Vaccine - Knowledge

2115: 712: 2720: 2317: 1745: 2488: 2372: 1320: 411: 1532:" for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine, "DT" for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and "Td" for tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. At its page on tetanus vaccination, the CDC further explains that "Upper-case letters in these abbreviations denote full-strength doses of diphtheria (D) and tetanus (T) toxoids and pertussis (P) vaccine. Lower-case "d" and "p" denote reduced doses of diphtheria and pertussis used in the adolescent/adult-formulations. The 'a' in DTaP and Tdap stands for 'acellular', meaning that the pertussis component contains only a part of the pertussis organism." 1679:

facility is examined by expert reviewers for GMP compliance, and the label must have a compliant description to enable health care providers' definition of vaccine-specific use, including its possible risks, to communicate and deliver the vaccine to the public. After licensure, monitoring of the vaccine and its production, including periodic inspections for GMP compliance, continue as long as the manufacturer retains its license, which may include additional submissions to the FDA of tests for potency, safety, and purity for each vaccine manufacturing step.

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the strain of the pathogen involved, since different strains may be differently susceptible to a given immune reaction. In some cases vaccines may result in partial immune protection (in which immunity is less than 100% effective but still reduces risk of infection) or in temporary immune protection (in which immunity wanes over time) rather than full or permanent immunity. They can still raise the reinfection threshold for the population as a whole and make a substantial impact. They can also mitigate the severity of infection, resulting in a lower

2017:, with 70% of vaccine sales concentrated in the EU or US (2013). Vaccine manufacturing plants require large capital investments ($ 50 million up to $ 300 million) and may take between 4 and 6 years to construct, with the full process of vaccine development taking between 10 and 15 years. Manufacturing in developing countries is playing an increasing role in supplying these countries, specifically with regards to older vaccines and in Brazil, India and China. The manufacturers in India are the most advanced in the developing world and include the 2621: 1928: 10429: 11493: 2038: 819: 11514: 2265: 1331:. A single dose may have merely nanograms of virus particles, or micrograms of bacterial polysaccharides. A vaccine injection, oral drops or nasal spray is mostly water. Other ingredients are added to boost the immune response, to ensure safety or help with storage, and a tiny amount of material is left-over from the manufacturing process. Very rarely, these materials can cause an allergic reaction in people who are very sensitive to them. 1945:, and containment rooms. There is a global scarcity of personnel with the right combination of skills, expertise, knowledge, competence and personality to staff vaccine production lines. With the notable exceptions of Brazil, China, and India, many developing countries' educational systems are unable to provide enough qualified candidates, and vaccine makers based in such countries must hire expatriate personnel to keep production going. 49: 1606:

communication by governments and healthcare personnel to ensure a vaccination campaign proceeds smoothly, saves lives, and enables economic recovery. When a vaccine is licensed, it will initially be in limited supply due to variable manufacturing, distribution, and logistical factors, requiring an allocation plan for the limited supply and which population segments should be prioritized to first receive the vaccine.

425: 2774: 2760: 12681: 1896:. The vaccine produced by a new facility must undergo complete clinical testing for safety and efficacy by the manufacturer. For most vaccines, specific processes in technology are patented. These can be circumvented by alternative manufacturing methods, but this required R&D infrastructure and a suitably skilled workforce. In the case of a few relatively new vaccines, such as the 7438:"Statement by Jesse L. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Director Center for Biologics, Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on US Influenza Vaccine Supply and Preparations for the Upcoming Influenza Season before Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Committee on Energy and Commerce United States House of Representatives" 1970:

adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed. The adjuvant enhances the immune response to the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials. Combination vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other ingredients involved.

1258:). A monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism. A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms. The valency of a multivalent vaccine may be denoted with a Greek or Latin prefix (e.g., 2358:, and six weeks later variolated the boy with smallpox, afterwards observing that he did not catch smallpox. Jenner extended his studies and, in 1798, reported that his vaccine was safe in children and adults, and could be transferred from arm-to-arm, which reduced reliance on uncertain supplies from infected cows. In 1804, the Spanish 1393:

influenza vaccines supplied in the UK do not list thiomersal in the ingredients. Preservatives may be used at various stages of the production of vaccines, and the most sophisticated methods of measurement might detect traces of them in the finished product, as they may in the environment and population as a whole.

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In order to provide the best protection, children are recommended to receive vaccinations as soon as their immune systems are sufficiently developed to respond to particular vaccines, with additional "booster" shots often required to achieve "full immunity". This has led to the development of complex

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in the US and Japan) was used in many vaccines that did not contain live viruses. As of 2005, the only childhood vaccine in the U.S. that contains thiomersal in greater than trace amounts is the influenza vaccine, which is currently recommended only for children with certain risk factors. Single-dose

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EV is used for plague immunization. Attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages. Attenuated, or live, weakened, vaccines typically provoke more durable immunological responses. But they may not be safe for use in immunocompromised individuals, and on rare occasions mutate to a virulent

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Vaccinations given to children, adolescents, or adults are generally safe. Adverse effects, if any, are generally mild. The rate of side effects depends on the vaccine in question. Some common side effects include fever, pain around the injection site, and muscle aches. Additionally, some individuals

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disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates

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Vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans. Both animals kept as pets and animals raised as livestock are routinely vaccinated. In some instances, wild populations may be vaccinated. This is sometimes accomplished with

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Various fairly standardized abbreviations for vaccine names have developed, although the standardization is by no means centralized or global. For example, the vaccine names used in the United States have well-established abbreviations that are also widely known and used elsewhere. An extensive list

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is a mercury-containing antimicrobial that is added to vials of vaccines that contain more than one dose to prevent contamination and growth of potentially harmful bacteria. Due to the controversy surrounding thiomersal, it has been removed from most vaccines except multi-use influenza, where it was

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Some vaccines contain inactivated, but previously virulent, microorganisms that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, or radiation – "ghosts", with intact but empty bacterial cell envelopes. They are considered an intermediate phase between the inactivated and attenuated vaccines.

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Once antibodies are produced, they may promote immunity in any of several ways, depending on the class of antibodies involved. Their success in clearing or inactivating a pathogen will depend on the amount of antibodies produced and on the extent to which those antibodies are effective at countering

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After the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it. A virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required. Recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography. Finally, the vaccine is formulated by

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Besides recommendations for infant vaccinations and boosters, many specific vaccines are recommended for other ages or for repeated injections throughout life – most commonly for measles, tetanus, influenza, and pneumonia. Pregnant women are often screened for continued resistance to

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Vaccines typically contain attenuated, inactivated or dead organisms or purified products derived from them. There are several types of vaccines in use. These represent different strategies used to try to reduce the risk of illness while retaining the ability to induce a beneficial immune response.

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I–III demonstrating safety, immunoactivity, immunogenetic safety at a given specific dose, proven effectiveness in preventing infection for target populations, and enduring preventive effect (time endurance or need for revaccination must be estimated). Because preventive vaccines are predominantly

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Genetic vaccines are based on the principle of uptake of a nucleic acid into cells, whereupon a protein is produced according to the nucleic acid template. This protein is usually the immunodominant antigen of the pathogen or a surface protein that enables the formation of neutralizing antibodies.

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turned out to be effective when vaccinations were administered by volunteer staff without formal training; the results also demonstrated increased ease and efficiency of administering the vaccines. Effective oral vaccines have many advantages; for example, there is no risk of blood contamination.

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Notable developments in vaccine delivery technologies have included oral vaccines. Early attempts to apply oral vaccines showed varying degrees of promise, beginning early in the 20th century, at a time when the very possibility of an effective oral antibacterial vaccine was controversial. By the

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adopting WHO guidelines for vaccine development and licensure, each country has its own responsibility to issue a national licensure, and to manage, deploy, and monitor the vaccine throughout its use in each nation. Building trust and acceptance of a licensed vaccine among the public is a task of

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which must provide a scientific review team (from diverse disciplines, such as physicians, statisticians, microbiologists, chemists) and comprehensive documentation for the vaccine candidate having efficacy and safety throughout its development. Also during this stage, the proposed manufacturing

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of vaccines, a process intended as a platform for national regulatory agencies to apply for their own licensing process. Vaccine manufacturers do not receive licensing until a complete clinical cycle of development and trials proves the vaccine is safe and has long-term effectiveness, following

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The DIVA strategy has been applied in various countries to successfully eradicate pseudorabies virus from those countries. Swine populations were intensively vaccinated and monitored by the companion diagnostic test and, subsequently, the infected pigs were removed from the population. Bovine

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Some countries choose to buy vaccines licensed by reputable national organizations, such as EMA, FDA, or national agencies in other affluent countries, but such purchases typically are more expensive and may not have distribution resources suitable to local conditions in developing countries.

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are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. Recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccines is expected to grow in popularity for the

1938: – in that vaccines are intended to be administered to millions of people of whom the vast majority are perfectly healthy. This fact drives an extraordinarily rigorous production process with strict compliance requirements that go far beyond what is required of other products. 558:

In 1958, there were 763,094 cases of measles in the United States; 552 deaths resulted. After the introduction of new vaccines, the number of cases dropped to fewer than 150 per year (median of 56). In early 2008, there were 64 suspected cases of measles. Fifty-four of those infections were

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version of an agent is encountered, the body recognizes the protein coat on the agent, and thus is prepared to respond, by first neutralizing the target agent before it can enter cells, and secondly by recognizing and destroying infected cells before that agent can multiply to vast numbers.

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The effect of vaccines on public health is truly remarkable. One study examining the impact of childhood vaccination on the 2001 US birth cohort found that vaccines prevented 33,000 deaths and 14 million cases of disease (Zhou et al. 2005). Among 73 nations supported by the GAVI alliance,

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When two or more vaccines are mixed in the same formulation, the two vaccines can interfere. This most frequently occurs with live attenuated vaccines, where one of the vaccine components is more robust than the others and suppresses the growth and immune response to the other components.

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is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services. The term covers outright refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others. There is an overwhelming

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has been validated in preclinical studies as a protective vaccine strategy for cancer and infectious diseases. However, in human studies, this approach has failed to provide clinically relevant benefit. The overall efficacy of plasmid DNA immunization depends on increasing the plasmid's

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Failure may also occur for host-related reasons if the host's immune system does not respond adequately or at all. Host-related lack of response occurs in an estimated 2-10% of individuals, due to factors including genetics, immune status, age, health and nutritional status. One type of

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Kanesa-thasan N, Sun W, Kim-Ahn G, Van Albert S, Putnak JR, King A, Raengsakulsrach B, Christ-Schmidt H, Gilson K, Zahradnik JM, Vaughn DW, Innis BL, Saluzzo JF, Hoke CH (April 2001). "Safety and immunogenicity of attenuated dengue virus vaccines (Aventis Pasteur) in human volunteers".

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that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties, or that use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response. Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases

1872:. The number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades. This increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools may be due to government mandates and support, rather than economic incentive. 1812:

The large number of vaccines and boosters recommended (up to 24 injections by age two) has led to problems with achieving full compliance. To combat declining compliance rates, various notification systems have been instituted and many combination injections are now marketed (e.g.,

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also known as "Jennerian vaccines", are vaccines that are pathogens of other animals that either do not cause disease or cause mild disease in the organism being treated. The classic example is Jenner's use of cowpox to protect against smallpox. A current example is the use of

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After the December 2020 introduction of COVID vaccines, a partisan gap in death rates developed, indicating the effects of vaccine skepticism. As of March 2024, more than 30 percent of Republicans had not received a Covid vaccine, compared with less than 10 percent of

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with smallpox virus. The earliest hints of the practice of variolation for smallpox in China come during the tenth century. The Chinese also practiced the oldest documented use of variolation, dating back to the fifteenth century. They implemented a method of "nasal

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Bol KF, Aarntzen EH, Pots JM, Olde Nordkamp MA, van de Rakt MW, Scharenborg NM, de Boer AJ, van Oorschot TG, Croockewit SA, Blokx WA, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, Mus RD, van Rossum MM, van der Graaf CA, Punt CJ, Adema GJ, Figdor CG, de Vries IJ, Schreibelt G (March 2016).

1695:, India's national regulatory body for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and medical devices, is responsible for the approval of licences for specified categories of drugs such as vaccines and other medicinal items, such as blood or blood products, IV fluids, and sera. 578:

are nowhere near as common as they were a hundred years ago thanks to widespread vaccination programs. As long as the vast majority of people are vaccinated, it is much more difficult for an outbreak of disease to occur, let alone spread. This effect is called

2182:. However, the reporting of such cases is rare and very little has been studied about the safety and results of such practices. With the advent of aerosol vaccination in veterinary clinics, human exposure to pathogens not naturally carried in humans, such as 559:

associated with importation from another country, although only thirteen percent were actually acquired outside the United States; 63 of the 64 individuals either had never been vaccinated against measles or were uncertain whether they had been vaccinated.

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mathematical models project that vaccines will prevent 23.3 million deaths from 2011–2020 compared to what would have occurred if there were no vaccines available (Lee et al. 2013). Vaccines have been developed against a wide assortment of human pathogens.

