208:
184:
196:
297:
85:
29:
224:
145:
Graves sometimes served as cenotaphs. On occasion, clay figurines would replace the remains of the deceased. Vakhsh graves are typically poor in grave goods. 30% of the vessels are wheel-thrown, while hand-made pottery predominated. This is typical of a pastoral society. Metal remains are scant, but include razor-like knives and mirrors. Arrowheads were made of bone and flint.
247:, present features that belong to Vakhsh culture. Grave 13 from Gelot, in necropolis 6, dated to 2197-2049 cal BC (1 sigma) and 2203-2036 call BC (2 sigma) contained a round-bottomed pot of type IIIB, a bowl of type IVG, and a carinated beaker of type ICa, and all these vessel types are similar to the pottery found in kurgans of the "classical Vakhsh culture." In
144:
graves covered entirely over with a mound, and entrance shafts blocked by earth and stones. A quarter of the tombs was associated with the ritual of fire. Males were buried on their right side while females were generally buried on their left. Both male and female remains were oriented to the north.
267:
have no visible aboveground, kurgan-like construction and should therefore be distinguished from them. The underground part of the tomb is nevertheless similar - namely, a simple pit (Gelot, necropolis 6, grave 13) or catacomb (Darnajchi, necropolis 2, grave 2)."
157:. Some have interpreted this as a sign that the Vakhsh culture represented a mixture of settled agriculturalists and steppe populations originating in the north. Some have identified the Vakhsh culture as a southern extension of the
123:
Evidence of settlements in the Vakhsh culture is scant. They made stone walls and mud-brick constructions. Houses on the site at
Kangurt Tut in the Vaksh valley contained storage pits for grain and hearths. The grain storages had
2143:, Abstract: "...It can now safely be dated between the second half of the 3rd millennium and the 17th century BC as shown by radiocarbon dates and is thus contemporary with the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)..."
258:
Teufer also comments that: "It is therefore evident that the Vakhsh culture is more likely a phenomenon of the 3rd millennium than of the 2nd millennium BC. However, unlike the 'classical Vakhsh graves', the tombs at
207:
2178:
2136:
183:
251:, the presence of type IAa vessels also offer evidence for the early dating of Vakhsh culture, appearing already in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, in the transition from
195:
88:
Anthropomorphic statuette (orant?) in soft stone (anhydrite) from the burial ground of Gelot, Tajikistan, late 3rd millennia–early 2nd millennia BC.
2264:
3698:
2082:
2046:
3708:
3422:
2312:
1244:
154:
3357:
3575:
2446:
3677:
2053:
2025:
3703:
904:
3632:
2257:
2010:
3627:
2628:
2075:
2032:
963:
3038:
296:
2179:"The 'classical Vakhsh culture': A Bronze Age culture of the 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC in southern Tajikistan"
2137:"The 'classical Vakhsh culture': A Bronze Age culture of the 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC in southern Tajikistan"
2194:
2160:
2039:
803:
3637:
2907:
2287:
314:
3672:
3617:
2867:
2250:
2233:
1895:
1670:
1074:
3161:
2623:
2068:
1640:
909:
846:
647:
533:
100:
culture which took place around 2500-1650 BC, as shown by radiocarbon dates, and flourished along the lower
3622:
1328:
831:
642:
637:
632:
527:
213:
Cross-shaped ritual vase from the necropolis of
Farkhor/Parkhar, Tajikistan, middle–late 3rd millennium BC.
1645:
1140:
841:
720:
706:
687:
2887:
983:
941:
541:
3123:
2417:
1685:
1650:
1323:
627:
3570:
3143:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2437:
2427:
2392:
1945:
1835:
1655:
1186:
1018:
969:
865:
667:
622:
617:
537:
231:
Mike Teufer, in his 2020 publication, informs that recent archaeological research in southwestern
3667:
3555:
3432:
3337:
3181:
3063:
2472:
2422:
2273:
1840:
1567:
677:
672:
662:
306:
255:
periods IV and V. Darmajchi's grave 2 also presented a high dating, 2456-2140 cal BC (2 sigma).
