V. S. Ramachandran

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only 15 studies whose scientific results should be considered. From these 15 studies, the reviewers concluded that "MT seems to be effective in relieving PLP, reducing the intensity and duration of daily pain episodes. It is a valid, simple, and inexpensive treatment for PLP." Similarly, a 2017 review that studied a wider range of uses for mirror therapy, concluded, "Mirror therapy has been used to treat phantom limb pain, complex regional pain syndrome, neuropathy and low back pain. The mechanism of action of mirror therapy remains uncertain, and the evidence for clinical efficacy of mirror therapy is encouraging, but not yet definitive."

56: 719:(lack of limb ownership), the authors speculated that the desire for amputation could be related to changes in the right parietal lobe. In 2011, McGeoch, Brang and Ramachandran reported a functional imaging experiment involving four subjects who desired lower limb amputations. MEG scans demonstrated that their right superior parietal lobules were significantly less active in response to tactile stimulation of a limb that the subjects wished to have amputated, as compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The authors introduced the word 4939: 4255: 4285: 4295: 662: 4275: 4951: 4265: 4497: 997: 573:

Ramachandran found that in some cases restoring movement to a paralyzed phantom limb reduced the pain experienced. In 1999 Ramachandran and Eric Altschuler expanded the mirror technique from amputees to improving the muscle control of stroke patients with weakened limbs. As Deconick et al. state in a

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in 1983. He became a full professor there in 1988. He currently holds the rank of distinguished professor in the UCSD Psychology Department, and is the director of its Center for Brain and Cognition, where he works with graduate students and researchers from UCSD and elsewhere on emerging theories in

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activity might be responsible for some of the symptoms and signs of autism spectrum disorders. Between 2000 and 2006 Ramachandran and his colleagues at UC San Diego published a number of articles in support of this theory, which became known as the "Broken Mirrors" theory of autism. Ramachandran and

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Despite the introduction of mirror therapy in the late 1990s, little research was published on it before 2009, and much of the research since then has been of contested quality. Out of 115 publications between 2012 and 2017 about using mirror therapy to treat phantom limb pain, a 2018 review, found

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It is unsurprising that with an amputation that such an intricate highway of information transport to and from the periphery may have the potential for problematic neurologic developments...Although phantom limb sensation has already been described and proposed by French military surgeon Ambroise

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They put their surviving arm through a hole in the side of a box with a mirror inside, so that, peering through the open top, they would see their arm and its mirror image, as if they had two arms. Ramachandran then asked them to move both their intact arm and, in their mind, their phantom arm—to

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I suggested that in addition to providing a neural substrate for figuring out another persons intentions...the emergence and subsequent sophistication of mirror neurons in hominids may have played a crucial role in many quintessentially human abilities such as empathy, learning through imitation

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In 1991, Ramachandran was inspired by Tim Pons's research on cortical plasticity. Pons demonstrated cortical reorganization in monkeys after the amputation of a finger. Ramachandran was one of the first researchers to recognize the potential of neuroimaging technology to demonstrate the plastic

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The mirror treatment, by contrast, targets the deranged sensor system itself. It essentially takes a misfiring sensor—a warning system functioning under an illusion that something is terribly wrong out in the world it monitors—and feeds it an alternate set of signals that calm it down. The new

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In 2000, Ramachandran made what he called some "purely speculative conjectures" that "mirror neurons will do for psychology what DNA did for biology: they will provide a unifying framework and help explain a host of mental abilities that have hitherto remained mysterious and inaccessible to

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Intuition is what gets you started; then you need empirical studies... brain-imaging technology often lulls you into a false sense of having understood what's going on. So sometimes, not having technology - that's my own approach and that of some of my colleagues, we use it only when it's

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Currently, the most commonly posited CNS theory is the cortical remapping theory (CRT), in which the brain is believed to respond to limb loss by reorganizing somatosensory maps (16)... Debate still remains over the cause and maintaining factors of both phantom limbs and the associated

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Up to the 26th November 2015, 85 articles were retrieved on the Medline, Cochrane and Embase databases with using the keywords phantom limb and mirror therapy. It was noted that from 2009, the number of articles increased markedly (Fig. 1), showing increased interest in MT following

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It is a valid, simple, and inexpensive treatment for PLP. The methodological quality of most publications in this field is very limited, highlighting the need for additional, high-quality studies to develop clinical protocols that could maximise the benefits of MT for patients with

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As a child, he was obsessed with magic tricks and illusions. So I think it's no coincidence that the insight that made his name in science is his work using mirrors to alleviate phantom-limb pain, the excruciating, unremitting agony that many amputees feel in their missing

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Ramachandran has encountered skepticism about some of his theories. Ramachandran has responded, "I have—for better or worse—roamed the whole landscape of visual perception, stereopsis, phantom limbs, denial of paralysis, Capgras syndrome, synaesthesia, and many others."

434:. Ramachandran has served as a consultant to the Modius company which is developing weight reduction technology that relies on electrically stimulating parts of the brain that control weight loss. Ramachandran is collaborating with Indian doctors doing research on 3312:

Oberman, Lindsay M.; McCleery, Joseph P.; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S.; Pineda, Jaime A. (2006). "EEG evidence for mirror neuron activity during the observation of human and robot actions: Toward an analysis of the human qualities of interactive robots".

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Later researchers found that non-painful phantom limbs correlated less with motor or somatosensory plasticity than painful phantom limbs. Recent research has also shown that the peripheral nervous system is involved in painful phantom limb phenomena.

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Because these neurons appeared to be involved in abilities such as empathy and the perception of another individuals intentions, it seemed logical to hypothesize that a dysfunction of the mirror neuron system could result in some of the symptoms of

564:(processing body sensations such as touch and limb position) says the limb is still there. The so-called mirror box was a simple apparatus that uses a mirror reflecting an amputee's good arm so it appears to be the extension of the one missing: 684:

in synesthetes compared to non-synesthetes. Ramachandran has speculated that conceptual metaphors may also have a neurological basis in cortical cross-activation. As of 2015, the neurological basis of synesthesia had not been established.

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Fitch, W. Tecumseh (2016). "The Myth of Mirror Neurons: The Real Neuroscience of Communication and Cognition. By Gregory Hickok. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. $ 26.95. Ix + 292 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-0-393-08961-5. 2014".

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Use of the mirror may also help recruit the premotor cortex to help with motor rehabilitation...On a number of neurological and psychological levels, mirror therapy may help to reverse elements of learned disuse of the affected

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Ramachandran was one of the first scientists to theorize that grapheme-color synesthesia arises from a cross-activation between brain regions. Ramachandran and his graduate student, Ed Hubbard, conducted research with

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Ramachandran has suggested that research into the role of mirror neurons could help explain a variety of human mental capacities such as empathy, imitation learning, and the evolution of language. In a 2001 essay for

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Oberman, Lindsay M; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S (2007). "The simulating social mind: The role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders".

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In 1991, he became interested in the work of Tim Pons, a neuroscientist at the National Institute of Mental Health, who had been investigating the ability of neurons in the sensory cortex to adapt to change.

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Oberman, Lindsay M; Hubbard, Edward M; McCleery, Joseph P; Altschuler, Eric L; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S; Pineda, Jaime A (2005). "EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders".

272:, which is now widely used for reducing phantom pains (and eliminating phantom sensations altogether in long term), and also for helping to restore motor control in stroke victims with weakened limbs. 806:

of Great Britain, where he also gave a Friday evening discourse (joining the ranks of Michael Faraday, Thomas Huxley, Humphry Davy and others.) His other honours and awards include fellowships from

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Based on the current studies, we suggest a multilayer neural network model including the MNS on a first layer and transforming this information to a higher layer network responsible for reasoning

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Ramachandran's scientific work can be divided into two phases. From the early 1970s until the late 1980s, Ramachandran's work focused almost exclusively on human visual processing, especially on

617:(rather than trial and error), and the rapid transmission of what we call "culture". (And the "great leap forward" — the rapid Lamarckian transmission of "accidental") one-of-a kind inventions. 4989: 3065:

the BBC each year invites a leading figure to deliver a series of lectures on radio. The aim is to advance public understanding and debate about significant issues of contemporary interest.