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This approach offers a number of potential advantages over traditional approaches, including the stimulation of both B- and T-cell responses, improved vaccine stability, the absence of any infectious agent and the relative ease of large-scale manufacture.

1977:, which is the process of filling vials with vaccines and packaging them for distribution. Although this is a conceptually simple part of the vaccine manufacture process, it is often a bottleneck in the process of distributing and administering vaccines. 7414: 2583:. Separately, Inovio Pharmaceuticals and GeneOne Life Science began tests of a different DNA vaccine against Zika in Miami. Manufacturing the vaccines in volume was unsolved as of 2016. Clinical trials for DNA vaccines to prevent HIV are underway. 2204:

DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals), also known as SIVA (Segregation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccines, make it possible to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals. DIVA vaccines carry at least one

1354:. This presents the antigen in such a way as to produce a greater action than the simple aqueous tetanus toxoid. People who have an adverse reaction to adsorbed tetanus toxoid may be given the simple vaccine when the time comes for a booster. 2289:" administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils. Various insufflation techniques have been recorded throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries within China. Two reports on the Chinese practice of 2216:

and since 1999 coined as DIVA vaccines) and companion diagnostic tests were developed by J. T. van Oirschot and colleagues at the Central Veterinary Institute in Lelystad, The Netherlands. They found that some existing vaccines against

2114: 1629:(GMP). When UN agencies are involved in vaccine licensure, individual nations collaborate by 1) issuing marketing authorization and a national license for the vaccine, its manufacturers, and distribution partners; and 2) conducting 1653:

comply ("centralized"), are licensed for only some member states ("decentralized"), or are licensed on an individual national level. Generally, all EU states follow regulatory guidance and clinical programs defined by the European

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companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases because there is little revenue potential. Even in more affluent countries, financial returns are usually minimal and the financial and other risks are great.

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Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year."

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was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century. As vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted. However, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including

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vaccine is recommended in the U.S. (as of 2011) and UK (as of 2009). Vaccine recommendations for the elderly concentrate on pneumonia and influenza, which are more deadly to that group. In 2006, a vaccine was introduced against

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Larson, HJ; Jarrett, C; Eckersberger, E; Smith, DM; Paterson, P (April 2014). "Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012".

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with antigens to present the antigens to the body's white blood cells, thus stimulating an immune reaction. These vaccines have shown some positive preliminary results for treating brain tumors and are also tested in malignant

3355: 1633:, including records for adverse events after the vaccination program. The WHO works with national agencies to monitor inspections of manufacturing facilities and distributors for compliance with GMP and regulatory oversight. 1326:

A vaccine dose contains many ingredients (stabilizers, adjuvants, residual inactivating ingredients, residual cell culture materials, residual antibiotics and preservatives) very little of which is the active ingredient, the

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to prevent smallpox occurred in the 16th century in China, with the earliest hints of the practice in China coming during the 10th century. It was also the first disease for which a vaccine was produced. The folk practice of

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Kaashoek MJ, Moerman A, Madić J, Rijsewijk FA, Quak J, Gielkens AL, van Oirschot JT (April 1994). "A conventionally attenuated glycoprotein E-negative strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1 is an efficacious and safe vaccine".

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Scheduling and dosing of a vaccination may be tailored to the level of immunocompetence of an individual and to optimize population-wide deployment of a vaccine when it supply is limited, e.g. in the setting of a pandemic.

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Vaccines intended for oral administration need not be liquid, and as solids, they commonly are more stable and less prone to damage or spoilage by freezing in transport and storage. Such stability reduces the need for a "

1121:(pDNA)) that encodes for an antigenic protein originating from the pathogen upon which the vaccine will be targeted. pDNA is inexpensive, stable, and relatively safe, making it an excellent option for vaccine delivery. 1919:, which would "eliminate all potential barriers to the timely access of affordable COVID-19 medical products, including vaccines and medicines, and scale up the manufacturing and supply of essential medical products". 1430:, no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims. Furthermore, a 10–11-year study of 657,461 children found that the MMR vaccine does not cause autism and actually reduced the risk of autism by seven percent. 3513: 7959: 1760:

at the country level with considering of local factors such as disease epidemiology, acceptability of vaccination, equity in local populations, and programmatic and financial constraint. In the United States, the

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Dudley, Matthew Z; Halsey, Neal A; Omer, Saad B; Orenstein, Walter A; O'Leary, Sean T; Limaye, Rupali J; Salmon, Daniel A (May 2020). "The state of vaccine safety science: systematic reviews of the evidence".

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Reda, Shereen M.; Cant, Andrew J. (May 2015). "The importance of vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment for patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) – World PI Week April 22–29, 2015: FORUM".

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Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. For example, the experimental vaccine

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evaluated in healthy population cohorts and distributed among the general population, a high standard of safety is required. As part of a multinational licensing of a vaccine, the World Health Organization

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that demonstrated antibodies against gE. In addition, novel genetically engineered gE-negative vaccines were constructed. Along the same lines, DIVA vaccines and companion diagnostic tests against bovine

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Infectious diseases before and after a vaccine was introduced. Vaccinations have a direct effect on the diminishment of the number of cases and contributes indirectly to a diminishment of the number of

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Newall AT, Reyes JF, Wood JG, McIntyre P, Menzies R, Beutels P (February 2014). "Economic evaluations of implemented vaccination programmes: key methodological challenges in retrospective analyses".

6964: 3046:"2 Companies Say Their Vaccines Are 95% Effective. What Does That Mean? You might assume that 95 out of every 100 people vaccinated will be protected from Covid-19. But that's not how the math works" 2238:

1 DIVA vaccines are also widely used in practice. Considerable efforts are ongoing to apply the DIVA principle to a wide range of infectious diseases, such as classical swine fever, avian influenza,

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alone providing over 85% of the doses for 14 different vaccines in China. Brazil is approaching the point of supplying its own domestic needs using technology transferred from the developed world.

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the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.

2021:, one of the largest producers of vaccines by number of doses and an innovator in processes, recently improving efficiency of producing the measles vaccine by 10 to 20-fold, due to switching to a 9084: 475:

Host–pathogen interactions and responses to infection are dynamic processes involving multiple pathways in the immune system. A host does not develop antibodies instantaneously: while the body's

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less than the equivalent wild microorganism. An accompanying diagnostic test that detects the antibody against that epitope assists in identifying whether the animal has been vaccinated or not.

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Limitations to their effectiveness, nevertheless, exist. Sometimes, protection fails for vaccine-related reasons such as failures in vaccine attenuation, vaccination regimens or administration.

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production of bacterial vaccines that use toxoids. Combination vaccines are expected to reduce the quantities of antigens they contain, and thereby decrease undesirable interactions, by using

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that has seen endemic polio restricted to only parts of three countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan). However, the difficulty of reaching all children, cultural misunderstandings, and

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is used to inactivate bacterial products for toxoid vaccines. Formaldehyde is also used to inactivate unwanted viruses and kill bacteria that might contaminate the vaccine during production.

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Sala F, Manuela Rigano M, Barbante A, Basso B, Walmsley AM, Castiglione S (January 2003). "Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants: strategies, gene constructs and perspectives".

5496: 3749: 2221:(also termed Aujeszky's disease) had deletions in their viral genome (among which was the gE gene). Monoclonal antibodies were produced against that deletion and selected to develop an 1868:

Most vaccine development to date has relied on "push" funding by government, universities and non-profit organizations. Many vaccines have been highly cost effective and beneficial for

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Pagliusi, Sonia; Jarrett, Stephen; Hayman, Benoit; Kreysa, Ulrike; Prasad, Sai D.; Reers, Martin; Hong Thai, Pham; Wu, Ke; Zhang, Youn Tao; Baek, Yeong Ok; Kumar, Anand (July 2020).

7784: 3350: 1662:(EMA) responsible for vaccine licensure. The CHMP is supported by several expert groups who assess and monitor the progress of a vaccine before and after licensure and distribution. 4174:

Gomes, M. Gabriela M.; White, Lisa J.; Medley, Graham F. (21 June 2004). "Infection, reinfection, and vaccination under suboptimal immune protection: epidemiological perspectives".

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idiosyncratic response to vaccination; some individuals are "non-responders" to certain vaccines, meaning that they do not generate antibodies even after being vaccinated correctly.

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At least 19 countries have no-fault compensation programs to provide compensation for those with severe adverse effects of vaccination. The United States' program is known as the

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in London. The experiment was a success, and soon variolation was drawing attention from the royal family, who helped promote the procedure. However, in 1783, several days after

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A microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses "pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin".

8656:"Development of a DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy using a vaccine containing a heterologous neuraminidase for the control of avian influenza" 8294: 1535:

Another list of established vaccine abbreviations is at the CDC's page called "Vaccine Acronyms and Abbreviations", with abbreviations used on U.S. immunization records. The

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Sox, Harold C.; Liverman, Catharyn T.; Fulco, Carolyn E.; War, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Effects Associated with Exposures During the Gulf (2000).

6188: 3129:"Prophylactic vaccines are potent activators of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and drive effective anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients at the cost of toxicity" 1160: 5749: 2368:. They used cowpox. Since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in England, was banned in 1840. 401:

proposed that the terms should be extended to cover the new protective inoculations then being developed. The science of vaccine development and production is termed

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Depending upon the antigen, it can cost anywhere from US$ 50 to $ 500 million to build a vaccine production facility, which requires highly specialized equipment,

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Maas A, Meens J, Baltes N, Hennig-Pauka I, Gerlach GF (November 2006). "Development of a DIVA subunit vaccine against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection".

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van Oirschot JT, Gielkens AL, Moormann RJ, Berns AJ (June 1990). "Marker vaccines, virus protein-specific antibody assays and the control of Aujeszky's disease".

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web page. The page explains that "The abbreviations this table (Column 3) were standardized jointly by staff of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

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Cases of veterinary vaccines used in humans have been documented, whether intentional or accidental, with some cases of resultant illness, most notably with

1453:. Adjuvants are added to promote an earlier, more potent response, and more persistent immune response to the vaccine; they allow for a lower vaccine dosage. 9881: 6960: 4850: 9600:"Trends affecting the future of vaccine development and delivery: the role of demographics, regulatory science, the anti-vaccine movement, and vaccinomics" 7269: 6817: 2052:

The development of new delivery systems raises the hope of vaccines that are safer and more efficient to deliver and administer. Lines of research include

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of the vaccine while it is used widely in the public. The WHO works with UN member states to implement post-licensing surveillance. The FDA relies on a

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Williamson, E. D.; Eley, S. M.; Griffin, K. F.; Green, M.; Russell, P.; Leary, S. E.; Oyston, P. C.; Easterbrook, T.; Reddin, K. M. (December 1995).

1981: 1414:. Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, has a better shelf-life, and improves vaccine stability, potency, and safety; but, in the U.S., the 10493: 7326:"The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Updated Interim Recommendation for Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020" 7024:"The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Updated Interim Recommendation for Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020" 3790: 3346:

Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines still provide the most effective, longest-lasting method of preventing infectious diseases in all age groups."

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can have genes inserted that cause them to produce vaccines usable for humans. In 2005, bananas were developed that produce a human vaccine against

321:. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the 9995: 9745: 6627: 4698: 10089: 9682:

Kumar GB, Ganapathi TR, Revathi CJ, Srinivas L, Bapat VA (October 2005). "Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic banana plants".

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Prior to the introduction of vaccination with material from cases of cowpox (heterotypic immunisation), smallpox could be prevented by deliberate

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vaccine. This produces a more rapid immune response than giving only the anthrax vaccine, which is of some benefit if exposure might be imminent.

665:, which prevents or inhibits vaccine effectiveness, possibly requiring separate vaccine technologies for these specific populations or repetitive 11502: 10338: 4903: 2793: 2531:). While killed vaccines do not have this risk, they cannot generate specific killer T-cell responses and may not work at all for some diseases. 5289: 1490:

are used as stabilizers in a few vaccines to help the vaccine remain unchanged when the vaccine is exposed to heat, light, acidity, or humidity.

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vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the microorganism. Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include

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careful modeling to anticipate the effect that an immunization campaign will have on the epidemiology of the disease in the medium to long term

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Since at least 2013, scientists have been trying to develop synthetic third-generation vaccines by reconstructing the outside structure of a

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to Spain's colonies Mexico and Philippines used the arm-to-arm transport method to get around the fact the vaccine survived for only 12 days

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Targeting of identified bacterial proteins that are involved in complement inhibition would neutralize the key bacterial virulence mechanism.

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Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated microorganism to an immune system (which would constitute a "whole-agent" vaccine), a

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Vaccines also help prevent the development of antibiotic resistance. For example, by greatly reducing the incidence of pneumonia caused by

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There is overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are a very safe and effective way to fight and eradicate infectious diseases. The

10459: 7799: 1418:, and a few other affluent countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines, as a precautionary measure due to its 10515: 10273: 1692: 8461:"Differentiation of serum antibodies from pigs vaccinated or infected with Aujeszky's disease virus by a competitive enzyme immunoassay" 7882: 7302: 6489:

Bigham M, Copes R (2005). "Thiomersal in vaccines: balancing the risk of adverse effects with the risk of vaccine-preventable disease".

