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1076:(UWSA) and the remains of the former Burmese Communist Party rebel group that collapsed in 1989. The Wa State and the UWSA are in a fragile cease-fire agreement with the Burmese military government. They have been accused by Western governments of involvement in drug trafficking but have banned opium production since 2005 and have received United Nations aid in improving legitimate agriculture.
690:
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589:
829:
764:, which was very active in the area. During that time opium cultivation and sales grew and the ancient traditional life became disrupted, but also an administrative system that collected revenue and maintained a significant armed force, as well as a rudimentary infrastructure, ushered the Wa region into the modern era.
840:
674:, known as "PRC orthography" or "China official orthography", was developed for the Wa people in 1956. However, its publications, mainly propagated through the Yunnan administration, are yet to reach a wider public beyond academics. This new Wa alphabet is treated as the first formal script of the Wa.
719:
The Wa were largely portrayed by colonial administrators as wild and dirty people owing to their practice of headhunting. However, Chinese documents written prior to the twentieth century rarely mentioned the Wa as headhunters and yet it is this aspect of Wa culture that has been cited more than any
568:
was formerly also an important custom. The Wa have different kinds of traditional dances. One important dance in their culture is accompanied by the beating of a large hollow wooden drum. This way of dancing, among other Wa dances such as the hair dance and festivals, is being promoted as a tourist
552:
with an offering of the blood, meat and skin performed at it. Additionally, among the traditional spirit-worshiping Wa—a practice that still exists among the
Christian Wa—animals were sacrificed at festivities like weddings and funerary rituals. However, the Wa that were under Buddhist influence
815:
During the 1990s the areas controlled by the UWSA were involved in heroin production. During the 2000s, the United Wa State Army shifted focus into amphetamine production. Records of official seizures compiled by the United
Nations suggest that in 2006 Myanmar was the source of half of Asia's
811:
in the area. During this conflict the Wa army occupied areas close to the Thai border, ending up with the control of two separate swathes of territory north and south of
Kengtung. In 1999 when the Burmese military requested the Wa fighters to return to the northern area the UWSA refused.
1232:
Fiskesjö, Magnus. "The autonomy of naming: Kinship, power and ethnonymy in the Wa lands of the
Southeast Asia-China frontiers." In Charles Macdonald & Yangwen Zheng, eds. Personal Names in Asia: History, Culture and Identity. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2009, pp 150–74.
1057:. Their proportion to Myanmar's total population is 0.16. Although little is known about the ancient history of the Wa, they are acknowledged by other dominant ethnic groups in Shan State, such as the Tai Yai, to be the original inhabitants of the area.
1911:
2138:တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ
1083:
has been established. It is set to be administered by the Wa people and its territory is between the gorges of the Mekong and
Salween, in the east part of the Shan State, near the border with the Chinese province of Yunnan.
2148:
535:
and the traditional way of dealing with sickness or other problems was to sacrifice a chicken, a pig or a larger animal, depending from the magnitude of the affliction. According to local legend, the practice of cutting a
652:; 'old Wa orthography') in Chinese, and is now used mainly in the Burmese Wa areas and among the Wa in Thailand. A revised Bible orthography has been adopted as "official Wa spelling" by the authorities of the
747:
The international border that had been defined between Burma and China made that the Wa people were divided between the two countries. The Wa regions in Burma were largely left alone until the 1950s, when remnants of
715:
resided, the
British left the Wa State without administration, its border with China undefined. That situation suited the Wa well, for throughout their history they had consistently preferred being left alone.
1915:
943:) of Yongde County and Zhenkang County, Yunnan are officially classified as Wa by the Chinese government, but consider themselves to be a separate ethnicity from the Wa. Their autonym is "Siwa" (
862:
1226:
Winnington, Alan. The Slaves of the Cool
Mountains: The Ancient Social Conditions and Changes Now in Progress on the Remote South-Western Borders of China. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1959.
2135:
779:
with a centralized command. In return for agreeing to the ban of poppy cultivation and opium production the region experienced a massive influx of international development aid. The
1256:
Kramer, Tom. "The United Wa State Party: Narco-army or ethnic nationalist party?" Washington, DC: East-West Center
Washington; Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007.
1244:
Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Slavery as the commodification of people: Wa 'slaves' and their
Chinese 'sisters'." Focaal-Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology 59 (Spring 2011), 3–18.
628:. The first transcription of the Wa language was devised by Young and Sara Yaw Shu Chin in 1931 with the purpose of translating the Bible. This first Wa alphabet was based on the
1554:
656:
in
Pangkham, which have published a series of primers in order to improve the literacy of the United Wa State Army troops. Also, after 2000 Wa people in social networks such as
2322:
707:, a Shan hereditary chief. In the second half of the 19th century, the British authorities in Burma judged the Wa territory remote and of difficult access. Thus, excepting
1373:
2059:
500:
and all the territories of eastern Shan State, as well as large swathes of the adjacent areas of present-day China had belonged to the Wa. In the area of the former
3897:
1247:
Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Mining, history, and the anti-state Wa: The politics of autonomy between Burma and China." Journal of Global History 5.2 (June 2010), 241–64.