3647:
3407:
2432:
2367:
1830:
1802:
1586:
1488:
1254:
1100:
724:
562:
454:
393:
348:
288:
280:
189:
Model house from the necropolis of
Farkhor/Parkhar, Tajikistan, middle–late 3rd millennium BC.
3482:
3457:
3367:
2998:
2832:
1977:
1806:
714:
710:
695:
691:
3417:
3264:
2799:
2597:
1923:
1888:
1201:
884:
836:
773:
743:
701:
681:
545:
399:
170:
1069:
8:
3657:
3591:
3447:
2872:
2862:
2592:
2517:
2225:
1196:
1191:
1087:
1011:
976:
899:
889:
748:
449:
444:
413:
201:
Vessel from the necropolis of
Farkhor/Parkhar, Tajikistan, middle–late 3rd millennium BC.
111:
Earlier research seemed to show that Vakhsh culture had appeared somewhat later than the
169:
area. Like the
Bishkent culture, the Vakhsh culture has been linked with the southward
3607:
3560:
3427:
3342:
3327:
3284:
3239:
3103:
2892:
2678:
2567:
2527:
2452:
2297:
2111:
1902:
1853:
1787:
1771:
1396:
1049:
788:
474:
379:
374:
3662:
2771:
2613:
2587:
2582:
2482:
2467:
2357:
2352:
2322:
2302:
2229:
2116:
1916:
1882:
1874:
1818:
1812:
1794:
1765:
1744:
1730:
1722:
1492:
1353:
1293:
1275:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1173:
1168:
997:
860:
509:
502:
495:
481:
467:
427:
406:
343:
335:
158:
132:. Faunal remains have revealed dogs, deer, camels, donkeys, horses, sheep and goats.
3652:
3580:
3201:
3088:
2897:
2882:
2731:
2577:
2537:
2492:
2477:
2215:
1910:
1860:
1677:
1483:
1371:
1311:
1288:
1231:
1226:
1163:
1150:
1145:
1135:
808:
421:
369:
361:
354:
112:
76:
161:, but Mike Teufer considers it is not related to Andronovo, but to communities of
3642:
3585:
3525:
3515:
3477:
3219:
2912:
2711:
2668:
2650:
2487:
2457:
2362:
2337:
2292:
2219:
1991:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1931:
1867:
1846:
1824:
1409:
1298:
1221:
1130:
1063:
1004:
870:
602:
587:
577:
572:
488:
460:
162:
153:
Vakhsh culture ceramics are a mixture of steppe wares and those ascribed to the
3602:
3565:
3387:
3322:
3196:
3048:
3033:
3003:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2721:
2572:
2562:
2522:
1736:
1603:
1478:
1036:
990:
958:
894:
385:
236:
3692:
3597:
3550:
3442:
3274:
3259:
3191:
2950:
2716:
2688:
2673:
2633:
2532:
2387:
2372:
2327:
2211:
2101:
1996:
1460:
1376:
1093:
951:
813:
567:
783:
3520:
3487:
3467:
3372:
3279:
3234:
3211:
3128:
3023:
2940:
2930:
2822:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2502:
2442:
2407:
2332:
2106:
1615:
1453:
927:
798:
597:
592:
582:
252:
101:
40:
2242:
3612:
3545:
3497:
3462:
3437:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3332:
3312:
3304:
3133:
3118:
3068:
3058:
3013:
2970:
2746:
2741:
2706:
2507:
2462:
2402:
2197:, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor & Francis, p. 618.
2163:, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor & Francis, p. 617.
