Value theory - Knowledge

1128: 1124:, value theorists face the challenge of measuring the evaluative outlook of individuals and groups. Specifically, they aim to determine personal value hierarchies, for example, whether a subject gives more weight to truth than to moral goodness or beauty. They distinguish between direct and indirect measurement methods. Direct methods involve asking people straightforward questions about what things they value and which value priorities they have. This approach assumes that people are aware of their evaluative outlook and able to articulate it accurately. Indirect methods do not share this assumption, asserting instead that values guide behavior and choices on an unconscious level. Consequently, they observe how people decide and act, seeking to infer the underlying value attitudes responsible for picking one course of action rather than another. 1585: 834:

people desire a variety of other things as well, like knowledge, achievement, and respect; additionally, desire satisfaction may not always result in pleasure. Some desire theorists hold that value is a property of desire satisfaction itself, while others say that it is a property of the objects that satisfy a desire. One debate in desire theory concerns whether any desire is a source of value. For example, if a person has a false belief that money makes them happy, it is questionable whether the satisfaction of their desire for money is a source of value. To address this consideration, some desire theorists say that a desire can only provide value if a fully informed and rational person would have it. This view excludes faulty desires.

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important. Many are pluralistic in recognizing a diverse array of human excellences, such as knowledge, creativity, health, beauty, free agency, and moral virtues like benevolence and courage. According to one suggestion, there are two main fields of human goods: theoretical abilities responsible for understanding the world and practical abilities responsible for interacting with it. Some perfectionists provide an ideal characterization of human nature, holding that human excellences are those aspects that promote the realization of this goal. This view is exemplified in

501: 1919: 748:. For instance, the name "Bill" refers to an individual while the sentence "Bill is pleased" refers to a state of affairs. States of affairs are complex entities that combine other entities, like the individual "Bill" and the property "is pleased". Some value theorists hold that the value is a property directly of Bill while others contend that it is a property of the fact that Bill is pleased. This distinction affects various disputes in value theory. In some cases, a value is intrinsic according to one view and extrinsic according to the other. 475:, prescribe actions or other states by expressing what ought to be done or what is required. Evaluative terms have a wider scope because they are not limited to what people can control or are responsible for. For example, involuntary events like digestion and earthquakes can have a positive or negative value even if they are not right or wrong in a strict sense. Despite the distinction, evaluative and normative concepts are closely related. For example, the value of the consequences of an action may affect whether this action is right or wrong. 509:

desired end. For example, tools like microwaves or money have instrumental value thanks to the useful functions they perform. In some cases, the thing produced this way has itself instrumental value, like when using money to buy a microwave. This can result in a chain of instrumentally valuable things in which each link gets its value by causing the following link. Intrinsically valuable things stand at the endpoint of these chains and ground the value of all the links that come before them.

81:. An entity has intrinsic value if it is good in itself, independent of external factors. An entity has instrumental value if it is useful as a means leading to other good things. Some classifications focus on the type of benefit, including economic, moral, political, aesthetic, and religious values. Other categorizations, based on the meaning and function of evaluative terms, discuss attributive, predicative, personal, impersonal, and agent-relative values. 14792: 631:. One dilemma revolves around the question of whether an individual should murder an innocent person if this prevents the murder of two innocent people by a different perpetrator. The agent-neutral perspective tends to affirm this idea since one murder is preferable to two. The agent-relative perspective tends to reject this conclusion, arguing that the initial murder should be avoided since it negatively impacts the agent-relative value of the individual. 1325:. They usually understand values as subjective attitudes possessed by individuals and shared in social groups. According to this view, values are beliefs or priorities about goals worth pursuing that guide people to act in certain ways. This subjective conception of values as aspects of individuals and social groups contrasts with the objective conceptions of values more prominent in economics, which understands values as aspects of commodities. 879: 619:, reject the existence of personal values, holding that all values are impersonal. Others have proposed theories about the relation between personal and impersonal value. The agglomerative theory says that impersonal value is nothing but the sum of all personal values. Another view understands impersonal value as a specific type of personal value taken from the perspective of the universe as a whole. 1181:

value considerations but not necessarily limited to them. Another view sees ethics as a subdiscipline of value theory. This outlook follows the idea that ethics is concerned with moral values affecting what people can control, whereas value theory examines a broader horizon of values, including those beyond anyone's control. Some perspectives contrast ethics and value theory, asserting that the

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a bad car lacks many. Formal axiology distinguishes between three fundamental value types: intrinsic values apply to people; extrinsic values apply to things, actions, and social roles; systemic values apply to conceptual constructs. Formal axiology examines how these value types form a hierarchy and how they can be measured.

1294:, the additional satisfaction gained from consuming one more unit of the commodity. Marginal utility often diminishes if many units have already been consumed, leading to a decrease in the exchange value of commodities that are abundantly available. Both the labor theory and the marginal theory were later challenged by the 576:. This view sees instrumental value as one type of extrinsic value based on causal relations. At the same time, it allows that there are other types of non-instrumental extrinsic value. Final value is understood as what is valued for its own sake, independent of whether intrinsic or extrinsic properties are responsible. 755:, which comes in various forms. In its strongest version, anti-realism rejects the existence of values in any form, claiming that value statements are meaningless. Between these two positions, there are various intermediary views. Some anti-realists accept that value claims have meaning but deny that they have a 2204:

as synonyms while others distinguish between them. According to the latter view, desire satisfaction is a subjective state involving a possibly false belief that a desire is satisfied. Desire fulfillment is an objective state present if the desired outcome actually exists, even if the person does not

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phenomena, focusing on how people should act or which behaviors are morally right. Value theory investigates the nature, sources, and types of values in general. Some philosophers understand value theory as a subdiscipline of ethics. This is based on the idea that what people should do is affected by

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to give an abstract definition of value, understanding it not as a property of things but as a property of concepts. Values measure the extent to which an entity fulfills its concept. For example, a good car has all the desirable qualities of cars, like a reliable engine and effective brakes, whereas

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are not only interested in the sum total of value but also in how the values are distributed. They argue that an outcome with a balanced advantage distribution is better than an outcome where some benefit a lot while others benefit little, even if the two outcomes have the same sum total. Axiological

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considers a total of 36 values divided into two groups: instrumental values, like honesty and capability, which serve as means to promote terminal values, such as freedom and family security. It asks participants to rank them based on their impact on the participants' lives, aiming to understand the

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is determined by the intrinsic values of its parts. According to the additivity principle, the intrinsic value of a whole is simply the sum of the intrinsic values of its parts. For example, if a virtuous person becomes happy then the intrinsic value of the happiness is simply added to the intrinsic

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Agent-relative value is sometimes contrasted with personal value as another person-specific limitation of the evaluative outlook. Agent-relative values affect moral considerations about what a person is responsible for or guilty of. For example, if Mei promises to pick Pedro up from the airport then

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since the word "good" modifies the meaning of another term. To be attributively good as a certain type means to possess certain qualities characteristic of that type. For example, a good knife is sharp and a good thief has the skill of stealing without getting caught. Attributive goodness contrasts

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combines the perspectives of ethics and value theory, asserting that the rightness of an action depends on the value of its consequences. Consequentialists compare possible courses of action, saying that people should follow the one leading to the best overall consequences. The overall consequences

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of values. They closely examine emotional experiences, ranging from desire, interest, and preference to feelings in the form of love and hate. However, they do not limit their inquiry to these phenomena, asserting that values permeate experience at large. A key aspect of the phenomenological method

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Theories of value aggregation provide concrete principles for calculating the overall value of an outcome based on how positively or negatively each individual is affected by it. For example, if a government implements a new policy that affects some people positively and others negatively, theories

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distinguish them. According to this view, incommensurability means that there is no common measure to quantify values of different types. Incommensurable values may or may not be comparable. If they are, it is possible to say that one value is better than another, but it is not possible to quantify

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Radical pluralists reject this approach, putting more emphasis on diversity by holding that different types of values are not comparable with each other. This means that each value type is unique, making it impossible to determine which one is superior. Some value theorists use radical pluralism to

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Pluralists have proposed various accounts of how their view affects practical decisions. Rational decisions often rely on value comparisons to determine which course of action should be pursued. Some pluralists discuss a hierarchy of values reflecting the relative importance and weight of different

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Intrinsic and instrumental value are not exclusive categories. As a result, a thing can have both intrinsic and instrumental value if it is both good in itself while also leading to other good things. In a similar sense, a thing can have different instrumental values at the same time, both positive

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One motivation for value pluralism is the observation that people value diverse types of things, including happiness, friendship, success, and knowledge. This diversity becomes particularly prominent when people face difficult decisions between competing values, such as choosing between friendship

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theories of value assert that there is only a single source of intrinsic value. They agree that various things have value but maintain that all fundamentally good things belong to the same type. For example, hedonists hold that nothing but pleasure has intrinsic value, while desire theorists argue

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and the cultivation of characteristic human abilities as the source of intrinsic goodness. It covers capacities and character traits belonging to the bodily, emotional, volitional, cognitive, social, artistic, and religious fields. Perfectionists disagree about which human excellences are the most

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Other classifications of values have been proposed without a widely accepted main classification. Some focus on the types of entities that have value. They include distinct categories for entities like things, the environment, individuals, groups, and society. Another subdivision pays attention to

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goodness. The sentence "Pleasure is good" is an example since the word good is used as a predicate to talk about the unqualified value of pleasure. Attributive and predicative goodness can accompany each other, but this is not always the case. For instance, being a good thief is not necessarily a

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Desire theories offer a slightly different account, stating that desire satisfaction is the only source of value. This theory overlaps with hedonism because many people desire pleasure and because desire satisfaction is often accompanied by pleasure. Nonetheless, there are important differences:

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Many hedonists identify pleasure and pain as symmetric opposites, meaning that the value of pleasure balances out the disvalue of pain if they have the same intensity. However, some hedonists reject this symmetry and give more weight to avoiding pain than to experiencing pleasure. Although it is

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in a broad sense that covers all kinds of enjoyable experiences, including bodily pleasures of food and sex as well as more intellectual or abstract pleasures, like the joy of reading a book or being happy about a friend's promotion. Pleasurable experiences come in degrees, and hedonists usually

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A thing has intrinsic or final value if it is good in itself or good for its own sake. This means that it is good independent of external factors or outcomes. A thing has extrinsic or instrumental value if it is useful or leads to other good things. In other words, it is a means to bring about a

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Anthropology also studies human behavior and societies but does not limit itself to contemporary social structures, extending its focus to humanity both past and present. Similar to sociologists, many anthropologists understand values as social representations of goals worth pursuing. For them,

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Because instrumental value depends on other values, it is an open question whether it should be understood as a value in a strict sense. For example, the overall value of a chain of causes leading to an intrinsically valuable thing remains the same if instrumentally valuable links are added or

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is a modification of the Rokeach Value Survey that seeks to provide a more cross-cultural and universal assessment. It arranges the values in a circular manner to reflect that neighboring values are compatible with each other, such as tradition and security, while values on opposing sides may

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Shared values can help unite people in the pursuit of a common cause, fostering social cohesion. Value differences, by contrast, may divide people into antagonistic groups that promote conflicting projects. Some sociologists employ value research to predict how people will behave. Given the

981:, asserts that the intrinsic value of a thing depends on its context. Holists can argue that happiness has positive intrinsic value in the context of virtue and negative intrinsic value in the context of vice. Atomists reject this view, saying that intrinsic value is context-independent. 1464:

conceptualized values as enduring beliefs about what goals and conduct are preferable. He divided values into the categories of instrumental and terminal values. He thought that a central aspect of personality lies in how people prioritize the values within each category. Psychologist

615:, or is in their interest. For example, a poem written by a child may have personal value for the parents even if the poem lacks value for others. Impersonal value, by contrast, is good in general without restriction to any specific person or viewpoint. Some philosophers, like 190:

examining which things are good and what it means for something to be good, it distinguishes different types of values and explores how they can be measured and compared. It also studies whether values are a fundamental aspect of reality and how they affect phenomena such as

1805:(1724–1804) asserted that the highest good is happiness in proportion to moral virtue. He emphasized the primacy of virtue by respecting the moral law and the inherent value of people, adding that moral virtue is ideally, but not always, accompanied by personal happiness. 1092:

is another method of inquiry. By examining terms and sentences used to talk about values, value theorists aim to clarify their meanings, uncover crucial distinctions, and formulate arguments for and against axiological theories. For example, a prominent dispute between

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reject this view but agree that values are real. They say that values differ significantly from empirical properties and belong to another realm of reality. According to one view, they are known through rational or emotional intuition rather than empirical observation.

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argued that if a vicious person becomes happy, this happiness, though good in itself, does not increase the overall value. On the contrary, it makes things worse, according to Kant, since viciousness should not be rewarded with happiness. This situation is known as an

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that imagines the valuable thing in isolation from everything else. In such a situation, purely instrumentally valuable things lose their value since they serve no purpose while purely intrinsically valuable things remain valuable. According to a common view,

1760:(980–1037 CE) also regarded the intellect as the highest human faculty. He thought that a contemplative life prepares humans for the greatest good, which is only attained in the afterlife when humans are free from bodily distractions. In Indian philosophy, 1360:

values are embedded in mental structures associated with culture and ideology about what is desirable. A slightly different approach in anthropology focuses on the practical side of values, holding that values are constantly created through human activity.

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reject this view, contending that a simple single-value system is too crude to capture the complexity of the sphere of values. They say that diverse sources of value exist independently of one another, each contributing to the overall value of the world.

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are usually used as synonyms but some philosophers distinguish between them. According to one characterization, axiology is a subfield of value theory that limits itself to theories about what things are valuable and how valuable they are. The term

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ranks values based on how enduring and fulfilling they are into the levels of pleasure, utility, vitality, culture, and holiness. He asserts that people should not promote lower values, like pleasure, if this comes at the expense of higher values.

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studying how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed, both from the perspective of individual agents and societal systems. Economists view evaluations as a driving force underlying economic activity. They use the notion of

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of an action are the totality of its effects, or how it impacts the world by starting a causal chain of events that would not have occurred otherwise. Distinct versions of consequentialism rely on different theories of the sources of value.

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facts determine what has value, irrespective of subjective beliefs and preferences. According to this view, the evaluative statement "That act is bad" is as objectively true or false as the empirical statement "That act causes distress".

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maintains that a thing is good if it is fitting to favor this thing, regardless of whether people actually favor it. The strongest form of realism says that value is a fundamental part of reality and cannot be reduced to other aspects.

1452:. It distinguishes between six personality types corresponding to the value spheres of theory, economy, aesthetics, society, politics, and religion. For example, people with theoretical personalities place special importance on the 1378:

followed this idea, suggesting that the cultural meaning systems in distinct societies differ in their value priorities. He argued that values are ordered hierarchically around a set of paramount values that trump all other values.

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defend anti-realism based on this view by stating that all value statements are false because there are no values. Another view accepts the existence of values but denies that they are mind-independent. According to this view, the

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in general rather than on the individual mind. A different position accepts that values are mind-independent but holds that they are reducible to other facts, meaning that they are not a fundamental part of reality. One form of

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Zhang Dainian, says that the value of truth belongs to knowledge, the value of goodness belongs to behavior, and the value of beauty belongs to art. This three-fold distinction also plays a central role in the philosophies of

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is the only intrinsic evil. According to this view, everything else only has instrumental value to the extent that it leads to pleasure or pain, including knowledge, health, and justice. Hedonists usually understand the term

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the type of benefit involved and encompasses material, economic, moral, social, political, aesthetic, and religious values. Classifications by the beneficiary of the value distinguish between self- and other-oriented values.

1275:. In its simplest form, it directly correlates exchange value to labor time. For example, if the time needed to hunt a deer is twice the time needed to hunt a beaver then one deer is worth two beavers. The philosopher 875:

and career success. Since monists accept only one source of intrinsic value, they explain this observation by holding that other items in this diversity have only instrumental value or, in some cases, no value at all.

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and behavior, psychology contrasts with sociology and anthropology by focusing more on the perspective of individuals than the broader social and cultural contexts. Psychologists tend to understand values as abstract

1721:(354–430 CE), adapted the theories of Plato and Plotinus into a religious framework. They identified God as the ultimate source of existence and goodness, seeing evil as a mere lack or privation of good. Drawing on 853:

as the nature and ideal state of human beings. Non-humanistic versions extend perfectionism to the natural world in general, arguing that excellence as a source of intrinsic value is not limited to the human realm.

