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expense, and that an edifice was required that should strike with awe and surprise even at a distance; the architect may be excused for having sacrificed, in some degree, the elegance of design to multiplicity of ornament. All the several parts are moreover exactly calculated, all the rules of art are well observed, and this immense fabric reminds us, on the first glance, of the majesty and state of those of Greece and ancient Rome. When we behold it a distance, it appears not as a single palace, but as an entire city. We arrive at it by a stately bridge of a single arch, and which is itself a masterpiece of architecture. I have contracted a very intimate friend ship with the son of Sir John
Vanbrugh, who has lately obtained a company in the foot guards, and is a young gentleman of real merit. He has shown me, not only all the designs of his father, but also two houses of his building, one near Whitehall, and the other at Greenwich. They are indeed mere models of houses, but notwithstanding their confined situation, there are everywhere traces of a master to be discovered in their execution. The vulgar critic finds too many columns and ornaments; but the true connoisseur sees that all these ornaments are accompanied with utility, and that an inventive genius is visible in every part. This architect was likewise author of several comedies, which are indeed written in a style that is rather licentious, but at the same time are resplendent with wit and vivacity. So true it is, that genius is not confined to one subject, but wherever exercised, is equally manifest.
712:, son of Kit-Cat Sir Robert Walpole, claims that the respectable middle-aged Club members generally mentioned as "a set of wits" were originally "in reality the patriots that saved Britain", in other words were the active force behind the Glorious Revolution itself. Secret groups tend to be poorly documented, and this sketch of the pre-history of the Club cannot be proved. But as we have seen, young Vanbrugh was indeed in 1688 part of a secret network working for William's invasion. If the roots of the Club go back that far, it is tempting to speculate that Vanbrugh in joining the club was not merely becoming one of a convivial London "set of wits" but was also linking up with old friends and co-conspirators. A hero of the cause who had done time in French prison for it, could have been confident of a warm welcome.
761:), animal acts, travelling dance troupes, and famous visiting Italian singers. They also hoped to make a profit, and Vanbrugh optimistically bought up the actors' company, making himself sole owner. He was now bound to pay salaries to the actors and, as it turned out, to manage the theatre, a notorious tightrope act for which he had no experience. The often repeated rumour that the acoustics of the building Vanbrugh had designed were bad is exaggerated (see Milhous ), but the more practical Congreve had become anxious to extricate himself from the project, and Vanbrugh was left spreading himself extremely thin, running a theatre and simultaneously overseeing the building of Blenheim, a project which after June 1705 often took him out of town.
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scale. The result was one of
Vanbrugh's smaller houses. It is also his severest in style, obtaining high architectural drama by the well judged disposition of elements that are few in number, and simple in their nature. The exterior of the house would have been at the point of completion in 1717, the date on the contract for one of the parapet vases. The interior would have been virtually complete by 1719, when the design for inlay on the stair landings was drawn up. Two of the façades have since been remodelled, by Robert Mylne, who remodelled the interior in the 1760s. The stone, which was quarried on the site, was originally ochre in colour but has weathered to an orange-pink.
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from being of lower middle class origins, Vanbrugh was descended from Anglo-Flemish or
Netherlandish Protestant merchants who settled in London in the 16th and 17th centuries, minor courtiers, and country gentry. The complex web of kinship Downes' research shows that Vanbrugh had ties to many of England's leading mercantile, gentry, and noble families. These ties reveal the decidedly Protestant and sometimes radical milieu out of which Vanbrugh's own political opinions came. They also gave him a very wide social network that would play a role in all sections of his career: architectural, ceremonial, dramatic, military, political, and social.
769:., though without ever collecting much of the putative price. He had put a lot of money, his own and borrowed, into the theatre company, which he was never to recover. It was noted as remarkable by contemporaries that he continued to pay the actors' salaries fully and promptly while they were working for him, just as he always paid the workmen he had hired for construction work; shirking such responsibilities was close to being standard practice in early 18th century England. Vanbrugh himself never seems to have pursued those who owed him money, and throughout his life his finances can at best be described as precarious.
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1226:, particularly for their failure to impose exemplary morality by appropriate rewards and punishments in the fifth act. Vanbrugh laughed at these charges and published a joking reply, where he accused the clergyman Collier of being more sensitive to unflattering portrayals of the clergy than to real irreligion. However, rising public opinion was already on Collier's side. The intellectual and sexually explicit Restoration comedy style was becoming less and less acceptable to audiences and was soon to be replaced by a drama of sententious morality. Colley Cibber's
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the typically tragic/comic rollercoaster experience of
Restoration plays. Vanbrugh takes advantage of this schema and these actresses to deepen audience sympathy for the unhappily married Lady Brute, even as she fires off her witty ripostes. In the intimate conversational dialogue between Lady Brute and her niece Bellinda (Bracegirdle), and especially in the star part of Sir John Brute the brutish husband (Betterton), which was hailed as one of the peaks of Thomas Betterton's remarkable career,
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any other modern architect; but unluckily for the reputation of this excellent artist, his taste kept no pace with his genius, and his works are so crowded with barbarisms and absurdities, and so born down by their own preposterous weight, that none but the discerning can separate their merits from their defects. In the hands of the ingenious artist, who knows how to polish and refine and bring them into use, we have always regarded his productions as rough jewels of inestimable value'.
1942:, which was under construction at this time, and succeeded Wren as the official architect (or Surveyor), while Hawksmoor was appointed Site Architect. Vanbrugh's small but conspicuous final changes to the nearly completed building were considered a fine interpretation of Wren's original plans and intentions. Thus what was intended as an infirmary and hostel for destitute retired sailors was transformed into a magnificent national monument. His work here is said to have impressed both
1100:. Members of that cast had to be kept from defecting to the rival actors' cooperative, had to be "seduced" (as the legal term was) back when they did defect, and had to be blandished into attending rehearsals which dragged out into ten months and brought the company to the threshold of bankruptcy. "They have no company at all", reported a contemporary letter on 19 November 1696 "and unless a new play comes out on Saturday revives their reputation, they must break". That new play,
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1702:), itself a massive and dense construction of piers and columns, definitely not designed in the Palladian manner for elegant protection from the sun, a huge bust of Louis XIV is forced to look down on the splendours and rewards of his conqueror. Whether this placement and design was an ornamental feature created by Vanbrugh, or an ironic joke by Marlborough, is not known. However, as an architectural composition it is a unique example of baroque ornament.
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approved them, she discounted. (In fairness to her, it must be mentioned that the Duke of
Marlborough had contributed £60,000 to the initial cost, which, supplemented by Parliament, should have built a monumental house.) Following a meeting with the Duchess, Vanbrugh left the building site in a rage, insisting that the new masons, carpenters and craftsmen were inferior to those he had employed. The master craftsmen he had patronised, however, such as
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1786:, the centre was remodelled by Mylne with a canted bay window, at odds with the tautness of Vanbrugh's overall design of the house, in which all planes were parallel or perpendicular to the walls. On the northeast the wall was moved forward during nineteenth-century remodelling, destroying an aesthetically significant alignment between wall projections and the break in the roof arcade, which had been present in Vanbrugh's design.
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frequent altercations with her one time best friend, Sarah, Duchess of
Marlborough. After the Duchess's final argument with the Queen in 1712, all state money ceased and work came to a halt. £220,000 had already been spent and £45,000 was owing to workmen. The Marlboroughs went into exile on the continent, and did not return until after Queen Anne's death in 1714.
1066:, offered to the United Company six weeks later, questions the justice of women's position in marriage at this time. He sends new sexual temptations in the way of not only the reformed husband but also the patient wife, and allows them to react in more credible and less predictable ways than in their original context, lending the flat characters from
1674:, and storehouses. If Castle Howard was the first truly baroque building in England, then Blenheim Palace is the most definitive. While Castle Howard is a dramatic assembly of restless masses, Blenheim is altogether of a more solid construction, relying on tall slender windows and monumental statuary on the roofs to lighten the mass of yellow stone.
494:. Frances née Harrison, Countess of Berkshire. Vanbrugh's grandfather's sister, Elizabeth Carleton married John Harrison, uncle of the Countess of Berkshire and in addition the Countess's aunt, Anne Garrard, married Dudley Carleton, Viscount Dorchester, uncle to Vanbrugh's same grandfather. Frances was (half) second cousin to Vanbrugh's mother.
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1974:
2181:(1728) and gave it a happy and sententious ending in which the provocative wife repents and is reconciled: a eulogy of marriage which was the opposite of Vanbrugh's declared intention to end his last and belated "Restoration comedy" with marital break-up. Cibber considered this projected outcome to be "too severe for Comedy".