2096:
1591:
1577:
1541:
1249:
174:
778:
84:
3492:
3317:
3249:
3244:
3171:
3153:
3113:
3098:
3078:
3043:
3028:
2990:
2980:
2965:
2955:
2922:
2809:
2736:
2512:
2412:
2342:
1554:
1468:
1346:
1111:
232:
105:
97:
50:
2696:
3412:
3362:
3294:
3229:
3176:
3166:
3138:
3073:
3018:
3008:
2945:
2935:
2781:
2658:
2618:
2547:
2397:
1757:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1498:
1366:
3472:
3452:
3053:
2877:
2791:
2726:
2497:
1700:
1691:
1582:
1383:
1358:
1262:
753:
329:
166:
141:
3352:
3347:
3289:
3224:
3108:
3093:
2960:
2837:
2827:
2776:
2382:
1750:
1714:
1707:
1505:
1125:
758:
248:
244:
28:
3254:
3186:
2817:
2751:
2663:
2377:
1473:
1427:
946:
763:
140:
The Vaksh culture is known chiefly for its burials. These were
125:
223:
3083:
2975:
2902:
2852:
2701:
2347:
2183:
The World of the Oxus
Civilization, Routledge, pp. 698 - 733.
1572:
1446:
1440:
1422:
793:
768:
129:
3507:
3269:
2317:
1964:
108:, earlier thought to be from ca. 1700 BC to 1500 BC.
227:Location of Vakhsh river as affluent of Oxus river
3690:
2193:Mallory, J. P., & Douglas Q. Adams, (1997).
2159:Mallory, J. P., & Douglas Q. Adams, (1997).
218:
2258:
2141:The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge
2076:
148:
2210:
2272:
2265:
2251:
2083:
2069:
2047:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
115:, with which it shares many similarities.
27:
3576:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2173:
2171:
2169:
222:
83:
3423:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2313:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
155:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
3691:
3678:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
2146:
3699:Archaeological cultures in Tajikistan
2246:
2221:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2166:
2054:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2026:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3633:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
2011:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
3709:Indo-Aryan archaeological cultures
3628:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
2629:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2033:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
3720:
3039:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
2040:Journal of Indo-European Studies
804:Bible translations into Armenian
295:
206:
194:
182:
3638:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
2908:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
315:List of Indo-European languages
3673:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
3618:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
2187:
2129:
235:at three cemeteries in Gelot (
118:
1:
2624:Silk Road transmission of art
2122:
1641:Proto-Indo-European mythology
910:Paleolithic continuity theory
3623:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1329:Northern Black Polished Ware
528:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
3704:Bronze Age cultures of Asia
1646:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
271:
219:New archaeological research
10:
3725:
2218:(1997). "Vakhsh Culture".
2204:
942:Domestication of the horse
149:Ceramics and relationships
135:
3538:
3506:
3303:
3210:
3152:
3124:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
2989:
2921:
2808:
2790:
2687:
2649:
2642:
2606:
2280:
1651:Historical Vedic religion
928:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
72:
64:
56:
46:
35:
26:
3571:Mogao Christian painting
3144:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
2858:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
2848:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
1656:Ancient Iranian religion
1019:Novotitarovskaya culture
866:Indo-European migrations
3668:Saksanokhur gold buckle
3556:Hephthalite silver bowl
3433:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
2473:Second Turkic Khaganate
2274:History of Central Asia
1157:Northern/Eastern Steppe
3648:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
3408:Alexandria Prophthasia
2433:First Turkic Khaganate
2368:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2177:Teufer, Mike, (2020).
2135:Teufer, Mike, (2020).
1628:Religion and mythology
1587:Medieval Scandinavians
878:Alternative and fringe
228:
89:
16:Archaeological culture
3458:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
2833:Karsakpay inscription
2288:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
1978:Indo-European studies
1341:Peoples and societies
226:
87:
3265:Kutlug Timur Minaret
2800:Noin-Ula burial site
2598:Chinese Central Asia
2228:. pp. 617–618.