847:
The land where the Wa have been traditionally living is divided between Burma and China. The international border cuts the ancestral Wa region roughly in half.
3827:
621:
4354:
3837:
910:
2105:
1948:
1250:
Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Participant intoxication and self-other dynamics in the Wa context." The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 11.2 (June 2010), 111–27.
496:
Very little is known about the early history of the Wa. What is known is mostly made up of local legends telling that in the distant past the historical
1973:
3757:
3471:
1259:
Kramer, Tom. "From golden triangle to rubber belt?: The future of opium bans in the Kokang and Wa regions." Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 2009.
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3678:
2034:
1819:
620:
work among the Wa began at the beginning of the 20th century first in the Burmese and later in the Chinese areas of the Wa territory. It was led by
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1579:
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2084:
580:, with large amounts of local moonshine being produced and are widely believed to on average consume the largest amount of alcohol in China.
524:
forming sizable communities. The Wa now form a minority of only about 10% in Kengtung District despite having been the original inhabitants.
4233:
4228:
4133:
3991:
3702:
3683:
1253:
Takano, Hideyuki. "The Shore Beyond Good and Evil: A Report from Inside Burma's Opium Kingdom." Tokyo: Kotan Publishing, 2002. In English.
4153:
3892:
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3619:
882:
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In 1989 the Wa authorities expelled the Burma Communist Party and negotiated a cease-fire with the then leader of Burma's military junta
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1459:
Interview with Sara Yaw Shu (Joshua) Chin, co-inventor of the Wa alphabet and long-time Wa Baptist Church leader, 27 February 2006
1297:
731:, are largely known for their rebel army and as being involved in drug trafficking, overshadowing other aspects of their culture.
3882:
3872:
3852:
3822:
2173:
1769:
3464:
1669:
2272:
1473:
1362:
1324:
Fiskesjö, Magnus (15 June 2010). "Mining, history, and the anti-state Wa: the politics of autonomy between Burma and China".
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2009:
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1350:
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1940:
1054:
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274:
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2256:
723:
The prejudice continues in modern times when the Wa, who are economically not that different from other ethnic
1981:
1080:
878:
653:
459:
402:. Generally, the traditional customs of the Wa, as well as their lifestyle, are very similar to those of the
3341:
757:
2030:
1977:
1815:
866:
753:
2202:
1575:
1279:
Winnington, Alan. "Kopfjäger" . Berlin: Verlag Volk und Welt, 1983. Series: Roman-Zeitung; Heft 398. .
803:-armies, with up to 10,000 men under arms. Until 1996 the UWSA was involved in a conflict against the
664:
lyrics of Wa songs use this Myanmar (revised Bible) "official Wa orthography" in its main variations.
4274:
570:
493:. The lake is located in the northeastern Wa territory in the border area between China and Myanmar.
17:
3480:
3403:
2722:
761:
348:
3266:
2621:
2080:
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was the norm and there was sexual freedom for both men and women before marriage. The chewing of
379:
1365:
On the Ethnoarchaeology of Fortified Settlements in the Northern part of Mainland Southeast Asia
1154:
4296:
3752:
3599:
3254:
2982:
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2400:
2330:
35:
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2994:
2371:
1941:"Yaa Baa. Production, traffic, and consumption of methamphetamine in Mainland Southeast Asia"
1113:
1097:
776:
724:
509:
228:
1639:
681:
are officially considered part of the Wa minority in China and are also known as 'tame Wa'.
4359:
4269:
4213:
3433:
3408:
2706:
1790:
1229:
Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Introduction to Wa Studies." Journal of Burma Studies 17.1 (2013), 1-27.
1073:
796:
772:
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and north and northeastwards close to the Chinese border, as well as a small area east of
8:
3584:
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2213:
1601:
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1044:
caught by Wa people in order to crush them with chilies in a mixture similar to the Thai
601:
200:
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religious beliefs centered around ritual blood sacrifices. Villages had a spirit healer
53:
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being completed in 1938. This transcription, known as "Bible orthography" is known as "
609:
467:
455:
2169:
1765:
1092:
In recent times some Wa communities from Burma have crossed the border and settled in
3722:
3336:
3297:
3279:
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2339:
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1234:
1184:
617:
1665:
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officially recognized by China. In China, the Wa live in compact communities in the
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3112:
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305:
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291:
233:
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167:
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1934:
1932:
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where a buffalo was sacrificed once every year at a special Y-shaped post named
451:
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2667:
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2651:
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1430:
1166:
1124:. In Thailand the Wa having come recently from Burma are often referred to as '
541:
501:
3180:
3061:
2246:
1721:
1690:
1519:
1337:
820:, and some experts believe that most drug labs are in areas under Wa control.
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was created within the northeastern Shan State, with its de facto capital in
637:
613:
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also promotes dance, as well as other cultural and philanthropic activities.
