: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2487: 2481: 2478:Muir et al. 2014 2475: 2469: 2466:Muir et al. 2015 2463: 2448: 2445:Muir et al. 2015 2442: 2436: 2433:Muir et al. 2015 2430: 2424: 2421:Muir et al. 2015 2418: 2412: 2409:Muir et al. 2015 2406: 2391: 2388:Muir et al. 2015 2385: 2379: 2373: 2362: 2356: 2329: 2323: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2293: 2284: 2281:Muir et al. 2015 2278: 2265: 2259: 2246: 2240: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2174:. Archived from 2160: 2154: 2153: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1947: 1946: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1869: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1837: 1831: 1822: 1816: 1799: 1793: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1367: 1300: 1253:hydrogen sulfide 1218: 1205: 1201: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1147:Eruption history 1098: 1093:Heinrich event 1 1086: 1075: 888: 886: 872: 870: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 822: 802: 800: 723: 719: 615:, including the 534:Lakes and rivers 509:pyroclastic flow 506: 502: 495: 444:million tons of 443: 431:Quechua language 424: 351: 349: 320: 220: 183: 182: 176: 152:Language of name 134: 133: 131: 130: 129: 124: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 53: 41: 40: 21: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6601: 6579: 6577: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6458: 6385: 6383: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6267: 6253: 6251: 6153: 6151: 6128:10.1144/SP422.1 6008: 6006: 5838: 5836: 5813:10.1144/SP380.1 5433: 5431: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5241: 5237: 5233:, p. 1864. 5229: 5220: 5216:, p. 1861. 5212: 5208: 5204:, p. 1860. 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5180:, p. 1366. 5176: 5172: 5166:Jay et al. 2012 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5142:Jay et al. 2012 5140: 5136: 5128: 5121: 5115:Jay et al. 2012 5113: 5109: 5103:Jay et al. 2012 5101: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5078:, p. 1095. 5074: 5070: 5066:, p. 1089. 5062: 5058: 5054:, p. 1057. 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5030:, p. 1363. 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4926: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4851: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4793:, p. 1359. 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4757:, p. 1080. 4753: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4666: 4662:, p. 1834. 4658: 4649: 4641: 4634: 4630:, p. 1078. 4626: 4622: 4618:, p. 1409. 4614: 4610: 4604:Jay et al. 2012 4602: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4553:Jay et al. 2013 4551: 4547: 4524: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4462: 4458: 4452:Jay et al. 2013 4450: 4443: 4439:, p. 1856. 4435: 4424: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4331:Jay et al. 2012 4329: 4322: 4314: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4063: 4059: 4045: 4043: 4039: 3989: 3985: 3981:, p. 1843. 3977: 3973: 3933: 3929: 3925:, p. 1088. 3921: 3917: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3773: 3766: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3691: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3522: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3293: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3245: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3164: 3160: 3145: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071:, p. 1058. 3067: 3063: 3059:, p. 1394. 3055: 3051: 3043: 3034: 3026: 3017: 3009: 3000: 2994:Jay et al. 2012 2992: 2985: 2977: 2968: 2964:, p. 1855. 2960: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2924: 2918:Jay et al. 2012 2916: 2909: 2905:, p. 1090. 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2868: 2860: 2853: 2849:, p. 1391. 2845: 2834: 2826: 2817: 2813:, p. 1358. 2809: 2805: 2797: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2769: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2724: 2720:, p. 1084. 2716: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2678: 2652: 2648: 2644:, p. 1086. 2640: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2617:, p. 1082. 2613: 2609: 2605:, p. 1081. 