144:
430:
152:
3254:
49:
542:, the less rigid wall is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole. Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position. Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane, and thus keeps the
662:
is a specialized osmoregulatory organelle that is present in many free-living protists. The contractile vacuole is part of the contractile vacuole complex which includes radial arms and a spongiome. The contractile vacuole complex works periodically contracts to remove excess water and ions from the
472:, the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. As a membrane, it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell, and isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell.
377:
before being transported to the cell membrane and secreted into the extracellular environment. In this capacity, vacuoles are simply storage vesicles which allow for the containment, transport and disposal of selected proteins and lipids to the extracellular environment of the cell.
284:
The function and significance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include:
663:
cell to balance water flow into the cell. When the contractile vacuole is slowly taking water in, the contractile vacuole enlarges, this is called diastole and when it reaches its threshold, the central vacuole contracts then contracts (systole) periodically to release water.
355:
proposed organ-specific forms have a role in 'housing' symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles have the additional function of storing food which has been absorbed by the organism and assisting in the digestive and waste management process for the cell.
393:("cell drinking") is essentially the same process, the difference being that the substances ingested are in solution and not visible under the microscope. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both undertaken in association with
385:("cell eating") is the process by which bacteria, dead tissue, or other bits of material visible under the microscope are engulfed by cells. The material makes contact with the cell membrane, which then invaginates. The
491:
to act. Although single large vacuoles are most common, the size and number of vacuoles may vary in different tissues and stages of development. For example, developing cells in the
453:
have one large vacuole that typically occupies more than 30% of the cell's volume, and that can occupy as much as 80% of the volume for certain cell types and conditions. Strands of
3084:
347:
and recycling of misfolded proteins that have begun to build up within the cell. Thomas Boller and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading
3089:
234:
and are effectively just larger forms of these. The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the requirements of the cell.
370:
Animal vacuoles are smaller than their plant counterparts but also usually greater in number. There are also animal cells that do not have any vacuoles.
3222:
1108:
328:
By increasing in size, allowing the germinating plant or its organs (such as leaves) to grow very quickly and through using up mostly just water.
1017:"Food selection by bacterivorous protists: insight from the analysis of the food vacuole content by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization"
530:, water will diffuse into the vacuole, placing pressure on the cell wall. If water loss leads to a significant decline in turgor pressure, the
546:
closer to light. Most plants store chemicals in the vacuole that react with chemicals in the cytosol. If the cell is broken, for example by a
1612:
3140:
373:
Exocytosis is the extrusion process of proteins and lipids from the cell. These materials are absorbed into secretory granules within the
538:. Turgor pressure exerted by vacuoles is also required for cellular elongation: as the cell wall is partially degraded by the action of
222:
cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including
464:(word origin: Gk tĂłn(os) + -o-, meaning âstretchingâ, âtensionâ, âtoneâ + comb. form repr. Gk plastĂłs formed, molded) and filled with
982:
2956:
230:, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane
1388:
Essid, Miriam; Gopaldass, Navin; Yoshida, Kunito; Merrifield, Christien; Soldati, Thierry (April 2012). Brennwald, Patrick (ed.).
343:(production) and degradation (or turnover), of many substances and cell structures in certain organisms. They also aid in the
1257:
800:
769:
706:
is the formation of vacuoles or vacuole-like structures, within or adjacent to cells. It is an unspecific sign of disease.
573:
Vacuoles in fungal cells perform similar functions to those in plants and there can be more than one vacuole per cell. In
926:"Acceleration of vacuolar regeneration and cell growth by overexpression of an aquaporin NtTIP1;1 in tobacco BY-2 cells"
3146:
1605:
1323:
1157:
1082:
889:
736:
331:
In seeds, storing proteins needed for germination (these are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles).