395:
371:
328:
1431:""Headhunting days are over for Myanmar's "Wild Wa"", Reuters, Sep 10, 2007"
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2599:
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2530:
2516:
2500:
2003:
1602:"Para‐nationalism: Sovereignty and authenticity in the Wa State of Myanmar"
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in southwestern Yunnan. Their population in China is estimated at 400,000.
851:
671:
629:
426:
344:
256:
134:
4238:
4143:
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2415:
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843:
A map of Burma showing the Wa Self-Administered Division, coloured brown.
728:
678:
597:
537:
521:
517:
513:
471:
407:
403:
287:
218:
1495:"Folk dancing of Va ethnic group attracts tourists in SW China (Xinhua)"
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and a small proportion of the population follows a derivative of either
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3996:
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1617:
1128:', although they do not strictly belong to the latter ethnic subgroup.
768:
760:. A decade and a half later, the region was under the influence of the
340:
117:
2269:
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
1155:
Journal of Burma Studies 17.1 (2013), a special issue on the Wa people
1079:
As stipulated by the 2008 Burmese Constitution, on 20 August 2010 the
313:
310:
3727:
2481:
2469:
2107:ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်)
1944:
1065:
1046:
565:
497:
438:
411:
359:
269:
31:
701:. The area where they live had been traditionally administered by a
4279:
2884:
2824:
2797:
1137:
1093:
1069:
1061:
833:
808:
800:
784:
780:
708:
657:
625:
557:
422:
362:, a territory that they have claimed as their ancestral land since
335:) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in Northern
252:
191:
30:
This article is about the ethnic group that lives primarily in the
1938:
608:. It formerly had no script and the few Wa who were literate used
504:
the Wa were displaced around 1229 and were later defeated by King
63:
4188:
3947:
3234:
2936:
2924:
2914:
2894:
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661:
528:
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418:
375:
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1181:
The Trouser People: a Story of Burma in the Shadow of the Empire
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2829:
2807:
2712:
2439:
2197:
1150:
A Bibliography of materials in or about Wa language and culture
1041:
703:
697:
Very little has been written about the Wa people except in the
668:
516:
were the majority in Kengtung state, with other groups such as
391:
367:
352:
318:
1857:
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, February 1, 2007, p. 269
3248:
2976:
2951:
2909:
2636:
2510:
817:
689:
561:
387:
158:
2110:[2008 Constitution PDF] (in Burmese). Archived from
1791:"Large Minority Groups in Southern China - Wa Ethnic Group"
1722:"Krax moh aux daux ju pa hoik luan mai pa simie sivoe ngai"
633:
569:
attraction by the Yunnan tourism authorities in China. The
540:
was intended as a ritual sacrifice in order to improve the
383:
544:
of the rice fields. Traditional villages had also shrines
2273:
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-7BBF-9@view
2056:"Economonitor - Myanmar and China's Complex Relationship"
1576:"The Wa Ethnic Scenic Region in Ximeng Autonomous County"
1520:"Grawng klieh yam lih khaing sigien rang, sigang lih dix"
1340:– via Cambridge University Press Journals Complete.
828:
739:
720:
other in order to emphasize the primitiveness of the Wa.
588:
1068:. The Wa Special Region 2 of the Northern Shan State or
790:
684:
366:. It is a rugged, mountainous area located between the
1260:
1551:"6 Days Cangyuan Wa Ethnic Minority Monihei Carnival"
1007:. There are 10,289 Benren in the township as of 2010.
911:
Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County
660:
and other online media, as well as Wa songwriters in
2262:
Shan speak out against Thailand's support for the Wa
1060:
In Burma, the Wa live mostly in small villages near
34:
area. For the archaic term for Japanese people, see
1183:. London: Penguin; Washington: Counterpoint, 2002.
406:further to the Northwest. The Wa people speak the
2002:Zhao, Mingsheng (赵明生); Gao, Honghui (高宏慧) (2012).
1868:The Fate of Sacrifice and the Making of Wa History
1398:The Wa or Lawa: Head-Hunters. In Burma and Beyond.
632:and the first publication was a compilation of Wa
474:the first Wa originated from two female ancestors
378:flowing across it. The Wa traditionally practiced
1900:The Wa Authority and Good Governance, 1989 – 2007
4341:
2252:United Wa State Army - South Asia Analysis Group
1171:Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948
1939:Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud & Meissonnier, Joël.
2257:Wa leaders ask Thein Sein for autonomous state
1055:officially recognized ethnic groups of Myanmar
466:British journalist and colonial administrator
3465:
2294:
1894:
1892:
1878:
1876:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1023:
1011:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
944:
938:
667:In China, a transcription adapted to the new
641:
4355:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China
3479:
2098:
1842:Myanmar's Wa: Likely losers in the opium war
1666:"The Young Family's Work with the Wa People"
1214:Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States
592:Wa writing and cultural symbols on a T-shirt
1884:Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy
1599:
883:Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County
3472:
3458:
2308:
2301:
2287:
1912:"Wa will not budge from Thai border areas"
1889:
1873:
1833:
1416:
1096:, where they have no official status as a
823:
62:
1470:"The Va ethnic minority (People's Daily)"
576:The Wa people also have a well-engrained
2216:(Chinese government website, in English)
1967:
1965:
1411:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
1323:
1036:
959:(recently incorporated into Dedang Town
838:
827:
738:
688:
600:forms a language group belonging to the
587:
450:
442:
358:Historically, the Wa have inhabited the
263:
2001:
14:
4342:
1974:"Thai drugs smuggling networks reform"
816:methamphetamine, known in Thailand as
583:
3453:
2282:
1971:
1962:
1855:Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity
1853:N Ganesan & Kyaw Yin Hlaing eds.