790:, arranged both appointments and against whose wishes they were powerless. Vanbrugh went on to make more friends than enemies at the College, however. The pageantry of state occasions appealed to his theatrical sense, his duties were not difficult, and he appears to have performed them well. In the opinion of a modern
1307:, where Vanbrugh had to follow the instructions of his patron. Consequently these houses, which often claim Vanbrugh as their architect, do not best display his own architectural concepts and ideas. In the summer of 1699 as part of his architectural education Vanbrugh made a tour of northern England, writing to
1770:
On the southeast facade, the centre has a Doric temple front with open pediment, which surrounds the doorway. The centre has an attic as its upper storey, topped by a blocking course with scrolled supports at each end. A design with a pediment was prepared for this front, but is thought never to have
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On 29 April Edward
Southwell wrote in his journal at Kings Weston, "Upwards of 60 men preparing stones and digging the foundation of the new house," and on 16 June 1712 work formally began on building the new house by John Vanbrugh. His client, Edward Southwell, did not desire a house on a monumental
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was built between 1712 and 1719 for Edward
Southwell on the site of an earlier Tudor house. A significant architectural feature is the grouping of all the chimneys into a massive arcade. The Kings Weston estate possesses one of the largest collections of buildings designed by Sir John Vanbrugh in the
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Castle Howard was acclaimed a success. This fantastical building, unparalleled in
England, with its facades and roofs decorated by pilasters, statuary, and flowing ornamental carving, ensured that baroque became an overnight success. While the greater part of Castle Howard was inhabited and completed
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Unsurprisingly under these circumstances, Vanbrugh's management of the Queen's
Theatre in Haymarket showed "numerous signs of confusion, inefficiency, missed opportunities, and bad judgment". Having burned his fingers on theatre management, Vanbrugh too extricated himself, expensively, by selling the
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in the Bastille is based on allusions in a couple of much later memoirs and is regarded with some doubt by modern scholars (see McCormick). After being released from the Bastille, he had to spend three months in Paris, free to move around but unable to leave the country, and with every opportunity to
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foot regiment. Since commissions were in the gift of the commanding officer, Vanbrugh's entry as an officer shows that he did have the kind of family network that was then essential to a young man starting out in life. Even so in August 1686 he left this position when the regiment was ordered to help
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With the completion of Castle Howard, English baroque came into fashion overnight. It had brought together the isolated and varied instances of monumental design, by, among others, Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. Vanbrugh thought of masses, volume and perspective in a way that his predecessors had
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This building (Blenheim) has been severely censured, and I agree that it is not entirely exempt from rational censure as it is too much loaded with columns and other heavy ornaments. But if we consider that Sir John Vanbrugh was to construct a building of endless duration, that no bounds were set to
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That Vanbrugh's work at Blenheim has been the subject of criticism can largely be blamed on those, including the Duchess, who failed to understand the chief reason for its construction: to celebrate a martial triumph. In the achievement of this remit, Vanbrugh was as triumphant as was Marlborough on
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At Blenheim, Vanbrugh developed baroque from the mere ornamental to a denser, more solid, form, where the massed stone became the ornament. The great arched gates and the huge solid portico were ornament in themselves, and the whole mass was considered rather than each facade. As the palace is still
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is a comedy, but Elizabeth Barry who played the abused wife was especially famous as a tragic actress, and for her power of "moving the passions", i.e., moving an audience to pity and tears. Barry and the younger Bracegirdle had often worked together as a tragic/comic heroine pair to bring audiences
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Cibber, an inconspicuous young actor still employed by the parent company, seized this moment of unique demand for new plays and launched his career on two fronts by writing a play with a big, flamboyant part for himself: the Frenchified fop Sir Novelty Fashion. Backed up by Cibber's own uninhibited
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He was adept at delivering buildings for his clients, that successfully met their requirements. His reputation has suffered because of his famed disagreements with the Duchess of Marlborough, yet, one must remember his original client was the British Nation, not the Duchess, and the nation wanted a
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was less complimentary 'Heaviness was the lightest of (Vanbrugh's) faults... The Italian style...which he contrived to caricature...is apparent in all his works; he helped himself liberally to its vices, contributed many of his own, and by an unfortunate misfortune adding impurity to that which was
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Nobody had informed me that I should at one view see a palace, a town, a fortified city, temples on high places, woods worthy of being each a metropolis of the Druids, vales connected to hills by other woods, the noblest lawn in the world fenced by half the horizon, and a mausoleum that would tempt
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was Vanbrugh's final work, this northern, seemingly rather bleak country house is considered his finest architectural masterpiece; by this stage in his architectural career Vanbrugh was a master of baroque, he had taken this form of architecture not only beyond the flamboyant continental baroque of
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In July 1700 the King granted Vanbrugh permission to build on the ruins of Whitehall at his own expense. Brick and stone from the ruins of the Palace of Whitehall were used and the house was sited on what was the Vice-Chamberlain's lodgings. The small, two storied house was unique in design, though
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has not been staged again since the early 18th century and is read only by the most dedicated scholars, who sometimes express distaste for its businesslike combination of four explicit acts of sex and rakishness with one of sententious reform (see Hume). If Cibber indeed was deliberately attempting
440:). In 1681 records name a 'John Vanbrugg' working for William Matthews, Giles Vanbrugh's cousin. It was not unusual for a merchant's son to follow in his father's trade and seek similar work in business, making use of family ties and connections. However, Robert Williams proved in an article in the
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Taken in this context, though he has sometimes been viewed as an odd or unqualified appointee to the College of Arms, it is not surprising, given the social expectations of his day, that by descent his credentials for his offices there were sound. His forebears, both Flemish/Dutch and English, were
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Sir John Vanbrugh's genius was of the first class; and, in point of movement, novelty and ingenuity, his works have not been exceeded by anything in modern times. We should certainly quote Blenheim and Castle Howard as great examples of these perfections in preference to any work of our own, or of
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Vanbrugh was deeply distressed by the turn of events. The rows and resulting rumours had damaged his reputation, and the palace he had nurtured like a child was forbidden to him. In 1719, while the duchess was "not at home", Vanbrugh was able to view the palace in secret; but when he and his wife,
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had initially been the architect of choice, charging more than the Lord had thought reasonable. Vanbrugh's charm, and Talman's lack thereof, may have been enough to convince the patron to change his architect. However, it remains unknown how Vanbrugh, totally untrained and inexperienced, persuaded
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To dispel the myth of Vanbrugh's humble origins, Downes took pains to explore Vanbrugh's background, closely examining the family and connexions of each of his four grandparents: Vanbrugh, Jacobs or Jacobson, Carleton, and Croft, summing up the characteristics of each line and concluding that, far
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Vanbrugh arrived in London at a time of scandal and internal drama at London's only theatre company, as a long-running conflict between pinchpenny management and disgruntled actors came to a head and the actors walked out. A new comedy staged with the makeshift remainder of the company in January
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His life is sharply bisected by this prison experience, which he entered at age 24 and emerged from at 29, after having spent, as Downes puts it, half his adult life in captivity. It seems to have left him with a lasting distaste for the French political system but also with a taste for the comic
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Vanbrugh's reputation still suffers from accusations of extravagance, impracticability and a bombastic imposition of his own will on his clients. Ironically, all of these unfounded charges derive from Blenheim – Vanbrugh's selection as architect of Blenheim was never completely popular. The
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was written and staged in the eye of a theatrical storm. London's only and mismanaged theatre company, known as the United Company, had split in two in March 1695 when the senior actors began operating their own acting cooperative, and the next season was one of cutthroat rivalry between the two
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factions, the final blow for Vanbrugh came when the Duke was incapacitated in 1717 by a severe stroke, and the thrifty (and hostile) Duchess took control. The Duchess blamed Vanbrugh entirely for the growing extravagance of the palace, and its general design: that her husband and government had
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Though Parliament had voted funds for the building of Blenheim, no exact sum had ever been fixed upon, and certainly no provision had been made for inflation. Almost from the outset, funds had been intermittent. Queen Anne paid some of them, but with growing reluctance and lapses, following her
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Although Vanbrugh continued to work for the stage in many ways, he produced no more original plays. With the change in audience taste away from Restoration comedy, he turned his creative energies from original composition to dramatic adaptation/translation, theatre management, and architecture.
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bought himself the title of "Lord Foppington" through the corrupt system of Royal title sales). Critics of Restoration comedy are unanimous in declaring Lord Foppington "the greatest of all Restoration fops" (Dobrée), by virtue of being not merely laughably affected, but also "brutal, evil, and
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Born in London and baptised on 24 January 1664, Vanbrugh was the fourth child (of 19), and eldest surviving son, of Giles Vanbrugh, a London cloth-merchant of Flemish descent (as evident in the name, contracted from "Van Brugh") and Protestant background, and his wife Elizabeth, widow of Thomas
1303:, was to be Vanbrugh's collaborator in many of his most ambitious projects, including Castle Howard and Blenheim. During his almost thirty years as a practising architect, Vanbrugh designed and worked on numerous buildings. More often than not his work was a rebuild or remodel, such as that of
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repeat 18th- and 19th-century traditions which were originally offered as guesses but have since hardened into "fact". This accounts for several discrepancies between the entries in these encyclopædias and the following narrative, which is based on the findings of Downes (1987) and McCormick
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succession to the throne. Yet the Kit-Cats always presented their club as more a matter of dining and conviviality, and this reputation has been successfully relayed to posterity. Downes suggests, however, that the Club's origins go back to before the Glorious Revolution of 1689 and that its
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Seaton Delaval is one of the few houses Vanbrugh designed alone without the aid of Nicholas Hawksmoor. The sobriety of their joint work has sometimes been attributed to Hawksmoor, and yet Seaton Delaval is a very sombre house indeed. Whereas Castle Howard could successfully be set down in
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After growing up in a large household in Chester (12 children of his mother's second marriage survived infancy), the question of how Vanbrugh spent the years from age 18 to 22 (after he left school) was long unanswered, with the baseless suggestion sometimes made that he had been studying
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As was common in the 18th century, personal comfort was sacrificed to perspective. Windows were to adorn the facades, as well as light the interior. Blenheim was designed as a theatre piece both externally and also from the 67 foot (20 m) high great hall, leading to the huge
2158:. Vanbrugh had told his old friend Colley Cibber that he intended in this play to question traditional marriage roles even more radically than in the plays of his youth, and end it with a marriage falling irreconcilably apart. The unfinished manuscript, today available in Vanbrugh's
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landscape. Vanbrugh, in the final stage in his career, was fully liberated from the rules of the architects of a generation earlier. The rustic stonework is used for the entire facade, including on the entrance facade, the pairs of twin columns supporting little more than a stone
1344:"We are informed that Sir John Vanbrugh, in his scheme for new paving the cities of London and Westminster, among other things, proposes a tax on all gentlemen's coaches, to stop all channels in the street, and to carry all the water off by drains and common sewers under ground."
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by 1709, the finishing touches were to continue for much of Vanbrugh's lifetime. The west wing was finally completed after Vanbrugh's death, to an altered design. The acclaim of the work at Castle Howard led to Vanbrugh's most famous commission, architect for Blenheim Palace.