2601: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2561: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2513: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2365: 2357: 2332: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2268: 2260: 2249: 2241: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2110: 2106: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2073: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1950: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1872: 1864: 1857: 1849: 1840: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1802: 1794: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1748: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1692: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1599:silicon dioxide 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1435: 1408: 1387:Magnetotelluric 1384: 1366: 1347: 1298: 1286: 1216: 1213: 1203: 1199: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1141:climate records 1113: 1096: 1084: 1073: 1041: 968:, and define a 899: 884: 882: 868: 866: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 828:Laguna Colorada 820: 798: 796: 754: 721: 717: 698:in dimension. 673: 597: 592: 536: 504: 500: 493: 462: 441: 384: 347: 345: 318: 303:dormant volcano 218: 193: 192: 191: 190: 189: 186: 185: 184: 127: 125: 121: 118: 113: 110: 108: 106: 105: 56: 37: 34:Uturunku (Peru) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6606: 6605: 6599: 6586: 6546:(1): 462–473. 6531: 6518: 6469:(6): 727–769. 6451: 6430: 6392: 6372: 6342:(3): 954–982. 6326: 6291: 6274:(in Spanish). 6260: 6220:(4): 749–767. 6205: 6160: 6099: 6050: 6015: 5952: 5915: 5880: 5845: 5799:(1): 161–185. 5784: 5750:(4): 817–837. 5738: 5677: 5642: 5607: 5548: 5528:(2): 370–382. 5513: 5487:(3): 243–246. 5475: 5440: 5394:(1): 209–221. 5379: 5359:(2): 649–666. 5344: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319:, p. 835. 5309: 5288: 5268: 5235: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5192:, p. 244. 5182: 5170: 5168:, p. 830. 5158: 5146: 5144:, p. 824. 5134: 5119: 5117:, p. 821. 5107: 5105:, p. 820. 5092: 5090:, p. 969. 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5042:, p. 955. 5032: 5020: 4943: 4924: 4895: 4883: 4881:, p. 245. 4868: 4849: 4819: 4807: 4805:, p. 765. 4795: 4783: 4781:, p. 375. 4771: 4769:, p. 379. 4759: 4747: 4732: 4730:, p. 743. 4720: 4718:, p. 371. 4708: 4696: 4681: 4679:, p. 745. 4664: 4647: 4632: 4620: 4608: 4606:, p. 835. 4593: 4581: 4579:, p. 267. 4569: 4567:, p. 971. 4557: 4555:, p. 164. 4545: 4515: 4456: 4454:, p. 169. 4441: 4422: 4379: 4377:, p. 765. 4362: 4350: 4335: 4333:, p. 817. 4320: 4318:, p. 740. 4301: 4230: 4203:(in Spanish). 4187: 4175: 4131: 4116: 4057: 3983: 3971: 3927: 3915: 3913:, p. 219. 3900: 3898:, p. 216. 3888: 3845: 3843:, p. 652. 3833: 3764: 3737: 3735:, p. 211. 3720: 3718:, p. 113. 3708: 3689: 3661: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3564:, p. 764. 3551: 3539: 3520: 3491: 3489:, p. 763. 3476: 3474:, p. 760. 3461: 3434: 3405: 3403:, p. 749. 3390: 3378: 3351: 3322: 3320:, p. 752. 3310: 3291: 3262: 3243: 3214: 3212:, p. 732. 3202: 3158: 3143: 3114: 3102: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3047:, p. 958. 3032: 3015: 3013:, p. 243. 2998: 2996:, p. 818. 2983: 2966: 2951: 2949:, p. 749. 2939: 2937:, p. 730. 2922: 2920:, p. 829. 2907: 2895: 2893:, p. 832. 2883: 2881:, p. 750. 2866: 2864:, p. 822. 2851: 2832: 2830:, p. 729. 2815: 2803: 2786: 2767: 2737: 2735:, p. 128. 2722: 2707: 2705:, p. 135. 2695: 2676: 2646: 2631: 2629:, p. 201. 2619: 2607: 2586: 2559: 2530: 2511: 2482: 2470: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2392: 2380: 2363: 2361:, p. 731. 2330: 2328:, p. 972. 2315: 2300: 2285: 2266: 2264:, p. 464. 2247: 2245:, p. 737. 2220: 2189: 2155: 2148: 2131: 2129:, p. 256. 2119: 2104: 2071: 2043: 2041:, p. 976. 2024: 2022:, p. 122. 2012: 1981: 1969: 1967:, p. 131. 1948: 1919:10.1086/464153 1897: 1895:, p. 661. 1885: 1870: 1868:, p. 129. 1855: 1838: 1823: 1821:, p. 210. 1800: 1798:, p. 109. 1785: 1773: 1746: 1717: 1690: 1661: 1659:, p. 728. 1631: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1407: 1404: 1383: 1380: 1364: 1355:seismic swarms 1346: 1343: 1285: 1282: 1257:sulfur dioxide 1245:carbon dioxide 1212: 1209: 1200:0.1–10 km 1148: 1145: 1121:freezing level 1112: 1109: 1040: 1037: 980:consisting of 898: 895: 817:Pastos Grandes 805:supereruptions 787:, Bolivia and 770:Andean Orogeny 762:Farallon Plate 753: 750: 672: 669: 596: 593: 591: 588: 564:Salar de Uyuni 550:, deposits of 548:Beach terraces 540:Laguna Celeste 535: 532: 461: 458: 383: 380: 294: 293: 290: 284: 283: 279: 278: 275: 269: 268: 263: 261:Volcanic field 257: 256: 251: 245: 244: 239: 233: 232: 228: 227: 222: 214: 213: 199: 195: 194: 187: 178: 177: 171: 170: 169: 168: 167: 164: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 136: 135: 103: 97: 96: 91: 85: 84: 79: 73: 72: 69: 63: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6651: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5338:(in German). 