1646:from the original on 28 November 2016
1272:Scott, J. G., and Mitton, Geraldine.
832:Young Wa people from Pyinghsai, near
791:Military activity and drug production
299:
1116:in southern Chiang Rai Province and
734:
685:British rule and enduring prejudices
84:Regions with significant populations
68:Two Wa women in traditional clothing
3429:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
1972:Davis, Anthony (19 November 2004).
1766:"SOAS - Writing of the Wa Language"
891:Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County
807:which suited the objectives of the
432:
24:
1593:
949:). The Benren are distributed in:
25:
4381:
2247:Sway long hair dance by Wa people
2190:
1441:from the original on May 27, 2018
1403:
3434:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
2196:
1396:Scott, James George, Sir. 1935.
1221:The Slaves of the Cool Mountains
553:developed different traditions.
447:An early Burmese depiction of Wa
184:
151:
127:
110:
93:
27:Ethnic group in Northern Myanmar
2275:Parauk in RWAAI Digital Archive
2176:from the original on 2014-03-04
2162:
2151:from the original on 2018-12-26
2128:
2087:from the original on 2021-01-17
2073:
2062:from the original on 2012-05-07
2048:
2037:from the original on 2014-10-18
2023:
2012:from the original on 2016-03-04
1995:
1951:from the original on 2010-09-22
1904:
1860:
1847:
1822:from the original on 2013-12-14
1808:
1797:from the original on 2014-04-15
1783:
1772:from the original on 2014-04-16
1758:
1745:
1734:from the original on 2016-12-29
1714:
1703:from the original on 2016-12-29
1683:
1672:from the original on 2014-04-16
1658:
1632:
1582:from the original on 2017-12-22
1568:
1557:from the original on 2014-04-23
1543:
1532:from the original on 2016-12-29
1512:
1501:from the original on 2013-11-12
1487:
1476:from the original on 2014-04-23
1379:from the original on 2014-10-14
1351:The Imperial gazetteer of India
1143:
1028:, Cangyuan Va Autonomous County
799:was one of the world's largest
482:who spent their early phase as
275:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
48:(Va, Ava, Parauk, Ba rāog)
2136:"Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd"
1691:"Wa Song (Lox rhax meung vax)"
1462:
1453:
1390:
1355:
1344:
1317:
1289:
1024:
1012:
991:
985:
973:
967:
965:), Yongde County: in Menggong
961:
955:
743:Wa woman feeding a little girl
648:
556:In the traditional Wa society
323:
13:
1:
2267:http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai
2237:Peoples of the World - The Wa
1283:
1216:. 5 vols. Rangoon, 1900–1901.
1081:Wa Self-Administered Division
879:Cangyuan Va Autonomous County
654:Wa Self-Administered Division
606:Austroasiatic language family
460:Cangyuan Va Autonomous County
398:, which they used mainly for
2081:"Tensions Rise in Wa Region"
1314:Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn
1200:. London: John Murray, 1936.
1100:. The Wa live mainly in the
758:Chinese Communist Revolution
693:Wa headmen in British Burma.
7:
1816:"Lawa, Western in Thailand"
1223:. Berlin: Seven Seas, 1959.
1131:
1087:
867:Ximeng Va Autonomous County
754:National Revolutionary Army
349:Myanmar's border with China
10:
4386:
2147:(in Burmese). 2010-08-20.
1886:, Harvard University Press
1600:Steinmüller, Hans (2021).
1274:In the Grip of the Wild Wa
1266:
1053:The Wa are one of the 135
849:
436:
339:, in the northern part of
29:
4262:
4093:
4041:
4025:
3976:
3692:
3633:
3577:
3498:
3487:
3424:
3384:
3319:
3265:
3166:
3111:
2993:
2767:
2721:
2691:
2620:
2572:
2540:
2491:
2399:
2338:
2329:
2316:
2242:People of South East Asia
1338:10.1017/S1740022810000070
1326:Journal of Global History
1003:
997:
979:
945:
939:
932:
642:
489:in a small lake known as
332:
309:
295:
272:in an early 20th century
247:
242:
217:
212:
179:
146:
88:
83:
78:
73:
61:
52:
4370:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
3481:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
3404:Local ethnic nationalism
2323:recognized ethnic groups
2232:Wa people Facebook group
2137:
2106:
2004:
1978:Jane's Information Group
1947:University Press, 2004.