2041:
1275:"Tonoplast-located GmCLC1 and GmNHX1 from soybean enhance NaCl tolerance in transgenic bright yellow (BY)-2 cells"
2480:
1674:
72:
20:
487:
which the cell can use to transport nutrients into or out of the vacuole. The low pH of the vacuole also allows
2961:
2411:
1776:
389:
is pinched off, leaving the engulfed material in the membrane-enclosed vacuole and the cell membrane intact.
3130:
2717:
2232:
1598:
325:
Allowing plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole
93:
3212:
2966:
77:
2946:
1390:"Rab8a regulates the exocyst-mediated kiss-and-run discharge of the Dictyostelium contractile vacuole"
3096:
1105:
864:
3234:
3079:
2129:
1771:
1446:
1249:
1066:
1060:
574:
563:
262:
196:
265:
applied the term for plant cells, to distinguish the structure with cell sap from the rest of the
1062:
Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae)
3283:
3064:
2988:
1736:
1711:
816:
Spallanzani L (1776). "Observations et expériences faites sur les
Animalicules des Infusions".
2793:
3288:
3229:
1975:
1761:
1654:
851:
683:
359:
In animal cells, vacuoles perform mostly subordinate roles, assisting in larger processes of
1241:
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2008:
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8:
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2180:
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1542:
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1501:
1482:
1422:
1389:
1222:
1168:
846:
Schleiden MJ (1842). "GrundzĂŒge der wissenschaftlichen
Botanik". Leipzig: W. Engelmann.
488:
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792:
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2751:
2736:
2697:
2622:
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2387:
2284:
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1537:
1513:
1458:
1447:"The contractile vacuole complex of protists â New cues to function and biogenesis"
1417:
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if the vacuole is broken. A similar reaction is responsible for the production of
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82:
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2124:
2119:
1622:
699:
594:
531:
429:
207:
650:) are transported into the vacuole to isolate them from the rest of the cell.
381:
Endocytosis is the reverse of exocytosis and can occur in a variety of forms.
3272:
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132:
98:
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999:
951:
671:
543:
386:
382:
88:
61:
29:
1374:
924:
Okubo-Kurihara E, Sano T, Higaki T, Kutsuna N, Hasezawa S (January 2009).
412:
The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the
151:
2998:
2983:
2978:
2914:
2776:
2556:
2527:
2426:
2421:
2269:
2109:
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1987:
1953:
1880:
1875:
1766:
942:
925:
598:
590:
535:
434:
390:
364:
246:
38:
1517:
965:
Matile P (1993). "Chapter 18: Vacuoles, discovery of lysosomal origin".
905:
de Vries H (1885). "Plasmolytische
Studien ĂŒber die Wand der Vakuolen".
502:
Aside from storage, the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain
499:
have many small vacuoles in the winter and one large one in the summer.
3027:
3020:
3010:
2993:
2676:
2671:
2607:
2399:
2246:
2205:
2099:
1982:
1922:
1915:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1845:
1791:
1781:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1533:
550:, then the two chemicals can react forming toxic chemicals. In garlic,
511:
450:
442:
401:
360:
340:
266:
200:
127:
731:(Twentieth ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. p. 2287.
397:
which complete the breakdown of the material which has been engulfed.
3135:
3032:
2761:
2566:
2547:
2458:
2382:
2302:
2254:
2195:
2175:
2114:
2003:
1965:
1938:
1910:
1803:
1786:
1721:
1694:
1626:
606:
555:
547:
519:
507:
492:
454:
394:
336:
116:
112:
56:
1193:"Taking possession: biogenesis of the Salmonella-containing vacuole"
3177:
3167:
3111:
3106:
2873:
2746:
2722:
2639:
2309:
2094:
1948:
1704:
1689:
1684:
1240:
Alberts B, Johnson B, Lewis A, Raff J, Roberts K, Walter P (2008).
831:
Dujardin F (1841). "Histoire naturelle des zoophytes: Infusoires".