652: – and particularly popular for "his colossal geniality, his great good humour, his easy-going temperament". The Club is best known today as an early 18th-century social gathering point for culturally and politically prominent Whigs, including many artists and writers (
1992:. The 64-year-old Duke now decided to complete the project at his own expense; in 1716 work restarted and Vanbrugh was left to rely entirely upon the means of the Duke of Marlborough himself. Already discouraged and upset by the reception the palace was receiving from the
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see an architecture "unparalleled in England for scale, ostentation, richness, taste and sophistication". He was allowed to return to England in April 1693; once he returned to England he joined the Navy and took part in an unsuccessful naval attack against the French at
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on a charge of espionage (which Downes concludes was trumped-up) in September 1688, two months before William invaded England. Vanbrugh remained in prison in France for four and a half years, albeit in reasonable comfort. In 1691 he requested to be moved from Calais to
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in 1704. Marlborough's reward, from a grateful nation, was to be a splendid country seat, and the Duke himself chose fellow Kit-Cat John Vanbrugh to be the architect. Work began on the palace in 1705, though as Vanbrugh wasn't a trained architect he worked alongside
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to give the great opportunity to him instead. Seizing it, Vanbrugh instigated European baroque's metamorphosis into a subtle, almost understated version that became known as English baroque. Four of Vanbrugh's designs act as milestones for evaluating this process:
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of the great hall, adding to the drama of the building's silhouette, but unlike Vanbrugh's other great houses, no statuary decorates the roof-scape here. The decoration is provided solely by a simple balustrade hiding the roof line, and chimneys disguised as
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in March 1704. In 1725 he sold this office to Knox Ward, and he told a friend he had "got leave to dispose in earnest, of a place I got in jest". His colleagues' opposition to an ill-gotten appointment ought to have been directed to Lord Carlisle, who as
639:
Vanbrugh's London career was diverse and varied, comprising playwriting, architectural design, and attempts to combine these two overarching interests. His overlapping achievements and business ventures were sometimes confusing even to Vanbrugh himself.
450:, Gujarat where his uncle, Edward Pearce, had been Governor. However, Vanbrugh never mentioned this experience in writing. Scholars debate whether evidence of his exposure to Indian architecture can be detected in any of his architectural designs.
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Earl Carlisle to grant the responsibility of architect to him. The design process began in the summer of 1699, before the end of the year the model for Castle Howard was under construction, stone was being quarried and foundations discussed.
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three years before Castle Howard. In the contest for the commission of Castle Howard, the untrained and untried Vanbrugh astonishingly managed to out-charm and out-clubman the professional but less socially adept Talman and to persuade the
2058:, who visited Blenheim Palace in the autumn of 1727, described it as 'a great mass of stone with neither charm nor taste' and thought that if the apartments 'were but as spacious as the walls thick, the house would be commodious enough'.
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Among architects, only Vanbrugh could have taken for his inspiration one of Palladio's masterpieces, and while retaining the humanist values of the building, alter and adapt it, into a unique form of baroque unseen elsewhere in Europe.
1311:, (he was still an Earl at the time) on Christmas Day of that year: 'I have seen most of the great houses in the North, as Ld Nottings (sic): Duke of Leeds Chattesworth (sic) &C.' This itinerary likely included many of the great
2247:) and schools named in his honour. His architectural works have been described as "the architectural equivalent of the heroic play, theatrical, grandiose, a dramatic grouping of restless masses with little reference to function."
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rose to become one of Ireland's greatest architects. His influence in Yorkshire can also be seen in the work of the amateur architect William Wakefield, who designed several buildings in the county that show Vanbrugh's influence.
1861:. However, Seaton Delaval was to be on a much smaller scale. Work began in 1718 and continued for ten years. The building is an advancement on the style of Blenheim, rather than the earlier Castle Howard. The principal block, or
1767:, and each side consists of two bays in which the windows have wide flat surrounds. There are four parapet vases. The steps originally had low flank walls perpendicular to the facade, which were removed in the later remodelling.
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political importance was much greater before it went public in 1700, in calmer and more Whiggish times. Downes proposes a role for an early Kit-Cat grouping in the armed invasion by William of Orange and the Glorious Revolution.
1894:. The twin columns are severe and utilitarian, and yet ornament, as they provide no structural use. This is part of the furtive quality of the baroque of Seaton Delaval: the ornamental appears as a display of strength and mass.
1279:'s grand classical work (1656–61) in the château well. On his release from prison (he was at the Bastille by then) on 22 November 1692 he spent a short time in Paris, there he would have seen much recent architecture including
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described Blenheim as 'uniting in one building the beauty and magnificence of Grecian architecture, the picturesqueness of the Gothic, and the massive grandeur of a castle.' In his fifth Royal Academy lecture of 1810, Sir
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UK. Whilst the house and the majority of the estate buildings are still standing others have been demolished or been heavily altered. Bristol is the only UK city outside London to possess buildings designed by Vanbrugh.
1096:, however, came very close to not being performed at all. The United Company had lost all its senior performers, and had great difficulty in finding and keeping actors of sufficient skills for the large cast required by
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The entrance front, on the southwest, has a centre containing six Corinthian pilasters, with those at each side paired to produce three bays, each of which contains a round arched window. The pediment has a central
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Vanbrugh is remembered today for his vast contribution to British culture, theatre, and architecture. An immediate dramatic legacy was found among his papers after his sudden death, the three-act comedy fragment
473:), but always had to rely on loans and backers. The fact that Giles Vanbrugh had twelve children to support and set up in life may go some way towards explaining the debts that were to plague John all his life.
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Greenwich Palace, Wren's unexecuted design for Greenwich, which like Castle Howard was dominated by a domed centre block, and of course Talman's Chatsworth. A possible inspiration for Castle Howard was also
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at the outset of Vanbrugh's dramatic career, Colley Cibber again became involved, and this time he had last word. Cibber, now a successful actor-manager, completed Vanbrugh's manuscript under the title of
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with the Earl of Carlisle, visited the completed Blenheim as members of the viewing public in 1725, they were refused admission to even enter the park. The palace had been completed by Nicholas Hawksmoor.
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The northeast and northwest facades of Vanbrugh's original design were entirely undecorated, and a consequent lack of popular appeal may be the reason why they were largely destroyed in later remodelling.
1613:. As it was designed as a national monument first and a comfortable family home second, Vanbrugh had many arguments with the Duchess who wanted the Palace to be a comfortable country house for her family,
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Sherwood and Pevsner describe it as set there by Marlborough "like a head on a stake": their quotation marks, and suggesting, although not directly stating, that the description was Marlborough's own.
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Walpole was not as complimentary of Blenheim, describing it as 'execrable within, without & almost all round' and went on 'a quarry of stone that looked at a distance like a great house'. In 1773
1698:, all designed on an axis with the 134 foot (41 m) high column of victory in the grounds, with the trees planted in the battle positions of Marlborough's soldiers. Over the south portico (
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Nicholas Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh's friend and collaborator on so many projects continued to design many London churches for ten years after Vanbrugh's death. Vanbrugh's pupil and cousin the architect
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Quarterly, (1 & 4) gules, on a fess or 3 barrulets vert, in chief a demi-lion argent issuing from the fess (Vanbrugh); (2 & 3) argent, on a bend sable 3 voided lozenges argent (Carleton).
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wrote in his 13th Discourse '...in the buildings of Vanbrugh, who was a poet as well as an architect, there is a greater display of imagination, than we shall find perhaps in any other.' In 1796
1104:, did turn out a tremendous success that saved the company, not least by virtue of Colley Cibber again bringing down the house with his second impersonation of Lord Foppington. "This play (the
1132:, and adapted to the greater acting skills of the rebels. Vanbrugh had good reason to offer his second play to the new company, which had got off to a brilliant start by premièring Congreve's
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subplot, Vanbrugh provides the more traditional Restoration attraction of an overly well-dressed and exquisite fop, Lord Foppington, a brilliant re-creation of Cibber's Sir Novelty Fashion in
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had been robustly phrased to be suitable for amateurs and minor acting talents, he could count on versatile professionals like Thomas Betterton, Elizabeth Barry, and the rising young star
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Vanbrugh's prompt success as an architect can be attributed to his friendships with the influential of the day. No less than five of his architectural patrons were fellow members of the
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between two flanking wings. At Seaton Delaval the wings have a centre projection of three bays, crowned by pediment, either side of which are 7 bays of sash windows above a ground floor
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of the service block, it has been described as resembling an impregnable entrance to a walled city. The gate, its tapering walls creating an illusion of greater height, also serves as
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had this to say about Castle Howard: "great play & charm in Hall. I could not leave it. Vast effect, movement in staircases &c. good effect of long passages on entering."
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of Blenheim Palace and producing a 'castle air'. It is square in shape and open on the northeast. The current structure is the result of a rebuilding in 1968, using Bath Stone.
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The precise reasons and motivations behind Vanbrugh's change in career remain unclear, but the decision was sudden enough even to be remarked upon by commentators of his time:
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40,000 a year in trade from Barbados, throws a new light on Vanbrugh's social background, one rather different from the picture of a backstreet Chester sweetshop as painted by
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versions, but as such, they remained popular. Throughout Colley Cibber's long and successful acting career, audiences continued to demand to see him as Lord Foppington in
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Though Vanbrugh is best known in connection with stately houses, the parlous state of London's 18th-century streets did not escape his attention. It was reported in the
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in February 1692. This raised the profile of his case once more, finally prompting his release in November of the same year, in an exchange of political prisoners.
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husband, and the perfect wife is celebrated and rewarded in a climactic finale where the cheating husband kneels to her and expresses the depth of his repentance.
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remain controversial. On 21 June 1703 the obsolete office of Carlisle Herald was revived for Vanbrugh. This appointment was followed by a promotion to the post of
3291:"Warrant Books: April 1713, 1-15 Pages 169-184 Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 27, 1713. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1955"
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The pediment over the south portico is a complete break from the convention. The flat top is decorated by a trophy bearing the marble bust of Louis XIV looted by
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1009:, had a final scene that to Vanbrugh's critical mind demanded a sequel, and even though it was his first play he threw himself into the fray by providing it.
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1966:, the parliamentary treasurer, appointed Vanbrugh, and outlined his remit. Sadly, nowhere did this warrant mention Queen, or Crown. This error provided the
1901:-roofed portico. Here the slight fluting of the stone columns seems almost excessive ornament. As at Blenheim, the central block is dominated by the raised
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below) and hoped to improve the chances of legitimate theatre in London. Theatre was under threat from more colourful types of entertainment such as opera,
446:("Vanbrugh's Lost Years", 3 September 1999) that Vanbrugh was in India for part of this period, working for the East India Company at their trading post in
298:. His architectural work was as bold and daring as his early political activism and marriage-themed plays, and jarred conservative opinions on the subject.