4309: 977:(OMVs) are naturally immunogenic and can be manipulated to produce potent vaccines. The best known OMV vaccines are those developed for 11296: 10406: 7704: 5714: 1766: 1508: 1497:

reduced to levels so that a single dose contained less than a microgram of mercury, a level similar to eating ten grams of canned tuna.

506:

commonly are used to boost immune response, particularly for older people whose immune response to a simple vaccine may have weakened.

11256: 10199: 7239: 2719: 8240: 7627: 2534:

Second generation vaccines were developed to reduce the risks from live vaccines. These are subunit vaccines, consisting of specific

1966:

type b). Likewise, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures.

1888:, and workforce requirements needed for market entry. Vaccines are complex mixtures of biological compounds, and unlike the case for 9457: 5417: 5099: 4624: 2434:

Vaccinology flourished in the twentieth century, which saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against

1573:

occurs after the successful conclusion of the development cycle and further the clinical trials and other programs involved through

8302: 5348: 5050: 646: 7325: 7183: 12164: 9750:"Data excludes Alaska. Sources: C.D.C. Wonder; Edison Research. (Chart) By The New York Times. Source credits chart to Ashley Wu. 9024: 7385:"Personalized-dose Covid-19 vaccination in a wave of virus Variants of Concern: Trading individual efficacy for societal benefit" 6771: 3339: 2964: 2316: 1948:

Vaccine production has several stages. First, the antigen itself is generated. Viruses are grown either on primary cells such as

11948: 9258:

Alarcon JB, Waine GW, McManus DP (1999). "DNA Vaccines: Technology and Application as Anti-parasite and Anti-microbial Agents".

6710: 2025:

cell culture instead of chicken eggs. China's manufacturing capabilities are focused on supplying their own domestic need, with

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Poland GA, Jacobson RM (March 2001). "Understanding those who do not understand: a brief review of the anti-vaccine movement".

10057: 8348: 8270: 6654: 4872: 1880:

According to the World Health Organization, the biggest barrier to vaccine production in less developed countries has not been

1720: 10113:"Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine Preventable Diseases in the United States: A Review of Measles and Pertussis" 5964:

Anguille S, Smits EL, Lion E, van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN (June 2014). "Clinical use of dendritic cells for cancer therapy".

5222: 600:, vaccine programs have greatly reduced the prevalence of infections resistant to penicillin or other first-line antibiotics. 12635: 12563: 10869: 10468: 9316: 9275: 9186: 8853: 8828: 8800: 8181: 8086: 7698: 6074: 5195: 4303: 3784: 3003: 1986: 1517: 696: 253: 6202: 520:

the strain of vaccine (some vaccines are specific to, or at least most effective against, particular strains of the disease)

12169: 11156: 11149: 7116: 6374: 6169: 6151: 5741: 4152: 3306: 1949: 1093: 653:

can be primary or secondary factors affecting the severity of infection and response to a vaccine. Elderly (above age 60),

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Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are the most effective method of protecting the public against infectious diseases."

12201: 11953: 11879: 11732: 9480: 8777: 5072: 4650: 1753: 1744: 650: 11559: 6463: 6400: 2487: 2415:. Soon scientists began cultivating other viruses in eggs. Eggs were used for virus propagation in the development of a 12611: 11918: 11551: 10899: 10762: 10018: 5015: 1650: 689: 322: 9341: 8102:

Morein B, Hu KF, Abusugra I (June 2004). "Current status and potential application of ISCOMs in veterinary medicine".

6122: 12023: 10523: 8909: 3374: 2371: 1688: 1302:

vaccines, where the DEN-3 serotype was found to predominate and suppress the response to DEN-1, -2 and -4 serotypes.

974: 7605: 2096:

administration potentially increases the effectiveness of vaccination, while requiring less vaccine than injection.

12711: 12652: 12590: 11560: 8878: 8740:"Salmonella Typhimurium LPS mutations for use in vaccines allowing differentiation of infected and vaccinated pigs" 5688: 4984:

Maglione MA, Das L, Raaen L, Smith A, Chari R, Newberry S, Shanman R, Perry T, Goetz MB, Gidengil C (August 2014).

2343: 2088:

An experimental needle-free vaccine delivery system is undergoing animal testing. A stamp-size patch similar to an

1934:

Vaccine production is fundamentally different from other kinds of manufacturing – including regular

5803: 5772: 711: 12211: 12179: 12174: 12003: 11052: 10508: 10445: 6201:(8). 3. What advantages does mOPV1 have over trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV)?. 8 January 2005. Archived from 4877:"Immunization can stop resistant infections before they get started, say scientists from industry and academia."" 4842: 2823: 1213: 9512:

Spohn G, Bachmann MF (February 2008). "Exploiting viral properties for the rational design of modern vaccines".

7261: 6810: 5100:"No-fault compensation following adverse events attributed to vaccination: a review of international programmes" 4787:"Polio vaccine misinformation on social media: turning point in the fight against polio eradication in Pakistan" 1670:

Under the FDA, the process of establishing evidence for vaccine clinical safety and efficacy is the same as for

12269: 11874: 6417: 1076:) is a novel type of vaccine which is composed of the nucleic acid RNA, packaged within a vector such as lipid 9737: 6257:

Sutter RW, Cochi SL, Melnick JL (1999). "Live attenuated polio vaccines". In Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA (eds.).

5318: 1155:

of another, immunity can be created against diseases that have complex infection processes. An example is the

12067: 11772: 10084: 6676: 6080: 5710: 5640: 2580: 1675: 1270:). In certain cases, a monovalent vaccine may be preferable for rapidly developing a strong immune response. 6441: 3871:

Grammatikos AP, Mantadakis E, Falagas ME (June 2009). "Meta-analyses on pediatric infections and vaccines".

3045: 2986:

Amanna, Ian J.; Slifka, Mark K. (2018). "Successful Vaccines". In Lars Hangartner; Dennis R. Burton (eds.).

12716: 10751: 10533: 7086: 4421:"Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during disease outbreak in Eastern Switzerland: cohort study" 2741: 2335: 1935: 1852:

One challenge in vaccine development is economic: Many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including

1674:. If successful through the stages of clinical development, the vaccine licensing process is followed by a 1595: 346: 7514:"Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies" 1459:

are added to some vaccines to prevent the growth of bacteria during production and storage of the vaccine.

11362: 6189:"Questions And Answers On Monovalent Oral Polio Vaccine Type 1 (mOPV1)'Issued Jointly By WHO and UNICEF'" 3772: 2813: 2150: 1626: 1574: 1219: 1089: 978: 457: 9987: 7901:"Innovative vaccine production technologies: the evolution and value of vaccine production technologies" 7731:

Plotkin, Stanley; Robinson, James M.; Cunningham, Gerard; Iqbal, Robyn; Larsen, Shannon (24 July 2017).

6611: 2391:, and from the late nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige. National 2330:, who had witnessed variolation in Turkey, had her four-year-old daughter variolated in the presence of 1319: 774: 12671: 12189: 11626: 11609: 11012: 10501: 10482: 10436: 5865: 5834: 4895: 3670: 2607:

received Columbia University's Horwitz Prize for their pioneering research in mRNA vaccine technology.

1716: 1630: 1536: 883:

vaccine uses a fragment of it to create an immune response. One example is the subunit vaccine against

10346: 2499:, or killed forms. Live, attenuated vaccines, such as smallpox and polio vaccines, are able to induce 2141:

Where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law. Other canine vaccines include

410: 12239: 9450:"Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman Awarded Horwitz Prize for Pioneering Research on COVID-19 Vaccines" 8275: 8231: 7296: 6466:. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 6 September 2007. 6318:

Engler, Renata J. M.; Greenwood, John T.; Pittman, Phillip R.; Grabenstein, John D. (1 August 2006).

5245: 5151: 4646: 2745: 2184: 1659: 1591: 584: 370: 342: 246: 7140:"Evidence-informed vaccination decision-making in countries: Progress, challenges and opportunities" 6287: 4331:

Frasca, Daniela; Diaz, Alain; Romero, Maria; Garcia, Denisse; Blomberg, Bonnie B. (6 October 2020).

2920: 2105: 1290:

2 virus in the vaccine had to be reduced to stop it from interfering with the "take" of the serotype

498:

Those who are older often display less of a response than those who are younger, a pattern known as

397:, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox. In 1881, to honor Jenner, 12194: 12159: 12154: 12149: 9204:"Proteomics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the treasure hunt for countermeasures against an old disease" 7205: 2990:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 428. Vol. 428. Springer. pp. 1–30. 2018: 1908: 1427: 1097: 596: 453: 62: 31: 17: 8043: 4389: 2671:. Factors that affect the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, 2379:

Following on from Jenner's work, the second generation of vaccines was introduced in the 1880s by

777:" used to elicit an immune response to the vaccine. The live attenuated vaccine containing strain 12640: 12573: 12554: 12350: 12322: 12284: 12279: 12259: 11782: 11067: 10745: 10596: 9555:

Samuelsson O, Herlitz H (March 2008). "Vaccination against high blood pressure: a new strategy".

8159:. South African Institute for Medical Research – Suid-Afrikaanse Instituut vir Mediese Navorsing. 2455: 2286: 1028:

The subgroup of genetic vaccines encompass viral vector vaccines, RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines.

670: 654: 9101:

Van Sant JE (2008). "The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge, and the 'Opening' of Japan".

8793:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine

8607:"Glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus expressed in insect cells protects swine from hog cholera" 6123:"'Quartet Nanocage' vaccine found effective against coronaviruses that haven't even emerged yet" 4676: 1323:

Graphic from the World Health Organization describing the main ingredients typically in vaccines

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Poland GA, Jacobson RM (January 2011). "The age-old struggle against the antivaccinationists".

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therefore characterized vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats in 2019.

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vaccine that lacked a preservative. Several preservatives are available, including thiomersal,

1230:

While most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from microorganisms,

1200:

while also correcting for factors involved in the specific activation of immune effector cells.

700: 538: 210: 8171: 7986:"Emerging manufacturers engagements in the COVID −19 vaccine research, development and supply" 7022:

Dooling K, Marin M, Wallace M, McClung N, Chamberland M, Lee GM, et al. (December 2020).

5182: 3330:

Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are the most effective public health tool ever created."

629:

Host-("vaccinee")-related determinants that render a person susceptible to infection, such as

12616: 12450: 12445: 11896: 11842: 11752: 10789: 10725: 10570: 7878: 7291: 4470:"Effects of pertussis vaccination on disease: vaccine efficacy in reducing clinical severity" 4293: 3506:"How Mary Wortley Montagu's bold experiment led to smallpox vaccine – 75 years before Jenner" 2863: 2833: 2803: 2788: 1912: 1847: 1802: 1704: 1203: 891:, which is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus (previously extracted from the 612: 215: 134: 7686: 7235: 6767:

Vaccine Acronyms and Abbreviations [Abbreviations used on U.S. immunization records]

3176:

Brotherton J (2015). "HPV prophylactic vaccines: lessons learned from 10 years experience".

1442:

and residual manufacturing compounds are present or may be present in vaccine preparations:

1350:, used to boost the immune response. Tetanus toxoid, for instance, is usually adsorbed onto 566:, one of the most contagious and deadly diseases in humans. Other diseases such as rubella, 12499: 12440: 12231: 11869: 11747: 11698: 11665: 11599: 10864: 10844: 10713: 10370:"The anti-vax movement has been listed by WHO as one of its top 10 health threats for 2019" 10161: 9691: 8235: 6026:

Meri S, Jördens M, Jarva H (December 2008). "Microbial complement inhibitors as vaccines".

4183: 3257: 2848: 2736:

that vaccines are generally safe and effective. Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease

2733: 2592: 2416: 2396: 2392: 2327: 2046: 1897: 1826: 1732: 1483: 1471: 1341: 1207: 1148: 1037: 995: 990: 926: 910: 524: 503: 483:

can take 1–2 weeks to fully develop. During that time, the host can still become infected.

311: 303: 239: 220: 6989:

Toner E, Barnill A, Krubiner C, Bernstein J, Privor-Dumm L, Watson M, et al. (2020).

5137: 4348: 4237:"The intangible benefits of vaccination – what is the true economic value of vaccination?" 2130:

vaccine-laced food spread in a disease-prone area and has been used to attempt to control

1952:(e.g., for influenza) or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells (e.g., for 8: 12422: 12388: 12274: 12097: 12040: 12035: 11981: 11812: 11680: 11652: 11604: 11473: 11209: 10995: 10774: 10601: 9449: 6811:"Principles and considerations for adding a vaccine to a national immunization programme" 6063:"Plasmid DNA as Prophylactic and Therapeutic vaccines for Cancer and Infectious Diseases" 5409: 4604: 2894: 2838: 2828: 2193: 2168: 2109: 1814: 1312: 1223: 1005: 907: 804: 793: 12092: 11832: 10400: 9695: 7179: 6320:"Immunization to Protect the US Armed Forces: Heritage, Current Practice, and Prospects" 5356: 5042: 4986:"Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review" 4187: 3261: 2634:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1625:

The process requires manufacturing consistency at WHO-contracted laboratories following

12455: 12289: 12030: 11991: 11976: 11852: 11837: 11822: 11742: 11660: 11507: 11372: 11231: 10685: 10320: 10246: 10186: 10137: 10112: 9964: 9939: 9909: 9791: 9715: 9624: 9599: 9580: 9537: 9426: 9399: 9230: 9203: 9154: 9130:"Development of Smallpox Vaccine in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries" 9129: 9052: 8954: 8929: 8685: 8392: 8367: 8077:

Plotkin, Stanley A.; Orenstein, Walter A.; Offit, Paul A.; Edwards, Kathryn M. (2017).