203:. Its topic is relevant to many human endeavors because values are guiding principles that underlie the political, economic, scientific, and personal spheres. Value theory analyzes and evaluates phenomena such as 1965:. Asserting that values have objective reality, they explored how different value types form a value hierarchy and examined the problems of value conflicts and right decisions from this hierarchical perspective. 1312:

Sociology studies social behavior, relationships, institutions, and society at large. In their analyses and explanations of these phenomena, some sociologists use the concept of values to understand issues like

790:, who argued that values are human creations that endow the world with meaning. Subjectivist theories say that values are relative to each subject, whereas more objectivist outlooks hold that values depend on 568:. This practice has been questioned in the 20th century based on the idea that they are similar but not identical concepts. According to this view, a thing has intrinsic value if the source of its value is an 1937:(1838–1917) formulated an early version of the fitting-attitude theory of value, saying that a thing is good if it is fitting to have a positive attitude towards it, such as love. In the 1890s, his students 242:

is a catch-all label that encompasses all philosophical disciplines studying evaluative or normative topics. According to this view, value theory is one of the main branches of philosophy and includes

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an agent-relative value obligates Mei to drive to the airport. This obligation is in place even if it does not benefit Mei, in which case there is an agent-relative value without a personal value. In

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removed without affecting the intrinsically valuable thing. The observation that the overall value does not change is sometimes used as an argument that the things added or removed do not have value.

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Value theorists distinguish various types or categories of values. The different classifications overlap and are based on considerations like the source, beneficiary, and function of the value.

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are particularly concerned with the benefits of individuals who are worse off. They say that providing advantages to people in need has more value than providing the same advantages to others.

1837:(1848–1915) understood philosophy as a theory of values, claiming that universal values determine the principles that all subjects should follow, including the norms of knowledge and action. 1550:

hedonism, stating that personal pleasure is the greatest good while recommending moderation to avoid the negative effects of excessive desires and anxiety about the future. According to the

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claim that pleasure is the only source of intrinsic value. According to him, the thought experiment shows that the value of an authentic connection to reality is not reducible to pleasure.

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that can virtually simulate an ideal life. Based on his observation that people would not want to spend the rest of their lives in this pleasurable simulation, Nozick argues against the

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of valuable things. For example, stating that kindness is good asserts that kindness possesses the property of goodness. Value realists disagree about what type of property is involved.

150:. Sociology and anthropology examine values as aspects of societies and cultures, reflecting their dominant preferences and beliefs. Psychologists tend to understand values as abstract 8827: 1793:(1588–1679) understood values as subjective phenomena that depend on a person's interests. He examined how the interests of individuals can be aggregated to guide political decisions. 11464: 2078:

to understand the value of the relationship between humans and nature. According to this view, relational value is a unique type of value that is neither intrinsic nor instrumental.

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and negative ones. This is the case if some of its consequences are good while others are bad. The total instrumental value of a thing is the value balance of all its consequences.

10816: 96:, some of whom argue that values are subjective human creations, whereas others claim that value statements are meaningless. Several sources of value have been proposed, such as 12454: 12157: 8133: 1531:

as the highest good and ultimate goal of human life. He understood eudaimonia as a form of happiness or flourishing achieved through the exercise of virtues in accordance with

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proposed a set of value orientations found in every culture. Values can also be used to analyze differences between cultures and value changes within a culture. Anthropologist

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The marginal theory of value focuses on consumption rather than production. It says that the utility a commodity is the source of its value. Specifically, it is interested in

1787:(768–824) identified the sage as an ideal role model who, through self-cultivation, achieves personal integrity expressed in harmony between theory and action in daily life. 9642: 116:

holds that there are diverse sources of intrinsic value, raising the issue of whether values belonging to different types are comparable. Value theorists employ various

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Various theories about the sources of value have been proposed. They aim to clarify what kinds of things are intrinsically good. The historically influential theory of

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One form of relative value is restricted to the type of an entity, expressed in sentences like "That is a good knife" or "Jack is a good thief". This form is known as

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refined this approach by linking values to emotion and motivation. He explored how value rankings affect decisions in which the values of different options conflict.

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Traditionally, most value theorists see absolute value as the main topic of value theory and focus their attention on this type. Nonetheless, some philosophers, like

12078: 9617: 1829:(1817–1881) developed a philosophy of values, holding that values make the world meaningful as an ordered whole centered around goodness. Influenced by Lotze, the 1398:, and foregoing personal advantages for the sake of collective benefits. As a rough simplification, it is often suggested that individualism is more prominent in 1189:

is a subfield of ethics examining the nature and role of values from a moral perspective, with particular interest in determining which ends are worth pursuing.

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This period is given in traditional sources. Some contemporary scholars have suggested later dates or questioned whether there was a single person by that name.

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Critics of this thought experiment argue that it depends on controversial assumptions about the nature of intrinsic value and is not applicable to all cases.

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and related evaluative concepts to understand decision-making processes, resource allocation, and the impact of policies. The economic value or benefit of a

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variable expressing the information or quantity that this variable carries. Value theory is only interested in the evaluative sense of the term about being

1863:(1873–1958) developed and refined various axiological concepts, such as organic unities and the contrast between intrinsic and extrinsic value. He defended 968:

Various counterexamples to the additivity principle have been proposed, suggesting that the relation between parts and wholes is more complex. For example,

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Economic theories of value are frameworks to explain how economic value arises and which factors influence it. Prominent frameworks include the classical

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Fatehi, Kamal; Priestley, Jennifer L; Taasoobshirazi, Gita (2020). "The Expanded View of Individualism and Collectivism: One, Two, or Four Dimensions?".

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use values to compare cultures. They can be employed to examine similarities as universal concerns present in every society. For example, anthropologist

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by distinguishing different meanings or varieties of goodness, such as the technical goodness of a good driver and the hedonic goodness of a good meal.

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say that value claims express emotional attitudes, similar to how exclamations like "Yay!" or "Boo!" express emotions rather than stating facts.

11043: 1841:(1844–1900) held that values are human creations. He criticized traditional values in general and Christian values in particular, calling for a 8988: 1127: 11647: 1883:(1886–1940) articulated systematic theories of value based on the idea that values originate in affective states such as interest and liking. 964:

introduced the idea of organic unities to describe entities whose total intrinsic value is not the sum of the intrinsic values of their parts.

695:. Other suggested types of values include objective, subjective, potential, actual, contingent, necessary, inherent, and constitutive values. 55:

Value is the worth of something, usually understood as a degree that covers both positive and negative magnitudes corresponding to the terms

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Martin, John Levi (2016). "The Birth of the True, The Good, and The Beautiful: Toward an Investigation of the Structures of Social Thought".

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Holtug, Nils (2015). "Theories of Value Aggregation: Utilitarianism, Egalitarianism, Prioritarianism". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

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is the assessment or measurement of value, often employed to compare the benefits of different options to find the most advantageous choice.

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Chan, Kai MA; Gould, Rachelle K; Pascual, Unai (2018). "Editorial overview: Relational values: what are they, and what's the fuss about?".

11969: 11448: 12733: 10463: 8639: 886:'s value pluralism, different types of values form a hierarchy and people should not promote lower values at the expense of higher ones. 13576: 10800: 10033: 10008: 9272: 1271:—the proportion at which one commodity can be exchanged with another. It focuses on exchange value, which it says is determined by the 1054:

to gain this type of understanding. Thought experiments are imagined scenarios that exemplify philosophical problems. Philosophers use

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in addition to philosophy. In a narrow sense, value theory is a subdiscipline of ethics that is particularly relevant to the school of

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Schwartz, S. H.; Cieciuch, J. (2016). "Values". In Leong, F. T. L.; Bartram, D.; Cheung, F. M.; Geisinger, K. F.; Iliescu, D. (eds.).

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Laskowski, Nicholas; Finlay, Stephen (2017). "34. Conceptual Analysis in Metaethics". In McPherson, Tristram; Plunkett, David (eds.).

7947: 1859:. He distinguished values from value judgments, adding that the skill of correct value assessment must be learned through experience. 900:

argue that value conflicts are inevitable, that the gain of one value cannot always compensate for the loss of another, and that some

412:, are pure evaluations in that they only express the value of something without any additional descriptive content. They are known as 13854: 12438: 12352: 12141: 12037: 8117: 713: 89: 10264: 8327: 2232:

More specifically, this implies that one value is not better than the other, not worse than the other, and not as good as the other.

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The Moral Sense and its Foundational Significance: Self, Person, Historicity, Community: Phenomenological Praxeology and Psychiatry

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Economic Valuation of Water Resources in Agriculture: From the Sectoral to a Functional Perspective of Natural Resource Management

11875: 10488: 9571: 642:, have argued that the concept of absolute value by itself is meaningless and should be understood as one form of relative value. 262:. A similar broad characterization sees value theory as a multidisciplinary area of inquiry that covers research from fields like 14829: 10628: 9104: 782:

of individuals determine whether an object has value, for instance, because individuals desire it. A similar view is defended by

9882: 588:, is a form of unconditional value. A thing has relative value if its value is limited to certain considerations or viewpoints. 572:, meaning that the value does not depend on how the thing is related to other objects. Extrinsic value, by contrast, depends on 12103: 238:

The precise definition of value theory is disputed and some theorists rely on alternative characterizations. In a broad sense,

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and are studied by the natural sciences. This means that value is similar to other natural properties, like size and shape.

349:, this area of thought was only conceived as a distinct discipline in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the term 142:

concepts about which behavior is right, whereas value theory explores evaluative concepts about what is good. In economics,

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Kinneging, Andreas (2011). "Hartmann's Platonic Ethics". In Poli, Roberto; Scognamiglio, Carlo; Tremblay, Frederic (eds.).

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of value aggregation can be used to determine whether the overall value of the policy is positive or negative. Axiological

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Grünberg, Ludwig (1990). "The Phenomenology of Value and the Value of Phenomenology". In Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (ed.).

8794: 1887:(1910–1973) developed formal axiology, saying that values measure the level to which a thing embodies its ideal concept. 496:

An entity has intrinsic value if it is good in itself. An entity has instrumental value if it leads to other good things.

380:

Value is the worth, usefulness, or merit of something. Many evaluative terms are employed to talk about value, including

12054: 9609: 8518: 13060: 11716: 11622: 8380: 1584: 977:, a whole whose intrinsic value differs from the sum of the intrinsic values of its parts. Another perspective, called 375: 183: 23: 14117: 989:

accepts the additivity principle, saying that the total value is simply the sum of all individual values. Axiological

14142: 2010:

Another view sees axiology as the wider field and restricts value theory to questions concerning the nature of value.

1875:(1877–1971) accepted and further elaborated on Moore's intuitionism, using it to formulate an axiological pluralism. 1436:

Various psychological theories of values establish a close link between an individual's evaluative outlook and their

1363: 830:

widely accepted that pleasure is valuable, the hedonist claim that it is the only source of value is controversial.

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Another Generation of Fundamental Considerations in Language Assessment: A Festschrift in Honor of Lyle F. Bachman

2214:

Some desire theories aim to explain goodness in general while others restrict themselves to goodness for a person.

14704: 12726: 10849: 9329: 8217: 14312: 1981:(1905–1980) said that values do not exist by themselves but are actively created, emphasizing the role of human 1504:, holding that active inquiry is associated with pleasure while knowledge of the good leads to virtuous action. 14730: 13890: 9464: 9141: 1607:

arose around 600 BCE. Many traditions adopted it, arguing that liberation from this cycle is the highest good.

1383: 1272: 11850: 1042:

to assess evaluative claims. In this context, an intuition is an immediate apprehension or understanding of a

920:

said that it is often impossible to compare the values of career paths, like when choosing between becoming a

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Karp, David R. (2000). "Values Theory and Research". In Borgatta, Edgar F.; Montgomery, Rhonda J. V. (eds.).

1429:

goals or general principles about what matters. From this perspective, values differ from specific plans and

1058:

to evaluate the possible consequences and gain insight into the underlying problem. For example, philosopher

891:

value types to help people promote higher values when faced with difficult choices. For example, philosopher

745: 11382: 11067: 10674: 1386:

is an influential topic in cross-cultural value research. Individualism promotes values associated with the

584:

Another distinction relies on the contrast between absolute and relative value. Absolute value, also called

14709: 14614: 14262: 12979: 11340: 11222: 8909: 1394:, independence, and personal goals. Collectivism gives priority to group-related values, like cooperation, 1342: 1153: 1132: 1089: 14822: 14513: 14227: 12856: 11113: 10887: 9938:

Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (2015). "Introduction to Value Theory". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

9730: 11565:

Scanlon, Thomas (1993). "Value, Desire, and Quality of Life". In Nussbaum, Martha; Sen, Amartya (eds.).

14380: 14049: 13355: 13131: 12719: 8436: 1950: 1073: 837: 129: 109: 12765: 11521:

Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni (2015). "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

1554:, a virtuous life following nature and reason is the highest good. They thought that self-mastery and 1329:

observation that someone values the environment, they may conclude that this person is more likely to

14586: 12798: 12788: 11019: 3553: 2223:

In some places, Scheler talks about four levels instead of five: sensory, vital, spiritual, and holy.

1986: 117: 1752:) asserted that the supreme form of human perfection is an intellectual happiness, reachable in the 14689: 14252: 13502: 13342: 13339: 13065: 12899: 12884: 11639: 9812:

Heathwood, Chris (2015). "Monism and Pluralism about Value". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

8968: 1842: 1814: 1573:) held that the Good is the ultimate principle of reality from which everything emanates. For him, 1252: 1198: 10760:

Marx's Theory of Value in Chapter 1 of Capital: A Critique of Heinrich's Value-Form Interpretation

7964: 7446: 2288:, which is related but not identical to his axiological pluralism about different types of values. 14267: 14208: 14161: 14019: 13982: 13350: 13265: 13255: 13179: 13045: 13017: 1942: 1856: 1205:

for the greatest number of people. It combines a consequentialist outlook on right action with a

1094: 1055: 740:

Another disagreement among realists is about whether the entity carrying the value is a concrete

725: 12687: 10716: 9688: 8035:

The Daode Jing Commentary of Cheng Xuanying: Daoism, Buddhism, and the Laozi in the Tang Dynasty

5297: 1185:

concepts examined by ethics are distinct from the evaluative concepts examined by value theory.

112:, another prominent theory, emphasizes the cultivation of characteristic human abilities. Value 14815: 14400: 14332: 13412: 13250: 12828: 12803: 12793: 11945: 2251: 1930: 1864: 1718: 1201:, a prominent form of consequentialism, says that moral actions produce the greatest amount of 1098: 867: 733: 600: 593: 259: 113: 12622: 12578: 12536: 11985: 11796: 11683: 11480: 11311: 11290: 11193: 11172: 10645: 10568: 10547: 10505: 10455: 10325: 9853: 9771: 9289: 9120: 8926: 8843: 8765: 8488:"Ethics and Social Justice: A Review of Theoretical Frameworks and Pedagogical Considerations" 8344: 8096: 8075: 7791: 7701: 7686: 7596: 7524: 7500: 7365: 7314: 6903: 6849: 6840: 6798: 6783: 6536: 6527: 6410: 6371: 6131: 5981: 5840: 5772: 5717: 5681: 5510: 5390: 5276: 5213: 5204: 5162: 5126: 5090: 5054: 5045: 5012: 5003: 4982: 4947: 4908: 4827: 4776: 4704: 4623: 4590: 4569: 4515: 4497: 4479: 4464: 4419: 4401: 4383: 4374: 4347: 4305: 4287: 4263: 4242: 4233: 4197: 4173: 3955: 3526: 3508: 3499: 3307: 3292: 3145: 3118: 2887: 2851: 2767: 2522: 1135:

is an instrument to measure value priorities. It arranges different values in a circle, using

143: 14637: 14576: 14556: 14390: 14302: 14282: 14272: 13905: 13754: 13387: 13319: 13227: 13194: 13022: 13002: 12808: 12665:

Zimmerman, Michael J. (2015). "Value and Normativity". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

12601: 12557: 12513: 12390: 12323: 12302: 12258: 12237: 12174: 11892: 11819: 11727: 11706: 11593: 11543: 10948: 10779: 10758: 10526: 10434: 10346: 10281: 10214: 10193: 10115: 9918: 9542: 9521: 9481: 9405: 9059: 9004: 8947: 8698: 8677: 8655:

Cullity, Garrett (2015). "Neutral and Relative Value". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

8615: 8535: 8270: 8249: 8150: 8033: 8011:

Arneson, Pat (18 August 2009). "Axiology". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

7665: 7656: 7620: 7581: 7461: 7389: 7194: 6831: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6678: 6669: 6584: 6560: 6362: 6353: 6122: 5951: 5900: 5867: 5793: 5690: 5654: 5582: 5333: 5171: 5141: 5063: 5021: 4968: 4758: 4734: 4713: 4548: 4329: 4188: 4147: 4120: 4069: 4060: 4028: 4019: 3981: 3946: 3901:, Lead section, § Are Value Claims Truth Evaluable?, § Value Realism by Degrees: a Flow Chart 3878: 3839: 3800: 3703: 3655: 3631: 3616: 3607: 3586: 3544: 3454: 3433: 3418: 3367: 3325: 3235: 3214: 3205: 3178: 3091: 3082: 3040: 3022: 2962: 2923: 2908: 2776: 2639: 2624: 2573: 2552: 2543: 2390: 2381: 2360: 2272: 2113: 1248: 721: 709: 85: 12666: 12645: 12492: 12471: 12369: 12279: 12216: 12195: 12120: 12008: 11522: 11501: 11151: 11130: 11084: 10927: 10304: 10235: 10050: 10025: 10000: 9960: 9939: 9813: 9792: 9588: 9246: 8744: 8656: 8556: 8487: 8196: 8054: 7638: 7542: 7137: 7119: 7110: 7006: 6977: 6158: 5972: 5858: 5645: 5636: 5615: 5606: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5117: 4140:, Lead section, § Are the Value Facts Irreducible?, § Value Realism by Degrees: a Flow Chart 3768: 3340: 3262: 2872: 2827: 2740: 2731: 2680: 2606: 2513: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2399: 2351: 2324: 1681: 916:, arguing that a gain in one cannot make up for a loss in the other. Similarly, philosopher 452:

are used to compare degrees, but it is controversial whether this is possible in all cases.