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Ramachandran theorized that there was a relationship between the cortical reorganization evident in the MEG image and the non-painful referred sensations he had observed in other subjects.

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Reorganization of Motor and Somatosensory Cortex in Upper Extremity Amputees with Phantom Limb Pain, Karl, Birbaumer, Lutzenberger, Cohen, Flor, Journal of Neuroscience 15 May 2001,21(10)

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He has received many honors and awards including a fellowship from All souls college, Oxford, an honorary doctorate from Connecticut college, an honorary doctorate from IIT, Madras...

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Our object has been to take a snapshot of the future, framing some of the personalities whose creativity or talent or brains or leadership will make a difference in the years ahead.

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We realized that MEG studies could also be useful in determining whether remapping effects of the kind reported in monkeys would also be seen in human patients following amputation.

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absolutely essential, just like medical diagnostics. We rely more on intuition in doing simple experiments, because if you rely on fancy medical imaging, you become less creative.

810:, Oxford, and from Stanford University (Hilgard Visiting Professor); the Presidential Lecture Award from the American Academy of Neurology, two honorary doctorates, the annual 1542:

Yang, T. T; Gallen, C. C; Ramachandran, V. S; Cobb, S; Schwartz, B. J; Bloom, F. E (1994). "Noninvasive detection of cerebral plasticity in adult human somatosensory cortex".

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research, Ramachandran initiated a project to demonstrate that there had been measurable changes in the somatosensory cortex of a patient who had undergone an arm amputation.

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When an arm or leg is amputated, patients often continue to feel vividly the presence of the missing limb as a "phantom limb" (an average of 80%). Building on earlier work by

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In non-AAN election years, this premier lecture is awarded to a neurologist chosen by the AAN president. In election years the lecture is presented by the outgoing president.

449:, rather than complex brain imaging technologies such as fMRI. Ramachandran has been outspoken about his intuition-based approach to studying the brain. In an interview with 6720: 6680: 5948: 2910:

Hupel, Jean-Michel, Dojat, Michel, A critical review of the neuroimaging literature on synesthesia, Frontiers In Human Neuroscience,2015,9,103, Published online 2015 Mar 3

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Thus I regard Rizzolati's discovery — and my purely speculative conjectures on their key role in our evolution — as the most important unreported story of the last decade.

4982: 1200: 5606: 5817: 295:, and a wide range of other unusual conditions. Ramachandran has also described his work in many public lectures, including lectures for the BBC, and two official 2296: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 5002: 493:. To test this theory, Ramachandran recruited amputees, so that he could learn more about if phantom limbs could "feel" a stimulus to other parts of the body. 6735: 4975: 772:

included him on a list of one hundred "personalities whose creativity or talent or brains or leadership will make a difference in the years ahead." In 2008,

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Two systems for action comprehension in autism:mirroring and mentalizing, Baron-Cohen, Tager-Flusberg & Lombardo, Chapter in Understanding Other Minds

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In 1987, Ramachandran married a fellow scientist who became his frequent co-author as Diane Rogers-Ramachandran. They have two sons, Chandramani and Jaya.

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Ramachandran has served as a consultant in areas such as forensic psychology and the neuroscience of weight reduction. In 2007, Ramachandran served as an

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his colleagues did not measure mirror neuron activity directly; rather they demonstrated that children with ASD showed abnormal EEG responses (known as

758:, a series of radio lectures. Ramachandran's five radio talks on the topic "The Emerging Mind" were afterward published as a book with the same title. 524: 1124: 635:

In 1999, Ramachandran, in collaboration with then post-doctoral fellow Eric Altschuler and colleague Jaime Pineda, hypothesized that a dysfunction of

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neuroscience. As of July 2019, Ramachandran is also a professor in the UCSD Medical School's Neurosciences program. and an adjunct professor at the

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Established in 1954 by the president of India, the Padma Bhushan recognizes distinguished service of a high order to the nation, in any field.

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Taylor, John, Mirror Neurons After a Quarter Century: New light, new cracks, Science In The News (web article)Harvard University,29 Aug 2016

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Ramchandran's speculations about the connection of mirror neurons with empathy have been contested by some authors and supported by others.

6645: 5782: 4859: 2369:"From Neurons to Social Beings: Short Review of the Mirror Neuron System Research and Its Socio-Psychological and Psychiatric Implications" 665:

Synesthetes who experience color when viewing different symbols may quickly identify the presence of the "triangle" in the left-hand image.

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In 2003 he gave the annual BBC Reith Lectures and was the first physician/psychologist to give the lectures since they were begun in 1949.

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Auerbach, Brad, Modius Intends To Buck The Trend Of Weight Loss Solutions With Data-Based Success And FDA Approval, Forbes,16 March 2018,

3784: 1278: 485:(McGill University) and Timothy Pons (NIMH), Ramachandran theorized that there was a link between the phenomenon of phantom limbs and 4125: 346: 115: 6715: 5314: 2965:

McGeoch, P. D; Brang, D; Song, T; Lee, R. R; Huang, M; Ramachandran, V. S (2011). "Xenomelia: A new right parietal lobe syndrome".

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We conclude that new patterns of precisely organized and functionally effective connections can emerge in the adult human brain.

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Hull, Jocelyn V.; Dokovna, Lisa B.; Jacokes, Zachary J.; Torgerson, Carinna M.; Irimia, Andrei; Van Horn, John Darrell (2017).

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Flor, Herta; Nikolajsen, Lone; Staehelin Jensen, Troels (2006). "Phantom limb pain: A case of maladaptive CNS plasticity?".

6730: 5616: 4024: 1204: 650:(2010), Ramachandran states that the evidence for mirror-neuron dysfunction in autism is "compelling but not conclusive." 377: 242: 215: 1111:

Ramachandran V.S., The Making of a Scientist, essay included in Curious Minds:How a Child Becomes a Scientist, page 211

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Yang, Tony T; Gallen, C; Schwartz, B; Bloom, FE; Ramachandran, VS; Cobb, S (1994). "Sensory maps in the human brain".

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In 1992, in collaboration with T.T. Yang, S. Gallen, and others at the Scripps Research Institute who were conducting

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In 2007, the president of India conferred on him the third highest civilian award and honorific title in India, the

237:. He is known for his wide-ranging experiments and theories in behavioral neurology, including the invention of the 694: 408: 156: 1417: 6695: 6154: 5022: 3256: 4278: 4150: 3584: 2258:"MIRROR NEURONS and imitation learning as the driving force behind 'the great leap forward' in human evolution" 1174: 3461: 2295:

Baron-Cohen, Making Sense of the Brain's Mysteries, American Scientist, On-line Book Review, July–August 2011

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of the brain. This rare disorder, in which a person desires the amputation of a limb, was first identified by

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pretend that they were conducting an orchestra, say. The patients had the sense that they had two arms again.

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Brang, David; McGeoch, Paul D; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S (2008). "Apotemnophilia: A neurological disorder".

2281: 299:. Both his scientific research and his popularization of science have been recognized with multiple awards. 5938: 4834: 4655: 4130: 2719:"Social decision making in autism: On the impact of mirror neurons, motor control, and imitative behaviors" 2065:"The effects of mirror therapy on pain and motor control of phantom limb in amputees: A systematic review" 1346: 782:

listed Ramachandran as one of "the most influential people in the world" on the "Time 100 list". Both the

6665: 6456: 5510: 5490: 4874: 3774: 3401: 2016:"Reflections on Mirror Therapy: A Systematic Review of the Effect of Mirror Visual Feedback on the Brain" 1905:

Ramachandran, V. S; Rogers-Ramachandran, D (1996). "Synaesthesia in Phantom Limbs Induced with Mirrors".