8010: 7985: 7930: 7852: 7827: 7757: 7732: 7538: 7513: 7489: 7464: 7345: 7050: 7023: 6991:

Interim Framework for COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation and Distribution in the United States

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Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, Hinman AR, Marks JS, Bart KJ, Sirotkin B (1985).

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First generation vaccines are whole-organism vaccines – either live and

2400: 2302: 1738: 1646: 1602: 1544: 1156: 812: 770: 734: 728: 345:(WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different 279: 225: 10308: 9778: 9761: 9660: 9568: 9308: 9267: 9065: 8631: 8606: 8512: 6765: 6296: 5977: 4939: 3589: 3551: 3481: 3456: 3334: 2956: 1723:

to monitor safety concerns about a vaccine throughout its use in the American public.

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scientific review by a multinational or national regulatory organization, such as the

12706: 12701: 12578: 12545: 12378: 12219: 12109: 11998: 11859: 11684: 11647: 11537: 11513: 11468: 11251: 11241: 11144: 10974: 10930: 10914: 10718: 10708: 10651: 10641: 10312: 10238: 10191: 10142: 9969: 9913: 9901: 9862: 9826: 9795: 9783: 9707: 9664: 9629: 9572: 9529: 9431: 9322: 9312: 9281: 9271: 9235: 9182: 9159: 9057: 9005: 8959: 8905: 8849: 8824: 8796: 8769: 8720: 8677: 8636: 8587: 8583: 8551: 8547: 8516: 8478: 8441: 8397: 8368:"Immunoprophylaxis against important virus disease of horses, farm animals and birds" 8214: 8177: 8119: 8082: 8015: 7922: 7857: 7762: 7694: 7578: 7543: 7494: 7406: 7350: 7161: 7055: 6941: 6923: 6877: 6704: 6650: 6619: 6558: 6506: 6502: 6349: 6341: 6300: 6239: 6234: 6217: 6070: 6043: 5981: 5946: 5621: 5603: 5564: 5546: 5470: 5462: 5285: 5273: 5265: 5191: 5129: 5007: 4963: 4951: 4943: 4880: 4824: 4806: 4767: 4749: 4616: 4581: 4540: 4532: 4491: 4450: 4445: 4420: 4370: 4352: 4299: 4274: 4256: 4217: 4209: 4144: 4085: 4067: 4020: 3977: 3952: 3934: 3888: 3853: 3835: 3780: 3723: 3652: 3555: 3486: 3429: 3287: 3275: 3226: 3158: 3108: 3019: 2999: 2879: 2728: 2688: 2596: 2524: 2420: 2359: 2146: 1904: 1889: 1774: 1622:

of quality, safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy for adoption by numerous countries.

1467: 1419: 1231: 1178: 1085: 944: 938: 685: 677: 551:

ongoing surveillance for the relevant disease following introduction of a new vaccine

480: 389:(who both developed the concept of vaccines and created the first vaccine) to denote 275: 205: 172: 162: 92: 27:

Pathogen-derived preparation that provides acquired immunity to an infectious disease

12524: 10250: 10049: 9719: 9584: 9541: 8689: 8622: 6570: 6518: 3246:"What the immune response to the coronavirus says about the prospects for a vaccine" 2600: 1752:

vaccination schedules. Global recommendations of vaccination schedule are issued by

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recognizes vaccine agents as foreign, destroys them, and "remembers" them. When the

12504: 12489: 12345: 12206: 12119: 11478: 11301: 11226: 11214: 11139: 11005: 10884: 10673: 10324: 10304: 10230: 10181: 10173: 10132: 10124: 9959: 9951: 9893: 9854: 9818: 9773: 9699: 9656: 9619: 9611: 9564: 9521: 9421: 9411: 9342:"Third-Generation Vaccines Take Center Stage in Battle Against COVID-19 | Lexology" 9340:

Naftalis, Kramer Levin; Royzman, Frankel LLP-Irena; Pineda, ré (30 November 2020).

9304: 9263: 9225: 9215: 9149: 9141: 9110: 9047: 9039: 8995: 8949: 8941: 8759: 8751: 8738:

Leyman B, Boyen F, Van Parys A, Verbrugghe E, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F (May 2011).

8712: 8667: 8626: 8618: 8579: 8543: 8508: 8468: 8431: 8387: 8379: 8206: 8111: 8005: 7997: 7934: 7912: 7847: 7839: 7752: 7744: 7570: 7533: 7525: 7484: 7476: 7396: 7340: 7151: 7045: 7035: 6931: 6915: 6867: 6859: 6548: 6498: 6331: 6292: 6229: 6193: 6035: 5973: 5936: 5928: 5611: 5595: 5554: 5536: 5452: 5257: 5218: 5119: 5111: 4997: 4935: 4814: 4798: 4757: 4741: 4571: 4522: 4481: 4440: 4432: 4360: 4344: 4264: 4248: 4199: 4191: 4075: 4059: 4032: 4012: 3942: 3926: 3880: 3843: 3825: 3713: 3642: 3585: 3547: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3441: 3419: 3265: 3216: 3185: 3148: 3140: 3098: 3090: 3009: 2991: 2500: 2496: 2459: 2321: 2154: 2142: 2089: 1916: 1081: 826: 642: 634: 510: 499: 182: 152: 53: 12045: 10945: 9858: 9615: 8755: 8716: 8383: 8001: 7748: 7574: 7480: 7156: 7139: 6039: 5261: 4802: 3930: 1927: 884: 517:

the disease itself (for some diseases vaccination performs better than for others)

403: 12685: 12509: 12307: 12114: 12072: 11958: 11938: 11908: 11891: 11817: 11807: 11737: 11676: 11672: 11621: 11518: 11463: 11332: 11327: 11166: 11099: 11094: 10980: 10926: 10767: 10658: 10611: 9897: 9088: 8154: 8137: 6863: 6843: 6683: 6421: 4106:

Janeway, Charles A Jr.; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J. (2001).

3381: 3359: 3343: 3327: 3310: 2874: 2765: 2550: 2384: 2259: 2255: 2006: 1974: 1586: 1402:

infection, which in one 1928 incident killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a

1298:

3 viruses in the vaccine. It was also noted in a 2001 study to be a problem with

1234:

are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, or antigens.

1166: 1145: 1055: 1022: 896: 880: 874: 822: 779: 681: 623: 476: 68: 8672: 8655: 8473: 8460: 7628:"Increasing Access to Vaccines Through Technology Transfer and Local Production" 7437: 7112: 6736: 6368: 4138: 3971: 3301: 1860:

and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. Pharmaceutical firms and

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of them provided in a sortable table and freely accessible is available at a US

12646: 12373: 12264: 12224: 12104: 11925: 11864: 11497: 11397: 11392: 11246: 11236: 11186: 11171: 11161: 11062: 11057: 11047: 10985: 10957: 10909: 10904: 10636: 10591: 10587: 8499:

van Oirschot JT (August 1999). "Diva vaccines that reduce virus transmission".

8210: 8115: 5541: 5076: 4985: 4638: 4195: 4107: 3603: 3270: 3245: 3077:

Melief CJ, van Hall T, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van der Burg SH (September 2015).

2869: 2798: 2779: 2339: 2306: 2213: 2189: 1998: 1885: 1834:, a disease caused by the chickenpox virus, which usually affects the elderly. 1708: 1487: 1415: 1407: 1398: 1197: 1138: 956: 857: 808: 662: 588: 488: 307: 200: 10432: 9822: 9703: 8984:"The history of vaccines and immunization: familiar patterns, unew challenges" 8945: 8739: 7917: 7900: 7653:"Everything you need to know about the WTO's COVID-19 vaccine patent proposal" 6848:"Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects" 6585:"Another study, this one of 657k kids, finds MMR vaccine doesn't cause autism" 5932: 4063: 3884: 3144: 12695: 12529: 12514: 12484: 12479: 12334: 12087: 12082: 11986: 11631: 11429: 11402: 11261: 11079: 10990: 10970: 10966: 10829: 10757: 10646: 10561: 10177: 9220: 9000: 8983: 7843: 7410: 7040: 6927: 6623: 6396: 6345: 6218:"Clinically Relevant Vaccine-Vaccine Interactions: A Guide for Practitioners" 5607: 5550: 5466: 5269: 4947: 4810: 4753: 4536: 4436: 4356: 4260: 4213: 4071: 3938: 3839: 3671:"The science is clear: Vaccines are safe, effective, and do not cause autism" 3535: 3349:

United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

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One of the most common methods of delivering vaccines into the human body is

1869: 1861: 1831: 1671: 1564: 1552: 1283: 952: 918: 914: 800: 583:. Polio, which is transmitted only among humans, is targeted by an extensive 580: 575: 567: 437: 398: 386: 177: 157: 129: 11886: 9525: 9416: 9145: 9025:"Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox" 8654:

Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G, Mutinelli F, Rodriguez JF (February 2003).

8152: 6675:

The mercury levels in the table, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from

6336: 6319: 6104:"Mimicking nature: Virus-like particles and the next generation of vaccines" 3830: 1737:

For country-specific information on vaccination policies and practices, see

1396:

Many vaccines need preservatives to prevent serious adverse effects such as

1169:

peptide vaccines are under development for several diseases using models of

12606: 12249: 12144: 12077: 12018: 12013: 11693: 11584: 11564: 11387: 11306: 11042: 11000: 10834: 10824: 10740: 10735: 10316: 10266:"An epidemic of fear: how panicked parents skipping shots endangers us all" 10242: 10195: 10146: 10128: 9973: 9905: 9866: 9830: 9787: 9711: 9668: 9633: 9576: 9533: 9435: 9326: 9285: 9239: 9163: 9114: 9009: 8899: 8773: 8764: 8724: 8681: 8520: 8445: 8401: 8218: 8123: 8019: 7926: 7861: 7766: 7582: 7547: 7498: 7354: 7165: 7059: 6945: 6881: 6562: 6510: 6353: 6304: 6243: 6047: 5985: 5950: 5625: 5599: 5568: 5277: 5133: 5011: 5002: 4955: 4828: 4771: 4745: 4620: 4585: 4544: 4527: 4510: 4495: 4454: 4374: 4278: 4252: 4221: 4148: 4089: 4024: 3981: 3956: 3892: 3857: 3433: 3424: 3407: 3279: 3230: 3162: 3112: 3023: 2889: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2428: 2424: 2355: 2334:

of the Royal Court in 1721 upon her return to England. Later on that year,

2313:

reports that the Chinese have practiced variolation "these hundred years".

2218: 2172: 1893: 1818: 1555:" is "poliovirus vaccine live oral" rather than "oral poliovirus vaccine". 1477: 1411: 1170: 1151: – by combining the physiology of one microorganism and the 1077: 1010: 765: 743: 666: 554:

maintenance of high immunization rates, even when a disease has become rare

9955: 9082:

Exhibition tells story of Spanish children used as vaccine fridges in 1803

9061: 8963: 8640: 8591: 8555: 8482: 6904:"A review of the changes to the licensing of influenza vaccines in Europe" 6763: 6734: 6702: 5474: 5115: 4016: 3727: 3656: 3559: 3490: 12393: 12383: 12244: 12050: 11933: 11901: 11827: 11689: 11580: 11572: 11271: 11181: 10921: 10874: 10819: 10702: 10668: 10234: 7597: 4699:"Statement following the Twenty-Eighth IHR Emergency Committee for Polio" 3352:

NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens.

3041: 2708: 2575:

are examples of third generation vaccines. In 2016 a DNA vaccine for the

2572: 2568: 2408: 2290: 2281: 2179: 2066:

1930s there was increasing interest in the prophylactic value of an oral

1953: 1770: 1109: 1073: 1067: 1000: 960: 948: 892: 862: 619: 603:

The measles vaccine is estimated to prevent a million deaths every year.

591:

have caused the anticipated eradication date to be missed several times.

541:), the disease is likely to be less virulent than in unvaccinated cases. 358: 353: 318: 291: 271: 167: 114: 100: 10047: 9759: 9373:"The U.S. government has begun testing its first Zika vaccine in humans" 9043: 8900:

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7401: 6553: 6536: 5676: 3205:"Development and implementation of papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines" 2995: 2431:

replaced eggs as the standard method of virus propagation for vaccines.