1032:
856:
762:Communist Party of Burma
727:in the area such as the
612:, while others used the
470:described how in the Wa
351:, as well as in China's
343:and the eastern part of
4365:Ethnic groups in Yunnan
3600:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
1640:"Drinking Tour: Ximeng"
1606:Nations and Nationalism
1198:Scott of the Shan Hills
824:Geographic distribution
380:subsistence agriculture
3439:Historic ethnic groups
2310:Ethnic groups in China
2214:The Wa ethnic minority
1882:Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy,
1840:Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy,
1755:, 2 vols. Introduction
1050:
861:The Wa are one of the
844:
836:
744:
694:
593:
571:Wa Women's Association
527:The Wa originally had
463:
448:
279:
36:Wajin (ancient people)
4263:Unrecognised / Others
2222:from China Style site
1437:. 10 September 2007.
1114:Wiang Pa Pao District
1040:
850:Further information:
842:
831:
777:United Wa State Party
742:
692:
591:
510:British rule in Burma
454:
446:
410:which is part of the
267:
229:Southwestern Mandarin
2228:from Ethnologue site
2205:at Wikimedia Commons
1642:. 27 December 2014.
1074:United Wa State Army
797:United Wa State Army
773:United Wa State Army
622:William Marcus Young
618:Christian missionary
414:group of languages.
400:sacrificial purposes
223:Secondary languages:
1409:Donald M. Seekins,
1261:http://www.tni.org/
1173:. Chiang Mai, 1999.
1122:Chiang Mai Province
1118:Chiang Dao District
1110:Chiang Rai Province
781:Wa Special Region 2
771:. They founded the
584:Language and script
558:monogamous marriage
417:Many of the Wa are
301:[wa̰lùmjóʊ]
79:approx. 1.2 million
58:
3649:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
2144:Weekly Eleven News
2005:佤族支系“本人(佤)”的产生及其特征
1898:Ronald D. Renard,
1618:10.1111/nana.12709
1310:2015-09-23 at the
1300:2013-06-27 at the
1219:Winnington, Alan.
1072:was formed by the
1051:
953:Menggong Township
845:
837:
745:
695:
610:Chinese characters
594:
464:
458:, a Wa village in
449:
280:
44:
4337:
4336:
3948:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
3447:
3446:
2616:
2615:
2201:Media related to
1866:Magnus Fiskesjö,
1195:Mitton, Geraldine
735:Post World War II
508:. At the time of
347:, near and along
262:
261:
16:(Redirected from
4377:
4239:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
3928:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
3863:Mro-Khimi people
3758:Kaung Saing Chin
3474:
3467:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3305:Tajiks (Pamiris)
2336:
2335:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2200:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:on March 8, 2005
1980:. Archived from
1969:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1914:. Archived from
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1751:Justin Watkins,
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1427:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1315:
1293:
1205:Burma and Beyond
1177:Marshall, Andrew
1163:. Rangoon, 1933.
1112:, as well as in
1102:Mae Sai District
1027:
1026:
1022:Mangka Township
1015:
1014:
1010:Desili Township
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
957:
948:
947:
942:
941:
863:56 ethnic groups
699:Chinese language
650:
645:
644:
636:in 1933, the Wa
616:and its script.
578:drinking culture
468:Sir George Scott
433:Cultural history
334:
325:
316:
303:
297:
224:
190:
188:
187:
157:
155:
154:
133:
131:
130:
116:
114:
113:
99:
97:
96:
74:Total population
66:
59:
57:
56:
49:
43:
21:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4258:
4089:
4080:Mru (Taung Mro)
4044:
4037:
4021:
3972:
3843:Meithei (Kathe)
3793:Lai (Haka Chin)
3688:
3629:
3573:
3544:Lashi (La Chit)
3494:
3483:
3478:
3448:
3443:
3420:
3392:Han nationalism
3380:
3327:African Chinese
3315:
3261:
3162:
3107:
2989:
2947:Sichuan Mongols
2763:
2717:
2687:
2612:
2568:
2536:
2487:
2395:
2325:
2312:
2307:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1322:
1318:
1312:Wayback Machine
1302:Wayback Machine
1294:
1290:
1286:
1276:. London, 1913.
1269:
1207:. London, 1932.
1167:Lintner, Bertil
1146:
1134:
1108:subdistrict of
1090:
1035:
1018:Fengqing County
935:
923:Zhenkang County
859:
854:
826:
793:
750:Chiang Kai-shek
737:
687:
586:
441:
435:
396:water buffaloes
386:, peas, beans,
382:by cultivating
364:time immemorial
353:Yunnan Province
255:
251:
238:
222:
221:
205:
185:
183:
172:
152:
150:
139:
128:
126:
111:
109:
94:
92:
69:
51:
50:
47:
46:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4383:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3978:Bamar (Burman)
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3743:Gunte (Lyente)
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Maru (Lawgore)
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3491:Burmese people
3488:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3414:Zhonghua minzu
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2192:
2191:External links
2189:
2187:
2186:
2161:
2127:
2097:
2072:
2047:
2031:"Yonde County"
2022:
1994:
1961:
1928:
1903:
1888:
1872:
1859:
1846:
1832:
1807:
1782:
1757:
1744:
1713:
1682:
1657:
1631:
1612:(3): 880–894.