2226:Taylor & Francis
885:Anatolian hypothesis
837:Proto-Indo-Europeans
744:Hittite inscriptions
289:Indo-European topics
3658:Siberian Ice Maiden
3448:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
2863:Petrovka settlement
2593:Soviet Central Asia
2518:Great Seljuq Empire
1141:Multi-cordoned ware
1012:Mikhaylovka culture
900:Indigenous Aryanism
890:Armenian hypothesis
749:Hieroglyphic Luwian
23:
3608:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3561:Chilek silver bowl
3428:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3104:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
2893:Talapty Settlement
2679:Filippovka kurgans
2568:Khanate of Bukhara
2528:Khwarazmian Empire
2453:Ikhshids of Sogdia
2298:Afanasievo culture
2112:Tazabagyab culture
721:Proto-Indo-Iranian
707:Proto-Balto-Slavic
688:Proto-Italo-Celtic
229:
90:
36:Geographical range
21:
3686:
3685:
3663:Ai-Khanoum plaque
3534:
3533:
3338:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
2614:Central Asian art
2588:Russian Turkestan
2583:Chinese Turkestan
2483:Abbasid Caliphate
2447:Anxi Protectorate
2393:Kushano-Sasanians
2358:Macedonian Empire
2353:Achaemenid Empire
2323:Andronovo culture
2303:Sintashta culture
2216:Adams, Douglas Q.
2117:Zeravshan (river)
2093:
2092:
1354:Anatolian peoples
1324:Painted Grey Ware
1212:Nordic Bronze Age
861:Kurgan hypothesis
814:Old Irish glosses
779:Gaulish epigraphy
159:Andronovo culture
82:
81:
3716:
3653:Seal of Khingila
3581:Penjikent murals
3202:Kalai Kafirnigan
3089:Koi Krylgan Kala
2898:Turkistan (city)
2883:Steppe Geoglyphs
2647:
2646:
2578:Khanate of Khiva
2538:Chagatai Khanate
2493:Saffarid dynasty
2478:Uyghur Khaganate
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2175:
2164:
2157:
2144:
2133:
2085:
2078:
2071:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1774:
1760:
1753:
1739:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1484:Germanic peoples
1474:Hellenic peoples
1463:
1456:
1449:
1372:Mycenaean Greeks
1361:
1289:Thraco-Cimmerian
1187:Globular Amphora
1164:Abashevo culture
1103:
1096:
1066:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
809:Tocharian script
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
430:
416:
409:
402:
388:
364:
357:
338:
299:
276:
275:
210:
198:
186:
113:Bishkent culture
77:Bishkent culture
31:
24:
20:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3643:Afrasiab murals
3586:Sampul tapestry
3530:
3526:Shahr-e Sukhteh
3516:Bandian complex
3502:
3478:Musalla Complex
3358:Tapa-i Kafariha
3299:
3220:Cave of Dzhebel
3206:
3148:
2985:
2917:
2913:Araltobe kurgan
2804:
2786:
2712:Kizilgaha caves
2683:
2669:Pazyryk burials
2651:Southern Russia
2638:
2602:
2488:Tahirid dynasty
2458:Tokhara Yabghus
2363:Seleucid Empire
2338:Pazyryk culture
2293:Yamnaya culture
2276:
2271:
2236:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2195:"Vaksh Culture"
2192:
2188:
2176:
2167:
2161:"Vaksh Culture"
2158:
2147:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2089:
2060:
2059:
1992:Marija Gimbutas
1980:
1970:
1969:
1961:Winter solstice
1951:Horse sacrifice
1922:
1915:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1798:
1783:
1770:
1756:
1749:
1735:
1726:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1660:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1563:
1550:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1363:
1357:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1307:
1284:
1271:
1259:
1240:
1182:
1159:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1081:Northern Europe
1062:
1058:
1045:
1032:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
964:Steppe cultures
937:
930:
923:
915:
914:
905:Baltic homeland
879:
875:
871:Eurasian nomads
855:
851:
827:
819:
818:
789:Runic epigraphy
784:Latin epigraphy
739:
731:
730:
668:Proto-Anatolian
652:
607:
603:Thraco-Illyrian
588:Graeco-Phrygian
578:Graeco-Armenian
573:Graeco-Albanian
552:
530:
517:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
426:
412:
405:
398:
384:
360:
353:
334:
319:
311:
309:
274:
221:
214:
211:
202:
199:
190:
187:
151:
138:
121:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3603:Bimaran Casket
3600:
3595:
3592:Sogdian Daēnās
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Gardez Ganesha
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Takht-e Rostam
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Dilberjin Tepe
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3197:Takht-i Sangin
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Guldursun-Kala
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Dalverzin Tepe
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:Akchakhan-Kala
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Dunhuang Caves
2759:
2757:Bezeklik Caves
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Subashi Temple
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Durrani Empire
2570:
2565:
2563:Timurid Empire
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Vakhsh culture
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2212:Mallory, J. P.