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The picture of a well-connected youth is reinforced by the fact that Vanbrugh in January 1686 took up an officer's commission in his distant relative the
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You have your end Madam, for I will never trouble you more Unless the Duke of Marlborough recovers so far, to shelter me from such intolerable Treatment.
1260:, in this quote, suggests that Vanbrugh had no previous training in, nor studied architecture, but applied himself to the discipline whole-heartedly.
1138:, the greatest London box-office success for years. The actors' cooperative boasted the established star performers of the age, and Vanbrugh tailored
2005:, completed the work in perfect imitation of the greater masters, so perhaps there was fault and intransigence on both sides in this famed argument.
424:, and their coats of arms can be traced in three out of four cases, revealing that Vanbrugh was of gentle descent (Jacobson, of Antwerp and London ;
400:. Sugar refining would normally have been combined with sugar trading, which was a lucrative business. Downes' example of one sugar baker's house in
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2001:, refused to work for the lower rates paid by the Marlboroughs. The craftsmen brought in by the Duchess, under the guidance of furniture designer
852:, York, aged 26 to his 55. In spite of the age difference, this was by all accounts a happy marriage, which produced two sons. Unlike that of the
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were designed to be overpowering and magnificent displays, rather than warm, or comfortable. Cosy, middle class comfort was not the intention at
1865:, containing, as at Blenheim and Castle Howard, the principal state and living room, forms the centre of a three-sided court. Towers crowned by
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1455:, often described as England's first truly baroque building. The baroque style at Castle Howard is the most European that Vanbrugh ever used.
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of the building was of equal, if not greater, importance than the interior layout. In every aspect of the house, subtlety was the keyword.
1597:, but a national monument. Consequently, the light baroque style used at Castle Howard would have been unsuitable for what is in effect a
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abound, and galleries linked by soaring arches give the impression of an opera stage-set – doubtless the intention of the architect.
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said that 'By studying his works the artist will acquire a bold flight of irregular fancy', calling him 'the Shakespeare of architects'.
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The arcade formed by linking the chimneys, which rises above the roof, is a notable external feature of the building, reminiscent of the
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and temptations, while a London wife drives her patient husband to despair with her gambling and her consorting with the demi-monde of
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and historian, although the appointment was "incongruous", he was "possibly the most distinguished man who has ever worn a herald's
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Barker (by whom Vanbrugh's mother had the first of her twenty children, Vanbrugh's elder half-sister, Elizabeth), and daughter of
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been built. Though the only decoration is the rustication on the Doric temple's pilasters, a remarkably rich effect is achieved.
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Cordner, Michael. "Playwright versus priest: profanity and the wit of Restoration comedy". In Deborah Payne Fisk (ed.) (2000),
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Blenheim, the largest non-royal domestic building in England, consists of three blocks, the centre containing the living and
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of the flanking wings, the heavy stonework and intricate recesses all create light and shade which is ornament in itself.
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in 1709, weighing 30 tons. The positioning of the bust was an innovative new design in the decoration of a pediment.
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for the palace, thus confounding those of Vanbrugh's critics, such as the Duchess, who accused him of impracticability.
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Work on each of these projects overlapped with that on the next, providing a natural progression of thoughts and style.
1128:, followed soon after, performed by the rebel actors' company. This play is different in tone from the largely farcical
626:. At some point in the mid-1690s, it is not known exactly when, he exchanged army life for London and the London stage.
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p753, The Dictionary of Biographical Quotations, Justin Wintle & Richard Kenin (eds), 1978, Routledge & K. Paul
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The day after the Queen's death the Marlboroughs returned, and were reinstated in favour at the court of the new King
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background, and writes that a 19th-century suggestion that Giles Vanbrugh was a sugar-baker has been misunderstood. "
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and 18th century society, not only by the sexual explicitness of his plays, but also by their messages in defence of
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was almost disguised: a recess or a pillar was not placed for support, but to create a play of light or shadow. The
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leading from the main entrance block to the flanking wings, its centre crowned by a great domed tower complete with
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in Chester, though no records of his being a scholar there survive. Another candidate would have been the school at
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1108:)", writes Cibber in his autobiography forty years later, "from its new and easy Turn of Wit, had great Success".
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1819:, it replaced the existing house on the site. It is possible that the design of Seaton Delaval was influenced by
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The great court, and state entrance to the palace. The Duchess of Marlborough felt the building was extravagant.
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504:. Carlisle's grandmother, Lady Anne Howard, Countess of Carlisle, was first cousin to the 3rd Earl of Berkshire
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page 16, Sir John Vanbrugh The Playwright as Architect, Frank McCormick, 1991, Pennsylvania State University,
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to appeal simultaneously to rakish and respectable Londoners, it worked: the play was a great box-office hit.
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As an architect (or surveyor, as the term then was) Vanbrugh is thought to have had no formal training (see "
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In a letter dated 10 March 1740, the German Jacob Friedrich, Baron Bielfeld had this to say about Vanbrugh:
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on each floor filled the central space between two shallow projections. Perhaps to improve the view down to
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during years of imprisonment in France affected him is hard to gauge, in April 1691 he was transferred to
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1654:. Vanbrugh cunningly slightly tapered the sides to create an illusion of even greater height and drama.
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246:(1697), which have become enduring stage favourites but originally occasioned much controversy. He was
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The interiors are extremely dramatic, the Great Hall rising 80 feet (24 m) into the cupola.
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Vanbrugh's family background and youth have been relayed down the centuries as hearsay and anecdote.
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1989:
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In 1698, Vanbrugh's argumentative and sexually frank plays were singled out for special attention by
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designed by Vanbrugh in the earliest stages of his career. A Grade I listed building, and formerly a
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In 1703, Vanbrugh started buying land and signing backers for the construction of a new theatre, the
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From 1686, Vanbrugh was working undercover, playing a role in bringing about the armed invasion by
343:. It was also not uncommon for boys to be sent to study at school away from home, or with a tutor.
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The likewise severe, but perfectly proportioned, garden facade has at its centre a four-columned,
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The design concept Vanbrugh drew up was similar to that employed at Castle Howard and Blenheim: a
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As a result of these arguments Vanbrugh resigned before the palace was completed in November 1716.
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as 'Ugly and clumsy enough to have been the work of Vanbrugh if it had been in England.' In 1772
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I made Mr. Vanbrugh my enemy by the constant disputes I had with him to prevent his extravagance
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and his associate William Congreve. It was intended for the use of an actors' cooperative (see
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one to be buried alive; in short I have seen gigantic places before, but never a sublime one.'
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1930:. In 1702, through the influence of Charles Howard, Earl of Carlisle, Vanbrugh was appointed
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1352:, which had been spreading across Europe during the 17th century, promoted by, among others,
994:, often played the comic half of a contrasted tragic/comic heroine pair with Elizabeth Barry.
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Walpole's Letter to George Selwyn; The Letters ed. Mrs Paget Toynbee, VIII, 1904 p. 193
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page 48, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale university Press,
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page 7, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale University Press,
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page 6, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale University Press,
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218:; 24 January 1664 (baptised) – 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and
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Boswell's London Journal, 1762–1763 (Yale Editions of the Private Papers of James Boswell)
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Vanbrugh is commemorated throughout Britain, by inns, street names, a university college (
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Vanbrugh was in many senses a radical throughout his life. As a young man and a committed
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Hart, Vaughan (2003). '"A Pretty Impudent Countenance": John Vanbrugh's Seaton Delaval',
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its size and proportions led to it being called, unflatteringly, a 'goose-pie' by Swift.
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867:" on 26 March 1726, in the modest town house designed by him in 1703 out of the ruins of
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pages 63–64, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson,
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of 1688. He thus demonstrates an intense early identification with the Whig cause of
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page 59, The Life and Work of C.R. Cockerell, David Watkin, 1974, A. Zewemmer Ltd,
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2877:"Vanbrugh Castle - Greenwich - Greater London - England - British Listed Buildings"
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facades and similar demilune windows over a non-porticoed entrance. Even the large
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in the months he spent as a prisoner there he would have got to know the architect
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883:(then not considered part of London at all) in the house on Maze Hill now known as
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Vanbrugh's own first and second cousins included Sir Humphrey Ferrers (1652–1678),
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page 76, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson,
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page 16, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson,
488:(1639–1686). His wife (from 1673) was Vanbrugh's first-cousin, Dorothy née Ferrers
469:, Vanbrugh never seemed to possess any capital for business ventures (such as the
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3983:, vols 1–5 (ed. Bonamy Dobrée and Geoffrey Webb). Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press.
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in marriage. He was attacked on both counts, and was one of the prime targets of
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monument and celebration of victory, and that is what Vanbrugh gave the nation.
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It appears that the early drawings of the design for Castle Howard were made by
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but to the owner of a sugar house, a factory for the refining of raw sugar from
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Regarding the commission, William Talman, an already established architect and
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3886:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 880–881.
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Architectural Library, Soane Case 153, Lecture, V, January 1810, folios 50–51
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The qualities of the building are best illustrated by the massive East Gate (
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and her government, and is directly responsible for his subsequent success.
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Throughout the Georgian period reaction to Vanbrugh's architecture varied.
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Castle Howard, but also past the more severe but still decorated Blenheim.
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Vanbrugh's northwest facade consisted of a single flat surface, in which a
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4th Earl of Chesterfield to his son: Letters ed. B. Dobree, VI 1932, p2786
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Architectural Library, Soane Case 153, Lecture, V, January 1810, folio 52
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performance, Sir Novelty delighted the audiences. In the serious part of
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has shown in his well-researched modern biography (1987) that even the
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Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln's Inn Fields 1695—1708
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to the balustrading of the low towers. The massing of the stone, the
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Sir John Soane: Enlightenment Thought and the Royal Academy Lectures
2051:, but his grave is unmarked and the above epitaph is as yet unused.
