996:
37:
88:
such, there is a discontinuity in the definition of the VEI between indices 1 and 2. The lower border of the volume of ejecta jumps by a factor of one hundred, from 10,000 to 1,000,000 m (350,000 to 35,310,000 cu ft), while the factor is ten between all higher indices. In the following table, the frequency of each VEI indicates the approximate frequency of new eruptions of that VEI or higher.
908:) have been identified, of which 30 occurred in the past 36 million years. Considering the estimated frequency is on the order of once in 50,000 years, there are likely many such eruptions in the last 132 Mya that are not yet known. Based on incomplete statistics, other authors assume that at least 60 VEI-8 eruptions have been identified. The most recent is
87:
With indices running from 0 to 8, the VEI associated with an eruption is dependent on how much volcanic material is thrown out, to what height, and how long the eruption lasts. The scale is logarithmic from VEI-2 and up; an increase of 1 index indicates an eruption that is 10 times as powerful. As
62:
Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations (using terms ranging from "gentle" to "mega-colossal") are used to determine the explosivity value. The scale is open-ended with the largest eruptions in history given a magnitude of 8. A value of 0 is given for non-explosive
79:(240 cubic miles) of tephra and have a cloud column height of over 20 km (66,000 ft). The scale is logarithmic, with each interval on the scale representing a tenfold increase in observed ejecta criteria, with the exception of between VEI-0, VEI-1 and VEI-2.
979:
erupted. Another weakness of the VEI is that it does not take into account the power output of an eruption, which makes the VEI extremely difficult to determine with prehistoric or unobserved eruptions.
939:(the last 11,700 years) which account for about 75% of the total known eruptions during the Holocene. Of these 7,742 eruptions, about 49% have a VEI of 2 or lower, and 90% have a VEI of 3 or lower.
1591:
999:
1007:
1003:
1004:
1000:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1017:
205:
1012:
627:
1010:
1006:
1403:
1020:
1001:
1459:
1022:
1013:
1026:
1008:
1002:
927:
in the last 11,700 years. There are also 58 Plinian eruptions, and 13 caldera-forming eruptions, of large, but unknown magnitudes. By 2010, the
619:
1069:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1148:
177:
1079:
1515:
1074:
1064:
1198:
1127:
325:
1278:
Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth".
1611:
1378:
1244:
341:
1484:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1015:
513:
529:
579:
435:
983:
Although VEI is quite suitable for classifying the explosive magnitude of eruptions, the index is not as significant as
1601:
1586:
1091:
1016:
901:
1014:
603:
317:
1616:
1596:
1085:
924:
505:
623:
427:
1543:
1453:
1156:
712:
595:
52:
696:
497:
1606:
1370:
1058:
810:
521:
264:
252:
1034:
762:
489:
349:
1508:
848:
672:
169:
1113: – Set of sixteen volcanoes noted for their eruptive history and proximity to densely populated areas
1647:
419:
197:
193:
189:
971:(gas bubbling) of the volcanic products in question is not taken into account. In contrast, the DRE (
688:
31:
1149:"The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism"
928:
818:
720:
635:
545:
443:
357:
272:
692:
615:
1501:
1475:
1280:
1206:
932:
856:
770:
337:
1642:
1553:
884:
872:
256:
68:
48:
1396:"Volcanic Aerosols: The significance of volcanic eruption strength and frequency for climate"
1181:
972:
802:
17:
935:
had cataloged the assignment of a VEI for 7,742 volcanic eruptions that occurred during the
1637:
1482:
List of Large
Holocene Eruptions (VEI > 4) from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program
1412:
1339:
1289:
1210:
1165:
537:
216:
611:
8:
1568:
1042:
868:
750:
680:
1416:
1343:
1293:
1169:
509:
1578:
1428:
1305:
1122:
1046:
283:
47:
is a scale used to measure the size of explosive volcanic eruptions. It was devised by
1395:
704:
423:
411:
368:
1481:
1374:
1309:
1240:
1050:
1030:
968:
860:
758:
139:
1432:
1351:
1538:
1449:
1420:
1347:
1297:
1173:
1110:
913:
892:
864:
798:
786:
599:
454:
260:
888:
587:
1558:
1488:
1116:
876:
794:
501:
395:
333:
1324:
1563:
984:
708:
591:
575:
407:
399:
248:
181:
1470:
1301:
1041:
ejected, colour-coded by time of eruption as in the legend. Pink lines denote
493:
1631:
956:
806:
782:
668:
646:
403:
321:
1177:
909:
607:
1464:
1104:
948:
774:
766:
676:
525:
517:
485:
431:
415:
345:
244:
63:
eruptions, defined as less than 10,000 m (350,000 cu ft) of
56:
754:
481:
313:
165:
960:
916:, more than 27,000 years ago, which means that there have not been any
852:
778:
583:
309:
240:
161:
1424:
905:
880:
790:
700:
305:
185:
173:
27:
Predictive
Qualitative scale for explosiveness of volcanic eruptions
936:
917:
684:
1471:
The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth
1524:
1493:
964:
391:
329:
987:
emissions in quantifying their atmospheric and climatic impact.