5337: 5332: 5331: 5318: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5291: 5289:9780367757526 5285: 5281: 5280: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5156:, p. 52. 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5132:, p. 11. 5131: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4893:, p. 11. 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4745:, p. 46. 4744: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4694:, p. 45. 4693: 4688: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4591:, p. 47. 4590: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4534:: V51J–0405. 4533: 4529: 4522: 4520: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4360:, p. 78. 4359: 4354: 4348:, p. 62. 4347: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749:(in German). 3748: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3672:Geomorphology 3665: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3600:, p. 74. 3599: 3594: 3588:, p. 16. 3587: 3582: 3576:, p. 80. 3575: 3570: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3549:, p. 20. 3548: 3543: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223:"Porphyritic" 3218: 3211: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3083:, p. 38. 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3030:, p. 39. 3029: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2981:, p. 43. 2980: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2807: 2801:, p. 59. 2800: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2468:, p. 65. 2467: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2447:, p. 76. 2446: 2441: 2435:, p. 70. 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2411:, p. 71. 2410: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2390:, p. 61. 2389: 2384: 2378:, p. 50. 2377: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2313:, p. 69. 2312: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2283:, p. 60. 2282: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:Volcano World 2165: 2159: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2021: 2016: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1979:, p. 55. 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1853:, p. 68. 1852: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1616: 1607: 1600: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1515: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1426:Salt and Fire 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:Mount Tambora 1403: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1281: 1279: 1278:magma chamber 1275: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1208: 1197: 1192: 1162: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1090: 1081: 1079: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994:country rocks 991: 987: 986:igneous rocks 983: 979: 975: 974:calc-alkaline 971: 967: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:orthopyroxene 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:clinopyroxene 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 894: 892: 880: 876: 863: 860: 855: 833: 829: 824: 818: 814: 810: 806: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 728: 727:Cerro Panizos 714: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 690: 686: 682: 678: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 599:The eastward 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 531: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 497: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 471:stratovolcano 468: 457: 455: 451: 447: 439: 434: 432: 428: 423: 418: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 379: 377: 376:supervolcanic 373: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 319:50–85 km 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 291: 289: 285: 280: 276: 274: 273:Last eruption 270: 267: 264: 262: 258: 255: 254:Stratovolcano 252: 250: 249:Mountain type 246: 243: 240: 238: 234: 229: 226: 223: 221: 215: 211: 207: 203: 200: 196: 175: 165: 160: 157: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 132: 104: 102: 98: 95: 92: 90: 86: 83: 80: 78: 74: 70: 68: 64: 59: 52: 47: 42: 39: 35: 30: 19: 6590: 6578:. Retrieved 6543: 6539: 6527:Google Books 6522: 6510:. Retrieved 6466: 6462: 6434: 6401: 6398:GSA Bulletin 6397: 6384:. Retrieved 6339: 6335: 6303: 6299: 6283:. Retrieved 6271: 6252:. Retrieved 6217: 6213: 6168: 6164: 6152:. Retrieved 6114:(1): 57–83. 