1703:

Until a vaccine is in use amongst the general population, all potential

537:

If a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against (

12519: 12494: 12184: 12134: 11449: 11420: 11378: 11347: 11342: 11281: 11276: 11266: 11204: 11190: 11130: 11085: 11033: 10953: 10949: 10890: 10850: 10805: 10801: 10691: 10627: 10577: 10542: 10538: 9485: 8870: 8459:

van Oirschot JT, Rziha HJ, Moonen PJ, Pol JM, van Zaane D (June 1986).

7804: 7689:. In Plotkin, Stanley A.; Orenstein, Walter A.; Offit, Paul A. (eds.). 6532: 2858: 2576: 2543: 2435: 2192:, the parallel veterinary vaccine against a pathogen may be as much as 2163: 2079: 2037: 1957: 1778: 1540: 1525:(the Pink Book), ACIP members, and liaison organizations to the ACIP." 1493: 1474:

as they are prepared using chicken eggs. Other proteins may be present.

1456: 1403: 1382: 1218:

Technologies which may allow rapid vaccine deployment in response to a

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4734:

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4204: 3189: 1997:

The companies with the highest market share in vaccine production are

1707:

from the vaccine may not be known, requiring manufacturers to conduct

1585:

developed guidelines of international standards for manufacturing and

1373:

Vaccines may also contain preservatives to prevent contamination with

1357:

In the preparation for the 1990 Persian Gulf campaign, the whole cell

78: 12568: 12139: 12007: 11576: 11357: 11337: 11311: 11286: 11221: 11199: 11027: 10940: 10814: 8329: 7529: 5441:"A new improved sub-unit vaccine for plague: the basis of protection" 3094: 2472: 2331: 2264: 2119: 2026: 1942: 1903:

When increased production of vaccines was urgently needed during the

1806: 1798: 1794: 1782: 1645:

In the European Union (EU), vaccines for pandemic pathogens, such as

1439: 1358: 1328: 922: 818: 492: 441: 295: 10464: 9882:"Parental vaccine hesitancy: scope, causes, and potential responses" 6612:"One More Time, With Big Data: Measles Vaccine Doesn't Cause Autism" 4419:

Schlegel M, Osterwalder JJ, Galeazzi RL, Vernazza PL (August 1999).

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assorted factors such as ethnicity, age, or genetic predisposition.

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were adopted and compulsory vaccination laws were passed. In 1931

2092:

contains about 20,000 microscopic projections per square cm. This

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vaccine are approved for use in adults and children in the US.

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or performance of the vaccine is dependent on several factors:

461: 390: 366: 283: 9843: 8930:"A Death from Inoculated Smallpox in the English Royal Family" 8737: 8653: 7730: 6961:"Making vaccines: Licensure, recommendations and requirements" 6764:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2 February 2018),

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French print in 1896 marking the centenary of Jenner's vaccine

1973:

The final stage in vaccine manufacture before distribution is

959:

as if it were a protein antigen. This approach is used in the

544:

Important considerations in an effective vaccination program:

464:

development prevents the host's immune system from generating

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conducted an experimental variolation of six prisoners in

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Vaccines developed for multinational distribution via the

1133:

Many innovative vaccines are also in development and use.

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vaccine developed by Calmette and Guérin is not made of a

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can convert to a dangerous form and may cause disease in

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vaccine, the patents may impose an additional barrier.

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This phenomenon was first noted in the trivalent Sabin

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Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae Known as the Cow Pox

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United States Department of Health and Human Services

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inoculations sixteen days after administration (1802)

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Vaccine production techniques are evolving. Cultured

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protein components (such as the hepatitis B surface