1592:
1567:
1542:
1511:
1486:
1461:
1452:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1363:"M. Fiskesjo,
1354:
1343:
1332:(2): 241–243.
1316:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1174:
1164:
1159:Harvey, G. E.
1157:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1089:
1086:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1008:
983:, Dapingzhang
937:The "Benren" (
934:
931:
858:
855:
825:
822:
792:
789:
756:fled the 1949
736:
733:
686:
683:
604:branch of the
585:
582:
533:(Tax Cao Chai)
502:Kengtung State
434:
431:
260:
259:
245:
244:
240:
239:
237:
236:
231:
225:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
204:
203:
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177:
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173:
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147:
144:
143:
140:
138:
137:
120:
103:
89:
86:
85:
81:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4382:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Anglo-Burmese
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
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4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Danaw (Danau)
4102:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
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3951:
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3946:
3944:
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3931:
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3926:
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3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
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3899:
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3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
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3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Kwangli (Sim)
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
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3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:Kayin (Karen)
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3576:
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3562:
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3517:
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3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3267:Indo-European
3264:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:Upper Mongols
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
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2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2622:Austroasiatic
2619:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2117:on 2011-05-01
2113:
2109:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1918:on 2014-12-04
1917:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1753:Wa Dictionary
1748:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:9971-69-380-1
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:Scott, J. G.
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:1-58243-120-5
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1021:
1019:
1009:
995:, Xiaodifang
952:
951:
950:
930:
928:
927:Yongde County
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
853:
848:
841:
835:
830:
821:
819:
813:
810:
806:
805:Mong Tai Army
802:
798:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
741:
732:
730:
726:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
691:
682:
680:
675:
673:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
639:
638:New Testament
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Shan language
611:
607:
603:
599:
590:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
563:
559:
554:
551:
550:Khaox Si Gang
547:
543:
539:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
457:
453:
445:
440:
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Salween River
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
326:
320:
315:
312:
307:
302:
293:
289:
285:
277:
276:
271:
266:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
220:
216:
211:
207:
202:
199:
195:
193:
182:
181:
178:
174:
169:
166:
162:
160:
149:
148:
145:
141:
136:
125:
121:
119:
108:
104:
102:
91:
90:
87:
82:
77:
72:
65:
60:
55:
37:
33:
19:
4193:
4129:Khmu (Khamu)
4075:Miram (Mara)
3718:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
3489:
3353:
3347:Kaifeng Jews
3303:
3296:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3120:
3100:
3088:
3066:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3014:
3002:
2975:
2963:
2812:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2756:
2749:
2735:
2705:
2693:Austronesian
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2629:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2561:
2549:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2480:
2468:
2461:
2444:
2432:
2425:
2408:
2401:Lolo-Burmese
2378:
2364:
2347:
2331:Sino-Tibetan
2318:
2178:. Retrieved
2170:"Wa, Parauk"
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2142:
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2112:the original
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2075:
2064:. Retrieved
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
1997:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1953:. Retrieved
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1906:
1899:
1883:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1785:
1774:. Retrieved
1760:
1752:
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1660:
1650:17 September
1648:. Retrieved
1634:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1570:
1559:. Retrieved
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1523:
1514:
1503:. Retrieved
1489:
1478:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1434:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1364:
1357:
1346:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1291:
1273:
1220:
1213:
1211:Scott, J. G.