6111: 6107: 6062: 6058: 6030:(1): 50–64. 6027: 6023: 6007:. Retrieved 5964: 5960: 5923: 5919: 5892: 5888: 5857: 5853: 5837:. Retrieved 5796: 5792: 5747: 5743: 5689: 5685: 5654: 5650: 5619: 5615: 5560: 5556: 5525: 5521: 5484: 5480: 5452: 5448: 5432:. Retrieved 5391: 5387: 5356: 5352: 5339: 5335: 5312: 5278: 5271: 5259:. Retrieved 5248: 5238: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5173: 5161: 5149: 5137: 5110: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011:. Retrieved 4960: 4956: 4946: 4934:. Retrieved 4907: 4898: 4886: 4859:. Retrieved 4832: 4822: 4817:, p. 9. 4810: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4723: 4711: 4706:, p. 3. 4699: 4645:, p. 1. 4623: 4611: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4531: 4527: 4506:. Retrieved 4473: 4469: 4459: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4353: 4292:. Retrieved 4247: 4243: 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4204: 4200: 4190: 4178: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4107:. Retrieved 4077:(3/4): 168. 4074: 4070: 4060: 4052:ResearchGate 4050:– via 4044:. Retrieved 4000: 3997:Astrobiology 3996: 3986: 3974: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3918: 3891: 3861:(23): 7106. 3858: 3854: 3848: 3836: 3785: 3781: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3711: 3699:. Retrieved 3671: 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3619: 3615: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3542: 3530:. Retrieved 3503: 3494: 3452:. Retrieved 3417: 3408: 3388:, p. 5. 3381: 3369:. Retrieved 3334: 3331:"Groundmass" 3325: 3313: 3301:. Retrieved 3274: 3271:"Phenocryst" 3265: 3253:. Retrieved 3226: 3217: 3205: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3126: 3117: 3112:, p. 2. 3105: 3100:, p. 2. 3076: 3064: 3052: 2942: 2898: 2886: 2806: 2777:. Retrieved 2750: 2740: 2733:Ahlfeld 1956 2703:Ahlfeld 1956 2698: 2686:. Retrieved 2659: 2649: 2622: 2610: 2577:. Retrieved 2542: 2533: 2521:. Retrieved 2494: 2485: 2480:, p. 3. 2473: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2383: 2211:. Retrieved 2201: 2192: 2180:. Retrieved 2176:the original 2167: 2158: 2139: 2134: 2122: 2114:Google Books 2107: 2081:. Retrieved 2053: 2046: 2015: 2003:. Retrieved 1994: 1984: 1972: 1965:Ahlfeld 1956 1910: 1906: 1900: 1888: 1883:, p. 1. 1866:Ahlfeld 1956 1783:, p. 4. 1776: 1764:. Retrieved 1729: 1720: 1708:. Retrieved 1673: 1670:"Ignimbrite" 1664: 1615: 1606: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1424: 1421:Huaynaputina 1409: 1396: 1391:volcanic arc 1385: 1348: 1339: 1326: 1310: 1306:hydrothermal 1303: 1287: 1266: 1261:silification 1237: 1214: 1193: 1150: 1131: 1129: 1114: 1082: 1066: 1042: 1018: 913:and contain 905:(as well as 900: 856: 825: 778: 755: 715: 700: 692:high plateau 674: 629:Aucanquilcha 607:beneath the 598: 537: 498: 487: 463: 435: 385: 366: 335: 298: 297: 288:First ascent 219:Parent range 38: 29: 6580:19 November 6512:18 November 6386:22 November 6254:19 November 6154:20 November 6009:24 February 5839:20 November 5434:20 November 5013:24 February 4294:23 February 4275:11336/81185 4250:(9): 1141. 4207:(1): 1853. 4109:23 February 3654:23 February 2539:"Colluvium" 2311:Wilken 2017 2213:22 November 2182:22 November 1851:Wilken 2017 1449:Mount Nelly 1299:0.4 km 1221:postglacial 949:along with 943:plagioclase 915:phenocrysts 911:porphyritic 766:Cocos Plate 734:Cerro Lípez 625:Olca-Paruma 621:Irruputuncu 605:Nazca Plate 554:and former 517:Pleistocene 419:. The term 415:history of 354:ignimbrites 327:Pleistocene 242:Pleistocene 237:Age of rock 126: / 101:Coordinates 77:Parent peak 6613:Categories 6171:(3): 980. 6065:: 107241. 5692:: 117268. 4476:(6): 987. 4223:3 December 4148:(3): 298. 3414:"Xenolith" 2491:"Alluvium" 2198:"Uturuncu" 1627:References 1399:tomography 1345:Seismicity 1089:Lake Tauca 1062:glaciology 1039:Glaciation 1014:sandstones 1010:limestones 966:groundmass 927:hornblende 795:and about 746:lineaments 738:Suni K'ira 685:Quaternary 665:Acamarachi 653:Licancabur 649:Sairecabur 601:subduction 556:shorelines 505:50 km 501:85 km 483:lava flows 479:lava domes 417:glaciation 360:, a large 323:glaciation 315:lava flows 311:lava domes 114:67°10′48″W 111:22°16′12″S 82:Acamarachi 6570:0956-540X 6499:130099527 6491:0002-9599 6447:602709757 6426:0016-7606 6336:Geosphere 6300:Geosphere 6244:0022-3530 6201:128414687 6193:1432-0967 6144:128268642 6136:0305-8719 6095:233639853 6087:0377-0273 6024:Geosphere 5999:0012-821X 5967:: 38–49. 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