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However, attenuated forms of a 1884:, but the substantial financial, 1640: 1305: 1042:Viral vector vaccines use a safe 12679: 12591:Alternative vaccination schedule 11561:Artificial induction of immunity 11512: 11492: 11491: 10473:This website was highlighted by 10427: 10361: 10331: 10288: 10257: 10072: 10041: 10010: 9980: 9932: 9873: 9753: 9675: 9591: 9548: 9505: 9472: 9442: 9391: 9364: 9333: 9299:Robinson HL, Pertmer TM (2000). 9170: 9121: 9094: 9075: 8862: 8837: 8731: 8696: 8598: 8562: 8527: 8452: 8359: 8341: 8317: 8287: 8263: 8225: 8190: 8163: 8130: 8095: 8026: 7977: 7956:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk 7941: 7773: 7663:from the original on 23 May 2021 7620: 7589: 7554: 7505: 7456: 7376: 7317: 7254: 7228: 7198: 7172: 7131: 7105: 7015: 6835: 6774:from the original on 2 June 2017 6745:from the original on 16 May 2016 6503:10.2165/00002018-200528020-00001 6235:10.2165/00063030-199809060-00002 6216:Gizurarson, Sveinbj??rn (1998). 5691:from the original on 23 May 2019 5493:www.globalhealthprimer.emory.edu 5390:from the original on 31 May 2019 4853:from the original on 10 May 2022 4046:Jo, Eun-Kyeong (December 2019). 3333:Public Health Agency of Canada. 3133:Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 2772: 2758: 2619: 2344:Prince Octavius of Great Britain 2199: 1691:, the head of department of the 1665: 1368: 1311:This section is an excerpt from 1137:Dendritic cell vaccines combine 979:serotype B meningococcal disease 10900:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones 8844:Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009). 8623:10.1128/JVI.67.9.5435-5442.1993 8465:The Journal of General Virology 8351:. News Medical. 3 August 2011. 7798:Stein, Rob (24 November 2009). 7115:. Cdsco.gov.in. 15 April 2021. 6603: 6577: 6525: 6482: 6456: 6426: 6407: 6389: 6360: 6311: 6265: 6250: 6209: 6181: 6157: 6140: 6114: 6095: 5999:McKenzie, David (26 May 2018). 5992: 5915:Kim W, Liau LM (January 2010). 5908: 5883: 5857: 5826: 5795: 5764: 5733: 5703: 5669: 5632: 5575: 5481: 5432: 5402: 5371: 5341: 5211: 5144: 5091: 5065: 4918: 4865: 4835: 4778: 4721: 4691: 4631: 4502: 4388:Neighmond P (7 February 2010). 4130: 3963: 3734: 3693: 3663: 3622: 3596: 3412:Revue Scientifique et Technique 3367: 3294: 2824:Non-specific effect of vaccines 1515:Work Groups, the editor of the 1501: 1273: 1128: 1031: 688:are moderately associated with 432:, a vaccine-preventable disease 12423:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin) 8199:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 8104:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 7905:Archives of Pharmacal Research 7826:Muzumdar JM, Cline RR (2009). 7781:"Three ways to make a vaccine" 6415:"U.S.A. national vaccine plan" 6173:. 7 March 2012. Archived from 4928:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 4176:Journal of Theoretical Biology 4005:European Journal of Immunology 3700:Ellenberg SS, Chen RT (1997). 3473:10.1128/MMBR.47.4.455-509.1983 3455:Behbehani AM (December 1983). 3237: 3169: 2949: 2240:Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia 2062:(immune stimulating complex). 1286:, where the amount of serotype 984: 903:). Other examples include the 787: 13: 1: 11954:Group B streptococcal disease 11773:Vaccines for Children Program 10652:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics 10309:10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00469-2 10264:Wallace A (19 October 2009). 9859:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.081 9779:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30092-6 9661:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00603-5 9616:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.069 9569:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60355-4 9309:10.1016/S0065-3527(00)55001-5 9268:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60152-9 9202:Baarda BI, Sikora AE (2015). 8756:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.004 8717:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.047 8513:10.1016/S0168-1656(99)00121-2 8384:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.063 8170:Khan FA (20 September 2011). 8002:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.022 7749:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.003 7575:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.067 7481:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.064 7157:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.055 6738:Tetanus (Lockjaw) Vaccination 6297:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00020-2 6040:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.058 5978:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70585-0 5262:10.1080/14760584.2020.1777862 4940:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30130-4 4803:10.1080/21645515.2021.1894897 4108:"The Humoral Immune Response" 3931:10.1080/21645515.2015.1093263 3777:Primer to The immune response 3590:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)35739-8 3552:10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00207-2 3336:Vaccine-preventable diseases. 3079:"Therapeutic cancer vaccines" 2921:"Expanded Practice Standards" 2906: 2581:National Institutes of Health 1922: 1726: 1676:Biologics License Application 1433: 1210:, but using bacteria instead. 722: 11363:Wakefulness-promoting agents 9950:(10): 670–71. October 2017. 9898:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000774 8902:Smallpox and its Eradication 8584:10.1016/0264-410X(94)90122-8 8548:10.1016/0378-1135(90)90139-M 8467:. 67 (Pt 6) (6): 1179–1182. 8424:Clinical Infectious Diseases 8418:Berkelman RL (August 2003). 7651:Christy Somos (7 May 2021). 7087:Food and Drug Administration 6864:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.017 6170:Dorland's Medical Dictionary 6152:Dorland's Medical Dictionary 4894:Sullivan P (13 April 2005). 4474:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3973:Antibody Deficiency Disorder 2742:vaccine-preventable diseases 2458:during the 1960s and 1970s. 1936:pharmaceutical manufacturing 1596:Food and Drug Administration 1558: 1551:. This is why the USAN for " 1335: 955:can be led to recognize the 932: 758:, and the bacterial disease 733:Some vaccines contain live, 341:from much of the world. The 310:). Some vaccines offer full 7: 8982:Stern AM, Markel H (2005). 8673:10.1080/0307945021000070714 8474:10.1099/0022-1317-67-6-1179 7150:(15). Elsevier: 2146–2152. 5353:coastalcarolinaresearch.com 4140:Physiology, Active Immunity 3742:"Vaccine Safety: The Facts" 3712:(1): 10–20, discussion 21. 3373:World Health Organization, 2814:List of vaccine ingredients 2751: 2383:who developed vaccines for 2151:infectious canine hepatitis 1627:Good Manufacturing Practice 1449:salts or gels are added as 1090:emergency use authorization 527:has been properly observed. 458:X-linked agammaglobulinemia 10: 12733: 11013:Intravenous immunoglobulin 10085:Boston Children's Hospital 8211:10.1016/j.addr.2005.12.003 8176:. CRC Press. p. 270. 8173:Biotechnology Fundamentals 8116:10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.004 7262:"HPV vaccine in the clear" 6610:Hoffman J (5 March 2019). 6121:Cambridge, University of. 6069:. Caister Academic Press. 5773:"COVID-19 and Your Health" 5648:BioProcesses International 5542:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7 5181:Sinha JK, Bhattacharya S. 5098:Looker C, Heath K (2011). 4247:: 10.3402/jmahp.v3.26964. 4196:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.02.015 3271:10.1038/d41586-020-02400-7 2957:"Immunization: The Basics" 2297:in London in 1700; one by 2260:Inoculation § Origins 2256:Vaccination § History 2253: 2249: 2103: 1875: 1845: 1736: 1730: 1717:postmarketing surveillance 1699:Postmarketing surveillance 1631:postmarketing surveillance 1562: 1543:of vaccine names, placing 1537:United States Adopted Name 1339: 1310: 1237: 1206:– Similar in principle to 1107: 1065: 1035: 1020: 988: 936: 872: 868: 837: 791: 726: 622:is rarely associated with 610: 419: 352:The first recorded use of 29: 12630: 12599: 12538: 12470: 12361: 12333: 12300: 11969: 11800: 11793: 11712: 11640: 11592: 11487: 11443: 11415: 11371: 11180: 11115: 11078: 11026: 10939: 10883: 10843: 10800: 10684: 10620: 10532: 10426: 10421: 10160:Wolfe R, Sharp L (2002). 9823:10.1016/j.idc.2015.07.004 9704:10.1007/s00425-005-1556-y 9514:Expert Review of Vaccines 9208:Frontiers in Microbiology 9177:Louten, Jennifer (2016). 8946:10.1017/s0025727300035961 8276:The Sydney Morning Herald 7918:10.1007/s12272-009-1400-1 7879:"Components of a vaccine" 7436:Goodman JL (4 May 2005). 7297:European Medicines Agency 7182:. CDC. 15 November 2013. 5933:10.1016/j.nec.2009.09.005 5895:World Health Organization 5529:Nature Reviews Immunology 5323:www.historyofvaccines.org 5250:Expert Review of Vaccines 5184:A Text Book of Immunology 4703:World Health Organization 4647:World Health Organization 4615:(18): 494–498. May 2008. 4333:"B Cell Immunosenescence" 4298:. BoD – Books on Demand. 4064:10.1038/s12276-019-0281-8 3885:10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.008 3604:"Measles Vaccination CDC" 3145:10.1007/s00262-016-1796-7 2746:World Health Organization 2628:This section needs to be 2610: 2515:) responses and antibody 2185:Bordetella bronchiseptica 2118:Goat vaccination against 1956:). Bacteria are grown in 1660:European Medicines Agency 1610:World Health Organization 1592:European Medicines Agency 1549:adjectives postpositively 1226:or protein nanoparticles. 833: 371:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 343:World Health Organization 75: 61: 46: 41: 11949:Clostridioides difficile 11068:Topoisomerase inhibitors 10752:renin–angiotensin system 10746:Calcium channel blockers 10178:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430 9221:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01190 9179:Essential Human Virology 9023:Dunn PM (January 1996). 9001:10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611 8791:Needham, Joseph (2000). 8501:Journal of Biotechnology 7949:"Vaccine Taskforce Aims" 7844:10.1331/JAPhA.2009.09007 7041:10.15585/mmwr.mm695152e2 6464:"Thimerosal in vaccines" 5866:"What is a DNA Vaccine?" 5771:CDC (11 February 2020). 4515:British Medical Bulletin 4437:10.1136/bmj.319.7206.352 3222:10.4049/jimmunol.1490012 2928:Iowa Administrative Code 2407:virus could be grown in 2019:Serum Institute of India 1909:World Trade Organization 1842:Economics of development 1689:Drugs Controller General 1682: 1268:tetravalent/quadrivalent 899:of the viral genes into 805:hepatitis A vaccine 784:form and cause disease. 706: 597:Streptococcus pneumoniae 454:primary immunodeficiency 32:Vaccine (disambiguation) 12712:18th-century inventions 12212:Tick-borne encephalitis 10465:The History of Vaccines 9526:10.1586/14760584.7.1.43 9479:Staff (28 March 2013). 9417:10.3390/vaccines2010138 9146:10.1136/bmj.1.5342.1367 9134:British Medical Journal 9128:Didgeon JA (May 1963). 8928:Baxby, Derrick (1984). 8846:A History of Immunology 8536:Veterinary Microbiology 6959:Offit, Paul A. (2020). 3831:10.4103/0974-777X.77299 3812:Clem, Angela S (2011). 3461:Microbiological Reviews 2483:Generations of vaccines 2456:eradication of smallpox 1620:international standards 1214:Antigen-presenting cell 975:Outer membrane vesicles 825:vaccine development by 655:allergen-hypersensitive 298:by a natural or "wild" 12622:List of vaccine topics 11617:Mathematical modelling 10860:Hormonal contraception 10790:Bile acid sequestrants 10571:Proton-pump inhibitors 10534:gastrointestinal tract 10129:10.1001/jama.2016.1353 8875:Letters on the English 8299:Business Review Weekly 7389:Precision Nanomedicine 7206:"Vaccine Status Table" 5641:"Classifying Vaccines" 5600:10.1002/biot.201400395 5188:(Google Books Preview) 5003:10.1542/peds.2014-1079 4746:10.1098/rstb.2012.0140 4253:10.3402/jmahp.v3.26964 3425:10.20506/rst.26.1.1724 3203:Frazer IH (May 2014). 2819:List of vaccine topics 2725: 2557:). They can generate T 2492: 2376: 2324: 2277: 2126: 2100:In veterinary medicine 2042: 1963:Haemophilus influenzae 1931: 1915:rights and patents on 1748: 1521:(MMWR), the editor of 1324: 1103: 1061: 970:Outer membrane vesicle 962:Haemophilus influenzae 830: 799:Examples include IPV ( 715: 701:Vaccine Damage Payment 539:breakthrough infection 433: 416: 369:to Britain in 1721 by 347:preventable infections 211:Vaccine misinformation 12617:Vaccinate Your Family 12068:Japanese encephalitis 10446:Vaccines and Antisera 9956:10.2471/BLT.17.021017 9103:J Hist Med Allied Sci 8247:. 16 September 2014. 6337:10.1093/epirev/mxj003 6324:Epidemiologic Reviews 6034:(Suppl 8): I113–117. 5588:Biotechnology Journal 5116:10.2471/BLT.10.081901 4017:10.1002/eji.201570054 3706:Public Health Reports 3209:Journal of Immunology 2864:Vaccine adverse event 2834:Preventive healthcare 2804:Immunization registry 2789:Biologics Control Act 2722: 2579:began testing at the 2490: 2454:in the 1950s and the 2374: 2319: 2293:were received by the 2267: 2254:Further information: 2117: 2070:vaccine for example. 2040: 1993:Vaccine manufacturers 1930: 1913:intellectual property 1848:Economics of vaccines 1803:meningococcal disease 1747: 1322: 1208:viral vector vaccines 1114:A DNA vaccine uses a 996:Heterologous vaccines 927:edible algae vaccines 821: 714: 613:Adverse vaccine event 427: 413: 323:worldwide eradication 274:that provides active 216:Anti-vaccine activism 168:Measles/Mumps/Rubella 135:COVID-19 vaccine card 12500:John Franklin Enders 11469:Radiopharmaceuticals 11257:Antiparkinson agents 10235:10.1056/NEJMp1010594 9610:(25–26): 3240–3244. 9115:10.1093/jhmas/jrn014 8711:(49–50): 7226–7237. 7236:"HPV Vaccine Safety" 7093:on 27 September 2020 6649:CDC (12 July 2018). 6444:on 29 September 2007 6281:(23–24): 3179–3188. 6205:on 29 February 2012. 6165:"Polyvalent vaccine" 5966:The Lancet. Oncology 5808:Smithsonian Magazine 5639:Scott (April 2004). 4528:10.1093/bmb/62.1.201 3044:(20 November 2020). 2963:. 22 November 2022. 2849:Timeline of vaccines 2734:scientific consensus 2593:Operation Warp Speed 2417:yellow fever vaccine 2403:documented that the 2397:Alice Miles Woodruff 2393:vaccination policies 2328:Mary Wortley Montagu 2246:infections in pigs. 1898:human papillomavirus 1892:, there are no true 1827:human papillomavirus 1733:Vaccination schedule 1603:developing countries 1484:Monosodium glutamate 1472:yellow fever vaccine 1424:controversial claims 1342:Immunologic adjuvant 1224:virus-like particles 1072:An mRNA vaccine (or 1038:Viral vector vaccine 991:Heterologous vaccine 911:human papillomavirus 667:booster vaccinations 651:cultural environment 585:eradication campaign 525:vaccination schedule 312:sterilizing immunity 221:Vaccine line jumping 30:For other uses, see 12717:Preventive medicine 11681:Virus-like particle 11605:Vaccine ingredients 11252:Antimigraine agents 11242:Antidementia agents 11145:Anti-inflammatories 10835:Medicated dressings 10775:Antihyperlipidemics 10602:Diabetes medication 9696:2005Plant.222..484K 9371:Regalado, Antonio. 9140:(5342): 1367–1372. 9044:10.1136/fn.74.1.F77 8819:Williams G (2010). 8611:Journal of Virology 8047:on 10 December 2022 7805:The Washington Post 7402:10.33218/001c.26101 7339:(5152): 1657–1660. 7034:(5152): 1657–1660. 6554:10.1056/NEJMp078187 5349:"Types of Vaccines" 5219:"Types of Vaccines" 4849:. 24 January 2022. 4847:The Express Tribune 4188:2004JThBi.228..539G 3748:. 10 October 2018. 3746:HealthyChildren.org 3677:. 11 January 2017. 3606:. 5 February 2018. 3262:2020Natur.585...20L 2996:10.1007/82_2018_102 2895:Virus-like particle 2839:Reverse vaccinology 2829:OPV AIDS hypothesis 2669:high blood pressure 2507:or CTL) responses, 2194:orders of magnitude 2169:parainfluenza virus 2110:Vaccination of dogs 1815:Pentavalent vaccine 1528:Some examples are " 1313:Vaccine ingredients 1222:include the use of 1009:to protect against 1006:Mycobacterium bovis 913:(HPV) vaccine, the 908:virus-like particle 794:Inactivated vaccine 109:General information 12657:Never to phase III 12456:Hexavalent vaccine 12270:Epstein–Barr virus 12165:Oxford–AstraZeneca 11853:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 11105:Immunosuppressants 10975:Antimycobacterials 10931:Antithyroid agents 10915:Mineralocorticoids 10719:Cardiac stimulants 10709:Cardiac glycosides 10701:cardiac therapy / 10597:Anti-obesity drugs 10303:(17–19): 2440–45. 10092:on 17 October 2013 9742:The New York Times 9456:. 12 August 2021. 9091:The Guardian, 2021 9087:2022-08-30 at the 8279:. 18 August 2013. 7268:. 2 October 2009. 6706:U.S. Vaccine Names 6682:2015-05-03 at the 6616:The New York Times 6535:(September 2007). 6420:2016-05-04 at the 5140:on 11 August 2013. 4740:(1623): 20120140. 3380:2014-04-14 at the 3358:2016-03-04 at the 3342:2015-03-13 at the 3326:2015-02-05 at the 3309:2017-08-29 at the 3051:The New York Times 2726: 2677:regulatory science 2657:vaccine resistance 2538:antigens (such as 2493: 2401:Ernest Goodpasture 2377: 2325: 2303:East India Company 2278: 2127: 2075:oral polio vaccine 2043: 1932: 1890:prescription drugs 1758:advisory committee 1749: 1739:Vaccination policy 1647:seasonal influenza 1466:is present in the 1422:content. Although 1325: 1232:synthetic vaccines 1157:RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine 1054:, to stimulate an 1050:, such as surface 831: 813:influenza vaccines 729:Attenuated vaccine 716: 686:rotavirus vaccines 671:virus transmission 570:, measles, mumps, 434: 417: 226:Vaccine resistance 12667: 12666: 12579:Vaccines and SIDS 12466: 12465: 12240:Hepatitis A and B 12216:Varicella zoster 11673:Subunit/component 11527: 11526: 11430:Ophthalmologicals 11140:Anabolic steroids 11043:Anticancer agents 11006:Ectoparasiticides 10726:Antihypertensives 10674:Antifibrinolytics 10442: 10441: 9563:(9615): 788–789. 9318:978-0-12-039855-3 9277:978-0-12-031742-4 9188:978-0-12-801171-3 8869:Voltaire (1742). 8855:978-0-08-091946-1 8830:978-0-230-27471-6 8802:978-0-521-63262-1 8750:(20): 3679–3685. 8378:(12): 1797–1810. 8183:978-1-4398-2009-4 8139:American Medicine 8110:(10): 1367–1382. 8088:978-0-323-39301-0 7996:(34): 5418–5423. 7743:(33): 4064–4071. 7700:978-1-4377-2158-4 7602:Our World in Data 6920:10.1111/irv.12351 6547:(13): 1278–1279. 6076:978-1-904455-35-6 5594:(11): 1689–1706. 5197:978-81-89781-09-5 5079:on 1 October 2015 4570:(Suppl 1): S1–3. 4305:978-953-51-2530-3 3786:978-0-12-385245-8 3584:(3024): 271–272. 