516:(1634–1714). His Countess was the Earl of Arran's sister. His uncle
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University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
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1827:(sometimes known as "La Malcontenta"), built circa 1555. Both have
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Some of Vanbrugh's kinsmen – as he addressed them in his letters:
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Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage
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The King's Theatre, 1704–1867: London's First Italian Opera House
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The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh and Farquhar.
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1970:
for the state when the costs and political infighting escalated.
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1885:, the austerity and solidity of Seaton Delaval firmly belongs in
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give the house something of what Vanbrugh called his castle air.
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1662:, and two flanking rectangular wings both built around a central
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Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage
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Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage
120:
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The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century
2758:(who, as he points out, "was never inclined to generosity") and
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became, after being an iconic role for Thomas Betterton, one of
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The often-repeated claim that Vanbrugh wrote part of his comedy
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The English Factories in India, 1655–1660, William Foster, 1921
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a dimension that at least some critics are willing to consider
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Politically, the Club promoted the Whig objectives of a strong
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already greatly impure, left it disgusting and often odious'.
1938:, which he let out. In 1703, he was appointed commissioner of
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Seaton Delaval Hall – central block viewed from the north
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treated as an important part of English heritage, it became a
848:(since rebuilt), Vanbrugh married Henrietta Maria Yarburgh of
703:, a limited monarchy, resistance to France, and primarily the
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269:. In his career as a playwright, he offended many sections of
4027:. Use with caution, this is an abridged and bowdlerised text.
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2527:. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. p. 124
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of his plays, Vanbrugh's personal life was without scandal.
798:." In May 1706 Lord Halifax and Vanbrugh – representing the
3801:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.
3777:
Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968
895:
Boys' School, it is today divided into private apartments.
526:(1650–1701). Vanbrugh's mother was his (half) third cousin.
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3053:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. 1850. p. 142.
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From a bridge of 3 arches reversed or, a demi-lion argent.
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In spite of the distant noble relatives and the lucrative
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2595:(4th ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
2593:
A biographical dictionary of British architects 1600–1840
892:
857:
739:, designed by himself and managed by Vanbrugh along with
198:
43:
3988:
Sir John Vanbrugh, Architect & Dramatist, 1664–1726.
2970:"The Castle Howard Story: The Building of Castle Howard"
3536:"Reviews – A Journey to London (Orange Tree, Richmond)"
1466:
Castle Howard, with its immense corridors in segmental
1360:. The first baroque country house built in England was
692:
who gave Vanbrugh several architectural commissions at
510:(1640–1707). His Duchess was the Earl of Arran's sister
3953:
The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre
2992:
2521:
Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne (1923).
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
556:
520:
married Lettice Ferrers, aunt of the Countess of Arran
384:
is sceptical of earlier historians' claims of a lower
3934:
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
1593:
Blenheim Palace was conceived to be not only a grand
1531:
The house was demolished in 1898 to make way for the
969:
who brought depth to Lady Brute in Vanbrugh's comedy
940:. Betterton's acting ability was lavishly praised by
201:
3641:(2nd Revised ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
3262:"National Trust for Scotland: Demolish and preserve"
2810:, ed. G. Webb, Volume 4: The letters (1928), p. 170.
265:
on the throne. He was imprisoned by the French as a
207:
204:
195:
3604:
Sir John Vanbrugh and the End of Restoration Comedy
2398:
1295:and detail and his close working relationship with
192:
3756:
3576:"Clarenceux King of Arms | British History Online"
2754:), p.39; Saumarez Smith quotes strong praise from
879:". His married life, however, was mostly spent at
3825:Sherwood, Jennifer and Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974)
3763:. London: Charles Whittingham and Co. p. 338
3689:Downes, Kerry. "Vanbrugh, Sir John (1664–1726)".
3402:Walpole's letter to George Montagu, 20 May 1736;
3158:
3156:
1150:to do justice to characters of depth and nuance.
4913:
1267:" above). To what extent Vanbrugh's exposure to
1040:, wifely patience is tried by an out-of-control
4987:17th-century English dramatists and playwrights
3792:Sir John Vanbrugh: The Playwright as Architect.
3146:
3144:
777:Vanbrugh's introduction and advancement in the
648:A committed Whig, Vanbrugh was a member of the
565:Sketch of the infamous French state prison the
30:"Vanbrugh" redirects here. For other uses, see
3740:, London and New Haven: Yale University Press.
3470:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996;
3325:"Great British Architects: Nicholas Hawksmoor"
3153:
1451:, commissioned Vanbrugh in 1699 to design his
1264:
436:architecture in France (stated as fact in the
412:in 1840 and reflected in many later accounts.
392:" implies wealth, as the term refers not to a
4125:
3757:Lowe, Robert William; Cibber, Colley (1889).
3191:
3189:
2483:
363:
3760:An apology for the life of Mr. Colley Cibber
3695:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3141:
2208:were only considered possible to perform in
530:Vanbrugh's younger brothers, Charles MP and
301:
294:career, he created what came to be known as
3655:
2729:
2727:
2667:
2665:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
1921:
614:dramatists and the architecture of France.
230:. He wrote two argumentative and outspoken
4132:
4118:
3186:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2261:
1211:
606:, leading to his eventual transfer to the
370:
356:
54:
3779:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3678:, vol. 1. Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press.
3225:
3223:
2643:Harrison of Hurst, Harrison of Beech Hill
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2454:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T087787
1555:) shows the unique severe towering stone
1247:Van's genius, without thought or lecture,
1161:is something as unusual as a Restoration
569:in Paris, where Vanbrugh was incarcerated
331:of 1666. It is possible that he attended
257:, he was part of the scheme to overthrow
3955:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3908:
3866:
3847:
3811:. London: Society for Theatre research.
3658:At Home: A Short History of Private Life
3428:
2724:
2662:
2539:
2493:. Oxford University Press. p. 797.
2411:
2183:
2141:
1972:
1844:
1815:Built between 1718 and 1728 for Admiral
1704:
1637:
1542:
1457:
1432:
980:
957:
926:
904:
828:
719:
715:
560:
222:, perhaps best known as the designer of
5007:English male dramatists and playwrights
3804:
3738:Sir John Vanbrugh: Storyteller in Stone
3692:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3676:The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh
3674:Dobrée, Bonamy (1927). Introduction to
3636:
3533:
3406:ed. Peter Cunningham, I, 1906 p. 6
2808:The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh
2352:
1677:The suite of state rooms placed on the
1309:Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester
14:
4914:
4139:
3854:. Oxford University Press. p. 430
3368:, Kerry Downes, 1977, A. Zwemmer Ltd,
3220:
3120:Sherwood and Pevsner, pp. 459–60.
2874:
2590:
2557:
2439:
2383:Berkowitz, "Preface"; McCormick, p. 4.
2200:On the 18th-century stage, Vanbrugh's
2029:Dead Sir John Vanbrugh's house of clay
1789:
1029:Love's Last Shift, Or, Virtue Rewarded
1027:Colley Cibber's notorious tear-jerker
772:
744:
341:Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon
4113:
3890:
3617:
3432:The Discourses of Sir Joshua Reynolds
2490:The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture
2149:for Vanbrugh at his home in Greenwich
2043:Vanbrugh was buried in the church of
1729:
915:Love's Last Shift, or Virtue Rewarded
824:
492:The 3rd Earl of Berkshire (1619–1706)
2074:described the Roman amphitheatre at
1445:Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle
1111:
551:Sir Orlando Bridgeman Bt (1650–1701)
3204:Sherwood and Pevsner, pp. 466.
2846:"Greenwich Guide - Vanbrugh Castle"
2641:The Visitation of Berkshire 1665–66
1642:Vanbrugh's monumental East Gate at
1516:
1299:. Hawksmoor, a former clerk of Sir
1124:Vanbrugh's second original comedy,
690:Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham
643:
557:Political activism and the Bastille
24:
4797:John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester
3945:
3775:Mallgrave, Harry Francis. (2005).
3688:
3606:, Editions Rodopi (January 1981),
3435:. James Carpenter. pp. 237–38
3111:Sherwood and Pevsner, p. 460.
2902:"Theatre Royal Drury Lane, London"
1934:. This entitled him to a house at
1538:
25:
5033:
5022:English people of Flemish descent
3994:
3637:Boswell, James (11 August 2004).
3355:(The Folio Society, 1950), p.160.
2626:Architecture in Britain 1530–1830
1252:Is hugely turn'd to architecture.
1064:The Relapse, Or, Virtue in Danger
919:The Relapse, or, Virtue in Danger
69:National Portrait Gallery, London
4255:
4017:
3919:Dictionary of National Biography
3733:, vol.7 no.3/4, pp. 311–23.
3731:Architectural Research Quarterly
2746:(London: Faber and Faber, 1990;
2335:Dictionary of National Biography
2025:Under this stone, reader, survey
1422:
1348:Vanbrugh's chosen style was the
1269:contemporary French architecture
543:Sir Herbert Croft Bt (1652–1720)
438:Dictionary of National Biography
188:
5002:English people of Dutch descent
4997:17th-century English architects
4092:Comptroller of the King's Works
3685:. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
3568:
3559:
3550:
3527:
3511:
3502:
3485:
3460:
3447:
3422:
3409:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3358:
3345:
3317:
3308:
3283:
3254:
3207:
3198:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3066:
3057:
3041:
3025:
2941:
2925:
2916:
2894:
2868:
2838:
2829:
2813:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2736:
2715:
2699:
2683:
2674:
2646:
2631:
2618:
2609:
2584:
2575:
2316:
2170:and half-pay officers. As with
2034:Lie heavy on him, Earth! For he
2020:suggested this as his epitaph:
1932:Comptroller of the King's Works
1503:Comptroller of the King's Works
27:English architect and dramatist
4977:Burials at St Stephen Walbrook
3904:. Vol. 24 (9th ed.).
2514:
2477:
2433:
2417:
2377:
2368:
2304:List of works by John Vanbrugh
2256:Coat of arms of John Vanbrugh
2188:The role of Sir John Brute in
2082:described Castle Howard thus:
2038:Laid many heavy loads on thee!