14654: 14609: 14571: 14518: 14447: 14203: 13999: 13910: 13733: 13703: 13444: 12972: 12818: 12813: 11399: 11251: 10721:

Human Sciences and the Problem of Values / Les Sciences Humaines et le Problème des Valeurs

8405: 7939: 1868: 1798: 1714: 1338: 1148: 1035: 770: 255: 121: 12344: 12029: 11688:

Parenting Across Cultures: Childrearing, Motherhood and Fatherhood in Non-Western Cultures

7919:

Abelson, Raziel; Nielsen, Kai (2006). "Ethics, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

8: 14795: 14750: 14740: 14699: 14647: 14632: 14561: 14541: 14523: 14355: 14322: 14183: 14170: 13977: 13774: 13685: 13640: 13546: 13432: 13245: 13093: 12194:

Tappolet, Christine (2015). "Values and Emotions". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

10256: 8319: 2174:

is a closely related view holding that values are projections of emotions onto the world.

1908: 1838: 1636: 1102: 1051: 812:

states that how people feel is the only source of value. More specifically, it says that

432:, provide more information by expressing other qualities besides the evaluation, such as 200: 125: 74: 13507: 12301:

Turner, R. Kerry; Georgiou, Stavros; Clark, Rebecca; Brouwer, Roy; Burke, Jacob (2004).

11255: 9380: 8846:. In Ramos, Daniel D. De Haan; Beauty and Aesthetic Perception in Thomas Aquinas (ed.). 8409: 1772: 14892: 14745: 14714: 14694: 14642: 14624: 14599: 14594: 14546: 14533: 14500: 14395: 14297: 14232: 14188: 14132: 13972: 13801: 13695: 13603: 13407: 13286: 13277: 13240: 13235: 13141: 13136: 13113: 13032: 12846: 12773: 11867: 11292:

Redesigning Environmental Valuation: Mixing Methods Within Stated Preference Techniques

11272: 11239: 10480: 10389:"Foundationless Freedom and Meaninglessness of Life in Sartre's: Being and Nothingness" 9675: 9563: 9456: 9193: 9096: 8865: 2285: 2241:

Moore's isolation test is another influential thought experiment about intrinsic value.

1962: 1895:

the speaker's approval or disapproval. A different type of anti-realism, formulated by

1834: 1738: 1523:, acting as the source of all other forms and the foundation of reality and knowledge. 1453: 1241: 1186: 1063: 729: 683: 663: 569: 513: 10620: 9442: 9100: 9080: 3171:, § 3. Is There Such a Thing As Intrinsic Value At All?, § 6. What Is Extrinsic Value? 1085:

to understand the essence of experiences as they present themselves to consciousness.

692: 14938: 14783: 14684: 14679: 14664: 14604: 14566: 14551: 14508: 14079: 14039: 13957: 13885: 13868: 13846: 13474: 13449: 13260: 13080: 12823: 12672: 12651: 12630: 12607: 12586: 12563: 12542: 12521: 12498: 12477: 12450: 12398: 12375: 12329: 12308: 12287: 12264: 12243: 12222: 12201: 12180: 12153: 12126: 12068: 12014: 11993: 11959: 11898: 11827: 11804: 11733: 11712: 11691: 11668: 11599: 11578: 11551: 11528: 11507: 11486: 11454: 11361: 11317: 11296: 11277: 11199: 11178: 11157: 11136: 11090: 11033: 11004: 10956: 10933: 10901: 10839: 10806: 10785: 10764: 10732: 10651: 10605: 10601: 10574: 10553: 10532: 10511: 10440: 10419: 10373: 10354: 10331: 10310: 10289: 10241: 10220: 10216:

Non-Western Perspectives on Human Communication: Implications for Theory and Practice

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Edwards, Rem; Hartman, Robert S. (2023). Poff, Deborah C.; Michalos, Alex C. (eds.).

9086: 9065: 9012: 8953: 8932: 8886: 8851: 8817: 8771: 8750: 8704: 8683: 8662: 8629: 8600: 8581: 8562: 8541: 8495: 8472: 8467:

Chappell, Timothy (2013). "10. There Are No Thin Concepts". In Kirchin, Simon (ed.).

8442: 8350: 8276: 8255: 8223: 8202: 8156: 8129: 8102: 8081: 8060: 8039: 8018: 7972: 7924: 2041: 1884: 1686: 1600: 1391: 1333:

or support pro-environmental legislation. One approach to this type of research uses

1322: 1002: 957: 675: 251: 12215:

Tiberius, Valerie (2015). "Prudential Value". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

12095: 9695:. Contributions to Phenomenology. Vol. 28. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–9. 9176:

Engstrom, Stephen (1992). "The Concept of the Highest Good in Kant's Moral Theory".

1612: 492: 14735: 14669: 14659: 14360: 14307: 14257: 14237: 14198: 14193: 14034: 13962: 13680: 13591: 13482: 13454: 13439: 13402: 13108: 13088: 13055: 12960: 12922: 12446: 12149: 12060: 11951: 11894:

Effortless Action: Wu-wei As Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China

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One suggestion to distinguish between intrinsic and instrumental value relies on a

279: 12064: 11747:

Sharma, Arvind (1999). "The Purusārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism".

11424: 11313:

Ethics, Self and the World: Exploring Metaphysical Foundations in Moral Philosophy

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Heathwood, Chris (2016). "11. Desire-fulfillment Theory". In Fletcher, Guy (ed.).

9309:

Frankena, William K. (2006). "Value and Valuation". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

1771:) taught that liberation, the highest human end, is reached by realizing that the 14441: 14410: 14375: 14340: 14218: 14069: 13967: 13925: 13836: 13824: 13809: 13784: 13759: 13529: 13397: 13392: 13309: 13294: 12967: 12851: 12284:

The Historical and Philosophical Significance of Ayer's Language, Truth and Logic

11955: 11000: 10832:

Norman, Richard (2005). "Moral Philosophy, History of". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

10136: 9740: 9151: 8880: 8848:

Beauty and the Good: Recovering the Classical Tradition from Plato to Duns Scotus

8625: 8417: 8012: 7049:, § 1. Aims and Methods of Moral Philosophy, § 2. Good Will, Moral Worth and Duty 6508:, § 3. The Third Topos: Ethics, § 4. Apatheia and the Stoic Treatment of Emotions 2284:

Ross is primarily known for his deontological pluralism about different types of

2117: 2071: 1938: 1918: 1730: 1722: 1710: 1694: 1639:, starting between the sixth and the fifth centuries BCE, where the cessation of 1520: 1466: 1403: 1399: 1371: 1367: 1318: 1314: 1279:

extended the labor theory of value in various ways. He introduced the concept of

1121: 1111:, in particular, whether its meaning can be analyzed through natural terms, like 995: 913: 760: 607:

Another type of relative value restricts goodness to a specific person. Known as

433: 70: 13581: 12280:"Introduction: From Spying to Canonizing—Ayer and His Language, Truth and Logic" 11574: 10926:

Oddie, Graham (2015). "Value and Desire". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

10728: 9700: 8171: 7987: 1953:

and applied this approach to the study of values. Following Husserl's approach,

14887: 14870: 14350: 14345: 14213: 14178: 14110: 14084: 13920: 13769: 13708: 13621: 13464: 13360: 13103: 12783: 12413: 10691: 9980:

Honderich, Ingrid Coggin (2005). "Good, Form of the". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

9034: 8719: 1974: 1946: 1934: 1922: 1806: 1726: 1478: 1461: 1445: 1268: 1237: 1229: 1224: 1006: 990: 986: 783: 688: 500: 346: 159: 13791: 13566: 11786: 11769: 11365: 10983: 8984: 8786: 8310: 3913:, § Are Value Claims Truth Evaluable?, § Quasi-Realism and Creeping Minimalism 1702: 1433:

since they are stable evaluative tendencies not bound to concrete situations.

826:

associate their intensity and duration with the magnitude of value they have.

728:

say that value is a natural property. Natural properties can be known through

504:

Instrumental values can form chains with intrinsic values as their end points.

14932: 14838: 14405: 14317: 14247: 13989: 13779: 13713: 13670: 13539: 13164: 12950: 12932: 9218: 8510: 2130: 2045: 1826: 1802: 1790: 1780: 1648: 1280: 1260: 1059: 969: 905: 667: 639: 417: 290: 11760: 10404: 9258: 8969:"Phenomenology and Ethics: From Value Theory to an Ethics of Responsibility" 8810:

de Bres, Helena (2014). "Hedonism". In Mandle, Jon; Reidy, David A. (eds.).

8700:

Rethinking Cultural-Historical Theory: A Dialectical Perspective to Vygotsky

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Several controversies surround the question of how the intrinsic value of a

14917: 14876: 14436: 14426: 14385: 14365: 14137: 14100: 14059: 13945: 13895: 13556: 13534: 13512: 13459: 13427: 13299: 13159: 13070: 12866: 11281: 2171: 2049: 2024: 1970: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1761: 1734: 1690: 1577:

is not a distinct opposing principle but merely a deficiency or absence of

1449: 1448:, understands personality as a collection of aspects unified by a coherent 1375: 1354: 1334: 1144: 1043: 841: 796: 779: 774: 752: 267: 163: 151: 93: 45: 10368:

Kupperman, Joel J. (2005). "Axiological Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

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Black, John; Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth (2009). "Marginal Utility".

7412:, Lead section, § 6. Ross’s Ethical Theory: Main Components and Principles 1969:(1889–1976) criticized value theory, claiming that it rests on a mistaken 1674:(6th century BCE) emphasized the importance of living in harmony with the 1635:

prioritize the value of liberation. A similar outlook is found in ancient

1176:

Ethics and value theory are overlapping fields of inquiry. Ethics studies

521:

is one of the sources of intrinsic value. Other suggested sources include

14431: 14370: 14242: 14222: 14127: 14064: 14024: 14004: 13930: 13900: 13561: 13497: 13189: 13174: 13050: 13040: 12989: 12955: 12894: 10413: 9426: 8492:

Promoting Social Justice through the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning

1954: 1880: 1876: 1860: 1830: 1555: 1437: 1182: 1031: 1014: 961: 925: 892: 883: 850: 756: 712:

is the view that values have mind-independent existence. This means that

659: 635: 616: 460: 155: 139: 10095:

Hurka, Thomas (2006a). "Intrinsic Value". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

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Formal axiology is a theory of value initially developed by philosopher

14897: 14277: 14105: 14054: 14044: 13915: 13819: 13764: 13571: 13551: 13417: 13184: 13098: 12927: 12874: 12838: 12742: 11990:

The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy

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Oliveira, Luis R. G. (2016). "Rossian totalism about intrinsic value".

10388: 9679: 9197: 8435:

Chang, Jiang (2001). "Axiology and Ethics: Past, Present, and Future".

8426: 5944:, Lead section, § The Rokeach Tradition, § The Schwartz Scale of Values 1888: 1872: 1852: 1848: 1794: 1729:(1224–1274 CE) said that communion with the divine, achieved through a 1640: 1528: 1481:, with early reflections on the good life and the ends worth pursuing. 1426: 1415: 1395: 1284: 1256: 1077: 937: 917: 741: 654:

A historically influential approach identifies three spheres of value:

453: 271: 247: 204: 187: 49: 33: 32:, it examines the nature, sources, and types of values. As a branch of 10878: 10833: 8679:

The Moral Epistemology of Intuitionism: Neuroethics and Seeming States

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Crisp, Roger (2005). "Deontological Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

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is sometimes restricted to positive degrees to contrast with the term

14292: 14287: 14147: 14074: 14009: 13880: 13814: 13626: 13616: 13611: 13586: 13382: 12942: 12904: 11988:. In Santis, Daniele De; Hopkins, Burt C.; Majolino, Claudio (eds.). 2275:(1883-1964) accepted and further elaborated many of Dewey's insights. 1925:

articulated an early version of the fitting-attitude theory of value.

1753: 1742: 1652: 1628: 1588: 1524: 1493: 1430: 1307: 1276: 1264: 1233: 1218: 1047: 1039: 950: 866:

that desire satisfaction is the only source of fundamental goodness.

846: 764: 538: 275: 263: 216: 147: 41: 37: 13517: 9671: 9430: 9189: 8555:

Cowan, Steven B. (2020). "Introduction". In Cowan, Steven B. (ed.).

5398: 2103:. It says that an act is right if it leads to the best consequences. 1632: 14912: 14902: 14122: 14029: 13994: 13952: 13940: 13728: 13522: 13422: 13365: 13169: 13123: 13007: 11447:

Rogers, Alisdair; Castree, Noel; Kitchin, Rob (2013). "Use Value".

2760:, § 1.2 Good, Better, Bad, § 2.3 Incommensurability/Incomparability 2149: 1818: 1757: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1536: 1516: 1497: 1482: 1387: 1283:, which goes beyond the time and resources invested to explain how 1206: 1202: 1177: 1113: 1067: 813: 809: 518: 101: 97: 10549:

An Introductory Philosophy of Medicine: Humanizing Modern Medicine

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Grenz, Stanley J.; Guretzki, David; Nordling, Cherith Fee (2010).

2129:

If this position limits itself to the moral realm, it is known as

2090:

is a closely related concept signifying what is good for a person.

1519:

as a universal and changeless idea. It is the highest form in his

13749: 13723: 13718: 13660: 13655: 13487: 13375: 13370: 13329: 13151: 12997: 12879: 11374: 11059: 8595:

Crisp, Roger (2005a). "Good, Greatest". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

8558:

Problems in Value Theory: An Introduction to Contemporary Debates

1982: 1776: 1670:

as the supreme virtue. In comparing the highest virtue to water,

1644: 1604: 1330: 909: 679: 671: 612: 611:, it expresses what benefits a particular person, promotes their 534: 422: 232: 224: 208: 192: 66: 14807: 11332: 11214: 10778:

Mukherjee, Sampat; Mukherjee, Mallinath; Ghose, Amitava (2013).

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The Routledge Handbook of Franz Brentano and the Brentano School

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Hurka, Thomas (2006). "13. Value Theory". In Copp, David (ed.).

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World History as the History of Foundations, 3000 BCE to 1500 CE

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The Good in the Right: A Theory of Intuition and Intrinsic Value

1624: 1157:

conflict with each other, such as tradition and self-direction.

1034:

to conduct their inquiry, justify theories, and measure values.