3190:10.2217/fvl.15.60 3005:978-3-030-58003-2 2880:Vaccine hesitancy 2729:Vaccine hesitancy 2715:Vaccine hesitancy 2689:transgenic plants 2649: 2648: 2597:COVID-19 pandemic 2525:immunocompromised 2423:in 1945. In 1959 2421:influenza vaccine 2147:canine parvovirus 2124:pleural pneumonia 2027:Sinopharm (CNPGC) 1917:COVID-19 vaccines 1905:COVID-19 pandemic 1468:influenza vaccine 1179:atopic dermatitis 1086:COVID-19 pandemic 1082:COVID-19 vaccines 939:Conjugate vaccine 684:individuals, and 678:Varicella vaccine 643:immune competence 481:adaptive immunity 383:Variolae vaccinae 381:are derived from 365:was brought from 290:Vaccines can be 276:acquired immunity 264: 263: 206:Vaccine hesitancy 86: 85: 16:(Redirected from 12724: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12675: 12558:MMR autism fraud 12505:Maurice Hilleman 12490:Hilary Koprowski 11798: 11797: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11531: 11530: 11516: 11495: 11494: 11479:Senotherapeutics 11333:Neuroprotectives 11328:Mood stabilizers 11227:Anti-ADHD agents 11167:Muscle relaxants 11100:Immunostimulants 11095:Immunomodulators 10927:Thyroid hormones 10865:Fertility agents 10768:Renin inhibitors 10659:Antihemorrhagics 10626:forming organs ( 10612:Dietary minerals 10518: 10511: 10504: 10495: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10431: 10430: 10419: 10418: 10410: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10345:. Archived from 10335: 10329: 10328: 10292: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10189: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10140: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10088:. Archived from 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10023:The Conversation 10014: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10003: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9967: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9781: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9733: 9724: 9723: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9655:(7–8): 803–808. 9644: 9638: 9637: 9627: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9429: 9419: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9346:www.lexology.com 9337: 9331: 9330: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9255: 9244: 9243: 9233: 9223: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9157: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9098: 9092: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9064:. Archived from 9055: 9029: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9003: 8979: 8968: 8967: 8957: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8816: 8807: 8806: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8767: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8675: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8634: 8617:(9): 5435–5442. 8602: 8596: 8595: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8507:(2–3): 195–205. 8496: 8487: 8486: 8476: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8439: 8415: 8406: 8405: 8395: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8305:on 16 March 2015 8291: 8285: 8284: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8074: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8046: 8041:. Archived from 8030: 8024: 8023: 8013: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7964: 7958:. 6 April 2020. 7953: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7920: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7875: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7823: 7814: 7813: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7760: 7728: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7632: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7541: 7530:10.4161/hv.23637 7509: 7503: 7502: 7492: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7404: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7363: 7348: 7330: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7301:. 29 July 2021. 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7079: 7064: 7063: 7053: 7043: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7002: 6995: 6986: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6939: 6899: 6886: 6885: 6875: 6858:(8): 1636–1651. 6844:Mascola, John R. 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6700: 6691: 6689: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6556: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6430: 6424: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6339: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6290: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6237: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6194:Pediatric Oncall 6185: 6179: 6178: 6177:on 7 March 2012. 6161: 6155: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5870:News-Medical.net 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5645: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5562: 5544: 5520: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5460: 5451:(3–4): 223–230. 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5355:. Archived from 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5315: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5189: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5158:. 3 April 2012. 5148: 5142: 5141: 5136:. Archived from 5127: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5049:. 12 July 2018. 5039: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5005: 4981: 4968: 4967: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4883:on 22 July 2017. 4879:. Archived from 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4822: 4797:(8): 2575–2577. 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4679:on 27 March 2014 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4639:"WHO | Smallpox" 4635: 4629: 4628: 4601: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4530: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4489: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4368: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4207: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4114:(5th ed.). 4103: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4011:(5): 1285–1286. 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3950: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3851: 3833: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3721: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3641:(6): 1055–1068. 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3484: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3427: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3371: 3365: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3273: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3215:(9): 4007–4011. 3200: 3194: 3193: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3095:10.1172/JCI80009 3089:(9): 3401–3412. 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3017: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2936: 2925: 2917: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2740:and deaths from 2644: 2641: 2635: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2460:Maurice Hilleman 2336:Charles Maitland 2322:Isaac Cruikshank 2237: 2229: 2175:, among others. 2143:canine distemper 2090:adhesive bandage 2033:Delivery systems 1894:generic vaccines 1712: 1594:(EMA) or the US 1579: 1388: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1242:Vaccines may be 1204:Bacterial vector 921:subunits of the 888: 827:reverse genetics 624:febrile seizures 500:Immunosenescence 278:to a particular 270:is a biological 256: 249: 242: 88: 87: 79:edit on Wikidata 71: 54:Smallpox vaccine 51: 39: 38: 21: 12732: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12680: 12678: 12670: 12668: 12663: 12662: 12647:Clinical trials 12626: 12595: 12534: 12510:Stanley Plotkin 12472: 12462: 12374:Cancer vaccines 12357: 12351:Schistosomiasis 12329: 12323:Trypanosomiasis 12296: 12260:Cytomegalovirus 12170:Pfizer–BioNTech 11965: 11789: 11738:Vaccine wastage 11708: 11636: 11588: 11558: 11528: 11523: 11519:Medicine portal 11483: 11439: 11411: 11406: 11398:Cough medicines 11393:Bronchodilators 11374: 11367: 11247:Antidepressants 11237:Anticonvulsants 11185: 11176: 11172:Bisphosphonates 11162:Corticosteroids 11124: 11111: 11083: 11074: 11058:Spindle poisons 11048:Antimetabolites 11031: 11022: 10944: 10935: 10910:Glucocorticoids 10905:Corticosteroids 10886: 10879: 10846: 10839: 10796: 10714:Antiarrhythmics 10687: 10680: 10637:Antithrombotics 10625: 10616: 10592:Antipropulsives 10588:Antidiarrhoeals 10565: 10536: 10528: 10522: 10479: 10478: 10428: 10422:External videos 10417: 10395: 10393:Further reading 10390: 10389: 10379: 10377: 10366: 10362: 10352: 10350: 10349:on 27 June 2019 10337: 10336: 10332: 10293: 10289: 10279: 10277: 10262: 10258: 10219: 10215: 10205: 10203: 10172:(7361): 430–2. 10158: 10154: 10123:(11): 1149–58. 10109: 10105: 10095: 10093: 10078: 10077: 10073: 10063: 10061: 10046: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10015: 10011: 10001: 9999: 9986: 9985: 9981: 9938: 9937: 9933: 9923: 9921: 9878: 9874: 9853:(19): 2150–59. 9842: 9838: 9807: 9803: 9758: 9754: 9734: 9727: 9680: 9676: 9645: 9641: 9596: 9592: 9553: 9549: 9510: 9506: 9496: 9494: 9486:The Japan Times 9477: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9396: 9392: 9382: 9380: 9369: 9365: 9355: 9353: 9338: 9334: 9319: 9297: 9293: 9278: 9256: 9247: 9200: 9196: 9189: 9175: 9171: 9126: 9122: 9099: 9095: 9089:Wayback Machine 9080: 9076: 9071:on 8 July 2011. 9068: 9027: 9021: 9017: 8980: 8971: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8898: 8894: 8884: 8882: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8789: 8785: 8765:1854/LU-1201519 8736: 8732: 8701: 8697: 8660:Avian Pathology 8652: 8648: 8603: 8599: 8567: 8563: 8542:(1–4): 85–101. 8532: 8528: 8497: 8490: 8457: 8453: 8416: 8409: 8364: 8360: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8254: 8252: 8239: 8238:, 16 Sep 2014| 8230: 8226: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8168: 8164: 8151: 8147: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8075: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8031: 8027: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7897: 7890: 7877: 7876: 7869: 7824: 7817: 7790: 7788: 7783:(infographic). 7779: 7778: 7774: 7729: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7701: 7683: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7594: 7590: 7559: 7555: 7510: 7506: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7308: 7306: 7292:"Zostavax EPAR" 7290: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7210:Red Book Online 7204: 7203: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7067: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6987: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6957: 6953: 6900: 6889: 6846:(August 2021). 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6733: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6684:Wayback Machine 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6631: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6530: 6526: 6487: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6422:Wayback Machine 6412: 6408: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6378: 6365: 6361: 6316: 6312: 6288:10.1.1.559.8311 6270: 6266: 6255: 6251: 6214: 6210: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6119: 6115: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6077: 6059: 6055: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5997: 5993: 5972:(7): e257–267. 5962: 5958: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5734: 5724: 5722: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5677:"Vaccine Types" 5675: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5580: 5576: 5521: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5416:. 13 May 2019. 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5317: 5316: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5152:"Vaccine Types" 5150: 5149: 5145: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5041: 5040: 5031: 5021: 5019: 4982: 4971: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4888: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4783: 4779: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4705:. 21 May 2021. 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4603: 4602: 4593: 4556: 4552: 4507: 4503: 4466: 4462: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4394:Morning Edition 4386: 4382: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4233: 4229: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4097: 4044: 4040: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3911: 3900: 3869: 3865: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3787: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3574: 3567: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3502: 3498: 3453: 3449: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3382:Wayback Machine 3372: 3368: 3360:Wayback Machine 3344:Wayback Machine 3328:Wayback Machine 3311:Wayback Machine 3299: 3295: 3256:(7823): 20–21. 3242: 3238: 3201: 3197: 3184:(8): 999–1009. 3178:Future Virology 3174: 3170: 3124: 3120: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3039: 3035: 3006: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2875:Vaccine failure 2866:(safety issues) 2778: 2771: 2766:Medicine portal 2764: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2717: 2685: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2560: 2514: 2506: 2485: 2419:in 1935 and an 2385:chicken cholera 2262: 2252: 2235: 2227: 2214:marker vaccines 2202: 2112: 2102: 2035: 2007:GlaxoSmithKline 1995: 1982:mammalian cells 1975:fill and finish 1925: 1878: 1850: 1844: 1742: 1735: 1729: 1710: 1701: 1685: 1668: 1643: 1612: 1587:quality control 1577: 1567: 1561: 1504: 1436: 1371: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1316: 1308: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1276: 1240: 1167:T-cell receptor 1139:dendritic cells 1131: 1112: 1106: 1094:Pfizer-BioNTech 1070: 1064: 1056:immune response 1040: 1034: 1025: 1023:Genetic vaccine 1019: 1017:Genetic vaccine 993: 987: 972: 947:that is poorly 941: 935: 886: 877: 875:Subunit vaccine 871: 842: 836: 796: 790: 780:Yersinia pestis 731: 725: 709: 690:intussusception 682:immunodeficient 647:economic impact 615: 609: 607:Adverse effects 477:innate immunity 422: 260: 231: 230: 196: 188: 187: 148: 140: 139: 110: 82: 67: 57: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12730: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12689: 12688: 12665: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12603: 12601: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12593: 12588: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12548: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12527: 12525:Katalin Karikó 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12476: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12371: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12348: 12339: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12325: 12317: 12316: 12315: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12280:Herpes simplex 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12234: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12180:Sinopharm BIBP 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12130:Bharat Biotech 12127: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11984: 11979: 11973: 11971: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11936: 11928: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11916: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11877: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11804: 11802: 11795: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11753:Vaccine injury 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11716: 11714: 11713:Administration 11710: 11709: 11707: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11687: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11655: 11650: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11602: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11557: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11534: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11464:Contrast media 11461: 11455: 11453: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11426: 11424: 11417:sensory organs 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11384: 11382: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11262:Antipsychotics 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11232:Antiaddictives 11229: 11224: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11202: 11196: 11194: 11187:nervous system 11178: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11157:Antirheumatics 11154: 11153: 11152: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11091: 11089: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11065: 11063:Antineoplastic 11060: 11055: 11050: 11039: 11037: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10996:Antiprotozoals 10991:Antiparasitics 10988: 10983: 10978: 10971:Antibacterials 10967:Antimicrobials 10963: 10961: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10924: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10902: 10896: 10894: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10856: 10854: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10832: 10830:Antipsoriatics 10827: 10822: 10817: 10811: 10809: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10758:ACE inhibitors 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10697: 10695: 10686:cardiovascular 10682: 10681: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10647:Anticoagulants 10644: 10633: 10631: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10548: 10546: 10530: 10529: 10521: 10520: 10513: 10506: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10440: 10439: 10424: 10423: 10416: 10415:External links 10413: 10412: 10411: 10394: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10360: 10330: 10287: 10256: 10213: 10152: 10103: 10071: 10050:"Vaccines.gov" 10040: 10017:Ceccarelli L. 10009: 9979: 9931: 9892:(5): 519–526. 9872: 9836: 9801: 9752: 9725: 9690:(3): 484–493. 9674: 9639: 9590: 9547: 9504: 9471: 9441: 9410:(1): 138–159. 9390: 9363: 9332: 9317: 9291: 9276: 9245: 9194: 9187: 9169: 9120: 9109:(2): 276–279. 9093: 9074: 9015: 8994:(3): 611–621. 8988:Health Affairs 8969: 8940:(3): 303–307. 