1838:at Villa Foscari hints at the
1670:, and the other the kitchens,
1289:east wing of the Louvre Palace
1168:
1012:
629:
476:
13:
1:
3958:Cropplestone, Trewin (1963).
3683:Sir John Vanbrugh:A Biography
3596:
2744:The Building of Castle Howard
2395:Robert Chambers, Book of Days
1142:to their specialities. While
898:
547:Sir Roger Cave Bt (1655–1703)
4942:English landscape architects
4284:The Adventures of Five Hours
4276:The Cutter of Coleman Street
3844:. London: Thames and Hudson.
3726:. London: Thames and Hudson.
3709:UK public library membership
2881:britishlistedbuildings.co.uk
2346:
1237:
514:The 2nd Earl of Chesterfield
7:
4096:1702 – 1726
4025:Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife
4016:(public domain audiobooks)
3986:Whistler, Laurence (1938).
3965:Dal Lago, Adalbert (1966).
3851:The Poems of Jonathan Swift
3724:Cultural History of England
3556:Mallgrave 2005, p. 47.
3538:. The British Theatre Guide
2297:
1601:. It is in truth more of a
1437:Vanbrugh's south facade of
1085:(Sir Novelty has simply in
917:inspired Vanbrugh to write
593:, Vanbrugh was arrested at
549:and Cave's sister, wife of
10:
5038:
4937:English Baroque architects
4596:The Marriage-Hater Matched
3873:"Vanbrugh, Sir John"
3750:Hunt, Leigh (ed.) (1840).
3747:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2216:, while Sir John Brute in
1954:, particularly wanted Sir
1793:
1733:
1646:is more the entrance to a
1562:
1520:
1426:
1285:Collège des Quatre-Nations
1117:
846:St Lawrence's Church, York
524:The 7th Earl of Huntingdon
91:24 January 1664 (baptised)
29:
5017:Prisoners of the Bastille
4992:17th-century male writers
4884:Restoration of Charles II
4805:
4754:
4726:
4264:
4253:
4147:
4098:
4089:
4081:
4076:
3969:. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri.
3848:Williams, Harold (1958).
3790:McCormick, Frank (1991).
3620:The work of John Vanbrugh
3580:www.british-history.ac.uk
3455:Essays on the Picturesque
3429:Reynolds, Joshua (1842).
3164:"A History of the Palace"
2137:
1625:illustration, below, left
1447:, a fellow member of the
634:
538:, were naval commanders.
443:Times Literary Supplement
302:Early life and background
177:
147:
143:
135:
127:
105:
80:
53:
41:
32:Vanbrugh (disambiguation)
4967:Architects from Cheshire
4947:English officers of arms
3805:Nalbach, Daniel (1972).
3797:Milhous, Judith (1979).
3743:Hume, Robert D. (1976).
3722:Halliday, E. E. (1967).
3618:Beard, Geoffery (1986).
3478:), p. 338, quoting
2904:. London Theatre Tickets
2742:Charles Saumarez Smith,
2487:; Wilson, Susan (2015).
2309:
2132:Charles Robert Cockerell
2099:in the preface to their
1958:. However, eventually a
1950:Duchess, the formidable
1922:Architectural reputation
1842:of Seaton's great hall.
1559:ornamenting the skyline.
1462:Temple of the Four Winds
1062:Vanbrugh's witty sequel
724:The Queen's Theatre, by
498:The 3rd Earl of Carlisle
404:, estimated to bring in
380:Architectural historian
319:, Surrey. He grew up in
4957:People from Westminster
4500:A Commonwealth of Women
3979:Vanbrugh, John (1927).
3972:Harlin, Robert (1969).
3901:Encyclopædia Britannica
3883:Encyclopædia Britannica
3497:Sir John Soane's Museum
3480:Sir John Soane's Museum
3279:(subscription required)
2591:Colvin, Howard (2007).
2329:Encyclopædia Britannica
2250:
2016:After Vanbrugh's death
1553:"Vanbrugh's castle air"
1533:Old War Office Building
1395:, commissioned in 1704;
1385:, commissioned in 1699;
1212:Changing audience taste
887:, a miniature Scottish
783:Clarenceux King of Arms
587:parliamentary democracy
426:Carleton of Imber Court
4972:Architects from London
4889:Second Anglo-Dutch War
4708:The Recruiting Officer
4308:She Would If She Could
4010:Works by John Vanbrugh
4001:Works by John Vanbrugh
3840:Watkin, David (1979).
3736:Hart, Vaughan (2008).
3719:. Oxford: Alden Press.
3701:10.1093/ref:odnb/28058
3681:Downes, Kerry (1987).
3602:Berkowitz, Gerald M.,
3565:Halliday, p. 187.
3534:Thaxter, John (2005).
3457:(1798) II, p. 252
3364:Appendix M, page 275,
3295:British History Online
2850:greenwich-guide.org.uk
2440:Downes, Kerry (2003).
2224:'s most famous roles.
2197:
2150:
2110:
2089:
2068:
2041:
1981:
1850:
1718:
1655:
1560:
1463:
1441:
1346:
995:
976:
953:
922:
841:
809:– led a delegation to
728:
570:
508:The Duke of Devonshire
4612:The Canterbury Guests
4532:The Squire of Alsatia
4420:Friendship in Fashion
3976:. London: Condé Nast.
3715:Green, David (1982).
3495:p. 337, quoting
3419:p 1 footnote 1 (1773)
3417:Works in Architecture
2448:. Oxford Art Online.
2196:'s most famous roles.
2187:
2145:
2105:
2101:Works in Architecture
2084:
2063:
2022:
2013:the field of battle.
1976:
1848:
1708:
1641:
1573:forces defeated King
1571:Duke of Marlborough's
1546:
1461:
1436:
1342:
1340:of 16 March 1722–23:
984:
961:
930:
908:
863:Vanbrugh died "of an
832:
723:
716:The Haymarket theatre
564:
430:Croft of Croft Castle
4874:Lincoln's Inn Fields
4716:The Beaux' Stratagem
4700:The Careless Husband
4676:The Way of the World
3842:English Architecture
3656:Bill Bryson (2010).
3351:Desmond Flower(ed),
3236:World Heritage Sites
3063:Downes, pp. 193–204.
2789:Milhous, p. 194
2442:"Vanbrugh, Sir John"
2237:Edward Lovett Pearce
2178:The Provoked Husband
1936:Hampton Court Palace
1273:Château de Vincennes
934:, Sir John Brute in
765:business in 1708 to
682:Thomas Pelham-Holles
577:, the deposition of
455:Earl of Huntingdon's
232:Restoration comedies
4962:Artists from London
4952:People from Chester
4668:The Constant Couple
4548:The Fortune Hunters
4524:A Fool's Preferment
4460:The London Cuckolds
4300:The Mulberry-Garden
4292:The Comical Revenge
4064:Seaton Delaval Hall
3937:, 1910 – via
3333:. 13 September 2009
3074:"Journal to Stella"
2856:on 29 November 2009
2628:(Yale 1993) p. 252.
2257:
2156:A Journey to London
2045:St Stephen Walbrook
1801:Seaton Delaval Hall
1796:Seaton Delaval Hall
1790:Seaton Delaval Hall
1724:World Heritage Site
1666:: one contains the
1581:, a village on the
1547:The West facade of
1409:Seaton Delaval Hall
1315:houses, including:
815:Order of the Garter
807:Sir Henry St George
803:Garter King of Arms
788:Deputy Earl Marshal
773:The College of Arms
670:Duke of Marlborough
583:Glorious Revolution
536:Newfoundland Colony
518:Ferdinando Stanhope
309:Sir Dudley Carleton
160:Seaton Delaval Hall
4356:Marriage à la mode
4324:Sir Solomon Single
4141:Restoration comedy
4059:Kings Weston House
3981:The Complete Works
3960:World Architecture
3929:Vanbrugh, Sir John
3896:Vanbrugh, Sir John
3829:(London: Penguin;
3353:Voltaire's England
2824:Heralds of England
2581:Downes, pp. 32–33.
2255:
2198:
2151:
1982:
1940:Greenwich Hospital
1851:
1741:Kings Weston House
1736:Kings Weston House
1730:Kings Weston House
1719:
1656:
1588:Nicholas Hawksmoor
1561:
1511:Nicholas Hawksmoor
1492:Corinthian columns
1464:
1442:
1399:Kings Weston House
1297:Nicholas Hawksmoor
996:
977:
954:
952:and Colley Cibber.
923:
842:
825:Marriage and death
729:
686:Sir Robert Walpole
678:Earl of Burlington
571:
267:political prisoner
172:Kings Weston House
164:Grimsthorpe Castle
4909:
4908:
4823:Comedy of manners
4684:Sir Harry Wildair
4660:Love and a Bottle
4636:Love's Last Shift
4556:The English Friar
4468:Sir Barnaby Whigg
4452:The Woman Captain
4316:An Evening's Love
4247:William Wycherley
4162:Susanna Centlivre
4108:
4107:
4099:Succeeded by
4005:Project Gutenberg
3818:978-0-85-430003-7
3707:(Subscription or
3667:978-0-385-61917-2
3648:978-0-7486-2146-0
3629:978-0-7134-4678-4
3612:978-90-6203-503-8
3231:"Blenheim Palace"
3084:on 13 August 2014
3050:Notes and Queries
3037:978-0-300-11929-9
2953:978-0-300-11929-9
2937:978-0-300-11929-9
2760:Lord Chesterfield
2602:978-0-300-12508-5
2463:978-1-884446-05-4
2446:Oxford Art Online
2295:
2294:
2218:The Provoked Wife
2190:The Provoked Wife
2127:Sir Robert Smirke
1964:Earl of Godolphin
1700:illustrated right
1228:Love's Last Shift
1159:The Provoked Wife
1154:The Provoked Wife
1140:The Provoked Wife
1126:The Provoked Wife
1120:The Provoked Wife
1113:The Provoked Wife
1083:Love's Last Shift
1068:Love's Last Shift
1048:Love's Last Shift
1038:Love's Last Shift
1023:Love's Last Shift
1007:Love's Last Shift
991:The Provoked Wife
972:The Provoked Wife
965:was a celebrated
937:The Provoked Wife
871:and satirised by
746:The Provoked Wife
619:The Provoked Wife
575:William of Orange
486:The Earl of Arran
471:Haymarket Theatre
337:Ashby-de-la-Zouch
333:The King's School
243:The Provoked Wife
184:Sir John Vanbrugh
181:
180:
16:(Redirected from
5029:
5012:Knights Bachelor
4818:Chocolate houses
4806:Related articles
4787:James II and VII
4620:The Married Beau
4580:The Wives Excuse
4564:Sir Anthony Love
4508:Sir Courtly Nice
4388:The Plain-Dealer
4372:Love in the Dark
4364:The Country Wife
4259:
4227:Thomas Southerne
4172:William Congreve
4134:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4082:Preceded by
4074:
4073:
4021:
4020:
3941:
3923:
3910:Seccombe, Thomas
3905:
3887:
3875:
3868:Seccombe, Thomas
3863:
3861:
3859:
3822:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3712:
3704:
3671:
3652:
3633:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3531:
3525:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3489:
3483:
3464:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3268:. 12 August 2010
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3227:
3218:
3217:pp. 459–60.