1592:
Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range
Province
533:
64:
36:
976:
1235:
Dosseto, A. (2011). Turner, S. P.; Van-Orman, J. A. (eds.).
1107: – Volcano with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8
952:
477:
1237:
Timescales of
Magmatic Processes: From Core to Atmosphere
1394:
Miles, M. G.; Grainger, R. G.; Highwood, E. J. (2004).
975:) is sometimes calculated to give the actual amount of
904:
of VEI-8 magnitude within the last 132 million years (
1404:
Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
1393:
1364:
1277:
1033:. The apparent volume of each bubble is linearly
1629:
1147:Newhall, Christopher G.; Self, Stephen (1982).
998:
1460:How to measure the size of a volcanic eruption
1365:Siebert, L.; Simkin, T.; Kimberly, P. (2010).
1207:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1119: – Indicator of spread of volcanic ejecta
1070:List of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century
1509:
990:
1273:
1271:
1146:
30:"VEI" redirects here. For the company, see
1516:
1502:
1253:
1325:"The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth"
1230:
1228:
1080:List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions
1268:
1075:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
994:
35:
1259:
1234:
1128:List of natural disasters by death toll
14:
1630:
1225:
1497:
1322:
1065:List of volcanic eruptions 1500–1999
45:The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
1387:
1262:Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis
24:
1523:
1199:"Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)"
1092:List of largest volcanic eruptions
25:
1659:
1443:
82:
40:VEI and ejecta volume correlation
1094:(VEI-7–8, mostly within 500 Mya)
1086:List of large volcanic eruptions
1544:Prediction of volcanic activity
1352:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
1157:Journal of Geophysical Research
53:United States Geological Survey
1371:University of California Press
1358:
1316:
1191:
1140:
1059:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
1029:Clickable imagemap of notable
942:
67:ejected; and 8 representing a
13:
1:
1612:Quaternary volcanic eruptions
1133:
1061:(mostly VEI-6, within 2 kya)
7:
1098:
920:eruptions with a VEI of 8.
10:
1664:
1602:Largest volcanic eruptions
1587:Extraterrestrial volcanoes
1549:Volcanic explosivity index
1473:, a 2004 article from the
1260:Rothery, David A. (2010),
1088:(VEI-5–8, within 450+ Mya)
991:Lists of notable eruptions
367:Strombolian / Vulcanian /
29:
1577:
1531:
1302:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9
923:There have been at least
847:
824:
817:
749:
726:
719:
667:
641:
634:
624:Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai
574:
551:
544:
476:
449:
442:
390:
363:
356:
304:
278:
271:
239:
211:
204:
160:
135:
132:
127:
96:
93:
32:Visual Entertainment Inc.
1617:Volcanic eruption deaths
1597:Large volcanic eruptions
1203:Global Volcanism Program
1049:and yellow spots denote
929:Global Volcanism Program
1476:Bulletin of Volcanology
1281:Bulletin of Volcanology
1178:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231
963:are all treated alike.
933:Smithsonian Institution
825:> 1,000 km
338:Whakaari / White Island
1554:Volcanic Seven Summits
1367:Volcanoes of the World
1054:
257:Dieng Volcanic Complex
69:supervolcanic eruption
49:Christopher G. Newhall
41:
1332:Earth-Science Reviews
1187:on December 13, 2013.
1043:convergent boundaries
1028:
973:dense-rock equivalent
925:10 eruptions of VEI-7
727:> 100 km
450:> 0.1 km
39:
1323:Bryan, S.E. (2010).
1213:on November 10, 2011
1047:divergent boundaries
1045:, blue lines denote
642:> 10 km
259:(1964, 1979, 2017),
1569:Volcano observatory
1417:2004QJRMS.130.2361M
1344:2010ESRv..102..207B
1294:2004BVol...66..735M
1239:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1170:1982JGR....87.1231N
552:> 1 km
1648:1982 introductions
1487:2012-01-17 at the
1450:VEI glossary entry
1411:(602): 2361–2376.