14014: 13935: 13665: 13324: 13314: 13012: 12914: 11842: 7211:, § 3.1 Conception of Philosophy: Philosophy as Theory of Value 2134: 1784: 1698: 1616: 1532: 1501: 1171: 1082: 921: 878: 862: 530: 526: 243: 220: 212: 196: 135: 105: 11920: 11105: 9360:

Gaskin, J. C. A. (2005). "Epicurus". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

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Determining the Economic Value of Water: Concepts and Methods

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The Dimensions of Consequentialism: Ethics, Equality and Risk

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Hiles, David R. (2008). "Axiology". In Given, Lisa M. (ed.).

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Many Layers of Ecocentrism: Revering Life, Revering the Earth

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Thought Experiments in Methodological and Historical Contexts

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Introduction to Virtue Ethics: Insights of the Ancient Greeks

8767:

The Best Effect: Theology and the Origins of Consequentialism

6112: 1891:(1910–1989) proposed anti-realism about values, arguing that 1779:

encompassing all of existence. In Chinese thought, the early

1671: 1620: 1578: 1505: 1457: 1018: 1010: 655: 428: 320: 294: 282:

since it determines how to assess the value of consequences.

12397:. Translated by Kaplan, Grant. Georgetown University Press. 12053:

Sullivan, David (1998). "Lotze, Rudolph Hermann (1817–81)".

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Conservation Concepts: Rethinking Human–Nature Relationships

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Emilsson, Eyjólfur Kjalar (1998). "Plotinus (AD 204/5–70)".

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This means that value statements are neither true nor false.

1562:

independent of external circumstances. Influenced by Plato,

14854: 14849: 10799:

Nagel, Thomas (2006). "Ethics". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).

2052:, have argued that there are no pure thin evaluative terms. 2028: 1574: 1421: 1209:

outlook on pleasure as the only source of intrinsic value.

1107: 1050:

it from another observation. Value theorists often rely on

954:

value of the virtue, thereby increasing the overall value.

817: 791: 627:, agent-relative values are often discussed in relation to 522: 345:). Even though the roots of value theory reach back to the 228: 146:

are frameworks to assess and explain the economic value of

57: 12300: 11153:

Max Scheler's Concept of the Person: An Ethics Of Humanism

10347:"A Case for an Ethics-Based Approach to Evaluate Language" 9900:

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods: A-L

9773:

The Structure of Value: Foundations of Scientific Axiology

5686: 1973:

perspective by understanding values as aspects of things.

1492:) identified the highest good as the right combination of 1345:, to measure the value outlook of individuals and groups. 1255:. The labor theory, initially developed by the economists 36:, it has interdisciplinary applications in fields such as 13675: 5428:, § The Rokeach tradition, § The Schwartz Scale of Values 2187:

to distinguish it from related theories under this label.

1797:(1711–1776) agreed with Hobbes's subjectivism, exploring 1675: 104:

has intrinsic value, and desire theories, which identify

12239:

The Rhythm of Modernization: How Values Change over Time

11665:

The ITC International Handbook of Testing and Assessment

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Comprehending the Complexity of Countries: The Way Ahead

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Bradley, Ben (2006). "Two Concepts of Intrinsic Value".

2250:

This problem is the main topic of Moore's controversial

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Hart, Samuel L. (1971). "Axiology - Theory of Values".

5650: 1949:(1859–1938), another of Brentano's students, developed 936:

are often used as synonyms. However, philosophers like

9407:

Human Perfection, Transfiguration and Christian Ethics

1756:

by developing the intellect to its fullest potential.

1535:, leading to the full realization of human potential. 1267:—the utility or satisfaction a commodity provides—and 1046:

claim, meaning that its truth can be assessed without

11132:

Economics: An Introduction for South African Learners

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Oliver, Alex (1998). "Value, Ontological Status of".

9479: 9033:

Durand, Marion; Shogry, Simon; Baltzly, Dirk (2023).

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centered on life-affirmation, power, and excellence.

88:

state that values have mind-independent existence as

11822:. In Besser-Jones, Lorraine; Slote, Michael (eds.). 11446: 11240:"The value of value theory for ecological economics" 8215: 5822: 5745: 1961:(1882–1950) each proposed a comprehensive system of 1402:, whereas collectivism is more commonly observed in 1147:

have been proposed to measure value priorities. The

11684:"Parenting and Adolescent Technological Addictions" 10306:

Brentano's Philosophical System: Mind, Being, Value

9032: 8844:"Beauty and Aesthetic Perception in Thomas Aquinas" 7433:, § 1.1 Foundational and Non-foundational Pluralism 7406:, § 1.1 Foundational and Non-foundational Pluralism 6499: 2023:has other meanings as well, such as the value of a 1709:Religious teachings influenced value theory in the 1139:

between values to indicate how compatible they are.