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3174:on 27 April 2010
3170:. Archived from
3160:
3151:
3148:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3080:. Archived from
3070:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3009:. Archived from
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2980:on 15 April 2010
2976:. Archived from
2966:
2955:
2945:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2852:. Archived from
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2703:
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2588:
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2536:
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2511:
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2415:
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2384:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2340:
2320:
2265:
2258:
2254:
1999:Grinling Gibbons
1956:Christopher Wren
1590:on the project.
1517:Vanbrugh's House
1415:, begun in 1718.
1405:, begun in 1712;
1371:Earl of Carlisle
1362:Chatsworth House
1305:Kimbolton Castle
1301:Christopher Wren
1182:The False Friend
1148:Anne Bracegirdle
1090:smart" (Hume ).
1042:Restoration rake
986:Anne Bracegirdle
932:Thomas Betterton
869:Whitehall Palace
741:Thomas Betterton
654:William Congreve
644:The Kit-Cat Club
372:
365:
358:
327:in 1665, or the
325:plague in London
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
112:
90:
88:
65:kit-cat portrait
58:
39:
38:
21:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5026:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4801:
4777:Marquis de Sade
4750:
4722:
4692:The Lying Lover
4652:The Campaigners
4484:City Politiques
4436:Tunbridge Wells
4396:The Man of Mode
4380:The Country Wit
4260:
4251:
4242:George Villiers
4222:Thomas Shadwell
4192:George Farquhar
4187:George Etherege
4143:
4138:
4104:
4095:
4087:
4069:Vanbrugh Castle
4054:Blenheim Palace
4040:Colley Cibber,
4031:Colley Cibber,
4018:
3997:
3974:Historic Houses
3948:
3946:Further reading
3926:
3922:. Vol. 58.
3892:Watts, Theodore
3857:
3855:
3819:
3766:
3764:
3717:Blenheim Palace
3706:
3668:
3649:
3630:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3493:Sir John Soane,
3490:
3486:
3465:
3461:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3168:Blenheim Palace
3162:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3078:Vanbrug's House
3072:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3007:Blenheim Palace
3001:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2946:
2942:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2835:Williams, p.109
2834:
2830:
2826:. 1967, p. 326.
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2704:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2558:
2553:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2438:
2434:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2300:
2253:
2160:Collected Works
2140:
2114:Joshua Reynolds
2036:
2032:
2027:
1978:Blenheim Palace
1952:Sarah Churchill
1924:
1798:
1792:
1780:Venetian window
1738:
1732:
1644:Blenheim Palace
1567:
1565:Blenheim Palace
1549:Blenheim Palace
1541:
1539:Blenheim Palace
1525:
1523:Goose-Pie House
1519:
1481:Vaux-le-Vicomte
1431:
1425:
1389:Blenheim Palace
1383:North Yorkshire
1329:Bolsover Castle
1240:
1214:
1198:The Confederacy
1190:Squire Trelooby
1171:
1122:
1116:
1017:
998:
997:
978:
963:Elizabeth Barry
955:
924:
901:
885:Vanbrugh Castle
850:Heslington Hall
834:Vanbrugh Castle
827:
779:College of Arms
775:
757:(introduced by
733:Queen's Theatre
718:
674:Charles Seymour
662:Godfrey Kneller
646:
637:
632:
559:
500:(1669–1738) of
479:
394:maker of sweets
378:
377:
376:
350:
348:
304:
296:English Baroque
224:Blenheim Palace
191:
187:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
152:Blenheim Palace
123:
114:
110:
101:
92:
86:
84:
76:
61:Godfrey Kneller
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5035:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4982:Male feminists
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:Jeremy Collier
4764:
4758:
4756:
4755:Related people
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4604:The Volunteers
4600:
4592:
4588:Greenwich Park
4584:
4576:
4572:Love for Money
4568:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4428:Squire Oldsapp
4424:
4416:
4412:A Fond Husband
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4332:Love in a Wood
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:Richard Steele
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Charles Sedley
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Thomas D'Urfey
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4088:
4085:William Talman
4083:
4079:
4078:
4077:Court offices
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4022:
4007:
3996:
3995:External links
3993:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3924:
3914:Vanbrugh, John
3906:
3888:
3878:Chisholm, Hugh
3864:
3845:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3773:
3754:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3653:
3647:
3634:
3628:
3615:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3526:
3510:
3501:
3484:
3466:David Watkin,
3459:
3446:
3421:
3415:Adam and Adam
3408:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3357:
3344:
3316:
3307:
3282:
3253:
3219:
3206:
3197:
3185:
3152:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3065:
3056:
3040:
3024:
3013:on 14 May 2010
2991:
2956:
2940:
2924:
2915:
2893:
2867:
2837:
2828:
2812:
2800:
2798:Nalbach, p. 10
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2756:Alexander Pope
2735:
2723:
2721:Downes, p. 75.
2714:
2698:
2682:
2673:
2661:
2645:
2630:
2624:Summerson, J.
2617:
2608:
2601:
2583:
2574:
2556:
2538:
2513:
2499:
2485:Stevens, James
2476:
2462:
2432:
2416:
2397:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2252:
2249:
2192:became one of
2139:
2136:
2080:Horace Walpole
2049:City of London
1968:get-out clause
1962:signed by the
1923:
1920:
1887:Northumberland
1863:corps de logis
1855:corps de logis
1817:George Delaval
1794:Main article:
1791:
1788:
1734:Main article:
1731:
1728:
1627:), set in the
1563:Main article:
1540:
1537:
1521:Main article:
1518:
1515:
1427:Main article:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:Northumberland
1406:
1396:
1386:
1366:William Talman
1364:, designed by
1337:London Journal
1317:Burghley House
1258:Jonathan Swift
1255:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1218:Jeremy Collier
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1118:Main article:
1115:
1110:
1016:
1011:
988:, Bellinda in
979:
956:
950:Richard Steele
946:Alexander Pope
925:
903:
902:
900:
897:
840:, south London
826:
823:
813:to confer the
774:
771:
717:
714:
710:Horace Walpole
658:Joseph Addison
645:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
558:
555:
534:, Governor of
528:
527:
521:
511:
505:
495:
489:
478:
475:
375:
374:
367:
360:
352:
351:
346:
345:
303:
300:
279:Jeremy Collier
275:women's rights
179:
178:
175:
174:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
115:
113:(aged 62)
107:
103:
102:
93:
82:
78:
77:
67:, held in the
59:
51:
50:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5034:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:John Vanbrugh
4920:
4919:
4917:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4862:The Libertine
4859:
4857:
4855:
4854:The Libertine
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Dorset Garden
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Thomas Hobbes
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:Love for Love
4625:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:The Rehearsal
4337:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:John Vanbrugh
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Robert Howard
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Edward Howard
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Colley Cibber
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4103:
4102:Thomas Ripley
4094:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Castle Howard
4047:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:Ville Antiche
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:0-14-071045-0
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:0-521-79306-8
3782:
3778:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:. Doubleday.
3659:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3523:0-302-02571-5
3520:
3514:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3476:0-521-44091-2
3473:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3375:
3374:0-302-02769-6
3371:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3314:Beard, p. 50.
3311:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3267:
3266:The Economist
3263:
3257:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3150:Colvin, p850.
3147:
3145:
3138:Bryson p. 156
3135:
3129:Beard, p. 39.
3126:
3117:
3108:
3102:Bryson p. 155
3099:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2979:
2975:
2974:Castle Howard
2971:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2919:
2903:
2897:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2771:Bryson p. 153
2768:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:0-571-14238-9
2749:
2745:
2739:
2733:Beard, p. 15.
2730:
2728:
2718:
2712:
2711:0-271-00723-0
2708:
2702:
2696:
2695:0-283-99497-5
2692:
2686:
2680:Bryson p. 152
2677:
2671:Beard, p. 13.
2668:
2666:
2659:
2658:0-283-99497-5
2655:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2638:Elias Ashmole
2634:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2554:Beard, p. 12.
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2502:
2500:9780199674985
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:0-283-99497-5
2426:
2420:
2413:
2412:Seccombe 1911
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2380:
2374:Beard, p. 73.
2371:
2365:Beard, p. 70.
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2337:
2336:
2331:
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2273:24 April 1714
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2259:
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2238:
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2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:David Garrick
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:Provoked Wife
2203:
2195:
2194:David Garrick
2191:
2186:
2182:
2180:
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2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:Uvedale Price
2115:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Lord Stanhope
2067:
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2059:
2057:
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2046:
2040:
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2035:
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2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2010:
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1995:
1991:
1986:
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1961:
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1825:Villa Foscari
1822:
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1596:
1595:country house
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1446:
1440:
1439:Castle Howard
1435:
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1429:Castle Howard
1423:Castle Howard
1420:
1414:
1410:
1407:
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1400:
1397:
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1390:
1387:
1384:
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1379:Castle Howard
1377:
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1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1339:
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1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:Hardwick Hall
1322:
1321:Wollaton Hall
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Les Invalides
1278:
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1151:
1149:
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1141:
1137:
1136:
1135:Love for Love
1131:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1074:(see Hume ).