8917: 8910: 8892: 8861: 8854: 8836: 8829: 8821:Angel of Death 8808: 8801: 8783: 8730: 8695: 8646: 8597: 8578:(5): 439–444. 8561: 8526: 8488: 8451: 8437:10.1086/375595 8430:(3): 407–414. 8407: 8358: 8340: 8316: 8286: 8262: 8224: 8189: 8182: 8162: 8145: 8129: 8094: 8087: 8058: 8025: 7976: 7940: 7911:(4): 465–480. 7888: 7867: 7815: 7772: 7718: 7699: 7674: 7643: 7619: 7588: 7569:(7): 759–765. 7553: 7524:(4): 834–840. 7504: 7475:(5): 640–645. 7455: 7428: 7395:(3): 805–820. 7375: 7316: 7283: 7253: 7227: 7197: 7171: 7130: 7104: 7065: 7014: 6978: 6951: 6887: 6834: 6785: 6756: 6724: 6692: 6668: 6641: 6602: 6591:. 5 March 2019 6576: 6524: 6481: 6455: 6425: 6406: 6388: 6359: 6310: 6264: 6249: 6228:(6): 443–453. 6208: 6180: 6156: 6139: 6113: 6094: 6075: 6053: 6018: 5991: 5956: 5927:(1): 139–157. 5907: 5891:"DNA Vaccines" 5882: 5856: 5825: 5794: 5763: 5732: 5702: 5668: 5631: 5574: 5510: 5480: 5431: 5401: 5370: 5340: 5303: 5256:(6): 549–562. 5236: 5210: 5196: 5173: 5143: 5090: 5064: 5029: 4996:(2): 325–337. 4969: 4934:(5): e80–e89. 4917: 4886: 4873:"19 July 2017 4864: 4834: 4777: 4720: 4690: 4664: 4630: 4591: 4577:10.1086/377693 4550: 4521:(1): 201–211. 4501: 4487:10.1086/377270 4480:(6): 772–779. 4460: 4411: 4380: 4343:(1): 551–574. 4323: 4304: 4284: 4227: 4182:(4): 539–549. 4166: 4129: 4095: 4038: 3994: 3962: 3925:(1): 239–243. 3898: 3879:(2): 431–457. 3863: 3804: 3785: 3763: 3733: 3692: 3662: 3621: 3595: 3565: 3546:(4): 301–307. 3527: 3496: 3467:(4): 455–509. 3447: 3398: 3386: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3347: 3331: 3293: 3236: 3195: 3168: 3139:(3): 327–339. 3118: 3069: 3033: 3004: 2978: 2948: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2870:Vaccine cooler 2867: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2799:Flying syringe 2796: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2780:Viruses portal 2769: 2753: 2750: 2716: 2713: 2684: 2681: 2647: 2646: 2627: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2601:Katalin Karikó 2558: 2512: 2504: 2484: 2481: 2465:herpes simplex 2340:Newgate Prison 2307:Clopton Havers 2268:Comparison of 2251: 2248: 2201: 2198: 2101: 2098: 2034: 2031: 1994: 1991: 1924: 1921: 1886:infrastructure 1877: 1874: 1846:Main article: 1843: 1840: 1793:, chickenpox, 1731:Main article: 1728: 1725: 1705:adverse events 1700: 1697: 1687:In India, the 1684: 1681: 1667: 1664: 1642: 1641:European Union 1639: 1611: 1608: 1560: 1557: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1488:phenoxyethanol 1481: 1475: 1460: 1454: 1435: 1432: 1416:European Union 1408:phenoxyethanol 1399:Staphylococcus 1370: 1367: 1340:Main article: 1337: 1334: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1306:Other contents 1304: 1275: 1272: 1239: 1236: 1228: 1227: 1220:novel pathogen 1216: 1211: 1201: 1198:immunogenicity 1189: 1186: 1164: 1161:ebola in Congo 1143: 1130: 1127: 1108:Main article: 1105: 1102: 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 1021:Main article: 1018: 1015: 989:Main article: 986: 983: 971: 968: 964:type B vaccine 957:polysaccharide 937:Main article: 934: 931: 873:Main article: 870: 867: 858:Crotalus atrox 838:Main article: 835: 832: 809:rabies vaccine 792:Main article: 789: 786: 764:Mycobacterium 727:Main article: 724: 721: 708: 705: 663:immunogenicity 611:Main article: 608: 605: 589:disinformation 556: 555: 552: 549: 535: 534: 531: 528: 521: 518: 489:mortality rate 421: 418: 262: 261: 259: 258: 251: 244: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 201:Vaccine equity 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 97: 96: 84: 83: 76: 73: 72: 65: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12729: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12687: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12629: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12598: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12586: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12543: 12541: 12537: 12531: 12530:Drew Weissman 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12515:H. Fred Clark 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12485:Louis Pasteur 12483: 12481: 12480:Edward Jenner 12478: 12477: 12475: 12469: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12451:DTwP-HepB-Hib 12449: 12447: 12446:DTaP-IPV-HepB 12444: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12437:combination: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12412: 12409: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12360: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12335:Helminthiasis 12332: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12314: 12311: 12310: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12236:combination: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12009: 12005: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11997: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11934:DPT/DTwP/DTaP 11932: 11931: 11930:combination: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11843:Meningococcus 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11833:Leptospirosis 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11799: 11796: 11792: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11768:Vaccine court 11766: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11723:GAVI Alliance 11721: 11720: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11639: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11591: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11555: 11550: 11548: 11543: 11541: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11520: 11515: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11490: 11489: 11486: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11442: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11388:Decongestants 11386: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11307:Dissociatives 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11298: 11297:Hallucinogens 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11183: 11179: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11081: 11077: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11029: 11025: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11002: 11001:Anthelmintics 10999: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10848: 10845:genitourinary 10842: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10825:Antipruritics 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10741:Beta blockers 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10642:Antiplatelets 10640: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10519: 10514: 10512: 10507: 10505: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10485: 10484: 10476: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10434: 10425: 10420: 10408: 10404: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10291: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10156: 10148: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10107: 10091: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10013: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9935: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9840: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9817:(4): 759–69. 9816: 9812: 9805: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9730: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9492: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9475: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9190: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9078: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9038:(1): F77–78. 9037: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8965: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8924: 8922: 8913: 8911:92-4-156110-6 8907: 8903: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8865: 8857: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8813: 8804: 8798: 8794: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8493: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8414: 8412: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8320: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8266: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8185: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8158: 8157: 8149: 8141: 8140: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8090: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7980: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7893: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7872: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7838:(4): e87–99. 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7820: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7679: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7636: 7629: 7623: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7598:"Vaccination" 7592: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7298: 7293: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7018: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6983: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6819: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6731: 6729: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6699: 6697: 6690:January 2012. 6685: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6590: 6589:National Post 6586: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6497:(2): 89–101. 6496: 6492: 6485: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6061:Lowe (2008). 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5623: 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3052: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2900:Nasal vaccine 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2809:Immunotherapy 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2643: 2631: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2606: 2605:Drew Weissman 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:mRNA vaccines 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2509:helper T-cell 2502: 2501:killer T-cell 2498: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:polio vaccine 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Louis Pasteur 2373: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:Edward Jenner 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2309:. In France, 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:Martin Lister 2296: 2295:Royal Society 2292: 2288: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2200:DIVA vaccines 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2159:leptospirosis 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2068:typhoid fever 2063: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2039: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1929: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907:in 2021, the 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1870:public health 1866: 1863: 1862:biotechnology 1859: 1855: 1849: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1825:rubella. The 1822: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1666:United States 1663: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1651:member states 1648: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1565:Vaccine trial 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1369:Preservatives 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1330: 1321: 1314: 1303: 1301: 1285: 1284:polio vaccine 1280: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254:(also called 1253: 1249: 1246:(also called 1245: 1235: 1233: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078:nanoparticles 1075: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1029: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 982: 980: 976: 967: 965: 963: 958: 954: 953:immune system 950: 946: 940: 930: 928: 924: 920: 919:neuraminidase 916: 915:hemagglutinin 912: 909: 906: 902: 898: 897:recombination 894: 890: 882: 876: 866: 864: 860: 859: 854: 850: 846: 841: 828: 824: 820: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:polio vaccine 795: 785: 782: 781: 776: 772: 768: 767: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 736: 730: 720: 713: 704: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:sensitivities 632: 627: 625: 621: 614: 604: 601: 599: 598: 592: 590: 586: 582: 581:herd immunity 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 553: 550: 547: 546: 545: 542: 540: 532: 529: 526: 522: 519: 516: 515: 514: 512: 507: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 484: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 449: 446: 443: 439: 438:immune system 431: 428:A child with 426: 412: 408: 406: 405: 400: 399:Louis Pasteur 396: 392: 388: 387:Edward Jenner 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 257: 252: 250: 245: 243: 238: 237: 235: 234: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 192: 191: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 144: 143: 136: 133: 131: 130:Vaccine trial 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 106: 105: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 80: 74: 70: 66: 64: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12607:Epidemiology 12583: 12555: 12441:DTaP-IPV/Hib 12232:Yellow fever 12145:EpiVacCorona 11897:Tuberculosis 11870:Pneumococcal 11838:Lyme disease 11666:Heterologous 11568: 11565:Immunization 11302:Psychedelics 11272:Aphrodisiacs 11017: 10946:infestations 10922:Sex hormones 10875:Sex hormones 10820:Cicatrizants 10750: 10736:Vasodilators 10703:antianginals 10700: 10552:stomach acid 10551: 10481: 10474: 10401: 10378:. Retrieved 10363: 10351:. Retrieved 10347:the original 10342: 10333: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10278:. Retrieved 10269: 10259: 10229:(2): 97–99. 10226: 10222: 10216: 10204:. Retrieved 10169: 10165: 10155: 10120: 10116: 10106: 10094:. Retrieved 10090:the original 10083: 10074: 10062:. Retrieved 10054:Vaccines.gov 10053: 10043: 10031:. Retrieved 10022: 10012: 10000:. Retrieved 9991: 9982: 9947: 9943: 9934: 9922:. Retrieved 9889: 9885: 9875: 9850: 9846: 9839: 9814: 9810: 9804: 9769: 9765: 9755: 9741: 9687: 9683: 9677: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9607: 9603: 9593: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9520:(1): 43–54. 9517: 9513: 9507: 9495:. Retrieved 9484: 9474: 9462:. Retrieved 9453: 9444: 9407: 9403: 9393: 9381:. Retrieved 9366: 9354:. Retrieved 9345: 9335: 9300: 9294: 9259: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9178: 9172: 9137: 9133: 9123: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9077: 9066:the original 9035: 9031: 9018: 8991: 8987: 8937: 8933: 8901: 8895: 8883:. 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Retrieved 2927: 2915: 2890:Viral vector 2727: 2686: 2673:demographics 2665:CYT006-AngQb 2661: 2650: 2637: 2629: 2573:DNA vaccines 2569:RNA vaccines 2567: 2533: 2494: 2433: 2429:cell culture 2425:growth media 2378: 2363: 2356:James Phipps 2326: 2287:insufflation 2279: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2219:pseudorabies 2211: 2203: 2183: 2177: 2173:Lyme disease 2162: 2155:adenovirus-2 2140: 2128: 2087: 2084: 2072: 2064: 2057: 2051: 2044: 1996: 1979: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1950:chicken eggs 1947: 1940: 1933: 1902: 1879: 1867: 1851: 1836: 1823: 1819:MMRV vaccine 1811: 1750: 1715:studies for 1702: 1686: 1669: 1644: 1635: 1624: 1613: 1600: 1582: 1570: 1568: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1505: 1502:Nomenclature 1486:(MSG) and 2- 1478:Formaldehyde 1437: 1412:formaldehyde 1397: 1395: 1389: 1372: 1356: 1345: 1281: 1277: 1274:Interactions 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1229: 1171:Valley Fever 1132: 1129:Experimental 1123: 1113: 1098:Moderna mRNA 1096:vaccine and 1080:. Among the 1071: 1041: 1032:Viral vector 1026: 1011:tuberculosis 1004: 994: 973: 961: 942: 878: 856: 843: 797: 778: 766:tuberculosis 763: 744:yellow fever 732: 717: 694: 675: 628: 616: 602: 595: 593: 561: 557: 543: 536: 523:whether the 508: 497: 485: 474: 450: 447: 435: 402: 394: 382: 378: 374: 373:. The terms 351: 316: 292:prophylactic 289: 267: 265: 124: 36: 12643:from market 12539:Controversy 12473:researchers 12389:Hepatitis B 12275:Hepatitis C 12220:Chicken pox 12046:Hepatitis E 12041:Hepatitis B 12036:Hepatitis A 11982:Chikungunya 11959:Shigellosis 11813:Brucellosis 11699:Therapeutic 11653:Inactivated 11593:Development 11581:Inoculation 11573:Vaccination 11435:Otologicals 11407:antagonists 11373:respiratory 11348:Orexigenics 11343:Neurotoxins 11292:Euphoriants 11282:Entactogens 11277:Depressants 11267:Anxiolytics 11205:Anesthetics 10981:Antifungals 10578:Antiemetics 10566:antagonists 10467:, from the 10096:11 February 10033:26 November 10002:26 November 9464:7 September 8871:"Letter XI" 7309:1 September 7266:NHS choices 6661:20 December 6491:Drug Safety 6330:(1): 3–26. 6108:AstraZeneca 5849:21 December 5818:21 December 5787:21 December 5756:21 December 5414:www.cdc.gov 5057:24 February 4058:(12): 1–3. 3614:13 November 3062:21 November 2709:hepatitis B 2599:. In 2021, 2551:recombinant 2409:embryonated 2291:inoculation 2282:variolation 2272:(left) and 2234:herpesvirus 2226:herpesvirus 2180:brucellosis 1958:bioreactors 1954:hepatitis A 1943:clean rooms 1775:hepatitis B 1771:hepatitis A 1457:Antibiotics 1252:multivalent 1191:The use of 1146:Recombinant 1110:DNA vaccine 1074:RNA vaccine 1068:RNA vaccine 1001:BCG vaccine 985:Heterotypic 949:immunogenic 925:virus, and 893:blood serum 863:rattlesnake 788:Inactivated 762:. The live 645:, age, and 620:MMR vaccine 404:vaccinology 379:vaccination 359:inoculation 354:inoculation 319:vaccination 304:therapeutic 272:preparation 163:Chicken pox 115:Vaccination 101:Vaccination 12696:Categories 12574:Thiomersal 12520:Paul Offit 12495:Jonas Salk 12471:Inventors/ 12342:research: 12319:research: 12256:research: 12185:Skycovione 12175:Sanofi–GSK 12120:SARS-CoV-2 12031:Hantavirus 11992:rVSV-ZEBOV 11977:Adenovirus 11945:research: 11823:Diphtheria 11661:Attenuated 11358:Stimulants 11338:Nootropics 11312:Deliriants 11287:Entheogens 11222:Anorectics 11200:Analgesics 11053:Alkylating 10986:Antivirals 10941:infections 10815:Emollients 10669:Coagulants 10539:metabolism 10380:16 January 10353:9 December 10280:21 October 10206:14 January 9813:(Review). 9772:(5): 281. 9766:The Lancet 9356:24 January 8039:www.ft.com 7276:10 January 7246:10 January 7190:10 January 7123:10 January 6914:(1): 2–8. 5900:14 January 5875:14 January 5229:19 October 5166:27 January 4990:Pediatrics 4900:Wash. 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