1076:provide a detailed first-person description of the 552:Traditionally, value theorists have used the terms 65:. Values influence many human endeavors related to 12625:. In Albertazzi, Liliana; Jacquette, Dale (eds.). 11478: 9835:The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Well-Being 9207:International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 7592: 6692:, § 1b. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) of the Analects 6653:, § 1b. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) of the Analects 1240:, often measured in terms of the money people are 1152:relative importance assigned to each of them. The 773:contend that value statements have a truth value. 682:aiming at beauty. A similar view, proposed by the 459:Evaluative terms are sometimes distinguished from 12694:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12420:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12351:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12345:"Perfectionism in Moral and Political Philosophy" 12102:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12036:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11874:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11865: 11646:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11621:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11406:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10951:. In Lauria, Federico; Deonna, Julien A. (eds.). 10949:"Desire and the Good: In Search of the Right Fit" 10698:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10627:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10487:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10263:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10143:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10078:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10032:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10007:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9881:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9387:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9247:"Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties" 9041:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8793:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8726:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8517:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8379:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8326:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 7994:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 7946:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 7100: 5596: 5551: 3384: 1581:resulting from a missing connection to the Good. 1460:. Influenced by Vernon and Allport, psychologist 1273:amount of labor required to produce the commodity 138:is a closely related field focusing primarily on 14930: 12685: 12516:. In Vermaas, Pieter E.; Vial, Stéphane (eds.). 12490: 11662: 11520: 11499: 9381:"al-Farabi's Philosophy of Society and Religion" 9122:Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics 8490:. In Liston, Delores D.; Rahimi, Regina (eds.). 8395: 6707:, Lead section, § 2. Date and Authorship of the 6289: 6265: 6241: 6217: 6181: 6154: 5419: 5404: 5380: 5350: 4313:, § 2.3 Other Arguments Against Ethical Hedonism 3627: 3336: 3195: 3174: 3168: 3135: 3108: 3054: 3018: 3012: 2991: 2967: 2958: 11944:Smith, Barry; Thomas, Alan (1998). "Axiology". 10411: 8398:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 8194: 5854: 5323: 1440:. An early theory, formulated by psychologists 12511: 11479:Rosenkrantz, Gary S.; Hoffman, Joshua (2011). 10195:Desert and Virtue: A Theory of Intrinsic Value 10134: 10023: 9632: 9118: 8784: 8346:The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy 7937: 7918: 7892: 7616: 7496: 7046: 5563: 5230: 4880: 4859:, § 4.1 Berlin’s Definition of Value Pluralism 4850: 4817: 4796: 4781: 4739: 4682: 3922: 3755:, Lead section, § 1. What Is Moral Naturalism? 1287:can profit from the labor of their employees. 92:features of reality. This view is rejected by 14823: 12727: 12583:The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion 12027: 11681: 11018:Ollig, Hans-Ludwig (1998). "Neo-Kantianism". 10349:. In Ockey, Gary J.; Green, Brent A. (eds.). 9729:Hartman, Charles (1998). "Han Yu (768–824)". 9607: 9287: 8928:Moral Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction 8508: 8318:Brown, James Robert; Fehige, Yiftach (2019). 6127: 5977: 5107: 4856: 2650: 1321:, the norms and practices people follow, and 481: 396:as well as their negative counterparts, like 12686:Zimmerman, Michael J.; Bradley, Ben (2019). 12411: 11541: 9691:. In Hart, James G.; Embree, Lester (eds.). 8870:: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ( 7971:. Vol. 2. University of Chicago Press. 7577: 7217:, § 2. From Kant to the Philosophy of Values 4685:, Lead section, § 4. Deliberation and Choice 4015: 2703: 2120:and considered fundamental aspects of being. 12534: 12491:Woodworth, Robert; Marquis, Donald (2014). 12368:Welch, Patrick J.; Welch, Gerry F. (2009). 11943: 11890: 11794: 11591: 9937: 9291:Ethics and Anthropology: Ideas and Practice 9244: 9079:Edwards, Rem B. (2021). "1. Introduction". 8879:Dehsen, Christian von (13 September 2013). 8785:Davis, Zachary; Steinbock, Anthony (2024). 8485: 8317: 7965:"Peirce: Pragmatism and Nature after Hegel" 7106: 6740: 6113:Fatehi, Priestley & Taasoobshirazi 2020 5677: 5602: 5176: 3764: 3288: 3078: 2736: 2470: 2320: 2314: 904:are irresolvable. For example, philosopher 703: 666:characterizes them as the highest goals of 14830: 14816: 12734: 12720: 12576: 12535:Young, Robert A.; Loomis, John B. (2014). 12367: 12172: 12122:Archaeology: The Science of the Human Past 11820:"Why Confucius' Ethics is a Virtue Ethics" 11732:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. 11711:. 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What Is Extrinsic Value? 2976: 2937: 2895: 2841: 2814: 2790: 2748: 2718: 2694: 2667: 2655: 2644: 2629: 2614: 2208: 2190: 2177: 2165: 2156: 2140: 2123: 2106: 2093: 2081: 2064: 2055: 2034: 2013: 2004: 1893:value statements merely express 1871:about the knowledge of values. 1867:about the nature of values and 1364:Anthropological value theorists 1348: 1030:Value theorists employ various 816:is the only intrinsic good and 12741: 12644:Zimmerman, Michael J. (2001). 12606:. Cambridge University Press. 12562:. Cambridge University Press. 12514:"The Varieties of Good Design" 12476:. Cambridge University Press. 12451:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141 12391:"Happiness (Ia IIae, qq. 1–5)" 12371:Economics: Theory and Practice 12154:10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0138 12028:Stratton-Lake, Philip (2020). 12010:Interdisciplinary Value Theory 11431:. Cambridge University Press. 11264:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106790 11198:. Cambridge University Press. 10898:10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee588 9410:. Cambridge University Press. 9064:. Cambridge University Press. 8946:Devettere, Raymond J. (2002). 8816:. Cambridge University Press. 8155:. Edinburgh University Press. 8130:10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0044 8059:. Princeton University Press. 7593:Rosenkrantz & Hoffman 2011 3196:Chan, Gould & Pascual 2018 2880:, § 3. Relation to the Deontic 2835:, § 3. Relation to the Deontic 2587: 2560: 2530: 2452: 2407: 2368: 2338: 2183:This view is sometimes called 2146:This view is sometimes called 1901:all value assertions are false 1384:individualism and collectivism 840:identifies the realization of 132:and the analysis of language. 1: 14474: 12647:The Nature of Intrinsic Value 12627:The School of Alexius Meinong 12470:Woodward, William R. (2015). 12393:. In Pope, Stephen J. (ed.). 12325:The Intrinsic Value of Nature 12179:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 12065:10.4324/9780415249126-DC049-1 11795:Silverstein, Matthew (2016). 11316:. Springer Nature Singapore. 11030:10.4324/9780415249126-DC055-1 10507:Ethical Concepts and Problems 10353:. Springer Nature Singapore. 10330:. Springer Nature Singapore. 9776:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 8703:. Springer Nature Singapore. 8486:Chenneville, Tiffany (2017). 8149:Bartley, Christopher (2020). 8032:Assandri, Friederike (2021). 7967:. In Schrift, Alan D. (ed.). 7963:Anderson, Douglas R. (2013). 7103:, § 1. Classic Utilitarianism 5599:, § 1. Classic Utilitarianism 3426:, § 3.3 Agent-Relative Value? 2916:, § 1.1 Varieties of Goodness 2196:Some theorists use the terms 2133:, an influential position in 1992: 1765: 1746: 1676:natural order of the universe 1656: 1567: 1540: 1509: 1486: 1409: 1088:The analysis of concepts and 751:Value realism contrasts with 182:, is the systematic study of 169: 14263:Ordinary language philosophy 12754: 12650:. Rowman & Littlefield. 12173:Taliaferro, Charles (2010). 11956:10.4324/9780415249126-L120-1 11891:Slingerland, Edward (2007). 11550:. Cornell University Press. 11358:Introduction to Value Theory 11001:10.4324/9780415249126-N066-1 10570:The Philosopher's Dictionary 10393:Sartre Studies International 10345:Kunnan, Antony John (2020). 10198:. Rowman & Littlefield. 9855:Plato and Aristotle's Ethics 9770:Hartman, Robert S. (2011) . 9741:10.4324/9780415249126-G034-1 9152:10.4324/9780415249126-A090-1 8925:DeNicola, Daniel R. (2019). 8626:10.4324/9780415249126-L132-2 8494:. Indiana University Press. 8418:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.11.003 7986:Anderson, R. Lanier (2024). 6290:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 6266:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 6242:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 6218:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 6182:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 6155:Woodworth & Marquis 2014 5458:, § 1. Ethics and Metaethics 5420:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 5405:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 5381:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 5351:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 3169:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 3136:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 3109:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 3055:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 3013:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2992:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2968:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2295: 2031:or bad in a certain respect. 1301: 1212: 174:Value theory, also known as 7: 14313:Contemporary utilitarianism 14228:Internalism and externalism 12671:. Oxford University Press. 12585:. Oxford University Press. 12445:. Oxford University Press. 12278:Tuboly, Adam Tamas (2021). 12221:. Oxford University Press. 12200:. Oxford University Press. 11897:. Oxford University Press. 11803:. Oxford University Press. 11797:"Teleology and Normativity" 11749:Journal of Religious Ethics 11686:. In Selin, Helaine (ed.). 11667:. Oxford University Press. 11575:10.1093/0198287976.003.0015 11527:. Oxford University Press. 11506:. Oxford University Press. 11453:. Oxford University Press. 11295:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 11174:Aquinas: A New Introduction 10955:. Oxford University Press. 10932:. Oxford University Press. 10838:. Oxford University Press. 10729:10.1007/978-94-010-2424-2_3 10650:. Oxford University Press. 10531:. Oxford University Press. 10510:. Oxford University Press. 10372:. Oxford University Press. 10309:. Oxford University Press. 10055:. Oxford University Press. 9984:. Oxford University Press. 9965:. Oxford University Press. 9944:. Oxford University Press. 9923:. Oxford University Press. 9818:. Oxford University Press. 9799:. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 9701:10.1007/978-94-017-2608-5_1 9593:. Oxford University Press. 9364:. Oxford University Press. 9334:. Oxford University Press. 9249:. In Brady, Michael (ed.). 9011:. Oxford University Press. 8842:De Haan, Daniel D. (2020). 8813:The Cambridge Rawls Lexicon 8661:. Oxford University Press. 8599:. Oxford University Press. 8580:. Oxford University Press. 8438:The Future of Value Inquiry 8275:. Oxford University Press. 8222:. Oxford University Press. 8201:. Pearson Education India. 8124:. Oxford University Press. 8038:. Oxford University Press. 7853:, pp. 372–373, 384–386 5893:, pp. 33–34, 37, 39–40 5855:Bhushan & Sachdeva 2012 5324:Laskowski & Finlay 2017 4089:, §6c. An Ethical Dimension 2040:Some philosophers, such as 1825:theory about right action. 166:that humans should pursue. 22:is the systematic study of 10: 14955: 13577:Svatantrika and Prasangika 13216: 12577:Zagzebski, Linda (2004a). 12007:Steinert, Steffen (2023). 11356:Rescher, Nicholas (1969). 10802:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10784:. Prentice-Hall of India. 10567:Martin, Robert M. 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John Wiley & Sons. 12257:Townsend, Dabney (2006). 11787:10.1017/S0953820822000346 11729:Fundamentals of Sociology 11638:Schroeder, Mark (2021a). 11598:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 11192:Peterson, Martin (2013). 11089:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 10984:10.1007/s11098-015-0597-8 10805:(2 ed.). Macmillan. 10546:Marcum, James A. (2008). 10163:Encyclopedia of Sociology 10137:"Kant's Moral Philosophy" 9852:Heinaman, Robert (2016). 9797:Studies in Utilitarianism 9791:Hearn, Thomas K. (1971). 9520:Grünberg, Ludwig (2000). 8985:10.5840/studphaen20141418 8746:Ethics Without Principles 8682:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 8676:Dabbagh, Hossein (2022). 8561:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 8349:. John Wiley & Sons. 8311:10.1007/s10677-006-9009-7 8219:A Dictionary of Economics 8198:Fundamentals of Sociology 8074:Ayres, Robert U. (2023). 6128:Serna & Martínez 2022 4857:Cherniss & Hardy 2023 4433:, § 3.2 Fitting Attitudes 1843:revaluation of all values 1739:Arabic–Persian philosophy 1165: 944: 418:Thick evaluative concepts 404:. Some value terms, like 12629:. Taylor & Francis. 12559:Divine Motivation Theory 12119:Sutton, Mark Q. (2021). 12094:Sullivan, David (2023). 12030:"Intuitionism in Ethics" 11613:Schroeder, Mark (2021). 11238:Pirgmaier, Elke (2021). 11135:. Juta and Company Ltd. 11083:Orsi, Francesco (2015). 10719:. In Kuypers, K. (ed.). 10715:Moritz, Manfred (1972). 10667:"Lotze, Rudolph Hermann" 10504:Løgstrup, K. E. (2020). 10288:. Taylor & Francis. 10120:. Taylor & Francis. 10026:"Incommensurable Values" 9858:. Taylor & Francis. 9587:Hardin, Russell (2009). 9547:. Taylor & Francis. 9219:10.1177/1470595820913077 8743:Dancy, Jonathan (2004). 8540:. Taylor & Francis. 8095:Bahm, Archie J. (1993). 6007:, pp. 53–54, 56, 58 5233:, § 3. Value Personalism 4742:, § 3. Value Personalism 4649:, § 2.2 Monism/Pluralism 4616:, § 2.2 Monism/Pluralism 4583:, § 2.2 Monism/Pluralism 2704:Wiland & Driver 2022 1997: 1815:classical utilitarianism 1725:, Christian philosopher 1633:Hindu schools of thought 1390:of individuals, such as 1296:Sraffian theory of value 1263:, distinguishes between 1253:marginal theory of value 1199:Classical utilitarianism 1056:counterfactual reasoning 704:Realism and anti-realism 678:aiming at goodness, and 414:thin evaluative concepts 369: 14268:Postanalytic philosophy 14209:Experimental philosophy 12621:Zimmer, Alfred (2017). 12579:"Morality and Religion" 12389:Wieland, Georg (2002). 11984:Staiti, Andrea (2020). 11761:10.1111/0384-9694.00016 11595:Aesthetics and Morality 11548:Essays on Moral Realism 11398:Ridge, Michael (2019). 11171:Peterson, John (2008). 10717:"Axiology and Analysis" 10405:10.3167/ssi.2012.180101 10303:Kriegel, Uriah (2018). 10280:Kriegel, Uriah (2017). 10001:"Rule Consequentialism" 9687:Hart, James G. (1997). 9633:HarperCollins (2022a). 9379:Germann, Nadja (2021). 9259:10.1057/9780230294899_2 9251:New Waves in Metaethics 9085:. Brill. pp. 1–8. 8973:Studia Phaenomenologica 7358:, pp. 2, 37–38, 41 6686:, § 6. Self-cultivation 6610:, pp. 223–225, 230 5678:Young & Loomis 2014 5185:, pp. 165, 168–169 5177:Brown & Fehige 2019 4820:, § 3.2 Moral Dilemmas? 4271:, § 2. Ethical Hedonism 3853:, pp. 111–112, 115 3165:, § 2.1 Intrinsic Value 3063:, § 2.1 Intrinsic Value 2955:, § 2.1 Intrinsic Value 2737:Hirose & Olson 2015 2471:Hirose & Olson 2015 2321:Hirose & Olson 2015 2315:Smith & Thomas 1998 1943:Christian von Ehrenfels 1907:(1916–2003) provided a 1903:since no values exist. 1813:(1806–1873) formulated 1662:) explored the role of 1613:four fundamental values 941:how much better it is. 100:, which says that only 14401:Social constructionism 13413:Hellenistic philosophy 12829:Theoretical philosophy 12804:Philosophy of religion 12794:Philosophy of language 12322:Vilkka, Leena (2021). 12286:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11705:Sharma, R. N. (1991). 11423:Robbins, Joel (2023). 11400:"Moral Non-Naturalism" 11289:Powe, Neil A. (2007). 10947:Oddie, Graham (2017). 10763:. Palgrave Macmillan. 10757:Moseley, Fred (2023). 10690:Moore, Andrew (2019). 10644:McGinnis, Jon (2010). 10619:Mason, Elinor (2023). 10525:Mander, W. J. (2016). 10479:Lutz, Matthew (2023). 10324:Kuijper, Hans (2022). 10070:Hurka, Thomas (2021). 9608:HarperCollins (2022). 9486:. InterVarsity Press. 9101:10.1163/j.ctv20dsb9p.5 8967:Direk, Zeynep (2014). 7940:"Deontological Ethics" 7101:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 5642:Welch & Welch 2009 5597:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 5552:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3761:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 3385:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3333:, § 1. Basic Questions 3270:, § 1. Basic Questions 3243:, § 1. Basic Questions 2664:, § 1. Basic Questions 2252:open question argument 1985:, responsibility, and 1931:continental philosophy 1926: 1719:St. Augustine of Hippo 1706: 1596: 1595:as the supreme virtue. 1251:and the neo-classical 1192:The ethical theory of 1140: 965: 887: 759:, a position known as 505: 497: 353:was coined. The terms 289:has its origin in the 260:philosophy of religion 122:reliance on intuitions 14784:Philosophy portal 14303:Scientific skepticism 14283:Reformed epistemology 12809:Philosophy of science 12603:Rethinking Punishment 12600:Zaibert, Leo (2018). 12443:Oxford Bibliographies 12439:"Saṃsāra and Rebirth" 12437:Wilson, Jeff (2010). 12395:The Ethics of Aquinas 12343:Wall, Steven (2021). 12236:Tormos, Raül (2019). 12146:Oxford Bibliographies 12140:Sykes, Karen (2016). 11843:"Ross, William David" 10972:Philosophical Studies 10892:(1 ed.). Wiley. 10387:Landau, Iddo (2012). 10240:. Walter de Gruyter. 10213:Kim, Min-Sun (2002). 9999:Hooker, Brad (2023). 9917:Hirose, Iwao (2015). 9902:. Vol. 1. Sage. 9873:Heis, Jeremy (2018). 9541:Gupta, Abhik (2024). 9003:Dorsey, Dale (2020). 8320:"Thought Experiments" 8152:Indian Philosophy A-Z 8122:Oxford Bibliographies 8116:Bailey, Greg (2011). 8053:Audi, Robert (2004). 8017:. SAGE Publications. 7988:"Friedrich Nietzsche" 7265:, § 3. Value Creation 6732:Boyd & Timpe 2021 5183:Goffi & Roux 2011 4455:Shea & Kintz 2022 3628:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 3561:, pp. 3–5, 42–43 3399:, § 1. Utilitarianism 3337:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2011 3175:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 3019:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 2959:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 2273:Clarence Irving Lewis 2114:scholastic philosophy 1921: 1684: 1587: 1546:) proposed a nuanced 1382:The contrast between 1249:labor theory of value 1130: 960: 881: 730:empirical observation 580:Absolute and relative 503: 495: 14204:Critical rationalism 13911:Edo neo-Confucianism 13755:Acintya bheda abheda 13734:Renaissance humanism 13445:School of the Sextii 12819:Practical philosophy 12814:Political philosophy 12497:. Psychology Press. 11331:Ranganathan, Shyam. 11244:Ecological Economics 11213:Pigliucci, Massimo. 11150:Perrin, Ron (1991). 10953:The Nature of Desire 10454:Littlejohn, Ronnie. 10257:"Wilhelm Windelband" 9404:Gill, Robin (2024). 8718:Dalal, Neil (2021). 7865:, § 5.3 Value Theory 7566:Bunnin & Yu 2009 7341:Bunnin & Yu 2009 7154:, § 5.3 Value Theory 6199:, pp. 14, 19–20 5926:, pp. 39–40, 47 3587:96–97, 149, 253, 288 3492:, pp. 15–16, 18 2931:, pp. 13–14, 18 2185:axiological hedonism 2116:, they are known as 1705:as the highest good. 1339:Rokeach Value Survey 1149:Rokeach Value Survey 1143:Various catalogs or 858:Monism and pluralism 256:political philosophy 14883:Lesser of two evils 13775:Nimbarka Sampradaya 13686:Korean Confucianism 13433:Academic Skepticism 12263:. Scarecrow Press. 12013:. Springer Nature. 11690:. Springer Nature. 11567:The Quality of Life 11485:. Scarecrow Press. 11256:2021EcoEc.17906790P 11129:Pape, John (2000). 11058:Onof, Christian J. 10433:Li, Deshun (2014). 9125:. Springer Nature. 8931:. Broadview Press. 8764:Darr, Ryan (2023). 8749:. Clarendon Press. 8410:2018COES...35A...1C 8371:Chan, Alan (2018). 8170:Berthrong, John H. 8080:. Springer Nature. 7657:10–11, 218, 221–222 7277:, pp. 374, 378 7253:, pp. 636, 639 6214:, pp. 4, 11–12 6091:, pp. 3, 61–62 5407:, pp. 109–113. 5353:, pp. 106, 108 5305:, § Basic Questions 5251:, pp. 1–2, 6–7 4940:, pp. 313, 318 4901:, pp. 313, 318 4181:, § 1. Introduction 3923:HarperCollins 2022a 3859:, § 1. Introduction 3820:, § 1. Introduction 2198:desire satisfaction 1909:conceptual analysis 1839:Friedrich Nietzsche 1637:Buddhist philosophy 1571: 204/5–270 CE 1558:lead to a pleasant 1103:conceptual analysis 1052:thought experiments 684:Chinese philosopher 186:. As the branch of 126:thought experiments 14396:Post-structuralism 14298:Scientific realism 14253:Quinean naturalism 14233:Logical positivism 14189:Analytical Marxism 13408:Peripatetic school 13320:Chinese naturalism 12847:Aesthetic response 12774:Applied philosophy 11868:"Consequentialism" 11841:Simpson, David L. 11333:"Hindu Philosophy" 10481:"Moral Naturalism" 10114:Jax, Kurt (2023). 