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Jarrett, Christian, A Calm Look At The Most Hyped Concept In Neuroscience-Mirror Neurons, Wired,12.13.13,

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The contention that mirror neurons play a role in autism has been extensively discussed and researched.

260:. After early work on human vision, Ramachandran turned to work on wider aspects of neurology including 6265: 6209: 6018: 5530: 5450: 5097: 4401: 4324: 3754: 798:

Ramachandran has received many academic and other honors. For example, from his biography at Edge.org:

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he first saw a fresh human brain as a student at the Stanley Medical College in Chennai in the 1970s.

748: 268:. Ramachandran also performed the world's first "phantom limb amputation" surgeries by inventing the 1290: 6385: 6199: 5565: 5440: 5344: 5258: 4808: 4783: 4708: 4615: 4520: 4416: 3975: 3897: 3892: 3812: 3572: 1430:"'It's All Done With Mirrors': V.S. Ramachandran and the Material Culture of Phantom Limb Research" 574:

2014 review, the mechanism of improved motor control may differ from the mechanism of pain relief.

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In his scientific work, Ramachandran often uses simple equipment, such as mirrors or old-fashioned

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Rizzolatti, Giacomo; Fabbri-Destro, Maddalena (2009). "Mirror neurons: From discovery to autism".

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changes that take place in the human cortex after amputation. Ramachandran then began research on

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Ramachandran, whose father wanted him to become a physician rather than a researcher, obtained an

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Among amputees, 90% suffer from phantom limb pain, which can often cause excruciating discomfort.

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selections were decided by public voting on a longer list of names proposed by the organization.

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included Ramachandran as one of its "World’s Top 100 Public Intellectuals." Similarly, in 2011,

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Mirror therapy: A potential intervention for pain management, Wittkopf, Johnson,2017 Nov;63(11):

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Mirror neurons were first reported in a paper published in 1992 by a team of researchers led by

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In 2005 he was awarded the Henry Dale Medal and elected to an honorary life membership by the

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might be caused by the mismatch between different parts of an amputee's nervous systems: the

431: 277: 245:'s Department of Psychology, where he is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition. 2491:

Ramachandran, Vilayanur S; Oberman, Lindsay M (2006). "Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism".

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Ramachandran, Vilayanur S; Oberman, Lindsay M (2006). "Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism".

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Hubbard, Edward M; Arman, A. Cyrus; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S; Boynton, Geoffrey M (2005).

2580:"Reflecting on the mirror neuron system in autism: A systematic review of current theories" 2500: 1914: 1678: 1633: 762: 561: 450: 253: 248:

After earning a medical degree in India, Ramachandran studied experimental neuroscience at

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Ramachandran subsequently confirmed these results in a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study.

1225: 55: 8: 6566: 6541: 6360: 6335: 6245: 5923: 5772: 5722: 5611: 5515: 5480: 5359: 5203: 5112: 4818: 4718: 4595: 4565: 4550: 4298: 4240: 4223: 3882: 3599: 1874: 909: 739: 646: 630: 597: 395:. Ramachandran began publishing research in this area beginning in 1972, with a paper in 283: 3197: 2911: 2504: 2429: 2324:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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in 1977. Building on medical case studies that linked brain damage to syndromes such as

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Ramachandran, V.S. Author Response, Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Vol. 17, Issue 4, 2012

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to describe this syndrome, which is derived from the Greek for "foreign" and "limb".

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Moyer, Paula (2002). "Focus on 'big Questions' Hearkens to Neurologyʼs Origins".

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does contain a lot of pop on the surface, the overall content is very much Popper

1309: 970: 834: 435: 407:, but later moved on to study a wider range of neurological mysteries, including 231: 5641: 2548: 2081: 2064: 1804: 681: 6551: 6546: 6531: 6511: 6506: 6471: 6431: 6426: 6390: 6375: 6194: 6079: 5998: 5943: 5888: 5873: 5807: 5455: 5278: 5263: 5208: 4879: 4849: 4778: 4753: 4743: 4590: 4570: 4560: 4446: 4366: 4120: 4074: 3887: 3817: 3636: 3123: 2153: 1879: 1840: 1723: 1509: 1063: 755: 704: 541: 536: 482: 423: 373: 323: 269: 234: 160: 2668:"Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review" 2595: 2177: 2126: 2109: 6634: 6451: 6350: 6315: 6285: 6240: 6174: 6149: 6099: 5973: 5968: 5908: 5696: 5636: 5585: 5495: 5470: 5445: 5419: 5384: 5379: 5299: 5283: 5248: 5198: 5158: 5148: 5102: 4998: 4803: 4798: 4763: 4660: 4650: 4610: 4456: 4391: 4386: 4203: 3992: 3987: 3849: 3789: 3692: 3176: 2978: 2684: 2384: 2032: 2015: 1828:

Pare 500 years ago, there is still no detailed explanation of its mechanisms.

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Ramachandran's father, V. M. Subramanian, was an engineer who worked for the

287:(2010), and others describe neurological and clinical studies of people with 261: 257: 171: 1646: 1621: 895:

A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness: From Impostor Poodles to Purple Numbers

6521: 6441: 6436: 6370: 6340: 6300: 6295: 6235: 6124: 6084: 6059: 6033: 5913: 5752: 5712: 5631: 5550: 5465: 5414: 5404: 5364: 5334: 5319: 5233: 5228: 5168: 4889: 4884: 4768: 4600: 4525: 4476: 4466: 4441: 4436: 4406: 4340: 4208: 4193: 4019: 3744: 3594: 3579: 3525: 2986: 2943: 2889: 2840: 2752: 2703: 2613: 2556: 2520: 2477: 2437: 2402: 2353: 2335: 2242: 2224: 2185: 2135: 2110:"Effectiveness of mirror therapy in phantom limb pain: A literature review" 2090: 2041: 1981: 1926: 1822: 1769: 1598: 1463: 960: 955: 950: 700: 553: 476: 427: 404: 265: 202: 144: 1934: 1698: 1655: 1619: 1563: 1518: 1379: 6526: 6496: 6486: 6466: 6461: 6380: 6325: 6270: 6184: 6139: 6074: 5978: 5918: 5893: 5802: 5797: 5777: 5747: 5737: 5354: 5309: 5238: 5173: 5143: 5072: 5017: 4758: 4605: 4067: 4012: 3909: 3764: 3739: 3557: 1620:

Ramachandran, V; Rogers-Ramachandran, D; Stewart, M; Pons, Tim P (1992).

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Ramachandran is the author of several popular books on neurology such as

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The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist's Quest for What Makes Us Human

296: 192: 136: 1590: 1178: 6275: 5953: 5666: 4773: 3734: 3511: 3458: 2652: 1736:"A review of current theories and treatments for phantom limb pain" 661: 644:

suppression) when they observed the activities of other people. In

439: 331: 61: 3077:

BBC Radio 4: Five Reith Lectures delivered by Ramachandran in 2003

510:

Research continues into more precise mechanisms and explanations.

4213: 3673: 3641: 3534: 3311: 641: 354: 339: 327: 3431:"ARCS Foundation Names V. S. Ramachandran Scientist of the Year" 2454: 549:

therapy for amputees was Ramachandran's most noted achievement.

376:

before being appointed assistant professor of psychology at the

326:

Industrial Development Organization and served as a diplomat in

5621: 4309: 2812: 1904: 335: 152: 4997: 3402:"Renowned Neuroscientist Receives Distinguished Service Award" 2771:"Synaesthesia: A window into perception, thought and language" 1576: 848:

Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind

814:

award from the International Neuropsychiatry Society, and the

624: 315:. His mother had a degree in mathematics. His grandfather was 2107: 2014:

Deconinck, Frederik JA; Smorenburg, Ana RP (26 August 2014).