539:
348:
250:
219:
122:
66:
2362:
2357:
2264:
1970:
1870:
1823:
687:
679:
559:
527:
289:
Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
227:
223:
211:
108:
514:) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through
2815:
2707:
2627:
2581:
2571:
2532:
2470:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2050:
1813:
1387:
1273:
Li WY, Wong FL, Tsai SN, Phang TH, Shao G, Lam HM (June 2006).
923:
621:
551:
503:
476:
406:
303:
215:
204:
48:
3039:
2973:
2895:
2863:
2820:
2712:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2632:
2617:
2586:
2507:
2165:
2156:
567:
344:
1065:. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 264. pp.
784:
483:, while making the vacuolar interior more acidic creating a
405:
is able to survive and reproduce in the vacuoles of several
181:
2890:
2885:
2537:
2377:
2352:
2347:
2331:
2190:
1341:"The fungal vacuole: composition, function, and biogenesis"
636:
578:
310:
184:
756:. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 1. pp. 295â298.
2810:
2372:
2019:
1943:
523:
175:
1502:"The Fine Structure of the Contractile Vacuole in Ameba"
1620:
1239:
785:
Brooker RJ, Widmaier EP, Graham LE, Stiling PD (2007).
480:
479:
from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic
314:
1190:
969:. Vol. 1. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd.
1248:(Fifth ed.). New York: Garland Science. p.
1124:
178:
1140:
Reggiori F (2006). "Membrane Origin for
Autophagy".
589:. They are involved in many processes including the
187:
172:
1506:
The
Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
884:. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 101.
169:
1014:
989:. Plantbiology.unibas.ch. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
791:(First ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
724:
16:Membrane-bound organelle in cells containing fluid
1339:Klionsky DJ, Herman PK, Emr SD (September 1990).
1338:
1142:Current Topics in Developmental Biology Volume 74
460:A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the
3270:
1191:Knodler LA, Steele-Mortimer O (September 2003).
1272:
605:and degradative processes. Toxic ions, such as
526:into and out of the vacuolar interior. Due to
2035:
1606:
1500:Pappas, George D.; Brandt, Philip W. (1958).
881:Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology
3141:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1499:
917:
253:, although mistaken for respiratory organs.
1118:
815:
751:
495:contain small provacuoles and cells of the
322:Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
2042:
2028:
1613:
1599:
1313:
1139:
1054:
1052:
593:of cell pH and the concentration of ions,
1541:
1421:
1364:
1318:(3rd ed.). Sinauer. pp. 13â14.
1290:
1208:
1167:
1032:
1015:Jezbera J, HornĂĄk K, Simek K (May 2005).
941:
845:
276:named the vacuole membrane as tonoplast.
3085:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1444:
1058:
904:
830:
745:
428:
150:
142:
1049:
3271:
964:
585:structure that can rapidly modify its
2023:
1594:
877:
727:Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary
722:
53:Components of a typical animal cell:
752:Schulz-Vogt HN (2006). "Vacuoles".
686:, a protozoan parasite that causes
510:. Proteins found in the tonoplast (
335:Vacuoles also play a major role in
13:
14:
3300:
3090:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1586:
833:Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret
693:
245:("stars") were first observed by
3253:
3252:
1451:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1292:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01487.x
1210:10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00118.x
558:are normally separated but form
445:, in cells that have plasmolyzed
339:, maintaining a balance between
165:
47:
1558:
1493:
1445:Plattner, Helmut (2015-04-03).
1438:
1381:
1332:
1307:
1266:
1233:
1184:
1144:. Vol. 74. pp. 1â30.
1133:
1099:
1008:
992:
973:
958:
457:often run through the vacuole.
295:Containing water in plant cells
21:vesicle (biology and chemistry)
1357:10.1128/MMBR.54.3.266-292.1990
1125:William F. Ganong, MD (2003).
898:
871:
839:
824:
809:
778:
716:
653:
409:species after being engulfed.