9437:. Brill: 165–191. 9425:Goffi, Jean-Yves; 9294:. AltaMira Press. 9228:Axiological Ethics 7901:, pp. 384–385 7895:, pp. 426–428 7811:, pp. 637–639 7784:, pp. 371–372 7748:, pp. 371–372 7613:, pp. 637–638 7166:, § 4. 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Prentice-Hall. 11323:978-981-97-3496-2 11302:978-1-84720-711-1 11205:978-1-107-03303-0 11184:978-0-7618-4180-7 11163:978-1-349-21399-3 11142:978-0-7021-5206-1 11096:978-1-4725-2408-9 11039:978-0-415-25069-6 11010:978-0-415-25069-6 10962:978-0-19-067961-3 10939:978-0-19-022143-0 10907:978-1-4051-8641-4 10879:10.1080/713659262 10845:978-0-19-926479-7 10812:978-0-02-865790-5 10791:978-81-203-2318-6 10770:978-3-031-13210-0 10738:978-94-010-2424-2 10665:Milkov, Nikolay. 10657:978-0-19-533147-9 10621:"Value Pluralism" 10611:978-1-78635-470-9 10580:978-1-55111-494-1 10559:978-1-4020-6797-6 10538:978-0-19-106570-5 10517:978-0-19-260282-4 10446:978-3-642-25617-2 10425:978-1-351-81791-2 10379:978-0-19-926479-7 10360:978-981-15-8952-2 10337:978-981-16-4709-3 10316:978-0-19-879148-5 10295:978-1-317-69055-9 10247:978-3-11-025418-1 10226:978-0-7619-2351-0 10205:978-0-7391-3936-3 10173:978-0-02-864853-8 10127:978-1-000-99354-7 10106:978-0-02-866072-1 10062:978-0-19-514779-7 9991:978-0-19-926479-7 9972:978-0-19-022143-0 9951:978-0-19-022143-0 9930:978-0-19-993368-6 9920:Moral Aggregation 9909:978-1-4129-4163-1 9865:978-1-351-91076-7 9844:978-1-317-40264-0 9825:978-0-19-022143-0 9783:978-1-7252-3067-5 9750:978-0-415-25069-6 9710:978-94-017-2608-5 9641:. HarperCollins. 9616:. HarperCollins. 9600:978-0-19-161013-4 9562:Haines, William. 9554:978-1-040-03034-9 9533:978-90-420-0670-6 9512:978-94-009-0555-9 9493:978-0-8308-6707-3 9452:978-90-04-20177-4 9417:978-1-009-47674-4 9371:978-0-19-926479-7 9341:978-0-19-920780-0 9320:978-0-02-865789-9 9301:978-0-7591-2188-1 9268:978-0-230-29489-9 9237:978-0-333-00269-8 9161:978-0-415-25069-6 9132:978-3-030-22767-8 9092:978-90-04-49596-8 9071:978-0-521-12433-1 9018:978-0-19-090534-7 8959:978-1-58901-817-4 8938:978-1-77048-704-8 8900:DeLapp, Kevin M. 8892:978-1-135-95102-3 8857:978-0-8132-3353-6 8823:978-0-521-19294-1 8777:978-0-226-82999-9 8756:978-0-19-927002-6 8710:978-981-13-0191-9 8689:978-1-350-29758-6 8668:978-0-19-022143-0 8635:978-0-415-25069-6 8606:978-0-19-926479-7 8587:978-0-19-926479-7 8568:978-1-350-14740-9 8547:978-1-315-43832-0 8501:978-0-253-03132-7 8478:978-0-19-967234-9 8448:978-90-04-49451-0 8356:978-1-4051-9112-8 8282:978-0-19-258407-6 8261:978-90-04-41508-9 8229:978-0-19-923704-3 8208:978-81-317-9967-3 8162:978-0-7486-8084-9 8108:978-90-5183-519-9 8087:978-3-031-26208-1 8066:978-1-4008-2607-0 8045:978-0-19-087645-6 8024:978-1-4129-5937-7 7978:978-0-226-74049-2 7930:978-0-02-866072-1 7578:Sayre-McCord 1988 5710:, pp. 1, 8–9 5530:, pp. 1–2, 4 5110:, § 1.1 Intuition 4070:§ 2.3 An Overview 4016:Sayre-McCord 1988 2042:G. E. M. Anscombe 1885:Robert S. Hartman 1769: 700–750 CE 1750: 878–950 CE 1687:Indian philosophy 1605:cycle of rebirths 1601:Indian philosophy 1456:and discovery of 1392:self-directedness 1323:collective action 1161:In various fields 1090:ordinary language 1003:Robert S. Hartman 674:aiming at truth, 586:value simpliciter 252:social philosophy 144:theories of value 14946: 14832: 14825: 14818: 14809: 14808: 14794: 14793: 14782: 14781: 14780: 14497: 14496: 14488: 14487: 14471: 14470: 14361:Frankfurt School 14308:Transactionalism 14258:Normative ethics 14238:Legal positivism 14214:Falsificationism 14199:Consequentialism 14194:Communitarianism 14167: 14166: 14035:New Confucianism 13874: 13873: 13681:Neo-Confucianism 13646: 13645: 13455:Second Sophistic 13440:Middle Platonism 13283: 13282: 13224: 13223: 13213: 13212: 13056:Epiphenomenalism 12923:Consequentialism 12857:Institutionalism 12762: 12761: 12751: 12750: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12713: 12712: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12682: 12661: 12640: 12617: 12596: 12573: 12552: 12531: 12508: 12487: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12433: 12431: 12429: 12408: 12385: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12339: 12318: 12297: 12274: 12253: 12232: 12211: 12190: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12136: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12024: 12003: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11837: 11814: 11791: 11789: 11764: 11743: 11722: 11701: 11678: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11609: 11588: 11561: 11538: 11517: 11496: 11475: 11473: 11472: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11369: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11327: 11306: 11285: 11275: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11209: 11188: 11167: 11146: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11100: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11014: 10987: 10978:(8): 2069–2086. 10966: 10943: 10922: 10920: 10919: 10882: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10795: 10774: 10753: 10751: 10750: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10661: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10615: 10584: 10563: 10542: 10521: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10450: 10429: 10408: 10383: 10364: 10341: 10320: 10299: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10251: 10230: 10209: 10188: 10186: 10185: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10131: 10110: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10066: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10020: 10018: 10016: 9995: 9976: 9955: 9934: 9913: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9875:"Neo-Kantianism" 9869: 9848: 9829: 9808: 9787: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9683: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9604: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9558: 9537: 9516: 9497: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9421: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9375: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9324: 9305: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9241: 9222: 9201: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9136: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9075: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9029: 9027: 9025: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8963: 8942: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8896: 8875: 8869: 8861: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8781: 8760: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8714: 8693: 8672: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8610: 8591: 8572: 8551: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8505: 8482: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8431: 8429: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8314: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8265: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8212: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8166: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8112: 8091: 8070: 8049: 8028: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7982: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7934: 7905: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7803: 7797: 7758: 7752: 7734: 7728: 7724:, pp. 30–31 7710: 7704: 7695: 7689: 7680: 7671: 7647: 7641: 7632: 7626: 7605: 7599: 7590: 7584: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7556:, pp. 34–35 7551: 7545: 7536: 7530: 7509: 7503: 7494: 7488: 7470: 7464: 7455: 7449: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7398: 7392: 7383: 7377: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7331:, pp. 37–38 7326: 7320: 7307:, pp. 36–38 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7203: 7197: 7188: 7182: 7146: 7140: 7131: 7125: 7107:Chenneville 2017 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6741:Slingerland 2007 6717: 6711: 6702: 6696: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6596: 6590: 6569: 6563: 6554: 6548: 6518: 6512: 6494: 6488: 6464: 6458: 6442:, pp. 52–53 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6322:, pp. 68–69 6302: 6296: 6286:, pp. 13–15 6278: 6272: 6262:, pp. 12–13 6254: 6248: 6238:, pp. 11–12 6230: 6224: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6170: 6164: 6143: 6137: 6101: 6095: 6071: 6065: 6047: 6041: 6037:, § Introduction 6025:, pp. 3, 55 6017: 6011: 5993: 5987: 5963: 5957: 5936: 5930: 5912: 5906: 5879: 5873: 5849: 5843: 5834: 5828: 5811: 5805: 5784: 5778: 5757: 5751: 5729: 5723: 5702: 5696: 5666: 5660: 5627: 5621: 5603:Chenneville 2017 5591: 5585: 5576: 5570: 5546: 5540: 5536:, pp. 73–74 5522: 5516: 5468: 5462: 5438: 5432: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5375: 5369: 5345: 5339: 5318: 5309: 5288: 5282: 5261: 5255: 5225: 5219: 5195: 5189: 5153: 5147: 5102: 5096: 5091:104–105, 305–306 5075: 5069: 5036: 5027: 4994: 4988: 4959: 4953: 4932: 4926: 4925:, § 4. The Ideal 4920: 4914: 4893: 4887: 4869: 4863: 4839: 4833: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4746: 4735:69, 73–74, 76–80 4725: 4719: 4695: 4689: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4635: 4629: 4602: 4596: 4570:136–137, 139–140 4560: 4554: 4533: 4527: 4506: 4500: 4491: 4485: 4449: 4443: 4410: 4404: 4395: 4389: 4365: 4359: 4338: 4332: 4323: 4317: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4254: 4248: 4224: 4218: 4209: 4203: 4164: 4158: 4132: 4126: 4105: 4099: 4081: 4075: 4045: 4039: 4004: 3998: 3972: 3966: 3931: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3869: 3863: 3830: 3824: 3791: 3785: 3765:FitzPatrick 2011 3741: 3735: 3712: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3673: 3667: 3646: 3637: 3598: 3592: 3571: 3565: 3535: 3529: 3520: 3514: 3484: 3478: 3477:, pp. 13–14 3472: 3466: 3445: 3439: 3409: 3403: 3379: 3373: 3352: 3346: 3316: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3289:Silverstein 2016 3286: 3280: 3276:, pp. 13–14 3253: 3247: 3226: 3220: 3198:, pp. A1–A2 3190: 3184: 3157: 3151: 3130: 3124: 3103: 3097: 3079:Schellekens 2010 3073: 3067: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3028: 3007: 2998: 2980: 2974: 2941: 2935: 2899: 2893: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2839: 2818: 2812: 2802:, pp. 61–62 2794: 2788: 2752: 2746: 2722: 2716: 2698: 2692: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2618: 2612: 2591: 2585: 2564: 2558: 2534: 2528: 2498: 2489: 2456: 2450: 2411: 2405: 2372: 2366: 2342: 2336: 2309: 2289: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2144: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2110: 2104: 2101:normative ethics 2097: 2091: 2088:Prudential value 2085: 2079: 2076:relational value 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2038: 2032: 2017: 2011: 2008: 1989:in the process. 1979:Jean-Paul Sartre 1967:Martin Heidegger 1959:Nicolai Hartmann 1957:(1874–1928) and 1941:(1853–1920) and 1905:G. H. von Wright 1879:(1876–1957) and 1823:consequentialist 1811:John Stuart Mill 1809:(1748–1832) and 1777:ultimate reality 1770: 1767: 1751: 1748: 1703:cycle of rebirth 1685:Many schools of 1664:self-cultivation 1661: 1658: 1625:sensory pleasure 1609:Hindu philosophy 1572: 1569: 1545: 1542: 1514: 1511: 1491: 1488: 1442:Philip E. Vernon 1422:mental phenomena 1420:As the study of 1404:Eastern cultures 1400:Western cultures 1370:and sociologist 1292:marginal utility 1194:consequentialism 1145:scales of values 1137:angular distance 1074:Phenomenologists 902:ethical dilemmas 804:Sources of value 788:Jean-Paul Sartre 746:state of affairs 629:ethical dilemmas 625:consequentialism 434:character traits 344: 341: 338: 334: 331: 328: 325:(logos, meaning 324: 323: 318: 315: 312: 308: 305: 302: 299:(axios, meaning 298: 297: 280:consequentialism 199:, decision, and 180:theory of values 14954: 14953: 14949: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14944: 14943: 14929: 14928: 14927: 14922: 14859: 14841: 14836: 14806: 14801: 14778: 14776: 14755: 14719: 14619: 14581: 14528: 14482: 14481: 14453: 14442:Russian cosmism 14415: 14411:Western Marxism 14376:New Historicism 14341:Critical theory 14327: 14323:Wittgensteinian 14219:Foundationalism 14152: 14089: 14070:Social contract 13926:Foundationalism 13859: 13841: 13825:Illuminationism 13810:Aristotelianism 13796: 13785:Vishishtadvaita 13738: 13690: 13631: 13598: 13469: 13398:Megarian school 13393:Eretrian school 13334: 13295:Agriculturalism 13272: 13218: 13199: 13146: 13118: 13075: 13027: 12984: 12968:Incompatibilism 12937: 12909: 12861: 12833: 12756: 12745: 12740: 12710: 12701: 12699: 12679: 12658: 12637: 12614: 12593: 12570: 12549: 12528: 12505: 12484: 12460: 12458: 12427: 12425: 12405: 12382: 12358: 12356: 12336: 12315: 12294: 12271: 12250: 12229: 12208: 12187: 12163: 12161: 12133: 12109: 12107: 12096:"Hermann Lotze" 12084: 12082: 12075: 12043: 12041: 12021: 12000: 11975: 11973: 11966: 11934: 11932: 11921:"Phenomenology" 11909: 11907: 11905: 11881: 11879: 11856: 11854: 11834: 11811: 11740: 11719: 11698: 11675: 11653: 11651: 11628: 11626: 11606: 11585: 11558: 11535: 11514: 11493: 11470: 11468: 11461: 11438: 11436: 11413: 11411: 11388: 11386: 11346: 11344: 11324: 11303: 11228: 11226: 11206: 11185: 11164: 11143: 11119: 11117: 11097: 11073: 11071: 11049: 11047: 11040: 11011: 10963: 10940: 10917: 10915: 10908: 10855: 10853: 10846: 10822: 10820: 10813: 10792: 10771: 10748: 10746: 10739: 10705: 10703: 10680: 10678: 10658: 10634: 10632: 10612: 10581: 10560: 10539: 10528:Idealist Ethics 10518: 10494: 10492: 10469: 10467: 10447: 10426: 10380: 10361: 10338: 10317: 10296: 10270: 10268: 10248: 10227: 10206: 10183: 10181: 10174: 10150: 10148: 10128: 10107: 10085: 10083: 10063: 10039: 10037: 10014: 10012: 9992: 9973: 9952: 9931: 9910: 9888: 9886: 9866: 9845: 9826: 9784: 9760: 9758: 9751: 9720: 9718: 9711: 9672:10.2307/2105883 9648: 9646: 9623: 9621: 9601: 9577: 9575: 9555: 9534: 9513: 9494: 9470: 9468: 9453: 9418: 9394: 9392: 9372: 9351: 9349: 9342: 9321: 9302: 9278: 9276: 9269: 9238: 9190:10.2307/2107910 9166: 9164: 9162: 9133: 9110: 9108: 9093: 9072: 9048: 9046: 9023: 9021: 9019: 8994: 8992: 8960: 8939: 8915: 8913: 8893: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8833: 8831: 8824: 8800: 8798: 8778: 8757: 8733: 8731: 8711: 8690: 8669: 8645: 8643: 8636: 8607: 8588: 8569: 8548: 8524: 8522: 8511:"Isaiah Berlin" 8502: 8479: 8458: 8456: 8449: 8386: 8384: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8333: 8331: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8262: 8239: 8237: 8230: 8209: 8185: 8183: 8163: 8139: 8137: 8109: 8088: 8067: 8046: 8025: 8001: 7999: 7979: 7953: 7951: 7931: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7696: 7692: 7681: 7674: 7670: 7648: 7644: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7606: 7602: 7591: 7587: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7510: 7506: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7471: 7467: 7456: 7452: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7399: 7395: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7246: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7204: 7200: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7147: 7143: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7016: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6837:Zagzebski 2004a 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6718: 6714: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6570: 6566: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6018: 6014: 6010: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5850: 5846: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5592: 5588: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5037: 5030: 5026: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4974:Schroeder 2021a 4960: 4956: 4952: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4768: 4764: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4507: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4411: 4407: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4339: 4335: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4297: 4293: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4225: 4221: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3713: 3709: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3647: 3640: 3636: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3536: 3532: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3317: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3008: 3001: 2997: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2864: 2857: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2634: 2630: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2540:Taliaferro 2010 2535: 2531: 2527: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2145: 2141: 2128: 2124: 2118:transcendentals 2111: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2072:social sciences 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2039: 2035: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1939:Alexius Meinong 1775:is the same as 1768: 1749: 1733:of God, is the 1731:beatific vision 1723:Aristotelianism 1711:medieval period 1695:Advaita Vedanta 1659: 1621:economic wealth 1570: 1543: 1521:theory of forms 1512: 1489: 1475: 1467:Shalom Schwartz 1418: 1412: 1372:Fred Strodtbeck 1368:Clyde Kluckhohn 1357: 1351: 1315:social cohesion 1310: 1304: 1223:Economics is a 1221: 1215: 1174: 1168: 1163: 1122:social sciences 1099:non-naturalists 1028: 947: 930:incomparability 860: 806: 784:existentialists 775:Error theorists 763:. For example, 761:non-cognitivism 734:Non-naturalists 706: 701: 693:Jürgen Habermas 648: 582: 562:extrinsic value 554:intrinsic value 490: 484: 378: 372: 342: 339: 336: 332: 329: 326: 316: 313: 310: 306: 303: 300: 172: 120:, ranging from 71:decision-making 17: 12: 11: 5: 14952: 14942: 14941: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14888:Necessary evil 14885: 14880: 14873: 14867: 14865: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14857: 14852: 14846: 14843: 14842: 14835: 14834: 14827: 14820: 14812: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14799: 14787: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14761: 14760: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14727: 14725: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14640: 14635: 14629: 14627: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14591: 14589: 14587:Middle Eastern 14583: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14538: 14536: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14505: 14503: 14494: 14484: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14475: 14467: 14466: 14463: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14455: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14423: 14421: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14351:Existentialism 14348: 14346:Deconstruction 14343: 14337: 14335: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14179:Applied ethics 14175: 14173: 14164: 14158: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14143:Nietzscheanism 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14114: 14113: 14103: 14097: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14085:Utilitarianism 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13983:Transcendental 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13921:Existentialism 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13877: 13871: 13865: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13857: 13851: 13849: 13843: 13842: 13840: 13839: 13834: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13806: 13804: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13788: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13746: 13744: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13709:Augustinianism 13706: 13700: 13698: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13652: 13650: 13643: 13637: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13622:Zoroastrianism 13619: 13614: 13608: 13606: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13544: 13543: 13542: 13537: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13479: 13477: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13467: 13465:Church Fathers 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13436: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13347: 13345: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13291: 13289: 13280: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13238: 13232: 13230: 13220: 13219: 13209: 13208: 13205: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13198: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13156: 13154: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13128: 13126: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13085: 13083: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13037: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12994: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12980:Libertarianism 12977: 12976: 12975: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12953: 12947: 12945: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12919: 12917: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12871: 12869: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12843: 12841: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12784:Metaphilosophy 12781: 12776: 12770: 12768: 12758: 12757: 12747: 12746: 12739: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12716: 12709: 12708: 12683: 12677: 12662: 12656: 12641: 12635: 12618: 12612: 12597: 12591: 12574: 12568: 12553: 12547: 12532: 12526: 12509: 12503: 12488: 12482: 12467: 12434: 12409: 12403: 12386: 12380: 12365: 12340: 12334: 12319: 12313: 12298: 12292: 12275: 12269: 12254: 12248: 12233: 12227: 12212: 12206: 12191: 12185: 12170: 12137: 12131: 12116: 12091: 12073: 12050: 12025: 12019: 12004: 11998: 11981: 11964: 11941: 11916: 11903: 11888: 11863: 11838: 11832: 11815: 11809: 11792: 11780:(4): 461–477. 