312: 97: 6711:

Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering

1291:"The tell-tale brain: Unlocking the mystery of human nature" 3480: 2665: 754:

In 2003, the BBC chose Ramachandran to deliver that year's

442:(Indian natural medicine) therapy for Parkinson's disease. 4496: 2108:

Campo-Prieto, P; Rodríguez-Fuentes, G (14 November 2018).

1958:"Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror" 1622:"Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization" 1541: 1351:

Yale Scientific (a student publication at Yale University)

1956:

Altschuler, Eric Lewin; Wisdom, Sidney B (12 June 1999).

1490:"The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture" 1254:"What phantom limbs and mirrors teach us about the brain" 1096:"The Science Studio Interview, June 10, 2006, transcript" 707:

is a neurological disorder caused by damage to the right

2921: 2209:"The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives" 1152:

UCSD Psychology Department faculty page for Ramachandran

513: 368:. Later he moved to the US, where he spent two years at 2320:"Mirroring and the development of action understanding" 2163: 1907:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1668: 174:(2007), Scientist of the Year (ARCS Foundation) (2014) 927:(editor-in-chief), four-volume second edition, 2012 ( 6721:

Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty

6681:

Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists

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Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

2964: 2861: 2768: 2533: 2490: 2415: 2013: 2291: 2289: 1201:"UCSD Neurosciences faculty page for Ramachandran" 761:Ramachandran has also given many talks, including 699:In 2008, Ramachandran, along with David Brang and 399:while still a student at Stanley Medical College. 3372: 2206: 1734:Collins, Kassondra L; Russell, Hannah G. (2018). 1402:DECCAN CHRONICLE, ABHISH K BOSE, 28 November 2018 1380:AP, NBC website, Crime and Courts,17 October 2007 1023:"VS Ramachandran: The Marco Polo of neuroscience" 6632: 2762: 1955: 3379:. Bezige Bij b.v., Uitgeverij De. p. 293. 2808: 2806: 2286: 2007: 1175:"The Center for Brain and Cognition - Research" 241:. Ramachandran is a distinguished professor in 2317: 2207:Rizzolatti, Giacomo; Fogassi, Leonard (2014). 2069:Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 1733: 1416:, Volume 23, Issue 06, 25 Mar. – 7 April 2006 656: 319:, one of the framers of India's constitution. 31:, and the person should be referred to by the 4983: 4325: 3496: 3222: 3220: 3218: 2862:Hubbard, Edward M; Ramachandran, V.S (2005). 1875:"John Colapinto: Ramachandran's Mirror Trick" 1845:"John Colapinto: Ramachandran's Mirror Trick" 1338: 1068:"Brain Games: The Marco Polo of neuroscience" 703:, published the first paper to theorize that 688: 6736:Salk Institute for Biological Studies people 4860:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring 3459:Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (official webpage) 3344:"International Neuropsychiatric Association" 2855: 2803: 2716: 2373:Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience 2255: 2101: 2062: 995: 726: 360:In 1978, Ramachandran obtained a Ph.D. from 6726:University of California, San Diego faculty 3476:Reith lectures by Ramachandran, BBC website 2282:"Mirror Neurons and the Great Leap Forward" 2200: 1866: 1167: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 528:Ramachandran standing next to the original 4990: 4976: 4332: 4318: 3785:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 3503: 3489: 3348:International Neuropsychiatric Association 3215: 3089:The Emerging Mind: The Reith Lectures 2003 2864:"Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Synesthesia" 2659: 1949: 1833: 1662: 54: 4126:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 3305: 3094: 3045: 2915: 2879: 2830: 2742: 2693: 2683: 2603: 2409: 2392: 2343: 2232: 2125: 2080: 2031: 1839: 1812: 1759: 1645: 1508: 1453: 1412:Sashi Kumar, "In the mind of the brain," 1062: 3422: 3393: 3116: 3023: 3001: 2577: 2249: 2063:Jessie, Barbin; Seetha, Vanessa (2016). 1789:"Phantom limb pain: A literature review" 1786: 1780: 1727: 1427: 1043: 869:(editor-in-chief), three volumes, 2002 ( 682:the color recognition areas of the brain 660: 523: 6661:American people of Indian Tamil descent 3428: 3399: 3366: 3190: 2717:Khalil, Radwa; Tindle, Richard (2018). 2710: 2366: 2318:Woodward, A. L.; Gerson, S. A. (2014). 2256:Ramachandran, Vilayanur (31 May 2000). 1872: 1421: 1288: 1282: 1251: 1020: 1014: 6633: 2056: 1488:Ramachandran, VS; Hirstein, W (1998). 1252:Hegarty, Stephanie (5 December 2011). 1226:Salk Institute list of adjunct faculty 465: 6691:Indian emigrants to the United States 4971: 4313: 3484: 3373:Sytze van der Zee (9 November 2012). 3284: 3249: 3162: 3102:"Vilayanur Ramachandran Brain expert" 2637: 2020:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 1344: 1122: 1116: 820:Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences 678:functional magnetic resonance imaging 539:(author of Ramachandran's profile in 514:Mirror visual feedback/mirror therapy 383:Salk Institute for Biological Studies 6656:American academics of Indian descent 6651:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge 5617:Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari 4950: 4264: 4025:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 2769:Ramachandran VS, Hubbard EM (2001). 2584:Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 793: 334:. Ramachandran attended schools in 6646:20th-century Indian medical doctors 4274: 3257:"2019 Presidential Plenary Session" 2723:CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 2578:Hamilton, Antonia F. de C. (2013). 2430:10.1038/scientificamerican0607-20sp 1347:"Unsolved Mysteries: Phantom Limbs" 1123:Datta, Damayanti (12 August 2011). 1021:Anthony, Andrew (30 January 2011). 378:University of California, San Diego 216:University of California, San Diego 13: 4161:Medical Scientist Training Program 3429:Luciani, Kristin (11 April 2014). 2213:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1893:signals may even reset the sensor. 1289:Brugger, Peter (7 December 2018). 1163:UCSD Psychology Department website 925:The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior 560:says the limb is missing, but the 430:(false pregnancy) at the trial of 372:as a research fellow working with 228:Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran 77:Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran 14: 6747: 4840:Development of the nervous system 3452: 3400:Kiderra, Inga (7 December 2018). 3299:10.1097/01.NT.0000284471.13639.67 2513:10.1038/scientificamerican1106-62 2470:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014 1787:Kaur, Amreet; Guan, Yuxi (2018). 680:that found increased activity in 625:"Broken Mirrors" theory of autism 581: 307:Ramachandran was born in 1951 in 4949: 4938: 4937: 4495: 4339: 4293: 4283: 4273: 4263: 4254: 4253: 2778:Journal of Consciousness Studies 1556:10.1097/00001756-199402000-00010 996:Ramachandran, Vilayanur (1978). 747:became the basis for a 2001 PBS 695:Body identity integrity disorder 470: 409:body integrity identity disorder 157:body integrity identity disorder 6716:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu 6155:Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri 4294: 3336: 3163:Insel, Thomas (21 April 2011). 3156: 3145: 3081: 3070: 2958: 2904: 2641:The Quarterly Review of Biology 2631: 2620: 2571: 2527: 2484: 2448: 2360: 2311: 2300: 2275: 2157: 2146: 1898: 1716: 1613: 1570: 1535: 1481: 1406: 1395: 1384: 1373: 1364: 1271: 1245: 1230: 1219: 1193: 867:Encyclopedia of the Human Brain 840: 612:, Ramachandran speculated that 5591:Herbert Alexandrovich Yefremov 4151:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 3585:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 3031:"From Ramachandran's Notebook" 1873:Gawande, Atul (23 June 2008). 