257:(1841) named these "stars" as
1:
1777:Microtubule organizing center
1394:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1279:Plant, Cell & Environment
1244:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1150:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)74001-7
1075:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7
709:
3131:History of plant systematics
2718:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1463:10.3109/1040841X.2013.821650
1127:Review of medical physiology
1106:Plant cells vs. Animal cells
1034:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.12.001
967:Discoveries in Plant Biology
666:
237:
94:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
7:
930:Plant & Cell Physiology
279:
78:Rough endoplasmic reticulum
10:
3305:
2947:Alternation of generations
2049:
678:) are organelles found in
424:
319:Containing small molecules
18:
3248:
3196:
3160:
3097:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3060:Biological classification
3050:
2923:
2839:
2735:
2685:
2410:
2340:
2283:
2245:
2219:
2155:
2075:
2057:
1996:
1931:
1856:
1747:
1633:
1314:Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002).
1021:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
754:Inclusions in Prokaryotes
292:Containing waste products
46:
37:
28:
2957:Evolutionary development
1772:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
1566:"Food vacuole | biology"
762:10.1007/3-540-33774-1_10
564:syn-propanethial-S-oxide
419:
197:membrane-bound organelle
115:; with which, comprises
19:Not to be confused with
2608:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1570:Encyclopedia Britannica
1406:10.1091/mbc.e11-06-0576
1345:Microbiological Reviews
3223:by author abbreviation
3147:Plant taxonomy systems
3065:Botanical nomenclature
859:Cite journal requires
446:
156:
148:
3230:Botanical expeditions
1762:Intermediate filament
1655:Endoplasmic reticulum
818:L'Ăcole Polytechnique
684:Plasmodium falciparum
506:pressure against the
437:-storing vacuoles of
432:
298:Maintaining internal
155:Animal cell structure
154:
146:
111:(fluid that contains
2962:Evolutionary history
2952:Double fertilization
2804:Cellular respiration
2009:Extracellular matrix
1115:. Biology-Online.org
300:hydrostatic pressure
243:Contractile vacuoles
199:which is present in
147:Plant cell structure
2181:Non-vascular plants
1712:Cytoplasmic granule
1518:10.1083/jcb.4.4.485
660:contractile vacuole
577:cells the vacuole (
489:degradative enzymes
485:proton motive force
69:(dots as part of 5)
40:Animal cell diagram
2686:Surface structures
2481:Flower development
1737:WeibelâPalade body
1621:Structures of the
1111:2019-02-01 at the
985:2013-12-06 at the
943:10.1093/pcp/pcn181
468:. Also called the
447:
157:
149:
3266:
3265:
2905:Herbaceous plants
2731:
2730:
2017:
2016:
1797:Spindle pole body
1259:978-0-8153-4111-6
1059:Becker B (2007).
802:978-0-07-326807-1
771:978-3-540-26205-3
676:digestive vacuole
470:vacuolar membrane
141:
140:
3296:
3256:
3255:
3235:Individual trees
2910:Secondary growth
2881:Succulent plants
2869:Prostrate shrubs
2752:Apical dominance
2737:Plant physiology
2698:Epicuticular wax
2243:
2242:
2236:
2227:Plant morphology
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2020:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1400:(7): 1267â1282.
1385:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1316:Plant Physiology
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1212:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1129:(21st ed.).
1122:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1012:
1006:
1000:food vacuole in
998:For example the
996:
990:
977:
971:
970:
962:
956:
955:
945:
921:
915:
914:
907:Jahrb. Wiss. Bot
902:
896:
895:
878:Wayne R (2009).
875:
869:
868:
862:
857:
855:
847:
843:
837:
836:
828:
822:
821:
813:
807:
806:
782:
776:
775:
749:
743:
742:
730:
723:Venes D (2001).