1373:. pp. 28–38.
1123:Lists of volcanoes
1055:
1031:volcanic eruptions
902:About 40 eruptions
849:Flat Landing Brook
42:
1625:
1624:
1380:978-0-520-26877-7
1246:978-1-4443-3260-5
1164:(C2): 1231–1238.
899:
898:
837:> 50,000 years
16:(Redirected from
1655:
1539:Decade Volcanoes
1518:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1437:
1436:
1425:10.1256/qj.03.60
1400:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1369:(3rd ed.).
1362:
1356:
1355:
1338:(3–4): 207–229.
1329:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1264:, Teach Yourself
1257:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1209:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1180:. Archived from
1153:
1144:
1111:Decade Volcanoes
1039:volume of tephra
997:
914:Oruanui eruption
821:
723:
638:
555:Peléan / Plinian
548:
510:Eyjafjallajökull
446:
360:
275:
226:
208:
91:
90:
78:
76:
21:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1573:
1559:Volcanic winter
1527:
1522:
1489:Wayback Machine
1446:
1441:
1440:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1363:
1359:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1276:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1233:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1117:Dispersal index
1101:
1027:
995:
993:
947:Under the VEI,
945:
857:Wah Wah Springs
819:
739:500–1,000 years
721:
636:
546:
444:
412:Soufrière Hills
396:Nevado del Ruiz
358:
273:
224:
206:
122:
117:
104:Classification
100:
98:
85:
74:
72:
71:that can eject
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Earth timeline
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1564:Volcano Number
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:Volcano topics
1521:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1468:
1457:
1445:
1444:External links
1442:
1439:
1438:
1386:
1379:
1357:
1315:
1288:(8): 735–748.
1267:
1252:
1245:
1224:
1190:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
992:
989:
985:sulfur dioxide
944:
941:
897:
896:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
815:
814:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:Super-colossal
731:
728:
725:
717:
716:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
643:
640:
632:
631:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
542:
541:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
451:
448:
440:
439:
388:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
365:
364:> 10 m
362:
354:
353:
308:(since 1934),
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
282:Strombolian /
280:
279:> 10 m
277:
269:
268:
249:Havre Seamount
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
222:
219:
213:
212:> 10 m
210:
202:
201:
182:Fagradalsfjall
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
137:
136:< 10 m
134:
130:
129:
125:
124:
119:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
95:
84:
83:Classification
81:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1660:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Hazard scales
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
988:
986:
981:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
831:Mega-colossal
830:
828:Ultra-Plinian
827:
822:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Campi Flegrei
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
730:Ultra-Plinian
729:
724:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Lake Ilopango
666:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
648:
647:Ultra-Plinian
644:
639:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
549:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
457:/ Sub-Plinian
456:
452:
447:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:(1963-1967),
393:
389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
371:/ Sub-Plinian
370:
366:
361:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Ritter Island
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
285:
281:
276:
270:
266:
263:(1977, 2002,
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
228:
223:
220:
218:
214:
209:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:(2021-2023),
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
141:
138:
131:
126:
121:Stratospheric
120:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
92:
89:
80:
70:
66:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
33:
19:
1548:
1474:
1465:The Guardian
1463:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1366:
1360:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1285:
1279:
1261:
1255:
1236:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1202:
1193:
1182:the original
1161:
1155:
1142:
1105:Supervolcano
1038:
1035:proportional
982:
969:vesicularity
946:
922:
900:
745:substantial
677:Huaynaputina
663:substantial
657:50–100 years
570:significant
460:Catastrophic
432:Cumbre Vieja
245:Raoul Island
225:100 m – 1 km
116:Tropospheric
113:Periodicity
107:Description
86:
61:
57:Stephen Self
44:
43:
1638:Volcanology
943:Limitations
869:Yellowstone
751:Long Valley
742:substantial
693:Santa Maria
660:substantial
567:substantial
558:Cataclysmic
469:substantial
383:substantial
312:(current),
217:Strombolian
215:Hawaiian /
168:(current),
166:Mawson Peak
164:(current),
1632:Categories
1217:August 21,
1134:References
961:ignimbrite
957:lava bombs
910:Lake TaupĹŤ
859:(30 Mya),
853:Ordovician
834:> 20 km
736:> 20 km
654:> 20 km
645:Plinian /
608:El ChichĂłn
600:St. Helens
561:> 10 km
463:> 10 km
261:Nyiragongo
153:negligible
147:< 100 m
123:injection
118:injection
1310:129680497
1082:(VEI-5–7)
861:La Garita
791:Santorini
701:Novarupta
502:Lamington
472:definite
466:18 months
453:Peléan /
408:1989-1990
386:possible
306:Stromboli
288:Explosive
284:Vulcanian
186:Mauna Loa
178:2014-2015
174:Holuhraun
128:Examples
77:10 m
59:in 1982.