1156: 1145: 1105: 1088: 989: 16:Indian-American neuroscientist 1: 5728:Tumkur Ramaiya Satishchandran 5677:Thiruvengadam Lakshman Sankar 5390:Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal 5330:Pravinchandra Varjivan Gandhi 5315:Sushantha Kumar Bhattacharyya 5093:Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan 4681:Social cognitive neuroscience 2367:Jeon, H.; Lee, S. H. (2018). 1974:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00920-4 982: 275:Ramachandran's popular books 4656:Molecular cellular cognition 4131:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 3898:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 3510: 3327:10.1016/j.neucom.2006.02.024 2936:10.1097/WNR.0b013e32830abc4d 2881:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.012 2832:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.008 1345:Adler, Tessa (1 July 2014). 1310:10.1080/13546805.2012.685295 302: 230:(born 10 August 1951) is an 7: 6731:University of Madras alumni 4875:Neurodevelopmental disorder 4850:Neural network (biological) 4845:Neural network (artificial) 3228:"Vilayanur S. Ramachandran" 2549:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.310 2166:Experimental Brain Research 2082:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.04.001 1805:10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.04.006 1579:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 999:Studies on binocular vision 939: 657:Neural basis of synesthesia 10: 6752: 5531:Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti 5481:Madurai Narayanan Krishnan 5098:Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya 4402:Computational neuroscience 3165:"The 2011 TIME 100 - TIME" 2784:(12): 3–34. Archived from 692: 689:Xenomelia (apotemnophilia) 668: 628: 585: 552:Ramachandran thought that 517: 474: 18: 6676:Columbia University staff 6671:Cognitive neuroscientists 6575: 6409: 6223: 6145:Kavalam Narayana Panicker 6052: 5856: 5705: 5599: 5428: 5400:Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra 5292: 5121: 5063:Raghunath Anant Mashelkar 5010: 4933: 4870:Neurodegenerative disease 4827: 4714:Evolutionary neuroscience 4689: 4629: 4504: 4493: 4365: 4347: 4249: 4171: 4109: 3870: 3798: 3753: 3662: 3533: 3518: 3471:TED Talks by Ramachandran 2596:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.008 2178:10.1007/s00221-009-2002-3 2127:10.1016/j.nrl.2018.08.003 1298:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 727:Popularization of science 338:, and British schools in 221: 211: 185: 178: 170:Henry Dale Medal (2005), 166: 131: 104: 72: 60:Ramachandran at the 2011 53: 46: 6686:Harvard University staff 6386:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 5566:Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman 5441:Ammannur Madhava Chakyar 5259:Chitranjan Singh Ranawat 4835:Brain–computer interface 4784:Neuromorphic engineering 4709:Educational neuroscience 4616:Nutritional neuroscience 4521:Clinical neurophysiology 4417:Integrative neuroscience 4085:Transplantation medicine 3976:Clinical neurophysiology 3893:Obstetric anesthesiology 3813:Interventional radiology 3573:Digestive system surgery 3198:"Vilayanur Ramachandran" 2979:10.1136/jnnp-2011-300224 2685:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00205 2458:Cognitive Brain Research 2385:10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.18 2033:10.1177/1545968314546134 1510:10.1093/brain/121.9.1603 1428:Guenther, Katja (2016). 317:Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer 6577:# Posthumous conferral 6422:Inderjit Kaur Barthakur 6306:Inderjit Kaur Barthakur 6256:Chandrashekhar Dasgupta 5929:Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan 5657:Poornima Arvind Pakvasa 5652:Govindarajan Padmanaban 5607:Thoppil Varghese Antony 5526:Trichur V. Ramachandran 4646:Behavioral neuroscience 3956:Intensive care medicine 3930:Mass gathering medicine 3775:Maternal–fetal medicine 2672:Frontiers in Psychiatry 1647:10.1126/science.1439826 366:University of Cambridge 351:Stanley Medical College 122:University of Cambridge 112:Stanley Medical College 6696:Indian neuroscientists 6477:Sarvagya Singh Katiyar 6251:Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar 6120:Rajan and Sajan Mishra 6115:Rajan and Sajan Mishra 6095:Gurcharan Singh Kalkat 5994:Pavani Parameswara Rao 5828:K. I. Varaprasad Reddy 5818:G. V. Iyer Ramakrishna 5733:Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri 5561:Hari Shankar Singhania 5536:T. V. Sankaranarayanan 4641:Affective neuroscience 4422:Molecular neuroscience 4377:Behavioral epigenetics 3548:Cardiothoracic surgery 3033:. PBS. 23 October 2001 3011:. PBS. 23 October 2001 2537:Psychological Bulletin 2336:10.1098/rstb.2013.0181 2225:10.1098/rstb.2013.0420 1927:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058 1177:. UCSD. Archived from 1002:. Cambridge University 977:Temporal lobe epilepsy 824: 666: 619: 571: 532: 463: 6537:Gurdip Singh Randhawa 6417:Isher Judge Ahluwalia 6180:Chandra Prasad Saikia 6105:Prithipal Singh Maini 5984:Subramaniam Ramadorai 5899:Dinesh Nandini Dalmia 5884:Grigory Bongard-Levin 5843:Narasimaiah Seshagiri 5838:Girish Chandra Saxena 5788:Brijmohan Lall Munjal 5254:Sundaram Ramakrishnan 5048:Pavaguda V. Indiresan 5033:Sharan Rani Backliwal 4704:Cultural neuroscience 4699:Consumer neuroscience 4541:Neurogastroenterology 4397:Cellular neuroscience 4199:Personalized medicine 4058:Reproductive medicine 3983:Occupational medicine 3937:Evolutionary medicine 3009:"Secrets of the Mind" 905:; paperback edition). 800: 745:Phantoms in the Brain 734:Phantoms in the Brain 664: 614: 566: 527: 458: 432:Lisa Marie Montgomery 278:Phantoms in the Brain 6557:V. Ganapati Sthapati 6281:Nirmal Kumar Ganguly 5793:M. T. Vasudevan Nair 5763:Tarlochan Singh Kler 5672:C. H. Hanumantha Rao 5571:Narayanan Srinivasan 5511:Subhash Mukhopadhyay 5506:Bagicha Singh Minhas 5395:Natesan Rangabashyam 5340:Henning Holck-Larsen 5219:Rajendra K. Pachauri 5194:Yamini Krishnamurthy 5068:H. Y. Sharada Prasad 4676:Sensory neuroscience 4516:Behavioral neurology 4487:Systems neuroscience 4219:Traditional medicine 4179:Alternative medicine 4046:Addiction psychiatry 3860:Transfusion medicine 3855:Medical microbiology 3770:Gynecologic oncology 3622:Reproductive surgery 3321:(13–15): 2194–2203. 816:Ariens Kappers medal 562:somatosensory system 456:Ramachandran stated: 254:behavioral neurology 6567:Sarojini Varadappan 6542:Brijendra Kumar Rao 6361:Sushil Kumar Saxena 6336:Suresh Kumar Neotia 6246:Jagjit Singh Chopra 5939:Ghulam Mustafa Khan 5773:Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw 5723:Chandi Prasad Bhatt 5612:Soumitra Chatterjee 5516:P. S. Narayanaswamy 5360:V. C. Kulandaiswamy 5204:Raghunath Mohapatra 5113:Harbans Singh Wasir 4819:Social neuroscience 4719:Global neurosurgery 4596:Neurorehabilitation 4566:Neuro-ophthalmology 4551:Neurointensive care 4382:Behavioral genetics 4241:History of medicine 4224:Veterinary medicine 4031:Preventive medicine 3883:Adolescent medicine 3725:Infectious diseases 3464:6 July 2011 at the 3376:Pijn: een biografie 3104:. TED talks website 2505:2006SciAm.295e..62R 2493:Scientific American 2418:Scientific American 1968:(9169): 2035–2036. 1919:1996RSPSB.263..377R 1683:1994Natur.368..592Y 1638:1992Sci...258.1159R 1446:10.1017/mdh.2016.27 740:The Tell-Tale Brain 647:The Tell-Tale Brain 631:Mechanism of autism 598:University of Parma 466:Research and theory 284:The Tell-Tale Brain 6666:Autism researchers 6492:A. Sreedhara Menon 6437:Shanta Dhananjayan 6321:Dominique Lapierre 6165:Tapan Raychaudhuri 6160:V. S. Ramachandran 6090:Jamshed Jiji Irani 6039:Vijay Shankar Vyas 6024:Vijaypat Singhania 5879:Ganga Prasad Birla 5687:Bijoy Nandan Shahi 5682:T. N. Seshagopalan 5627:Sardara Singh Johl 5576:Padma Subrahmanyam 5521:Arcot Ramachandran 5501:Sitakant Mahapatra 5476:Shri Krishna Joshi 5305:H. P. S. Ahluwalia 5224:Abdul Karim Parekh 5214:Mohan Singh Oberoi 5164:Swadesh Chatterjee 5028:Ram Narain Agarwal 5001:award recipients ( 4895:Neuroimmune system 4789:Neurophenomenology 4729:Neural engineering 4452:Neuroendocrinology 4432:Neural engineering 4189:Molecular oncology 4146:Doctor of Medicine 4136:Master of Medicine 4053:Radiation oncology 3925:Emergency medicine 3878:Addiction medicine 3845:Clinical chemistry 3840:Clinical pathology 3632:Transplant surgery 3590:Orthopedic surgery 3568:Colorectal surgery 3124:"The Century Club" 2330:(1644): 20130181. 