1204:
1197:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1144:Bibliography
1091:
1078:
1059:
1052:
1045:
936:
918:
914:
906:
898:
894:
886:
874:
870:
860:
852:Awa mountain
846:
814:
794:
766:
746:
722:
718:
712:
702:
696:
679:Western Lawa
676:
672:romanization
666:
647:
630:Latin script
595:
575:
555:
549:
546:(Nyiex Moeg)
545:
532:
526:
495:
490:
486:
479:
475:
472:origin myths
465:
427:Christianity
416:
394:. They bred
357:
345:Kachin State
322:
283:
281:
273:
257:Christianity
197:
164:
135:Kachin State
123:
106:
41:Ethnic group
4360:Headhunting
4254:Hkun (Khün)
4124:Khamti Shan
4045:(Arakanese)
4007:Kadu (Kado)
3933:Torr (Tawr)
3728:Dai (Yindu)
3659:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
3191:Fuyu Kyrgyz
1870:, 2000: 3-5
729:Lahu people
725:hill tribes
598:Wa language
491:Nawng Hkaeo
408:Wa language
404:Naga people
374:, with the
4344:Categories
3605:Manu Manaw
3585:Geba Karen
3397:chauvinism
3376:Pakistanis
3359:Chaoxianzu
2971:Sogwo Arig
2890:Muumyangan
2875:Khishigten
2723:Hmong-Mien
2675:Vietnamese
2319:Underlined
2209:Wikisource
2180:2014-02-28
2155:2010-08-23
2121:2021-12-02
2091:2014-03-27
2066:2012-05-02
2041:2012-10-17
2016:2012-10-17
1988:2009-03-05
1955:2006-03-13
1922:2014-04-03
1826:2014-02-28
1801:2014-04-27
1776:2014-04-15
1738:2016-12-02
1707:2016-12-02
1676:2014-04-15
1586:2017-12-19
1561:2014-04-21
1536:2016-12-02
1505:2014-04-21
1480:2014-04-21
1383:2014-10-10
1284:References
1098:Hill Tribe
977:, Songlin
915:Si Nblāeng
895:Gaeng Mīex
887:Gaeng Līam
769:Khin Nyunt
711:where the
538:human head
437:See also:
341:Shan State
201:Chiang Rai
118:Shan State
4350:Wa people
4324:Pakistani
4154:Shan Gale
4070:Maramagyi
3893:Saing Zan
3738:Eik-swair
3684:Shu (Pwo)
3644:Pa-Le-Chi
3620:Yin Talai
3578:Kayah (9)
3275:Armenians
3196:Ili Turks
2792:Dongxiang
2476:Qixingmin
2372:subgroups
2360:Chuanqing
2321:: the 56
2203:Wa people
1945:Singapore
1626:1354-5078
1161:Wa Précis
1066:Tachileik
1047:Nam phrik
1001:, Lielie
919:Mēng Mēng
899:Gaeng Māx
602:Palaungic
566:areca nut
542:fertility
498:Wa States
439:Wa States
412:Mon-Khmer
360:Wa States
284:Wa people
270:Wa States
213:Languages
32:Wa States
18:Va people
4329:Taungtha
4314:Rohingya
4287:Bayingyi
4249:Maingtha
4244:Maw Shan
4159:Shan Gyi
4065:Daingnet
4043:Rakhine
3908:Tangkhul
3903:Senthang
3783:Kwelshin
3679:Monnepwa
3569:Ngochang
3366:Macanese
3337:Japanese
3298:Russians
3280:Iranians
3176:Altaians
3113:Tungusic
2885:Khuuchid
2880:Khorchin
2870:Kharchin
2825:Abaganar
2798:Hamnigan
2769:Mongolic
2701:Filipino
2506:Gyalrong
2174:Archived
2149:Archived
2085:Archived
2060:Archived
2035:Archived
2010:Archived
1949:Archived
1820:Archived
1795:Archived
1770:Archived
1732:Archived
1701:Archived
1670:Archived
1644:Archived
1580:Archived
1555:Archived
1530:Archived
1499:Archived
1474:Archived
1439:Archived
1413:, p. 251
1374:Archived
1308:Archived
1298:Archived
1138:Pangkham
1132:See also
1094:Thailand
1088:Thailand
1070:Wa State
1062:Kengtung
1013:德思里彝族佤族乡
989:, Hunai
907:Mēng Lām
875:Si Moung
869:(in Wa:
834:Kengtung
809:Tatmadaw
785:Pangkham
709:Mang Lon
658:Facebook
649:lǎowǎwén
626:Nebraska
487:(rairoh)
484:tadpoles
476:Ya Htawm
462:, Yunnan
423:Buddhism
419:animists
370:and the
296:ဝလူမျိုး
253:Buddhism
243:Religion
192:Thailand
4280:Panthay
4275:Chinese
4209:Yin Net
4204:Yin Kya
4194:Wa (Va)
4189:Taungyo
4184:Taishon
4179:Tai-Lay
4174:Tai-Lon
4169:Tai Nua
4164:Tai-Loi
4149:Palaung
4056:(Kaman)
4026:Mon (1)
3938:Yin Gog
3918:Tay-Zan
3788:Kwe Myi
3763:Kaungso
3753:Hualngo
3615:Yin Baw
3595:Karenni
3514:Dalaung
3509:Jingpaw
3385:Related
3355:Koreans
3332:Indians
3285:Nepalis
3255:Western
3235:Uyghurs
3136:Manchus