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2186:
2165:
2145:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Fire sacrifice
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:Zoroastrianism
1719:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1604:Medieval India
1595:
1594:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1486:
1481:
1479:Italic peoples
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1255:Gandhara grave
1252:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:Middle Dnieper
1097:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1056:Eastern Europe
1053:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1001:
994:
987:
984:Dnieper–Donets
980:
973:
961:
959:Kurgan culture
956:
955:
954:
944:
932:
931:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
895:Beech argument
892:
887:
881:
880:
874:
873:
868:
863:
857:
856:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
718:
704:
699:
685:
678:Proto-Germanic
675:
673:Proto-Armenian
670:
665:
663:Proto-Albanian
659:
658:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
613:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
558:
551:
550:
549:
548:
524:
523:
516:
515:
514:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
452:
447:
441:
440:
434:
433:
432:
431:
419:
418:
417:
410:
403:
391:
390:
389:
377:
372:
367:
366:
365:
358:
346:
341:
340:
339:
326:
325:
318:
317:
310:
305:
304:
301:
300:
292:
291:
285:
284:
273:
270:
237:Kulob District
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
205:
203:
200:
193:
191:
188:
181:
150:
147:
137:
134:
120:
117:
94:Vakhsh culture
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
37:
33:
32:
22:Vakhsh culture
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3721:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Oxus Treasure
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Orlat plaques
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Dasht-e Nawar
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Monjukli Depe
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Konye-Urgench
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Takht-i Kuwad
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Koshoy Korgon
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Kumtura Caves
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2689:Western China
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Salbyk kurgan
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Arzhan kurgan
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2634:Serindian art
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Mongol Empire
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Ghurid Empire
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Western Turks
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Kushan Empire
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Guiyi Circuit
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Median Empire
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Tagar culture
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Chust culture
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:J. P. Mallory
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:Reconstructed
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1461:Insular Celts
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:Indo-Iranians
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:Pontic Steppe
1113:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
966:
965:
962:
960:
957:
953:
952:Kurgan stelae
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
936:
935:Pontic Steppe
929:
926:
925:
919:
918:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
877:
876:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
853:
852:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
823:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
735:
734:
726:
725:Proto-Iranian
722:
719:
716:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
697:
693:
689:
686:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Daco-Thracian
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
553:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:Reconstructed
519:
518:
511:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462:
458:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
436:
435:
429:
425:
424:
423:
420:
415:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
396:
395:
392:
387:
383:
382:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
363:
359:
356:
352:
351:
350:
347:
345:
342:
337:
333:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
303:
302:
298:
294:
293:
290:
287:
286:
282:
278:
277:
269:
266:
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:
209:
204:
197:
192:
185:
180:
179:
178:
176:
173:of the early
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
143:
133:
131:
127:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3590:
3521:Mount Khajeh
3488:Qala-i-Jangi
3468:Khair Khaneh
3373:Khair Khaneh
3280:Namazga-Tepe
3235:Anau culture
3212:Turkmenistan
3129:Tavka Kurgan
3024:Balalyk Tepe
2941:Burana Tower
2931:Aigyr-Zhal 2
2823:Issyk kurgan
2558:Kart dynasty
2553:Sufi dynasty
2543:Golden Horde
2468:Oghuz Yabgus
2443:Tang dynasty
2408:Hephthalites
2333:Uyuk culture
2307:
2220:
2189:
2182:
2140:
2131:
2107:Swat culture
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2018:Publications
2017:
2003:
1984:
1938:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:Paleo-Balkan
1793:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1721:
1720:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1633:
1616:Greater Iran
1609:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1489:Paleo-Balkan
1454:Celtiberians
1433:
1432:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1237:
1236:
1179:
1178:
1156:
1155:
1118:
1117:
1080:
1079:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
970:Bug–Dniester
934:
933:
799:Gothic Bible
715:Proto-Baltic
711:Proto-Slavic
696:Proto-Italic
692:Proto-Celtic
655:
610:
598:Italo-Celtic
593:Indo-Hittite
583:Graeco-Aryan
556:Hypothetical
555:
520:
455:Paleo-Balkan
437:
394:Indo-Iranian
349:Balto-Slavic
322:
264:
260:
257:
240:
230:
152:
139:
122:
110:
104:in southern
102:Vakhsh River
93:
91:
60:2500-1650 BC
41:Vakhsh River
18:
3613:Kabul hoard
3546:Sokh snakes
3498:Surkh Kotal
3463:Haji Piyada
3438:Darra-e Kur
3403:Yemshi Tepe
3398:Tillya Tepe
3393:Tepe Fullol
3383:Tepe Narenj
3378:Tapa Sardar
3368:Fondukistan
3333:Tapa Shotor
3313:Tepe Fullol
3305:Afghanistan
3134:Toprak-Kala
3119:Shahrukhiya
3069:Kampir Tepe
3059:Itchan Kala
3014:Ancient Pap
2971:Shakh Fazil
2843:Krasnyi Yar
2747:Mogao Caves
2707:Kizil Caves
2643:Archaeology
2508:Farighunids
2463:Turk Shahis
2403:Alchon Huns
2097:Yaz culture
1896:Continental
1889:Anglo-Saxon
1592:Middle Ages
1542:Middle Ages
1397:Indo-Aryans
1390:Indo-Aryans
1197:Bell Beaker
1192:Corded ware
1088:Corded ware
977:Sredny Stog
922:Archaeology
702:Proto-Greek
682:Proto-Norse
175:Indo-Aryans
119:Settlements
73:Followed by
65:Preceded by
3693:Categories
3493:Rag-i-Bibi
3318:Ai-Khanoum
3250:Gonur Depe
3245:Dev-Kesken
3182:Kafir-kala
3172:Ajina tepe
3154:Tajikistan
3114:Sarmishsay
3099:Kyzyl-Kala
3079:Khalchayan
3064:Kafir-kala
3044:Fayaz Tepe
3029:Burchmulla
2991:Uzbekistan
2981:Tash Rabat
2956:Manas Ordo
2923:Kyrgyzstan
2810:Kazakhstan
2513:Ghaznavids
2418:Ustrushana
2413:Tocharians
2343:Massagetae
2235:1884964982
2123:References
2004:Institutes