2219:(1644): 20130420. 1241:author affiliation 1207:on 29 October 2020 1181:on 3 February 2014 765:in 2007 and 2010. 667: 594:Giacomo Rizzolatti 533: 48:V. S. Ramachandran 6624: 6623: 6442:V. P. Dhananjayan 6231:Mian Bashir Ahmed 6029:K. G. Subramanyan 6014:Billy Arjan Singh 5758:Qurratulain Hyder 5647:Gopi Chand Narang 5370:Jagat Singh Mehta 5189:Lalgudi Jayaraman 5134:Viswanathan Anand 5078:Begum Aizaz Rasul 5043:Veerendra Heggade 4965: 4964: 4814:Paleoneurobiology 4749:Neuroepistemology 4724:Neuroanthropology 4690:Interdisciplinary 4576:Neuropharmacology 4536:Neuroepidemiology 4307: 4306: 4141:Master of Surgery 4105: 4104: 4090:Tropical medicine 4036:Prison healthcare 3951:Hospital medicine 3915:Disaster medicine 3905:Aviation medicine 3720:Hospital medicine 3627:Surgical oncology 3612:Pediatric surgery 3606: 3553:Endocrine surgery 3435:Neuroscience News 3386:978-90-234-7267-4 2791:on 13 August 2011 2735:10.1111/cns.13037 1677:(6472): 592–593. 1632:(5085): 1159–60. 1125:"The mind reader" 919:978-0-393-07782-7 881:The Emerging Mind 808:All Souls College 804:Royal Institution 794:Awards and honors 717:somatoparaphrenia 535:Writing in 2009, 487:neural plasticity 225: 224: 180:Scientific career 141:visual perception 6743: 6562:Devendra Triguna 6517:Nagnath Naikwadi 6447:Ramachandra Guha 6346:K. Padmanabhaiah 6311:Ravindra Kelekar 6291:Vasant Gowarikar 6205:T. N. Srinivasan 6190:Shiv Kumar Sarin 6065:Gabriel Chiramel 5959:K. P. P. Nambiar 5833:K. Srinath Reddy 5823:V. S. Ramamurthy 5692:Krishna Srinivas 5662:Vishnu Prabhakar 5541:Naseeruddin Shah 5461:Coluthur Gopalan 5350:B. K. S. Iyengar 5325:Eugene Chelyshev 5154:Balasaheb Bharde 5139:Amitabh Bachchan 4992: 4985: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4953: 4952: 4941: 4940: 4855:Detection theory 4739:Neurocriminology 4666:Neurolinguistics 4581:Neuroprosthetics 4499: 4462:Neuroinformatics 4412:Imaging genetics 4334: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4297: 4296: 4287: 4277: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4257: 4256: 3961:Medical genetics 3946:General practice 3823:Nuclear medicine 3698:Gastroenterology 3654:Vascular surgery 3604: 3531: 3530: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3350:. Archived from 3340: 3334: 3333: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3232:Gifford Lectures 3224: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3160: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3098: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2883: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2834: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2775: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2746: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2697: 2687: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2635: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2607: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2396: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2347: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2236: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2161: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2129: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2084: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2035: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1913:(1369): 377–86. 1902: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1816: 1793:Chin J Traumatol 1784: 1778: 1777: 1763: 1752:10.1172/JCI94003 1746:(6): 2168–2176. 1731: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1691:10.1038/368592b0 1666: 1660: 1659: 1649: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1512: 1494: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1457: 1425: 1419: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1326: 1324: 1295: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1249: 1243: 1234: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1203:. Archived from 1197: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1120: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1060: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1007: 993: 853:Sandra Blakeslee 413:Capgras delusion 293:Capgras syndrome 90: 86: 84: 58: 44: 43: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6571: 6405: 6396:Sunita Williams 6366:Amarnath Sehgal 6356:V. Ramachandran 6219: 6135:Gopaldas Neeraj 6130:Ramankutty Nair 6048: 6009:Hira Lall Sibal 5989:N. S. Ramaswamy 5964:Nandan Nilekani 5864:Jaiveer Agarwal 5852: 5813:A. Ramachandran 5701: 5595: 5556:Ram Badan Singh 5546:T. V. R. Shenoy 5451:Herbert Fischer 5424: 5410:K. K. Venugopal 5375:Ismail Merchant 5288: 5184:Bhupen Hazarika 5117: 5053:Wahiduddin Khan 5038:Swami Kalyandev 5006: 4996: 4966: 4961: 4929: 4915:Neurotechnology 4910:Neuroplasticity 4905:Neuromodulation 4900:Neuromanagement 4823: 4794:Neurophilosophy 4691: 4685: 4671:Neuropsychology 4632: 4625: 4586:Neuropsychiatry 4546:Neuroimmunology 4531:Neurocardiology 4507: 4500: 4491: 4482:Neurophysiology 4472:Neuromorphology 4427:Neural decoding 4368: 4361: 4343: 4338: 4308: 4303: 4245: 4234:Chief physician 4167: 4112: 4101: 4095:Travel medicine 4080:Sports medicine 4063:Sexual medicine 4003:Palliative care 3998:Pain management 3942:Family medicine 3920:Diving medicine 3866: 3794: 3756: 3749: 3665: 3658: 3617:Plastic surgery 3563:General surgery 3543:Cardiac surgery 3524: 3522: 3514: 3509: 3466:Wayback Machine 3455: 3450: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3408: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3354:on 14 July 2019 3342: 3341: 3337: 3310: 3306: 3287:Neurology Today 3283: 3279: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3133: 3131: 3130:. 20 April 1997 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3071: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2963: 2959: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2905: 2860: 2856: 2811: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2729:(10): 669–676. 2715: 2711: 2664: 2660: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2576: 2572: 2532: 2528: 2489: 2485: 2453: 2449: 2414: 2410: 2365: 2361: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2263: 2261: 2254: 2250: 2205: 2201: 2172:(3–4): 223–37. 2162: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2106: 2102: 2061: 2057: 2012: 2008: 1994: 1992: 1954: 1950: 1903: 1899: 1885: 1883: 1871: 1867: 1853: 1851: 1841:Colapinto, John 1838: 1834: 1785: 1781: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1667: 1663: 1618: 1614: 1591:10.1038/nrn1991 1575: 1571: 1540: 1536: 1523: 1521: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1434:Medical History 1426: 1422: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1343: 1339: 1322: 1320: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1250: 1246: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1133: 1131: 1121: 1117: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1076: 1074: 1064:Colapinto, John 1061: 1044: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1015: 1005: 1003: 994: 990: 985: 973:(phonaesthesia) 971:Sound symbolism 942: 843: 835:ARCS Foundation 796: 729: 697: 691: 673: 659: 633: 627: 590: 584: 522: 516: 479: 473: 468: 436:Mucuna pruriens 362:Trinity College 305: 232:Indian-American 207: 127: 105:Alma mater 100: 91: 88: 82: 80: 79: 78: 68: 49: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6749: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6629: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6552:C. S. Seshadri 6549: 6547:Bhakta B. Rath 6544: 6539: 6534: 6532:C. K. Prahalad 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6512:Kunwar Narayan 6509: 6507:Satish Nambiar 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6472:Thomas Kailath 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6432:Abhinav Bindra 6429: 