3027:Tai Nua
3022:Tai Lue
2995:Kra–Dai
2983:Eastern
2965:Monguor
2937:Onnigud
2925:Torghut
2915:Khoshut
2905:Dzungar
2895:Naimans
2865:Khalkha
2855:Jalaids
2845:Chahars
2840:Buryats
2835:Baarins
2814:Mongols
2803:Kangjia
2707:Gaoshan
2563:Tibetan
2542:Tibetic
2493:Qiangic
2452:Laomian
2391:Waxiang
2386:Longjia
2340:Sinitic
2226:Wa page
2220:Wa page
1727:YouTube
1696:YouTube
1525:YouTube
1445:July 5,
1435:Reuters
1267:Fiction
1106:Mae Yao
1042:Cicadas
971:, Daba
903:Lincang
871:Mēng Ka
662:karaoke
529:animist
506:Mangrai
480:Ya Htai
456:Om Diem
392:walnuts
388:poppies
376:Nam Hka
337:Myanmar
306:Chinese
292:Burmese
290:: Vāx;
249:Animism
234:Burmese
175:400,000
142:800,000
101:Myanmar
4307:Tamils
4302:Indian
4292:Gurkha
4219:Man Zi
4139:Kokang
4054:Kamein
4002:Yabein
3963:Zotung
3958:Zophei
3953:Sizang
3913:Tapong
3898:Saline
3888:Rongtu
3858:Lusayy
3818:Lyente
3813:Lhinbu
3808:Laymyo
3803:Lawhtu
3798:Laizao
3773:Khawno
3674:Monpwa
3625:Zayein
3559:Rawang
3529:Duleng
3524:Hkahku
3500:Kachin
3371:Nivkhs
3320:Others
3311:Wakhis
3242:Uzbeks
3229:Tuvans
3209:Kyrgyz
3202:Kazakh
3168:Turkic
3150:Oroqen
3122:Evenks
3102:Zhuang
3074:Qabiao
3056:Maonan
3010:Buyang
3004:Bouyei
2900:Oirats
2860:Jaruud
2850:Gorlos
2830:Aohans
2808:Khatso
2713:Utsuls
2668:Ta'ang
2593:Jingpo
2586:Derung
2573:Others
2557:Sherpa
2457:Laopin
2440:Kucong
2410:Achang
2355:Caijia
1624:
1400:p. 292
1237:
1187:
933:Benren
925:, and
713:Saopha
704:Saopha
669:pinyin
368:Mekong
321::
319:pinyin
308::
208:10,000
196:
189:
168:Yunnan
163:
156:
132:
122:
115:
105:
98:
4319:Malay
4114:Intha
4060:Khami
4012:Ganan
3987:Dawei
3943:Zahau
3923:Thado
3883:Panun
3878:Oo-Pu
3873:Ngawn
3853:Mi-er
3833:Marma
3828:Malin
3823:Magun
3768:Kebar
3748:Guite
3723:Cumtu
3654:S'gaw
3590:Gheko
3564:Taron
3519:Gauri
3409:Minzu
3290:Daman
3249:Yugur
3223:Tatar
3216:Salar
3186:Dolan
3157:Sibes
3143:Nanai
3128:Solon
3068:Mulao
3042:Gelao
2977:Yugur
2952:Sunud
2942:Ordos
2910:Khoid
2820:Abaga
2778:Bonan
2743:Hmong
2731:Gejia
2662:Pakan
2642:Kunge
2637:Bolyu
2631:Blang
2607:Tujia
2600:Lhoba
2551:Monpa
2531:Qiang
2517:Nakhi
2511:Mosuo
2501:Baima
2115:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1033:Burma
956:勐汞佤族乡
857:China
801:narco
634:hymns
564:with
562:betel
159:China
4297:Mizo
4224:Pyin
4144:Lahu
4119:Pa-O
4109:Danu
4097:(33)
4095:Shan
4085:Thet
4017:Hpon
3992:Beik
3868:Naga
3848:Mgan
3838:Matu
3713:Asho
3708:Anun
3696:(53)
3694:Chin
3664:Paku
3637:(11)
3610:Pale
3554:Lisu
3549:Atsi
3539:Hpon
3502:(12)
3342:Jews
3181:Äynu
3096:Yang
3084:Shan
3062:Nùng
3035:Dong
2957:Urad
2920:Olot
2785:Daur
2737:Miao
2657:Mang
2647:Khmu
2580:Deng
2524:Pumi
2463:Lisu
2446:Lahu
2434:Jino
2427:Hani
2421:Bisu
2416:Akha
1652:2017
1622:ISSN
1447:2021
1235:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1126:Lawa
1104:and
818:yaba
795:The
775:and
677:The
596:The
522:Lahu
520:and
518:Akha
514:Shan
512:the
478:and
390:and
384:rice
329:Thai
324:Wǎzú
282:The
278:map.
268:The
4234:Son
4229:Eng
4214:Yun
4199:Yao
4134:Kwi
4047:(7)
4033:Mon
3997:Yaw
3980:(9)
3968:Zou
3733:Dim
3703:Anu
3669:Bwe
3090:Sui
3079:Rau
3016:Dai
2758:Yao
2751:She
2652:Lai
2380:Hui
2366:Han
2349:Bai
1614:doi
1334:doi
1120:in
1025:芒卡镇
998:小地方
986:大平掌
962:德党镇
921:),
917:or
909:),
901:),
897:or
889:),
877:),
873:or
752:'s
646:" (
643:老佤文
624:of
425:or
333:ว้า
4346::
3049:Li
2682:Wa
2482:Yi
2470:Nu
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1016:,
1004:列列
992:户乃
980:松林
974:大坝
968:勐汞
946:斯佤
940:本人
881:,
787:.
429:.
355:.
331::
327:;
317:;
304:;
298:,
294::
288:Wa
219:Wa
54:佤族
45:Wa
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3357:(
2302:e
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