1073:
1072:psychological
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
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1052:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
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1003:Colley Cibber
993:
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983:
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960:
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947:
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911:Colley Cibber
907:
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874:
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861:
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855:
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839:
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819:Prince George
816:
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784:
780:
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748:
747:
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738:
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727:
726:William Capon
722:
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502:Castle Howard
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339:, founded by
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Thames Ditton
314:
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292:architectural
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156:Castle Howard
153:
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109:26 March 1726
108:
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96:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
48:John Vanbrugh
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4893:
4861:
4853:
4843:Fleet Prison
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4476:The Royalist
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4444:A True Widow
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4236:
4212:Thomas Otway
4202:James Howard
4090:
4041:
4032:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3932:
3917:
3899:
3881:
3856:. Retrieved
3850:
3841:
3826:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3776:
3765:. Retrieved
3759:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3690:
3682:
3675:
3657:
3638:
3622:. Batsford.
3619:
3603:
3583:. Retrieved
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3529:
3513:
3504:
3492:
3487:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3431:
3424:
3416:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3330:Country Life
3328:
3319:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3294:
3285:
3270:. Retrieved
3265:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3234:
3215:Oxfordshire,
3214:
3209:
3200:
3176:. Retrieved
3172:the original
3134:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3082:the original
3077:
3068:
3059:
3049:
3043:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:the original
3003:"The Palace"
2982:. Retrieved
2978:the original
2943:
2927:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:
2875:Good Stuff.
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:the original
2849:
2840:
2831:
2823:
2820:A. R. Wagner
2815:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2743:
2738:
2717:
2701:
2685:
2676:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2529:. Retrieved
2523:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2489:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2445:
2435:
2419:
2379:
2370:
2333:
2327:
2324:Kerry Downes
2318:
2287:
2279:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2176:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2112:In 1786 Sir
2111:
2106:
2103:wrote that:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1987:
1983:
1948:
1928:Kit-Cat Club
1925:
1916:
1896:
1875:
1852:
1814:
1799:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1739:
1720:
1699:
1689:
1680:piano nobile
1678:
1676:
1657:
1629:curtain wall
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1599:war memorial
1592:
1568:
1552:
1530:
1526:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1465:
1449:Kit-Cat Club
1443:
1418:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1277:Louis Le Vau
1262:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1163:problem play
1158:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1006:
999:
989:
970:
942:Samuel Pepys
935:
918:
914:
862:
844:In 1719, at
843:
800:octogenarian
776:
763:
745:
730:
698:
650:Kit-Cat Club
647:
638:
618:
616:
612:
572:
540:
529:
480:
464:
452:
441:
437:
434:
418:
414:
386:middle-class
382:Kerry Downes
379:
305:
289:
282:
252:
241:
235:
183:
182:
111:(1726-03-26)
36:
4932:1726 deaths
4927:1664 births
4869:Libertinism
4792:Georg Monck
4644:The Relapse
4492:Dame Dobson
4404:Tom Essence
4348:Epsom Wells
4177:John Dryden
4149:Playwrights
3827:Oxfordshire
3585:21 November
3404:The Letters
3195:Green, p10.
2922:Lowe, p.216
2780:Beard p. 18
2524:Proceedings
2214:The Relapse
2210:bowdlerised
2172:The Relapse
2147:Blue plaque
2093:Robert Adam
2003:James Moore
1867:balustrades
1711:Marlborough
1660:state rooms
1633:water tower
1575:Louis XIV's
1483:in France.
1476:John Webb's
1393:Oxfordshire
1313:Elizabethan
1293:perspective
1205:The Mistake
1169:Other works
1144:The Relapse
1130:The Relapse
1102:The Relapse
1098:The Relapse
1094:The Relapse
1087:The Relapse
1058:The Relapse
1032:companies.
1014:The Relapse
967:tragedienne
889:tower house
856:heroes and
666:politicians
630:Public life
477:Connections
467:sugar trade
390:Sugar-baker
313:Imber Court
271:Restoration
263:William III
240:(1696) and
237:The Relapse
168:Stowe House
128:Nationality
117:Westminster
4916:Categories
4838:Drury Lane
4762:Charles II
4728:Characters
4157:Aphra Behn
3939:Wikisource
3711:required.)
3597:References
3088:27 January
2531:8 November
2506:8 November
2469:8 November
2284:Escutcheon
2123:John Soane
2097:James Adam
2018:Abel Evans
1944:Queen Anne
1912:colonnades
1903:clerestory
1840:clerestory
1829:rusticated
1810:silhouette
1757:belvederes
1685:Versailles
1650:than to a
1557:belvederes
1468:colonnades
1265:Early life
913:'s comedy
899:Playwright
767:Owen Swiny
705:Protestant
701:Parliament
581:, and the
422:armigerous
410:Leigh Hunt
329:Great Fire
136:Occupation
87:1664-01-24
4540:Bury Fair
4516:Bellamira
3962:. Hamlyn.
3912:(1899). "
3894:(1888). "
3439:8 January
3272:14 August
2347:Citations
1871:pinnacles
1784:Avonmouth
1726:in 1987.
1672:laundries
1664:courtyard
1609:, than a
1488:Scagliola
1238:Architect
1079:trickster
1020:Cibber's
881:Greenwich
877:goose pie
838:Greenwich
759:John Rich
755:pantomime
737:Haymarket
604:Louis XIV
600:Vincennes
591:The Hague
458:garrison
402:Liverpool
250:in 1714.
148:Buildings
139:Architect
4848:Hedonism
4265:Notable
4044:, vol. 2
4035:, vol. 1
4014:LibriVox
3870:(1911).
3491:Watkin,
3366:Vanbrugh
2886:19 April
2860:19 April
2332:and the
2298:See also
2164:sharpers
2070:In 1766
2056:Voltaire
1990:George I
1883:Würzburg
1821:Palladio
1806:Ornament
1693:frescoed
1579:Blenheim
1577:army at
1287:and the
1055:Sequel:
875:as "the
751:juggling
608:Bastille
579:James II
567:Bastille
460:Guernsey
398:Barbados
261:and put
259:James II
248:knighted
18:Vanbrugh
4782:Molière
4042:Apology
4033:Apology
3990:London.
3880:(ed.).
3858:23 June
3767:23 June
3542:18 July
3453:Price,
3300:13 July
2908:18 July
2339:(1991).
2270:Adopted
2202:Relapse
2168:con men
2047:in the
1960:warrant
1908:finials
1899:balcony
1892:cornice
1879:Dresden
1765:lunette
1745:Bristol
1715:Tournai
1668:stables
1648:citadel
1607:citadel
1453:mansion
1403:Bristol
1354:Bernini
1350:baroque
1220:in his
1106:Relapse
811:Hanover
321:Chester
290:In his
131:English
121:England
99:England
73:NPG3231
4864:(film)
4856:(1994)
4813:Bedlam
4719:(1707)
4711:(1706)
4703:(1704)
4695:(1703)
4687:(1701)
4679:(1700)
4671:(1699)
4663:(1698)
4655:(1698)
4647:(1696)
4639:(1696)
4631:(1695)
4623:(1694)
4615:(1694)
4607:(1692)
4599:(1692)
4591:(1691)
4583:(1691)
4575:(1691)
4567:(1690)
4559:(1690)
4551:(1689)
4543:(1689)
4535:(1688)
4527:(1688)
4519:(1687)
4511:(1685)
4503:(1685)
4495:(1683)
4487:(1683)
4479:(1682)
4471:(1681)
4463:(1681)
4455:(1679)
4447:(1678)
4439:(1678)
4431:(1678)
4423:(1678)
4415:(1677)
4407:(1676)
4399:(1676)
4391:(1676)
4383:(1676)
4375:(1675)
4367:(1675)
4359:(1672)
4351:(1672)
4343:(1671)
4335:(1671)
4327:(1670)
4319:(1668)
4311:(1668)
4303:(1668)
4295:(1664)
4287:(1663)
4279:(1661)
3833:
3815:
3783:
3705:
3664:
3645:
3626:
3610:
3521:
3474:
3372:
3241:UNESCO
3035:
2951:
2935:
2750:
2709:
2693:
2656:
2599:
2572:Downes
2497:
2460:
2427:
2138:Legacy
1859:arcade
1696:saloon
1652:palace
1611:palace
1603:castle
1583:Danube
1490:, and
1472:cupola
1358:Le Vau
1283:, the
1207:(1705)
1201:(1705)
1193:(1704)
1185:(1702)
1177:(1697)
1001:1696,
909:Actor
865:asthma
796:tabard
792:herald
676:, the
664:) and
635:London
595:Calais
532:Philip
220:herald
95:London
4828:Court
4741:Spark
4267:plays
3876:. In
3337:8 May
3246:8 May
3178:8 May
3017:8 May
2984:8 May
2310:Notes
2276:Crest
2228:not.
2076:Nîmes
1836:gable
1833:attic
1713:from
1605:, or
1175:Aesop
1077:In a
873:Swift
735:, in
694:Stowe
668:(the
624:Brest
448:Surat
311:, of
4879:Mode
4746:Rake
3860:2010
3831:ISBN
3813:ISBN
3781:ISBN
3769:2010
3662:ISBN
3643:ISBN
3624:ISBN
3608:ISBN
3587:2018
3544:2010
3519:ISBN
3472:ISBN
3441:2018
3370:ISBN
3339:2010
3302:2020
3274:2010
3248:2010
3180:2010
3090:2012
3033:ISBN
3019:2010
2986:2010
2949:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2910:2010
2888:2016
2862:2016
2748:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2533:2021
2508:2021
2495:ISBN
2471:2021
2458:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2251:Arms
2245:York
2204:and
2095:and
1994:Whig
1869:and
1569:The
1356:and
1327:and
858:fops
854:rake
688:and
255:Whig
226:and
106:Died
81:Born
4901:Wit
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