6427:Shamshad Begum 6424: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6391:Yuli Vorontsov 6388: 6383: 6378: 6376:Shrilal Shukla 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6195:Shriram Sharma 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6080:V. Mohini Giri 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6044:Dušan Zbavitel 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5999:Ramakanta Rath 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5944:Shanno Khurana 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5889:Lokesh Chandra 5886: 5881: 5876: 5874:Shashi Bhushan 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808:Syed Mir Qasim 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5718:André Beteille 5715: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5581:Swapna Sundari 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5486:Rajinder Kumar 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:Jamshyd Godrej 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5279:L. Subramaniam 5276: 5271: 5266: 5264:Palle Rama Rao 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5209:Arun Netravali 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5007: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4947: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4925:Self-awareness 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4880:Neurodiversity 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4779:Neuromarketing 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4754:Neuroesthetics 4751: 4746: 4744:Neuroeconomics 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4591:Neuroradiology 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4571:Neuropathology 4568: 4563: 4561:Neuro-oncology 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4447:Neurochemistry 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4281: 4271: 4261: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4172:Related topics 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4121:Medical school 4117: 4115: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4075:Sleep medicine 4072: 4071: 4070: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3888:Anesthesiology 3885: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3818:Neuroradiology 3815: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3755:Obstetrics and 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3637:Trauma surgery 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3600:Otolaryngology 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3526:subspecialties 3516: 3515: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3454: 3453:External links 3451: 3448: 3447: 3421: 3392: 3385: 3365: 3335: 3315:Neurocomputing 3304: 3277: 3248: 3214: 3189: 3155: 3144: 3115: 3093: 3080: 3069: 3044: 3022: 3000: 2973:(12): 1314–9. 2957: 2930:(13): 1305–6. 2914: 2903: 2854: 2802: 2761: 2709: 2658: 2653:10.1086/688133 2647:(3): 368–369. 2630: 2619: 2570: 2526: 2483: 2447: 2408: 2359: 2310: 2299: 2285: 2274: 2248: 2199: 2156: 2145: 2120:(8): 668–681. 2100: 2075:(4): 270–275. 2055: 2026:(4): 349–361. 2006: 1948: 1897: 1880:The New Yorker 1865: 1849:The New Yorker 1843:(4 May 2009). 1832: 1799:(6): 366–368. 1779: 1726: 1715: 1661: 1612: 1585:(11): 873–81. 1569: 1534: 1503:(9): 1603–30. 1480: 1440:(3): 342–358. 1420: 1405: 1394: 1383: 1372: 1363: 1337: 1331:TellTale Brain 1304:(4): 351–358. 1281: 1270: 1244: 1229: 1218: 1192: 1166: 1155: 1144: 1115: 1104: 1087: 1072:The New Yorker 1066:(4 May 2009). 1042: 1013: 987: 986: 984: 981: 980: 979: 974: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 941: 938: 937: 936: 933:978-0123750006 922: 906: 892: 878: 864: 842: 839: 795: 792: 774:Foreign Policy 756:Reith Lectures 728: 725: 705:apotemnophilia 693:Main article: 690: 687: 669:Main article: 658: 655: 629:Main article: 626: 623: 604:experiments." 586:Main article: 583: 582:Mirror neurons 580: 542:The New Yorker 537:John Colapinto 518:Main article: 515: 512: 483:Ronald Melzack 475:Main article: 472: 469: 467: 464: 424:expert witness 374:Jack Pettigrew 304: 301: 270:mirror therapy 235:neuroscientist 223: 222: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 206: 205: 200: 195: 189: 187: 183: 182: 176: 175: 168: 164: 163: 161:mirror therapy 133: 132:Known for 129: 128: 126: 125: 119: 108: 106: 102: 101: 92: 87:10 August 1951 76: 74: 70: 69: 59: 51: 50: 47: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6748: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706:Neurotheology 6704: 6702: 6701:Living people 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6457:Khalid Hameed 6455: 6453: 6452:Shekhar Gupta 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6351:Vikram Pandit 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316:Asad Ali Khan 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6286:B. N. Goswamy 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266:Meghnad Desai 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Shayama Chona 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6175:Jeffrey Sachs 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6150:Bhikhu Parekh 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:N. Mahalingam 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974:Deepak Parekh 5972: 5970: 5969:Sai Paranjpye 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5949:Gunter Kruger 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5909:Madhav Gadgil 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5697:Alarmel Valli 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5637:Komal Kothari 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586:O. V. Vijayan 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:Purshotam Lal 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:B. Rajam Iyer 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5446:Prabhu Chawla 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5420:K. J. Yesudas 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Frank Pallone 5383: 5381: 5380:Mario Miranda 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345:Zakir Hussain 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5300:Gary Ackerman 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5284:Naresh Trehan 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249:P. Bhanumathi 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199:Shiv K. Kumar 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5159:Boyi Bhimanna 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:B. R. Barwale 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:S. Srinivasan 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4999:Padma Bhushan 4993: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4958: 4957: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:Neurotheology 4807: 4805: 4804:Neurorobotics 4802: 4800: 4799:Neuropolitics 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:Neuroethology 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4661:Motor control 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Chronobiology 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:Neurovirology 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4498: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4457:Neurogenetics 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4392:Brain-reading 4390: 4388: 4387:Brain mapping 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4300: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4280: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204:Public health 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4184:Allied health 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3993:Oral medicine 3991: 3989: 3988:Ophthalmology 3986: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3850:Cytopathology 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3790:Urogynecology 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3693:Endocrinology 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3054: 3053:"About Reith" 3048: 3032: 3026: 3010: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2874:(3): 509–20. 