720:
649:
648:
647:
634:
633:
632:
619:
618:
617:
516:active transport
497:vascular cambium
353:Robert B. Mellor
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
85:(or, Golgi body)
51:
41:
32:
26:
25:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3244:
3213:Botanical terms
3206:
3192:
3156:
3102:Citrus taxonomy
3080:Author citation
3046:
2940:
2919:
2841:
2835:
2831:Turgor pressure
2739:
2727:
2681:
2496:Floral symmetry
2414:
2406:
2336:
2325:Vascular bundle
2320:Vascular tissue
2279:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2215:
2186:Vascular plants
2151:
2147:Plant pathology
2071:
2053:
2048:
2018:
2013:
1992:
1927:
1852:
1743:
1660:Golgi apparatus
1636:
1629:
1619:
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1584:
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1574:
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1559:
1498:
1494:
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1326:
1312:
1308:
1271:
1267:
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1234:
1189:
1185:
1160:
1138:
1134:
1123:
1119:
1113:Wayback Machine
1104:
1100:
1085:
1057:
1050:
1013:
1009:
997:
993:
987:Wayback Machine
978:
974:
963:
959:
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616:
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554:and the enzyme
439:Rhoeo spathacea
427:
422:
375:Golgi apparatus
309:Maintaining an
306:within the cell
282:
240:
168:
164:
137:
83:Golgi apparatus
39:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3302:
3292:
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3209:
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3204:
3203:Related topics
3201:
3197:
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3164:
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3149:
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3125:
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3119:
3114:
3104:
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3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Botanical name
3062:
3056:
3054:
3052:Plant taxonomy
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3028:Megasporangium
3025:
3024:
3023:
3016:Microsporangia
3008:
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3006:
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2854:Cushion plants
2845:
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2786:
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2491:Floral formula
2488:
2486:Floral diagram
2483:
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2201:Spermatophytes
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2171:Archaeplastida
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2139:
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2125:Phytogeography
2122:
2120:Phytochemistry
2117:
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2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2077:Subdisciplines
2073:
2072:
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2058:
2055:
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2032:
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2015:
2014:
2012:
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2006:
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1595:
1588:
1587:External links
1585:
1582:
1581:
1557:
1512:(4): 485â488.
1492:
1457:(2): 218â227.
1437:
1380:
1331:
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1285:(6): 1122â37.
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861:|journal=
838:
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820:. Paris: 1920.
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700:histopathology
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3284:Plant anatomy
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2613:Inflorescence
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2298:Ground tissue
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2221:Plant anatomy
2218:
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2209:
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2202:
2199:
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2187:
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2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Plant ecology
2140:
2138:
2137:Plant anatomy
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
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2111:
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2085:Archaeobotany
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2010:
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1995:
1989:
1986:
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1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Proteinoplast
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Mitochondrion
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1858:Endosymbionts
1855:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Lamellipodium
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
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1827:
1825:
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1757:Microfilament
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1670:Autophagosome
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1354:
1351:(3): 266â92.
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1325:0-87893-856-7
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1203:(9): 587â99.
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1159:9780121531744
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1084:9780123742636
1080:
1076:
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1064:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1027:(3): 351â63.
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1004:
1003:
995:
988:
984:
981:
980:Thomas Boller
976:
968:
961:
953:
949:
944:
939:
936:(1): 151â60.