1924:Lithuanian
1678:Indo-Aryan
1664:Historical
1598:Indo-Aryan
1555:Tocharians
1469:Cimmerians
1347:Bronze Age
1238:South Asia
1112:Bronze Age
1050:Afanasievo
854:Mainstream
618:Vocabulary
538:Sound laws
400:Indo-Aryan
233:Tajikistan
106:Tajikistan
98:Bronze Age
51:Bronze Age
3539:Artifacts
3413:Aq Kupruk
3363:Mes Aynak
3295:Ulug Depe
3230:Altyndepe
3177:Cyropolis
3167:Penjikent
3139:Varakhsha
3074:Kara Tepe
3019:Ayaz-Kala
3009:Akhsikath
2999:Afrasiyab
2946:Issyk-Kul
2936:Balasagun
2782:Beshbalik
2659:Sintashta
2619:Silk Road
2548:Ilkhanate
2503:Ma'munids
2398:Kidarites
1939:Practices
1758:Yarsanism
1568:Albanians
1548:East Asia
1535:Scythians
1527:Phrygians
1520:Paeonians
1513:Illyrians
1499:Thracians
1416:East Asia
1367:Armenians
1294:Hallstatt
1276:Chernoles
1217:Terramare
1207:Trzciniec
1174:Sintashta
1169:Andronovo
1070:Cernavodă
1043:East Asia
998:Khvalynsk
738:Philology
648:Particles
534:Phonology
475:Liburnian
450:Tocharian
445:Anatolian
414:Nuristani
307:Languages
265:Darnajchi
241:Darnajchi
171:migration
3473:Mundigak
3453:Firozkoh
3343:Shotorak
3162:Bunjikat
3054:Hazorasp
2878:Shilikty
2868:Boralday
2792:Mongolia
2727:Dunhuang
2498:Samanids
2428:Farghana
2281:Polities
1985:Scholars
1883:Germanic
1854:Scottish
1819:Thracian
1813:Illyrian
1807:Albanian
1795:European
1788:Armenian
1772:Ossetian
1766:Scythian
1751:Yazidism
1701:Buddhism
1692:Hinduism
1583:Norsemen
1493:Anatolia
1410:Iranians
1403:Iranians
1384:Iron Age
1359:Hittites
1312:Colchian
1305:Caucasus
1263:Iron Age
1232:Lusatian
1227:Urnfield
1151:Srubnaya
1146:Poltavka
1136:Catacomb
1075:Cucuteni
1030:Caucasus
847:Religion
832:Homeland
774:Behistun
754:Linear B
643:Numerals
638:Pronouns
563:Balkanic
510:Thracian
503:Phrygian
496:Paeonian
482:Messapic
468:Illyrian
380:Hellenic
375:Germanic
344:Armenian
336:Albanian
330:Albanoid
281:a series
279:Part of
272:See also
167:Xinjiang
142:catacomb
3418:Asqalan
3353:Bimaran
3348:Paitava
3290:Togolok
3225:Abiward
3109:Poykent
3094:Koktepe
2961:Navekat
2838:Kerderi
2828:Jankent
2777:Kashgar
2752:Tumshuq
2697:Bulayïq
2607:Culture
2423:Khuttal
2383:Xiongnu
2205:Sources
1917:Latvian
1875:Cornish
1745:Kurdish
1731:Persian
1723:Iranian
1715:Sikhism
1708:Jainism
1671:Hittite
1610:Iranian
1506:Dacians
1299:Jastorf
1222:Tumulus
1202:Únětice
1131:Yamnaya
1126:Chariot
1064:Usatovo
1005:Yamnaya
842:Society
826:Origins
759:Rigveda
611:Grammar
438:Extinct
428:Romance
407:Iranian
253:Namazga
249:Farkhor
245:Farkhor
136:Burials
3483:Nagara
3255:Jeitun
3187:Sarazm
2873:Sawran
2818:Begash
2772:Khotan
2767:Loulan
2378:Yuezhi
2232:
1932:Slavic
1911:Baltic
1861:Breton
1841:Celtic
1825:Dacian
1781:Others
1561:Europe
1434:Europe
1428:Yuezhi
1282:Europe
1269:Steppe
1180:Europe
1037:Maykop
991:Samara
947:Kurgan
764:Avesta
546:Ablaut
542:Accent
489:Mysian
461:Dacian
422:Italic
370:Celtic
362:Slavic
355:Baltic
323:Extant
243:, and
126:barley
47:Period
39:Lower
3328:Hadda
3084:Khiva
2976:Suyab
2966:Özgön
2903:Urpek
2888:Sumbe
2853:Otrar
2742:Rawak
2732:Miran
2702:Kucha
2181:, in
2139:, in
1903:Norse
1868:Welsh
1847:Irish
1836:Roman
1831:Greek
1686:Vedic
1578:Slavs
1573:Balts
1447:Gauls
1441:Celts
1423:Wusun
1318:India
1094:Baden
794:Ogham
769:Homer
656:Other
633:Nouns
628:Verbs
386:Greek
261:Gelot
163:Altai
130:wheat
96:is a
57:Dates
3508:Iran
3285:Nisa
3270:Merv
3240:Anau
2737:Niya
2318:Saka
2230:ISBN
1965:Yule
1956:Sati
1245:BMAC
623:Root
263:and
128:and
92:The
1250:Yaz
239:),
3695::
2224:.
2214:;
2168:^
2148:^
1362:)
713:·
694:·
544:,
540:,
536::
283:on
177:.
2449:)
2445:(
2266:e
2259:t
2252:v
2238:.
2084:e
2077:t
2070:v
1963:/
1827:)
1822:·
1816:·
1810:·
1805:(
1585:/
1491:/
1356:(
727:)
723:(
717:)
709:(
698:)
690:(
684:)
680:(
165:-
68:?
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