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2825:(6): 975–85. 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543:(2): 310–27. 2542: 2538: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2271: 2259: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740:J Clin Invest 1737: 1730: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1367: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1329:Although the 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1292: 1285: 1279: 1274: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1153: 1148: 1141: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1108: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1039: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1001: 1000: 992: 988: 978: 975: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 934: 930: 926: 923: 920: 916: 912: 911: 907: 904: 903:0-13-187278-8 900: 896: 893: 890: 889:1-86197-303-9 886: 882: 879: 876: 875:0-12-227210-2 872: 868: 865: 862: 861:0-688-17217-2 858: 854: 850: 849: 845: 844: 838: 836: 833:In 2014, the 831: 829: 828:Padma Bhushan 823: 821: 817: 813: 812:Ramon y Cajal 809: 805: 799: 791: 789: 785: 781: 780: 775: 771: 766: 764: 759: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 741: 736: 735: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709:parietal lobe 706: 702: 696: 686: 683: 679: 672: 663: 654: 651: 649: 648: 643: 638: 637:mirror neuron 632: 622: 618: 613: 611: 605: 601: 599: 595: 589: 588:Mirror neuron 579: 575: 570: 565: 563: 559: 558:visual system 555: 550: 548: 544: 543: 538: 531: 526: 521: 511: 508: 504: 501: 499: 494: 492: 489:in the adult 488: 484: 478: 471:Phantom limbs 462: 457: 455: 453: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 416: 414: 410: 406: 405:phantom limbs 400: 398: 394: 389: 386: 384: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 285: 280: 279: 273: 271: 267: 263: 262:phantom limbs 259: 258:psychophysics 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 233: 229: 220: 217: 214: 210: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 173: 172:Padma Bhushan 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 145:phantom limbs 142: 138: 134: 130: 123: 120: 117: 113: 110: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 89:(age 73) 75: 71: 66: 64: 57: 52: 45: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6522:Kirit Parikh 6371:Jasdev Singh 6341:T. K. Oommen 6301:K. V. Kamath 6296:Baba Kalyani 6236:Kaushik Basu 6215:K. T. Thomas 6210:Osamu Suzuki 6200:Manju Sharma 6159: 6125:Sunil Mittal 6085:Somnath Hore 6060:Javed Akhtar 6034:K. K. Talwar 6019:Jasjit Singh 5914:A. K. Hangal 5753:Yusuf Hamied 5713:Sardar Anjum 5642:Yoshirō Mori 5632:M. V. Kamath 5551:Jagjit Singh 5491:Ramesh Kumar 5466:K. Parasaran 5415:Nirmal Verma 5405:Habib Tanvir 5365:Gury Marchuk 5335:Shobha Gurtu 5320:Chandu Borde 5229:Amrita Patel 5179:K. M. George 5169:B. R. Chopra 5023:Anil Agarwal 4954: 4942: 4890:Neuroimaging 4885:Neurogenesis 4769:Neurohistory 4734:Neurobiotics 4633:neuroscience 4601:Neurosurgery 4526:Epileptology 4508:neuroscience 4477:Neurophysics 4467:Neurometrics 4442:Neurobiology 4437:Neuroanatomy 4407:Connectomics 4341:Neuroscience 4209:Rural health 4194:Nanomedicine 3745:Rheumatology 3676: / 3595:Hand surgery 3580:Neurosurgery 3438:. Retrieved 3434: 3424: 3416: 3409:. Retrieved 3405: 3395: 3375: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3352:the original 3347: 3338: 3330: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3272: 3265:. Retrieved 3260: 3251: 3243: 3236:. Retrieved 3231: 3205:. Retrieved 3201: 3192: 3180:. Retrieved 3168: 3158: 3147: 3139: 3132:. Retrieved 3127: 3118: 3106:. Retrieved 3096: 3088: 3083: 3072: 3064: 3057:. Retrieved 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3025: 3013:. Retrieved 3003: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2906: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2822: 2818: 2793:. Retrieved 2786:the original 2781: 2777: 2764: 2756: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2622: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2464:(2): 190–8. 2461: 2457: 2450: 2441: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2379:(1): 18–31. 2376: 2372: 2362: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2302: 2277: 2269: 2262:. Retrieved 2251: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2148: 2139: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2000: 1993:. Retrieved 1965: 1961: 1951: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1891: 1884:. Retrieved 1878: 1868: 1859: 1852:. Retrieved 1848: 1835: 1826: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1773: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1718: 1710: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1550:(6): 701–4. 1547: 1543: 1537: 1529: 1522:. Retrieved 1500: 1496: 1483: 1475: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1413: 1408: 1397: 1386: 1375: 1366: 1354:. Retrieved 1350: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1321:. Retrieved 1301: 1297: 1284: 1273: 1261:. Retrieved 1257: 1247: 1238: 1232: 1221: 1209:. Retrieved 1205:the original 1195: 1183:. Retrieved 1179:the original 1169: 1158: 1147: 1139: 1132:. Retrieved 1128: 1118: 1107: 1090: 1082: 1075:. Retrieved 1071: 1037: 1030:. Retrieved 1027:The Guardian 1026: 1016: 1004:. Retrieved 998: 991: 961:Phantom pain 956:Phantom limb 951:Oliver Sacks 924: 908: 894: 880: 866: 846: 841:Publications 832: 825: 801: 797: 787: 783: 778: 773: 769: 767: 760: 753: 744: 738: 732: 730: 720: 701:Paul McGeoch 698: 674: 652: 645: 634: 620: 615: 609: 606: 602: 591: 576: 572: 567: 554:phantom pain 551: 545:) said that 540: 534: 509: 505: 502: 495: 480: 477:Phantom limb 459: 451: 447:stereoscopes 444: 428:pseudocyesis 421: 417: 401: 396: 390: 387: 359: 344: 321: 306: 282: 276: 274: 266:phantom pain 247: 227: 226: 212:Institutions 203:Phantom Limb 179: 135:Research in 62: 41: 37:Ramachandran 36: 24: 6641:1951 births 6527:Sam Pitroda 6497:S. K. Misra 6487:R. C. Mehta 6467:Jayakanthan 6462:Minoru Hara 6381:P. Susheela 6326:D. R. Mehta 6271:Padma Desai 6185:L. Z. Sailo 6140:Indra Nooyi 6075:Saroj Ghose 5979:M. V. Pylee 5919:Devaki Jain 5894:Chiranjeevi 5803:Balraj Puri 5798:Azim Premji 5778:Mrinal Miri 5748:Irfan Habib 5738:Yash Chopra 5355:F. C. Kohli 5310:Prabha Atre 5239:Aroon Purie 5174:Ashok Desai 5144:Rahul Bajaj 5083:Radha Reddy 5073:Rajinikanth 5018:V. K. Aatre 4759:Neuroethics 4606:Neurotology 4279:Wikiproject 4068:Venereology 4013:Neonatology 3910:Dermatology 3765:Gynaecology 3757:gynaecology 3740:Pulmonology 3558:Eye surgery 3520:Specialties 2924:NeuroReport 2499:(5): 62–9. 2424:(5): 62–9. 2096:amputation. 1544:NeuroReport 1129:India Today 966:Synesthesia 851:, coauthor 737:(1998) and 671:Synesthesia 491:human brain 289:synesthesia 256:and visual 149:synesthesia 25:Subramanian 23:, the name 21:Indian name 6635:Categories 6502:A. M. Naik 6482:G. Krishna 6401:Ji Xianlin 6331:Shiv Nadar 6261:Asis Datta 6170:S. H. Raza 6110:Tyeb Mehta 6070:Ela Gandhi 5934:Sabri Khan 5924:Kamleshwar 5869:P. S. Appu 5848:Mark Tully 5783:Hari Mohan 5768:Anil Kohli 5436:Teejan Bai 5274:Uma Sharma 5244:B. V. Raju 5108:Ratan Tata 5088:Raja Reddy 4920:Neurotoxin 4621:Psychiatry 4041:Psychiatry 4027:(PM&R) 4020:Phlebology 4008:Pediatrics 3835:Anatomical 3800:Diagnostic 3780:Obstetrics 3730:Nephrology 3715:Hematology 3710:Geriatrics 3703:Hepatology 3688:Cardiology 3678:Immunology 2590:: 91–105. 2260:. Edge.org 2114:Neurologia 1962:The Lancet 1077:25 January 1006:25 January 983:References 946:Body image 713:John Money 547:mirror box 530:mirror box 520:Mirror box 393:stereopsis 309:Tamil Nadu 239:mirror box 198:Psychology 94:Tamil Nadu 83:1951-08-10 33:given name 29:patronymic 6616:2020–2029 6611:2010–2019 6606:2000–2009 6601:1990–1999 6596:1980–1989 6591:1970–1979 6586:1960–1969 6581:1954–1959 6004:V. Shanta 5904:Tarun Das 5743:Manna Dey 5269:Raj Reddy 5129:Dev Anand 5058:B. B. 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