935:
931:
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901:
893:
891:9780080921273
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748:
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738:0-9762548-3-2
734:
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719:
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704:vacuolization
701:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:(also called
673:
672:Food vacuoles
664:
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638:
623:
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604:
603:polyphosphate
600:
596:
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414:Viridiplantae
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3289:Cell anatomy
3183:Horticulture
3173:Floriculture
3075:Correct name
2925:Reproduction
2915:Woody plants
2840:Plant growth
2799:Gas Exchange
2784:Phytomelanin
2662:Plant embryo
2412:Reproductive
2274:
2260:Phragmoplast
1886:Gerontoplast
1836:Pseudopodium
1829:Radial spoke
1809:Undulipodium
1749:Cytoskeleton
1699:
1665:Parenthesome
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1560:
1509:
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780:
753:
747:
726:
718:
697:
675:
670:
657:
572:
544:chloroplasts
501:
474:
469:
465:
461:
459:
449:Most mature
448:
438:
411:
400:
399:
387:invagination
383:Phagocytosis
380:
372:
369:
358:
334:
283:
271:
258:
241:
160:
158:
103:
89:Cytoskeleton
31:Cell biology
2999:Pollen tube
2994:Pollinators
2984:Pollination
2979:Germination
2794:Respiration
2777:Chlorophyll
2623:Pedicellate
2557:Gametophyte
2476:Aestivation
2427:Antheridium
2422:Archegonium
2270:Plasmodesma
2247:Plant cells
2110:Paleobotany
2105:Ethnobotany
2090:Astrobotany
1988:Magnetosome
1954:Spliceosome
1881:Chromoplast
1876:Chloroplast
1767:Microtubule
654:Contractile
599:amino acids
591:homeostasis
451:plant cells
435:anthocyanin
391:Pinocytosis
365:endocytosis
261:. In 1842,
247:Spallanzani
3273:Categories
3021:Microspore
3011:Sporangium
2989:Artificial
2677:Sporophyte
2672:Sporophyll
2667:Receptacle
2562:Gynandrium
2432:Androecium
2341:Vegetative
2211:Angiosperm
2206:Gymnosperm
2100:Dendrology
1983:Proteasome
1976:Inclusions
1923:Nitroplast
1916:Apicoplast
1901:Elaioplast
1896:Amyloplast
1891:Leucoplast
1846:Filopodium
1792:Basal body
1782:Centrosome
1732:Peroxisome
1727:Glyoxysome
1717:Melanosome
1627:organelles
1575:2021-02-21
1002:Plasmodium
913:: 465â598.
710:References
597:, storing
587:morphology
536:plasmolyze
518:, pumping
512:aquaporins
443:spiderwort
402:Salmonella
361:exocytosis
341:biogenesis
267:protoplasm
249:(1776) in
128:Centrosome
113:organelles
3218:Botanists
3136:Herbarium
3033:Megaspore
2931:Evolution
2874:Subshrubs
2842:and habit
2767:Nutrition
2762:Cellulose
2757:Bulk flow
2740:Materials
2703:Epidermis
2567:Gynoecium
2548:Endosperm
2543:Dispersal
2459:Staminode
2395:Sessility
2383:Cataphyll
2303:Mesophyll
2255:Cell wall
2196:Lycophyte
2176:Bryophyte
2130:Geobotany
2115:Phycology
2004:Cell wall
1966:Cytoplasm
1939:Nucleolus
1911:Tannosome
1819:Flagellum
1804:Myofibril
1787:Centriole
1722:Microbody
1695:Phagosome
1526:0095-9901
1471:1040-841X
1414:1059-1524
667:Digestive
607:strontium
570:are cut.
556:alliinase
548:herbivore
540:expansins
520:potassium
508:cell wall
493:meristems
462:tonoplast
455:cytoplasm
395:lysosomes
337:autophagy
313:internal
272:In 1885,
263:Schleiden
238:Discovery
220:bacterial
210:and some
117:cytoplasm
57:Nucleolus
3279:Vesicles
3258:Category
3178:Forestry
3168:Agronomy
3161:Practice
3112:Cultivar
3107:Cultigen
2967:timeline
2859:Rosettes
2747:Aleurone
2723:Trichome
2640:Perianth
2452:Filament
2310:Meristem
2233:glossary
2095:Bryology
1997:External
1949:Ribosome
1705:Acrosome
1690:Endosome
1685:Lysosome
1552:13563556
1487:11384111
1479:23919298
1432:22323285
1301:17080938
1227:25646573
1219:12911813
1178:16860663
1109:Archived
1093:17964920
1043:16329920
983:Archived
952:19042915
835:. Paris.
