294:) whom in fulfillment of an early promise Vanarāja had taken to be his sister. The story regarding the promise is that once when Vanarāja had gone with his uncle on a thieving expedition to Kākara village and had broken into the house of a merchant he by mistake dipped his hand into a pot of curds. As to touch curds is the same as to dine at a house as a guest, Vanarāja left the house without taking anything from it. Hearing what had happened the merchant’s sister invited Vanarāja as a brother to dinner and gave him clothes. In return Vanarāja promised that she would place the tilaka on his head at his coronation. Vanarája chose as chief minister a merchant named Jāmba (also known as Jamba). The story is that three of Vanarāja's bandit followers came across a merchant Jāmba who had five arrows. Seeing only three enemies, Jāmba broke and threw away two of the arrows, shouting ‘One for each of you.’ The bandits being impressed with Jāmba's warrior skill took him to Vanarāja, who promised to make him his chief minister at his coronation. From the absence of any reference to him in these and similar tales it is probable that his uncle Surapála died before the installing of Vanarája. According to the
186:, tells a story that Rupasundarī was living in Pañcāsara and had placed her infant son in a hammock on a tree, when a Jain monk named Śīlaguṇasūri who was passing by noticed that the tree's shade was not bending, which he believed was a sign of the boy's role to be a propagator of Jainism. The story adds that a nun named Vīramatī brought up the boy whom the monks called Vanarája, literally "the forest king". When eight years old, the monk told Vanarāja to protect his place of worship from rats. The boy’s skill in shooting rats and his horoscope convinced the monk he was not fit to be a monk but was worthy of a kingdom. He therefore returned the boy to his mother. These details seem invented by the Jain writers themselves. No mention of any such story occurs in the
335:
247:) was founded in 746 or 765 CE. The story of the choice of the site is the usual story of a hunted hare turning on the hounds showing the place to be the special nurse of strength and courage. Vanarája is said to have asked a Bharváḍ or Shepherd named Aṇahila son of Śákhadá to show him the best site. Aṇahila agreed on condition that the city should be called by his name. Aṇahila accordingly showed Vanarája the place where a hare had attacked and chased a dog. The city may have been called after some local chief since it was popularly known as Aṇahilaváḍa (Sanskrit:Aṇahilaváta) that is "the place of Aṇahila".
278:. Merutuṇga in both his works gives the length of Vanarája’s life at 109 and of his reign at sixty years. The figure 60 seems to mark the length of his life and not of his reign. So long a reign as sixty years is barely possible for a sovereign who succeeded late in life, and the 109 years of his life can hardly be correct. Taking Vanarája’s age at 45 when he was installed in 765 CE (S. 821) and allowing fifteen years more to complete the sixty years, he probably died circa 780 (S. 836), the closing year of his reign. Vanraja was succeeded by his son, Yogaraja.
197:, in Ambāsana village, two Cāpotkaṭa brothers, Canda and Cāmuṇḍa, are foretold by an astrologer that Cāmuṇḍa's unborn son would kill Canda. Cāmuṇḍa's unnamed wife is cast out and she moves to Pañcāsara, where she gives birth to Vanarāja and places him in a hammock on a tree, when Śīlaguṇasūri who was passing by noticed that the tree's shade was not bending, and then proceeds to take them both to live in a temple.
171:) and slain by Bhūvaḍa in battle. Before his death Jayaśekhara, he sent his pregnant wife Rūpasundarī to the forest in charge of her brother Surapāla, one of his chief warriors who now turned to banditry. After Jayaśekhara’s death on the battlefield, Rūpasundarī gave birth to a son named Vanarāja. This tradition is of dubious validity, as there is no city called Kalyāna-kaṭaka near Kanauj, and the
544:
31:
258:
the same author gives 765 CE (S. 821 Vaisakha Śukla 2) as the date of the foundation of the city. The discrepancy may be explained by taking 746 CE (S. 802) to refer to the date of Vanarája’s getting money enough to fix the site of his capital, and 765 CE (S. 821) to refer to the date of his
175:
capital of Kalyāṇa in the Deccan was only founded in the 11th century, about 250 years after the events are stated to have taken place. Additionally, there is no known king named Bhūvaḍa, although some scholars guess that it may refer to the Cālukya king Vijayāditya, who was also known as
234:
and 4000 horse, which the deputation took and started for Kanyákubja. Vanarája waylaid and killed them, secured the money and horses, and remained in hiding for a year. With the wealth thus acquired Vanarája enrolled an army and established his power assuming the title of king.