11765: 11755:(2): 223–256. 11744: 11738: 11723: 11718:978-8171561667 11717: 11702: 11696: 11679: 11673: 11660: 11635: 11615:"Value Theory" 11610: 11604: 11589: 11583: 11562: 11556: 11539: 11533: 11518: 11512: 11503:Personal Value 11497: 11491: 11476: 11459: 11444: 11420: 11395: 11373:Richey, Jeff. 11370: 11353: 11328: 11322: 11307: 11301: 11286: 11235: 11210: 11204: 11189: 11183: 11168: 11162: 11147: 11141: 11126: 11104:O’Keefe, Tim. 11101: 11095: 11080: 11055: 11038: 11015: 11009: 10988: 10967: 10961: 10944: 10938: 10923: 10906: 10883: 10873:(3): 313–332. 10862: 10844: 10829: 10811: 10796: 10790: 10781:Microeconomics 10775: 10769: 10754: 10737: 10712: 10687: 10662: 10656: 10641: 10616: 10610: 10585: 10579: 10564: 10558: 10543: 10537: 10522: 10516: 10501: 10476: 10451: 10445: 10430: 10424: 10409: 10384: 10378: 10365: 10359: 10342: 10336: 10321: 10315: 10300: 10294: 10282:"Introduction" 10277: 10252: 10246: 10231: 10225: 10210: 10204: 10189: 10172: 10157: 10132: 10126: 10111: 10105: 10092: 10067: 10061: 10046: 10021: 9996: 9990: 9977: 9971: 9956: 9950: 9935: 9929: 9914: 9908: 9895: 9870: 9864: 9849: 9843: 9830: 9824: 9809: 9793:"Introduction" 9788: 9782: 9767: 9749: 9726: 9709: 9689:"Introduction" 9684: 9655: 9630: 9605: 9599: 9584: 9559: 9553: 9538: 9532: 9517: 9511: 9498: 9492: 9477: 9451: 9422: 9416: 9401: 9376: 9370: 9357: 9340: 9325: 9319: 9306: 9300: 9285: 9267: 9242: 9236: 9223: 9202: 9184:(4): 747–780. 9173: 9160: 9137: 9131: 9116: 9091: 9076: 9070: 9055: 9030: 9017: 9005:"Consequences" 9000: 8964: 8958: 8943: 8937: 8922: 8897: 8891: 8876: 8856: 8839: 8822: 8807: 8782: 8776: 8761: 8755: 8740: 8715: 8709: 8694: 8688: 8673: 8667: 8652: 8634: 8611: 8605: 8592: 8586: 8573: 8567: 8552: 8546: 8531: 8506: 8500: 8483: 8477: 8469:Thick concepts 8464: 8447: 8432: 8393: 8368: 8355: 8340: 8315: 8305:(2): 111–130. 8294: 8281: 8266: 8260: 8245: 8228: 8213: 8207: 8192: 8167: 8161: 8146: 8113: 8107: 8092: 8086: 8071: 8065: 8050: 8044: 8029: 8023: 8008: 7983: 7977: 7960: 7935: 7929: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7860: 7859:, pp. 2–3 7854: 7847: 7840: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7690: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7659: 7649: 7642: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7585: 7570: 7558: 7546: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7518: 7517:, pp. 3–4 7511: 7504: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7450: 7435: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7368: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7333: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7173: 7172:, § 3a. Ethics 7167: 7161: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7008: 6999: 6992: 6980: 6966: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6929:, Lead section 6919: 6907: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6843: 6834: 6824: 6817: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6792: 6786: 6776: 6769: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752:, Lead section 6747: 6738: 6729: 6719: 6712: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6672: 6662: 6655: 6643: 6632: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6544:, Lead section 6539: 6530: 6520: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6404: 6401:Honderich 2005 6397: 6390: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6365: 6359:Devettere 2002 6356: 6346: 6339: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6178:, pp. 7–8 6172: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6125: 6116: 6115:, pp. 7–9 6110: 6103: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5975: 5965: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5894: 5888: 5887:, Lead section 5881: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5861: 5851: 5844: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5817:Pirgmaier 2021 5813: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801:, pp. 7–8 5799:Pirgmaier 2021 5796: 5786: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5766: 5765:, pp. 2–3 5763:Pirgmaier 2021 5759: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5735:Pirgmaier 2021 5731: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5711: 5708:Pirgmaier 2021 5704: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5672:Pirgmaier 2021 5668: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5648: 5639: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5554:, Lead section 5548: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5534:Kupperman 2005 5531: 5524: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5504: 5495: 5486: 5477: 5476:, Lead section 5474:Schroeder 2021 5470: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5453: 5452:, Lead section 5447: 5440: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365:, Lead section 5360: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5327: 5320: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5303:Schroeder 2021 5300: 5290: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5207: 5201:Heathwood 2015 5197: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5179:, Lead Section 5174: 5165: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5135: 5134:, pp. 4–5 5129: 5120: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5084: 5083:, pp. 2–4 5077: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5057: 5048: 5038: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4996: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4976: 4971: 4961: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4824:Heathwood 2015 4821: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4779: 4773:Heathwood 2015 4769: 4762: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4737: 4727: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4707: 4701:Kinneging 2011 4697: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4662:Schroeder 2021 4654: 4651: 4650: 4647:Schroeder 2021 4644: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4620:Heathwood 2015 4617: 4614:Schroeder 2021 4611: 4610:, Lead section 4604: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4584: 4581:Schroeder 2021 4578: 4577:, Lead section 4572: 4566:Heathwood 2015 4562: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4508: 4501: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4476:Heathwood 2015 4473: 4472:, Lead section 4467: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4431:Schroeder 2021 4428: 4425:Heathwood 2016 4422: 4412: 4405: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4380:Heathwood 2015 4377: 4367: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4340: 4333: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4298: 4291: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4266: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4239:Heathwood 2015 4236: 4226: 4219: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4194:Heathwood 2015 4191: 4182: 4176: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095:, pp. 1–2 4090: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4025:Zagzebski 2004 4022: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3879:35–36, 130–131 3871: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3847:, Lead section 3842: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3808:, Lead section 3803: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3776:, Lead section 3771: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726:, Lead section 3721: 3714: 3707: 3700:Zagzebski 2004 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687:, Lead section 3682: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663:, Lead section 3658: 3652:Zagzebski 2004 3648: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3625: 3622:Schroeder 2021 3619: 3610: 3600: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3580: 3579:, pp. 4–5 3573: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3537: 3530: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3460:Schroeder 2021 3457: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3427: 3424:Schroeder 2021 3421: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3393:, Lead section 3388: 3387:, Lead section 3381: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3358:Schroeder 2021 3354: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3334: 3331:Schroeder 2021 3328: 3318: 3311: 3296: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3274:Zimmerman 2015 3271: 3268:Schroeder 2021 3265: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241:Schroeder 2021 3238: 3228: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3172: 3166: 3163:Schroeder 2021 3159: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3142:Zimmerman 2001 3139: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3115:Zimmerman 2001 3112: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3085: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061:Schroeder 2021 3058: 3051: 3044: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3016: 3009: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970:, Lead section 2965: 2956: 2953:Schroeder 2021 2950: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2914:Schroeder 2021 2911: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2881: 2878:Schroeder 2021 2875: 2865: 2855: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2833:Schroeder 2021 2830: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2758:Schroeder 2021 2754: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2734: 2724: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2673: 2666: 2662:Schroeder 2021 2654: 2643: 2628: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2600: 2599:, Lead section 2597:Schroeder 2021 2593: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2506:, Lead section 2504:Schroeder 2021 2500: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2419:, Lead section 2417:Schroeder 2021 2413: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2354: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2332:, Lead section 2330:Schroeder 2021 2327: 2318: 2317:, Lead section 2311: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2277: 2265: 2256: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2205:know about it. 2189: 2176: 2164: 2155: 2139: 2122: 2105: 2092: 2080: 2063: 2054: 2033: 2012: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1975:Existentialist 1947:Edmund Husserl 1935:Franz Brentano 1923:Franz Brentano 1865:non-naturalism 1817:, combining a 1807:Jeremy Bentham 1737:of humans. In 1727:Thomas Aquinas 1479:ancient period 1474: 1471: 1462:Milton Rokeach 1446:Gordon Allport 1414:Main article: 1411: 1408: 1353:Main article: 1350: 1347: 1337:, such as the 1306:Main article: 1303: 1300: 1269:exchange value 1242:willing to pay 1238:economic agent 1230:economic value 1225:social science 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1170:Main article: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1101:hinges on the 1027: 1024: 1007:formal science 987:utilitarianism 946: 943: 859: 856: 805: 802: 705: 702: 700: 697: 689:Franz Brentano 647: 644: 609:personal value 581: 578: 486:Main article: 483: 480: 374:Main article: 371: 368: 347:ancient period 215:, human life, 171: 168: 160:ancient period 26:. Also called 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14951: 14940: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14878: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14862: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14847: 14844: 14840: 14839:Good and evil 14833: 14828: 14826: 14821: 14819: 14814: 14813: 14810: 14798: 14797: 14788: 14786: 14785: 14774: 14773: 14770: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14724:Miscellaneous 14722: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14645: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14626: 14622: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14535: 14531: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14506: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14489: 14485: 14477: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14450: 14449: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14420:Miscellaneous 14418: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14406:Structuralism 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14391:Postmodernism 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14381:Phenomenology 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14334: 14330: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14318:Vienna Circle 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14248:Moral realism 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14050:Phenomenology 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13990:Individualism 13988: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13947: 13944: 13943: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13878: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13856: 13855:Judeo-Islamic 13853: 13852: 13850: 13848: 13844: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13832: 13831:ʿIlm al-Kalām 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13799: 13793: 13790: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13780:Shuddhadvaita 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13748: 13747: 13745: 13741: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13714:Scholasticism 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13701: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13605: 13601: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13548: 13545: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13532: 13531: 13528: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13337: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13275: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13231: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13214: 13210: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13165:Conceptualism 13163: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13153: 13149: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13125: 13121: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13094:Particularism 13092: 13090: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13082: 13078: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13061:Functionalism 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13046:Eliminativism 13044: 13042: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13030: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12991: 12987: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12951:Compatibilism 12949: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12940: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12912: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12890:Particularism 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12864: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12836: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12737: 12732: 12730: 12725: 12723: 12718: 12717: 12714: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12684: 12680: 12674: 12670: 12669: 12663: 12659: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12642: 12638: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12605: 12604: 12598: 12594: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12554: 12550: 12544: 12541:. Routledge. 12540: 12539: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12496: 12495: 12489: 12485: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12473:Hermann Lotze 12468: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12435: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12410: 12406: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12373: 12372: 12366: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12341: 12337: 12331: 12327: 12326: 12320: 12316: 12310: 12306: 12305: 12299: 12295: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12276: 12272: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12255: 12251: 12245: 12241: 12240: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12220: 12219: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12199: 12198: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12178: 12177: 12171: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12138: 12134: 12128: 12125:. Routledge. 12124: 12123: 12117: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12092: 12080: 12076: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12059:. Routledge. 12058: 12057: 12051: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12022: 12016: 12012: 12011: 12005: 12001: 11995: 11992:. Routledge. 11991: 11987: 11982: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11950:. Routledge. 11949: 11948: 11942: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11919:Smith, Joel. 11917: 11906: 11900: 11896: 11895: 11889: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11864: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11839: 11835: 11829: 11826:. Routledge. 11825: 11821: 11816: 11812: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11745: 11741: 11735: 11731: 11730: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11666: 11661: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11636: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11526: 11525: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11505: 11504: 11498: 11494: 11488: 11484: 11483: 11477: 11466: 11462: 11456: 11452: 11451: 11445: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11421: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11396: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11354: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11329: 11325: 11319: 11315: 11314: 11308: 11304: 11298: 11294: 11293: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11236: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11169: 11165: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11148: 11144: 11138: 11134: 11133: 11127: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11102: 11098: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11081: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11056: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11024:. Routledge. 11023: 11022: 11016: 11012: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10995:. Routledge. 10994: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10968: 10964: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10931: 10930: 10924: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10863: 10851: 10847: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10830: 10818: 10814: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10783: 10782: 10776: 10772: 10766: 10762: 10761: 10755: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10713: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10642: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10572: 10571: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10509: 10508: 10502: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10438: 10437: 10431: 10427: 10421: 10418:. Routledge. 10417: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10381: 10375: 10371: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10329: 10328: 10322: 10318: 10312: 10308: 10307: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10278: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10239: 10238: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10218: 10217: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10190: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10164: 10158: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10093: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10047: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9983: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9915: 9911: 9905: 9901: 9896: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9840: 9837:. Routledge. 9836: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9775: 9774: 9768: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9735:. Routledge. 9734: 9733: 9727: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9635:"Truth Value" 9631: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9585: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9478: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9402: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9347: 9343: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9293: 9292: 9286: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9230:. Macmillan. 9229: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9174: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9146:. Routledge. 9145: 9144: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9117: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9056: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9031: 9020: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9001: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8923: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8885:. Routledge. 8884: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8859: 8853: 8850:. CUA Press. 