1485:Archived
1433:53005926
1099:See also
1051:hotspots
937:Holocene
918:Holocene
893:26.5 kyr
865:26.3 Mya
709:Pinatubo
685:Krakatoa
651:Colossal
592:Tarawera
576:Vesuvius
564:12 years
414:(1997),
380:3 months
297:moderate
247:(2006),
243:(1995),
241:Yakedake
172:(2011),
150:constant
144:Effusive
140:Hawaiian
1462:, from
1456:website
1452:from a
1413:Bibcode
1340:Bibcode
1290:Bibcode
1166:Bibcode
1037:to the
965:Density
931:of the
877:640 kyr
873:2.1 Mya
807:Tambora
799:Samalas
795:1610 BC
787:4300 BC
779:5700 BC
755:760 kyr
616:Puyehue
455:Plinian
404:Redoubt
392:Surtsey
377:3–15 km
330:Galeras
294:2 weeks
162:KÄ«lauea
101:(bulk)
51:of the
1532:Topics
1431:
1377:
1308:
1243:
959:, and
885:74 kyr
775:Mazama
771:22 kyr
763:37 kyr
534:Semeru
518:Merapi
486:Bandai
416:Ontake
374:Severe
369:Peléan
346:Marapi
291:1–5 km
221:Gentle
170:Dallol
110:Plume
99:volume
97:Ejecta
65:tephra
1579:Lists
1429:S2CID
1399:(PDF)
1328:(PDF)
1306:S2CID
1185:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
977:magma
889:TaupĹŤ
843:vast
783:Kikai
494:Pelée
424:Fuego
314:Unzen
300:none
235:none
232:minor
229:daily
156:none
18:VEI 6
1454:USGS
1375:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1219:2014
967:and
953:lava
881:Toba
840:vast
811:1815
803:1257
767:Aira
713:1991
705:1912
697:1902
689:1883
681:1600
628:2022
620:2011
612:1982
604:1980
596:1886
588:1707
584:Fuji
538:2021
530:2020
526:Taal
522:2010
514:2010
506:1951
498:1902
490:1888
482:1783
478:Laki
436:2021
428:2018
420:2014
400:1985
350:2023
342:2019
334:1993
326:1888
318:1792
310:Etna
265:2021
253:2012
198:2022
194:1984
190:1975
94:VEI
55:and
1421:doi
1409:130
1348:doi
1336:102
1298:doi
1174:doi
949:ash
912:'s
906:Mya
887:),
879:),
867:),
855:),
805:),
797:),
789:),
781:),
773:),
765:),
757:),
707:),
699:),
691:),
683:),
675:),
673:450
622:),
614:),
606:),
598:),
590:),
582:),
532:),
524:),
516:),
508:),
500:),
492:),
484:),
430:),
422:),
410:),
402:),
344:),
336:),
328:),
320:),
255:),
180:),
73:1.0
1634::
1427:.
1419:.
1407:.
1401:.
1346:.
1334:.
1330:.
1304:.
1296:.
1286:66
1284:.
1270:^
1227:^
1205:.
1201:.
1172:.
1162:87
1160:.
1154:.
955:,
951:,
895:)
875:,
813:)
715:)
630:)
580:79
540:)
438:)
352:)
267:)
200:)
196:,
192:,
133:0
1517:e
1510:t
1503:v
1435:.
1423::
1415::
1383:.
1354:.
1350::
1342::
1312:.
1300::
1292::
1249:.
1221:.
1176::
1168::
1053:.
891:(
883:(
871:(
863:(
851:(
820:8
809:(
801:(
793:(
785:(
777:(
769:(
761:(
753:(
722:7
711:(
703:(
695:(
687:(
679:(
671:(
637:6
626:(
618:(
610:(
602:(
594:(
586:(
578:(
547:5
536:(
528:(
520:(
512:(
504:(
496:(
488:(
480:(
445:4
434:(
426:(
418:(
406:(
398:(
359:3
348:(
340:(
332:(
324:(
316:(
274:2
251:(
207:1
188:(
176:(
75:Ă—
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