273:
says that Vanarája accessed to throne at Aṇahilapura when he was about fifty. This accords with the date fixed on other grounds. Placing Vanarája’s birth at about 720 CE would make him 44 in 765 CE (S. 821) corresponding to date mentioned in the
217:
records the following story of the origin of Vanarája’s wealth. A Kanyákubja king married Maháṇaká, the daughter of a Gujarát king. To receive the proceeds of the marriage cess which the Gujarát king had levied from his subjects, a deputation or
212:
In the forests where Vanarája passed his youth lived his maternal uncle Surapála, one of Jayaśekhara’s generals, who, after his sovereign’s defeat and death, had become an outlaw. Vanarája grew up under Surapála’s charge. The
208:
fled to Jayaśekhara of Pañcāsara. Dhruvapaṭa thus invited Āma to attack Jayaśekhara, who then dies on the battlefield. His wife, Akṣaṭa, is given refuge in a forest by Brāhmanas, who then foresees a royal future for her son.
285:
narrates how Vanarāja lived the first half of his life as a vagabound who robbed and plundered throughout the region, but yet was able to gain the support of rich and powerful merchants for his future reign. His
310:). Lahara captured elephants from the Vindhyas for Vanarāja and was thus granted the village of Sandāthala, where Lahara erected a statue of the goddess Vindhyavāsinī.
388:
states that the minister
Ninnaya built a temple of Ṛṣabha at Aṇahillapāṭaka, and his son, the general Lahara built a temple to Vindhyavāsinī at Sandāthala.
120:
699:
204:, Gujarat was conquered by Āma, king of Kanauj, who then gave it away as dowry to his son-in-law Dhruvapaṭa of Valabhi. Due to this, the
381:
in his Rás Málá (1856). He also erected a temple to Kaṇṭeśvarī near his palace. Neither of these temples survived till modern-day.
306:) named Ṭhakkura Ninnaya to live in Aṇahilapāṭaka as a minister in Vanarāja's court, and Ninnaya's son Lahara became a general (
958:
298:
by
Haribhadrasūri, after the coronation of Vanarāja, he asked an elderly Jain merchant-prince of the Prāgvāṭa lineage from
953:
457:
This name often recurs in Jain works. These would seem to be
Kshatrapa coins as Gadhaiya coins are simply called drammas.
907:
880:
853:
717:
679:
Ghosal, S. N. (1956). "Dr. H. Jacobi's
Introduction to the Sanatkumāracaritam (Translated from Original German)".
334:
540:. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I. Part I. The Government Central Press. pp. 149–156.
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749:
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36:
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A comparative study of the major historical novels of Sir Walter Scott and Shri
Kanaiyalal Munshi
167:, Gujarat), was attacked by the Chaulukya king Bhūvaḍa of Kalyāna-kaṭaka in Kanyākubja (probably
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by birth, yet he is shown participating in distinctly Jain rituals of kingship by Jain authors.
531:
319:
mentions a legend about
Vanaraja that he was assisted by a Jain monk in acquiring his kingdom.
535:
8:
408:
254:, Merutuṇga gives 746 CE (S. 802) as the date of the accession of Vanarája, while in his
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gives 765 (S. 821) seems the more probable date for the accession to the throne as the
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with a statue of Vanarāja as a worshipper. The figure of Vanarája is still shown at
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in the city also have an inscription dated S. 802 but it seems late installation.
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accession in the completed Aṇahilaváḍa. According to local tradition, an image of
918:
Political
History of Northern India: from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.)
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came from Kanyákubja to Gujarát. The deputation made Vanarája their leader or
30:
937:
548:
403:, is based on the life of Vanraja Chavda. Indian films on the king include:
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states that at the suggestion of Śīlaguṇasūri, Vanarāja built the Pañcāsara
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ceremony was performed by a woman named Śrīdevī of Kākara village (probably
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862:
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to realize the proceeds of the cess. In six months Vanarája collected 24
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929:. Translated by Charles Henry Tawney. The Asiatic Society of Bengal.
658:"Three Merchants of Thirteenth Century in Gujarat: Beyond Business"
547:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
448:, Jinaprabhasúri tells an almost identical story of another king.
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87:
44:
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Jains in the World : Religious Values and
Ideology in India
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Open
Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History
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Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain
History
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339:
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123:: Vanarāja Cāvaḍā) was the most prominent king of the
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The Prabandhacintāmaṇi or Wishing-Stone of Narratives
803:
805:
768:
750:"The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat"
726:
534:, ed. (1896). "I. THE CHÁVAḌÁS (A. D. 720–956.)".
764:: Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad: 3–6, 10–12, 70.
601:
497:
935:
804:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999).
754:Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad
238:
662:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
490:History of mediaeval Hindu India, Volume 1
144:Kṛishṇabhaṭṭa’s (also known as Kṛṣṇakavi)
29:
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326:, in honour one of his generals, Champa.
338:Ruins of Shiva temple at Puaranogadh at
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322:He also credited with the foundation of
704:. Oxford University Press. p. 54.
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422:
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920:. Sohanlal Jaidharma Pracharak Samiti.
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346:Vanaraja Chavda is not portrayed as a
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466:The text is “Pañcháśatavarshadesyaḥ.”
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159:752) Jayaśekhara, the Cāvaḍā king of
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399:(1881), a Gujarati novel written by
701:The Regions of Gujarat, c. 100–1200
13:
787:Jani, Darsha (2013). "Chapter 2".
509:
493:. Cosmo Publications. p. 355.
302:village (although originally from
14:
970:
916:Choudhary, Gulab Chandra (1963).
681:Journal of the Oriental Institute
487:Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya (1979).
243:Aṇahilaváḍa (or Aṇahilapura, now
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377:and a woodcut of it is given by
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35:Vanaraja Chavada, a woodcut by
808:Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema
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1:
748:(1961). Deva, Krishna (ed.).
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131:from c. 746 CE to c. 780 CE.
61:
43:(1856) based on a statue at
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959:8th-century Indian monarchs
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195:Purātana-prabandha-saṅgraha
163:, a village (in modern-day
155:) says that in 695/696 CE (
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954:People from Patan district
401:Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth
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925:Merutunga Ācārya (1901).
656:Pradhan, Sulagna (2017).
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812:. British Film Institute
668:: 275 – via JSTOR.
427:
379:Alexander Kinloch Forbes
239:Accession to Aṇahilaváḍa
37:Alexander Kinloch Forbes
900:Oxford University Press
873:Oxford University Press
698:Sheikh, Samira (2009).
134:
532:James Macnabb Campbell
343:
18:King of Chavda dynasty
337:
746:Dhaky, Madhusudan A.
423:Notes and references
202:Dharmāraṇya-māḥātmya
182:, the author of the
567:, pp. 203–204.
409:Shree Nath Patankar
271:Prabandhachintámaṇi
252:Prabandhachintámaṇi
215:Prabandhachintámaṇi
184:Prabandhachintāmaṇi
53:King of Anahilawada
944:History of Gujarat
793:(PhD). p. 58.
646:, p. 201-202.
598:, p. 202-203.
583:, p. 202–203.
537:History of Gujarát
392:In popular culture
363:Prabandhacintāmaṇi
344:
283:Prabandhacintāmaṇi
384:Haribhadrasūri's
200:According to the
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620:Choudhary 1963
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581:Choudhary 1963
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565:Choudhary 1963
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245:Patan, Gujarat
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165:Patan district
153: 1230 CE
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549:public domain
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371:Pārśvanātha
110:Rupasundari
102:Jayaśekhara
938:Categories
846:SUNY Press
474:References
415:(1930) by
407:(1923) by
224:sellabhrit
140:Early life
127:who ruled
67: – c.
65: 746
816:12 August
775:Cort 2010
733:Cort 1998
608:Cort 2001
577:Cort 2001
561:Cort 2001
504:Cort 2001
359:Merutuṅga
324:Champaner
308:daṇḍapati
220:panchkúla
206:Brāhmanas
188:Ratnamálá
180:Merutuṇga
161:Pañcāsara
146:Ratnamālā
75:Successor
892:(2010),
865:(2001),
342:in Kutch
330:Religion
300:Gambhūya
117:Vanaraja
78:Yogaraja
41:Râs Mâlâ
444:of his
440:In the
375:Sidhpur
367:chaitya
354:Temples
304:Śrīmālā
292:Kankrej
261:Ganpati
250:In the
193:In the
173:Cālukya
129:Gujarat
88:Dynasty
45:Sidhpur
906:
879:
852:
762:Bhopal
716:
413:Vanraj
340:Manjal
288:Tilaka
169:Kanauj
157:Samvat
107:Mother
99:Father
428:Notes
228:lákhs
58:Reign
904:ISBN
877:ISBN
850:ISBN
818:2012
714:ISBN
687:: 7.
348:Jain
313:The
281:The
135:Life
121:IAST
706:doi
361:'s
230:of
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712:.
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664:.
660:.
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511:^
419:.
411:,
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150:c.
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