680:Ciliates
466:cell sap
349:bacteria
280:Function
274:de Vries
259:vacuoles
255:Dujardin
251:protozoa
232:vesicles
228:solution
123:Lysosome
67:Ribosome
2936:Ecology
2693:Cuticle
2523:Capsule
2513:Anatomy
2464:Tapetum
2388:Petiole
2363:Rhizome
2358:Rhizoid
2285:Tissues
2275:Vacuole
2265:Plastid
2067:Outline
2062:History
1971:Cytosol
1871:Plastid
1824:Axoneme
1700:Vacuole
1680:Exosome
1675:Vesicle
1650:Nucleus
1543:2224495
1534:1603216
1423:3315810
1375:2215422
1197:Traffic
1169:7112310
788:Biology
688:Malaria
635:), and
583:dynamic
581:) is a
560:allicin
528:osmosis
477:protons
425:Central
224:enzymes
212:protist
195:) is a
161:vacuole
109:Cytosol
104:Vacuole
73:Vesicle
62:Nucleus
3240:Plants
3143:(IAPT)
2896:Lianas
2864:Shrubs
2816:Starch
2708:Nectar
2628:Raceme
2594:Stigma
2582:Locule
2572:Carpel
2533:Pyrena
2471:Flower
2447:Anther
2442:Stamen
2437:Pollen
2159:groups
2051:Botany
1814:Cilium
1637:system
1550:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1430:
1420:
1412:
1373:
1366:372777
1363:
1322:
1299:
1256:
1225:
1217:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1091:
1081:
1041:
950:
888:
799:
768:
735:
682:, and
639:(II) (
624:(II) (
622:cobalt
568:onions
552:alliin
504:turgor
407:mammal
311:acidic
304:turgor
218:, and
216:animal
205:fungal
3200:Lists
3117:Group
3040:Spore
2974:Flora
2891:Vines
2886:Trees
2849:Habit
2821:Sugar
2713:Stoma
2655:Sepal
2650:Petal
2645:Tepal
2633:Umbel
2618:Bract
2599:Style
2587:Ovule
2577:Ovary
2518:Berry
2508:Fruit
2501:Whorl
2368:Shoot
2166:Algae
2157:Plant
1959:Vault
1530:JSTOR
1483:S2CID
1223:S2CID
575:yeast
566:when
534:will
420:Types
345:lysis
208:cells
201:plant
3122:Grex
3004:Self
2538:Seed
2400:Stem
2378:Leaf
2353:Root
2348:Bulb
2332:Wood
2293:Cork
2191:Fern
1623:cell
1548:PMID
1522:ISSN
1475:PMID
1467:ISSN
1428:PMID
1410:ISSN
1371:PMID
1320:ISBN
1297:PMID
1254:ISBN
1215:PMID
1174:PMID
1154:ISBN
1089:PMID
1079:ISBN
1067:1â24
1039:PMID
948:PMID
886:ISBN
865:help
797:ISBN
766:ISBN
733:ISBN
637:lead
601:and
579:Vac7
532:cell
524:ions
522:(K)
441:, a
433:The
363:and
351:and
203:and
2811:Sap
2528:Nut
2373:Bud
1944:RNA
1538:PMC
1514:doi
1459:doi
1418:PMC
1402:doi
1361:PMC
1353:doi
1287:doi
1250:781
1205:doi
1164:PMC
1146:doi
1071:doi
1029:doi
938:doi
758:doi
698:In
620:),
302:or
226:in
182:juË
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1416:.
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1396:.
1392:.
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1349:54
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1295:.
1283:29
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1252:.
1221:.
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1195:.
1172:.
1162:.
1152:.
1087:.
1077:.
1069:.
1051:^
1037:.
1025:52
1023:.
1019:.
946:.
934:50
932:.
928:.
911:16
909:.
856::
854:}}
850:{{
795:.
793:79
764:.
702:,
690:.
658:A
641:Pb
626:Co
611:Sr
481:pH
416:.
367:.
315:pH
269:.
214:,
185:oÊ
159:A
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2231:(
2043:e
2036:t
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1614:e
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1600:v
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741:.
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188:l
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176:ĂŠ
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