8849: 8845: 8840: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8815: 8814: 8808: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8787:"Max Scheler" 8783: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8768: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8741: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8659: 8653: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8620:. Routledge. 8619: 8618: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8559: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8532: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8358: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8341: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8284: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8252: 8246: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8193: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8147: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8118:"Puruṣārthas" 8114: 8110: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8009: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7916: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7886: 7880:, p. 168 7879: 7874: 7864: 7863:Sullivan 2023 7861: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7809:Frankena 2006 7807: 7806: 7802: 7793: 7789: 7788:Løgstrup 2020 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7766:, p. 637 7765: 7764:Frankena 2006 7762: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7744: 7742:, p. 637 7741: 7740:Frankena 2006 7738: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7720: 7718:, p. 637 7717: 7716:Frankena 2006 7714: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7611:Frankena 2006 7609: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7568:, p. 406 7567: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7484:, p. 637 7483: 7482:Frankena 2006 7480: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7458:Townsend 2006 7454: 7448: 7444: 7443:Anderson 2013 7439: 7432: 7427: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7343:, p. 443 7342: 7337: 7330: 7325: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7286: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7263:Anderson 2024 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7251:Frankena 2006 7249: 7248: 7244: 7238:, p. 144 7237: 7232: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7191:Dafermos 2018 7187: 7178:, p. 636 7177: 7176:Frankena 2006 7174: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7164:Sullivan 1998 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7152:Sullivan 2023 7150: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7134:Woodward 2015 7130: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7097:, p. 639 7096: 7095:Frankena 2006 7093: 7092: 7088: 7082:, p. 132 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7043:, p. 747 7042: 7041:Engstrom 1992 7039: 7038: 7034: 7028:, p. 105 7027: 7022: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6917:, p. 175 6916: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6900:McGinnis 2010 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6851: 6847: 6846:Peterson 2008 6844: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6815:, p. 185 6814: 6809: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6791:, p. 639 6790: 6789:Frankena 2006 6787: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6723:Assandri 2021 6721: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6636: 6630:, p. 230 6629: 6624: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6577:, p. 230 6576: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6557:Borgolte 2019 6553: 6543: 6542:Emilsson 1998 6540: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6507: 6504: 6502:, § 4. Ethics 6501: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6484:, p. 639 6483: 6482:Frankena 2006 6480: 6478:, p. 258 6477: 6474: 6472:, § 5. Ethics 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6454:, p. 349 6453: 6450: 6448:, p. 639 6447: 6446:Frankena 2006 6444: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6403:, p. 349 6402: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6388:, p. 156 6387: 6382: 6373: 6369: 6368:Heinaman 2016 6366: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6337:, p. 178 6336: 6331: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6308:Frankena 2006 6306: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6284:Steinert 2023 6282: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6260:Steinert 2023 6258: 6257: 6253: 6244:, p. 106 6243: 6240: 6237: 6236:Steinert 2023 6234: 6233: 6229: 6220:, p. 106 6219: 6216: 6213: 6212:Steinert 2023 6210: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6197:Steinert 2023 6193: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6176:Steinert 2023 6174: 6173: 6169: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6149:Steinert 2023 6147: 6146: 6142: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6089:Steinert 2023 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6053:Steinert 2023 6051: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6023:Steinert 2023 6021: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6005:Steinert 2023 6003: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5924:Steinert 2023 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5891:Steinert 2023 5889: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5446:, p. 622 5445: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5331: 5330:Chrisman 2016 5328: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5243:Grünberg 1990 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5211: 5210:Tiberius 2015 5208: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051:Peterson 2013 5049: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5009:Peterson 2013 5007: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4715: 4714:69, 73–74, 76 4711: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457:, p. 461 4456: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4185:Kershnar 2010 4183: 4180: 4179:Oliveira 2016 4177: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3978:Tappolet 2015 3976: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952:DeNicola 2019 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943:Tappolet 2015 3941: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3857:Oliveira 2016 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3818:Oliveira 2016 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3747:Frankena 2006 3745: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3718:Frankena 2006 3716: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3679:Frankena 2006 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3304:Tiberius 2015 3300: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2806:Frankena 2006 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2782:Frankena 2006 2780: 2778: 2774: 2773:Tappolet 2015 2771: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2710:Chappell 2013 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2636:Grünberg 2000 2632: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2570:Grünberg 2000 2568: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2462:Steinert 2023 2460: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2159: 2152: 2151: 2143: 2136: 2132: 2131:moral realism 2126: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2046:Philippa Foot 2043: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2007: 2003: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951:phenomenology 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827:Hermann Lotze 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:Immanuel Kant 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:Thomas Hobbes 1788: 1786: 1782: 1781:neo-Confucian 1778: 1774: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1654: 1650: 1649:ancient China 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1281:surplus value 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:David Ricardo 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:Robert Nozick 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Intuitionists 1033: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 996:prioritarians 992: 988: 982: 980: 976: 975:organic unity 971: 970:Immanuel Kant 963: 959: 955: 952: 942: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906:Isaiah Berlin 903: 897: 894: 885: 882:According to 880: 876: 872: 869: 864: 855: 852: 848: 843: 839: 838:Perfectionism 835: 831: 827: 824: 819: 815: 811: 801: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:mental states 776: 772: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 738: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 715: 711: 696: 694: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:consciousness 665: 661: 657: 652: 643: 641: 640:Philippa Foot 637: 632: 630: 626: 620: 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 597: 595: 589: 587: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 546: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 515: 510: 502: 494: 489: 479: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 430: 425: 424: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 377: 367: 365: 360: 356: 352: 348: 292: 291:ancient Greek 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:Perfectionism 107: 103: 99: 95: 94:anti-realists 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59: 53: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 30: 25: 21: 14918:Radical evil 14908:Value theory 14907: 14877:Summum bonum 14875: 14871:Greater good 14789: 14775: 14446: 14437:Postcritique 14427:Kyoto School 14386:Posthumanism 14366:Hermeneutics 14221: / 14162:Contemporary 14138:Newtonianism 14101:Cartesianism 14060:Reductionism 13896:Conservatism 13891:Collectivism 13829: 13557:Sarvāstivadā 13535:Anekantavada 13460:Neoplatonism 13428:Epicureanism 13361:Pythagoreans 13300:Confucianism 13266:Contemporary 13256:Early modern 13160:Anti-realism 13114:Universalism 13071:Subjectivism 12867:Epistemology 12700:. 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L. Mackie 1869:intuitionism 1851:philosopher 1847: 1833:philosopher 1789: 1783:philosopher 1762:Adi Shankara 1708: 1691:Adi Shankara 1598: 1515:) conceived 1476: 1450:value system 1435: 1427:motivational 1419: 1381: 1376:Louis Dumont 1362: 1358: 1355:Anthropology 1349:Anthropology 1335:value scales 1327: 1311: 1289: 1246: 1222: 1191: 1175: 1142: 1119: 1112: 1106: 1105:of the term 1087: 1072: 1062:imagines an 1044:self-evident 1029: 1000: 991:egalitarians 983: 978: 974: 967: 948: 933: 929: 928:. The terms 898: 889: 873: 861: 849:'s focus on 842:human nature 836: 832: 828: 822: 807: 797:reductionism 771:Cognitivists 769: 753:anti-realism 750: 739: 719: 707: 662:philosopher 653: 649: 633: 621: 608: 606: 604:good thing. 592: 590: 585: 583: 565: 561: 557: 553: 551: 547: 543: 511: 507: 477: 472: 468: 464: 458: 449: 445: 441: 437: 427: 421: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 379: 363: 358: 355:value theory 354: 350: 286: 284: 268:anthropology 240:value theory 239: 237: 179: 175: 173: 164:highest good 152:motivational 134: 83: 62: 56: 54: 46:anthropology 28: 27: 20:Value theory 19: 18: 14432:Objectivism 14371:Neo-Marxism 14333:Continental 14243:Meta-ethics 14223:Coherentism 14128:Hegelianism 14065:Rationalism 14025:Natural law 14005:Materialism 13931:Historicism 13901:Determinism 13792:Navya-Nyāya 13567:Sautrāntika 13562:Pudgalavada 13498:Vaisheshika 13351:Presocratic 13251:Renaissance 13190:Physicalism 13175:Materialism 13081:Normativity 13066:Objectivism 13051:Emergentism 13041:Behaviorism 12990:Metaphysics 12956:Determinism 12895:Rationalism 12359:6 September 11986:"Reduction" 11882:28 December 11414:20 December 11375:"Confucius" 11074:5 September 10706:8 September 10635:6 September 10495:20 December 10040:6 September 10015:29 December 9649:8 September 9578:28 December 9213:(1): 7–24. 8979:: 371–393. 8916:19 December 8801:8 September 8525:9 September 8427:10810/47635 7954:30 December 7878:Dehsen 2013 7836:Dehsen 2013 7817:, p. 2 7772:, p. 2 7698:Zimmer 2017 7655:, pp. 7580:, pp. 7539:Tuboly 2021 7523:, pp. 7418:, p. 2 7386:Kunnan 2020 7311:Marcum 2008 7290:Dehsen 2013 7259:, p. 4 7236:Dehsen 2013 7215:Kinzel 2024 7160:, p. 3 7080:Dehsen 2013 7068:Dehsen 2013 7026:Dehsen 2013 7013:, p. 3 7003:Hardin 2009 6988:Dehsen 2013 6974:Hardin 2009 6962:Dehsen 2013 6915:Dehsen 2013 6902:, pp. 6888:Dehsen 2013 6864:Dehsen 2013 6813:Dehsen 2013 6765:Dehsen 2013 6725:, pp. 6677:, pp. 6640:Wilson 2010 6628:Sharma 1999 6614:Bailey 2011 6608:Sharma 1999 6602:Ranganathan 6583:, pp. 6575:Sharma 1999 6476:Gaskin 2005 6452:Crisp 2005a 6425:Dehsen 2013 6386:Dehsen 2013 6370:, pp. 6361:, pp. 6352:, pp. 6350:Sharma 1991 6335:Dehsen 2013 6316:, p. 3 6151:, p. 4 5969:Sutton 2021 5950:, pp. 5948:Tormos 2019 5897:Tormos 2019 5864:Sharma 1996 5819:, p. 3 5741:Fraser 2009 5737:, p. 2 5674:, p. 1 5581:, pp. 5579:Dorsey 2020 5509:, pp. 5482:, pp. 5444:Norman 2005 5296:, pp. 5294:Moritz 1972 5275:, pp. 5273:Staiti 2020 5212:, pp. 5203:, pp. 5170:, pp. 5159:Martin 2002 5123:Martin 2002 5116:, pp. 5089:, pp. 5062:, pp. 5060:Hirose 2015 5042:Holtug 2015 5020:, pp. 5018:Hirose 2015 5002:, pp. 5000:Holtug 2015 4981:, pp. 4967:, pp. 4946:, pp. 4826:, pp. 4775:, pp. 4757:, pp. 4755:Perrin 1991 4733:, pp. 4731:Perrin 1991 4712:, pp. 4710:Perrin 1991 4703:, pp. 4622:, pp. 4589:, pp. 4568:, pp. 4514:, pp. 4463:, pp. 4418:, pp. 4400:, pp. 4373:, pp. 4346:, pp. 4262:, pp. 4214:, pp. 4153:Oliver 1998 4146:, pp. 4119:, pp. 4093:Landau 2012 4066:Mander 2016 4059:, pp. 4034:Oliver 1998 3993:Oliver 1998 3961:Oliver 1998 3877:, pp. 3780:Oliver 1998 3767:, pp. 3730:Oliver 1998 3702:, pp. 3630:, pp. 3615:, pp. 3585:, pp. 3577:Martin 2016 3559:Martin 2016 3543:, pp. 3453:, pp. 3432:, pp. 3417:, pp. 3397:Hooker 2023 3366:, pp. 3339:, pp. 3324:, pp. 3261:, pp. 3234:, pp. 3204:, pp. 3177:, pp. 3088:Vilkka 2021 3039:, pp. 3021:, pp. 2986:Hurka 2006a 2961:, pp. 2947:Hurka 2006a 2922:, pp. 2886:, pp. 2871:, pp. 2850:, pp. 2826:, pp. 2766:, pp. 2730:, pp. 2688:, p. 1 2638:, pp. 2605:, pp. 2572:, pp. 2551:, pp. 2512:, pp. 2482:, pp. 2473:, pp. 2425:, pp. 2398:, pp. 2389:, pp. 2380:, pp. 2359:, pp. 2350:, pp. 2323:, pp. 1955:Max Scheler 1881:D. W. Prall 1877:R. B. Perry 1861:G. E. Moore 1831:neo-Kantian 1735:highest end 1599:In ancient 1556:rationality 1438:personality 1285:capitalists 1095:naturalists 1015:mathematics 962:G. E. Moore 926:clarinetist 893:Max Scheler 851:rationality 757:truth value 726:Naturalists 660:neo-Kantian 636:Peter Geach 617:G. E. Moore 601:predicative 594:attributive 558:final value 156:personality 148:commodities 14898:Immorality 14731:Amerindian 14638:Australian 14577:Vietnamese 14557:Indonesian 14106:Kantianism 14055:Positivism 14045:Pragmatism 14020:Naturalism 14000:Liberalism 13978:Subjective 13916:Empiricism 13820:Avicennism 13765:Bhedabheda 13649:East Asian 13572:Madhyamaka 13552:Abhidharma 13418:Pyrrhonism 13185:Nominalism 13180:Naturalism 13109:Skepticism 13099:Relativism 13089:Absolutism 13018:Naturalism 12928:Deontology 12900:Skepticism 12885:Naturalism 12875:Empiricism 12839:Aesthetics 12743:Philosophy 11976:2024-08-27 11471:2024-09-14 11439:2024-09-14 11366:1070925450 11215:"Stoicism" 11106:"Epicurus" 11050:2024-09-02 10918:2024-09-09 10823:January 7, 10749:2024-09-16 10692:"Hedonism" 10399:(1): 1–8. 10184:2024-09-14 9721:2024-09-16 9526:. Rodopi. 9352:2024-09-14 9111:2024-09-09 9035:"Stoicism" 9024:January 3, 8995:2024-09-22 8834:2024-09-09 8646:January 7, 8459:2024-09-21 8362:January 3, 8334:29 October 8240:2024-09-14 8101:. 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J. Ayer 1873:W. D. Ross 1857:naturalism 1853:John Dewey 1849:Pragmatist 1795:David Hume 1717:, such as 1699:liberation 1689:, such as 1629:liberation 1560:equanimity 1529:eudaimonia 1431:intentions 1416:Psychology 1410:Psychology 1396:conformity 1257:Adam Smith 1078:experience 1040:intuitions 1017:. It uses 1009:, akin to 938:Ruth Chang 918:Joseph Raz 868:Pluralists 765:emotivists 742:individual 722:properties 473:obligation 454:Evaluation 423:courageous 272:psychology 248:aesthetics 205:well-being 188:philosophy 170:Definition 50:psychology 34:philosophy 14610:Pakistani 14572:Taiwanese 14519:Ethiopian 14492:By region 14478:By region 14293:Scientism 14288:Systemics 14148:Spinozism 14075:Socialism 14010:Modernism 13973:Objective 13881:Anarchism 13815:Averroism 13704:Christian 13656:Neotaoism 13627:Zurvanism 13617:Mithraism 13612:Mazdakism 13383:Cyrenaics 13310:Logicians 12943:Free will 12905:Solipsism 12852:Formalism 12702:29 August 12328:. Brill. 12242:. Brill. 11654:26 August 11629:26 August 9624:28 August 9461:260640180 8866:cite book 8720:"Śaṅkara" 8441:. Brill. 8404:: A1–A7. 8254:. BRILL. 7821:Hart 1971 7776:Hart 1971 7722:Hart 1971 7554:Hart 1971 7476:Hart 1971 7371:Hart 1971 7329:Hart 1971 7305:Hart 1971 7209:Heis 2018 6942:Berthrong 6795:Darr 2023 6780:Bahm 1993 6750:Chan 2018 6705:Chan 2018 6533:Darr 2023 6524:Bahm 1993 6506:Pigliucci 6407:Bahm 1993 6107:Karp 2000 5942:Karp 2000 5918:Karp 2000 5885:Karp 2000 5633:Pape 2000 5489:Bahm 1993 5480:Orsi 2015 5426:Karp 2000 5387:Powe 2007 5363:Karp 2000 5249:Hart 1997 5114:Audi 2004 4965:Orsi 2015 4545:Gill 2024 4539:Wall 2021 4521:Wall 2021 4470:Wall 2021 3875:Orsi 2015 3836:Orsi 2015 3797:Orsi 2015 3753:Lutz 2023 3613:Bahm 1993 3604:Orsi 2015 3455:45–46, 61 3451:Orsi 2015 3415:Orsi 2015 3364:Orsi 2015 3322:Orsi 2015 3259:Orsi 2015 3232:Orsi 2015 3037:Orsi 2015 2920:Orsi 2015 2869:Orsi 2015 2824:Orsi 2015 2764:Orsi 2015 2728:Orsi 2015 2677:Orsi 2015 2603:Orsi 2015 2579:Hart 1971 2510:Orsi 2015 2480:Bahm 1993 2432:Bahm 1993 2423:Orsi 2015 2396:Bahm 1993 2348:Bahm 1993 2296:Citations 2019:The term 1754:afterlife 1743:al-Farabi 1701:from the 1653:Confucius 1641:suffering 1589:Confucius 1525:Aristotle 1494:knowledge 1308:Sociology 1302:Sociology 1277:Karl Marx 1265:use value 1234:commodity 1219:Economics 1213:Economics 1183:normative 1048:inferring 847:Aristotle 714:objective 539:knowledge 461:normative 394:excellent 340:theory of 285:The word 276:economics 264:sociology 217:knowledge 140:normative 114:pluralism 90:objective 42:sociology 38:economics 14939:Axiology 14933:Category 14913:Altruism 14903:Morality 14864:Theories 14796:Category 14751:Yugoslav 14741:Romanian 14648:Scottish 14633:American 14562:Japanese 14542:Buddhist 14524:Africana 14514:Egyptian 14356:Feminist 14278:Rawlsian 14273:Quietism 14171:Analytic 14123:Krausism 14030:Nihilism 13995:Kokugaku 13958:Absolute 13953:Idealism 13941:Humanism 13729:Occamism 13696:European 13641:Medieval 13587:Yogacara 13547:Buddhist 13540:Syādvāda 13423:Stoicism 13388:Cynicism 13376:Sophists 13371:Atomists 13366:Eleatics 13305:Legalism 13246:Medieval 13170:Idealism 13124:Ontology 13104:Nihilism 13008:Idealism 12766:Branches 12755:Branches 12696:Archived 12455:Archived 12422:Archived 12353:Archived 12158:Archived 12104:Archived 12079:Archived 12038:Archived 11970:Archived 11929:Archived 11876:Archived 11851:Archived 11774:Utilitas 11648:Archived 11623:Archived 11465:Archived 11433:Archived 11425:"Values" 11408:Archived 11383:Archived 11341:Archived 11282:32863580 11223:Archived 11114:Archived 11068:Archived 11044:Archived 10912:Archived 10850:Archived 10817:Archived 10743:Archived 10700:Archived 10675:Archived 10647:Avicenna 10629:Archived 10596:: 3–56. 10489:Archived 10464:Archived 10265:Archived 10219:. Sage. 10178:Archived 10145:Archived 10080:Archived 10034:Archived 10009:Archived 9883:Archived 9755:Archived 9715:Archived 9643:Archived 9618:Archived 9572:Archived 9471:18 April 9465:Archived 9429:(2011). 9389:Archived 9346:Archived 9273:Archived 9105:Archived 9043:Archived 8989:Archived 8910:Archived 8828:Archived 8795:Archived 8728:Archived 8640:Archived 8519:Archived 8453:Archived 8381:Archived 8328:Archived 8234:Archived 8180:Archived 8134:Archived 7996:Archived 7948:Archived 6675:Sim 2015 6119:Kim 2002 3202:Jax 2023 2150:nihilism 2148:radical 1819:hedonist 1758:Avicenna 1713:. Early 1564:Plotinus 1548:egoistic 1537:Epicurus 1517:the good 1498:pleasure 1483:Socrates 1388:autonomy 1341:and the 1319:conflict 1244:for it. 1207:hedonist 1203:pleasure 1114:pleasure 1068:hedonist 1038:rely on 914:equality 823:pleasure 814:pleasure 810:hedonism 596:goodness 519:pleasure 442:disvalue 402:terrible 364:timology 359:axiology 351:axiology 287:axiology 176:axiology 102:pleasure 98:hedonism 86:realists 29:axiology 14746:Russian 14715:Spanish 14710:Slovene 14700:Maltese 14695:Italian 14675:Finland 14643:British 14625:Western 14615:Turkish 14600:Islamic 14595:Iranian 14547:Chinese 14534:Eastern 14501:African 14448:more... 14133:Marxism 13963:British 13906:Dualism 13802:Islamic 13760:Advaita 13750:Vedanta 13724:Scotism 13719:Thomism 13661:Tiantai 13604:Persian 13592:Tibetan 13582:Śūnyatā 13523:Cārvāka 13513:Ājīvika 13508:Mīmāṃsā 13488:Samkhya 13403:Academy 13356:Ionians 13330:Yangism 13287:Chinese 13278:Ancient 13241:Western 13236:Ancient 13195:Realism 13152:Reality 13142:Process 13023:Realism 13003:Dualism 12998:Atomism 12880:Fideism 12142:"Value" 11273:7445139 11252:Bibcode 9680:2105883 9610:"Value" 9198:2107910 8406:Bibcode 8373:"Laozi" 7912:Sources 7525:105–106 7410:Simpson 7257:Li 2014 7158:Li 2014 7011:Li 2014 6904:209–210 6470:O’Keefe 6372:123–124 6314:Li 2014 5511:357–358 5277:368–369 5214:163–164 5205:146–147 5132:Li 2014 5004:267–268 4983:176–177 4948:176–177 4828:142–143 4777:142–143 4705:206–207 4624:145–146 4591:358–359 4516:365–366 4465:364–366 4420:362–363 4402:362–363 4348:362–363 4264:359–360 4216:336–338 3541:Li 2014 2905:Li 2014 2888:357–358 2852:357–358 2768:122–123 2387:Li 2014 2357:Li 2014 2070:In the 1983:freedom 1645:Nirvana 1631:. 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