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executed, and it is deallocated when the procedure returns. The main examples are local variables in C subprograms and Java methods. Explicit Heap-Dynamic variables are nameless (abstract) memory cells that are allocated and deallocated by explicit run-time instructions specified by the programmer. The main examples are dynamic objects in C++ (via new and delete) and all objects in Java. Implicit Heap-Dynamic variables are bound to heap storage only when they are assigned values. Allocation and release occur when values are reassigned to variables. As a result, Implicit heap-dynamic variables have the highest degree of flexibility. The main examples are some variables in JavaScript, PHP and all variables in APL.
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36:
415:) of a variable describes when in a program's execution the variable has a (meaningful) value. The scope of a variable affects its extent. The scope of a variable is actually a property of the name of the variable, and the extent is a property of the storage location of the variable. These should not be confused with
950:
Some naming conventions are enforced at the language level as part of the language syntax which involves the format of valid identifiers. In almost all languages, variable names cannot start with a digit (0–9) and cannot contain whitespace characters. Whether or not punctuation marks are permitted in
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is also known as global variable, it is bound to a memory cell before execution begins and remains to the same memory cell until termination. A typical example is the static variables in C and C++. A Stack-dynamic variable is known as local variable, which is bound when the declaration statement is
327:
External variables: These are variables that are external to a function and can be accessed by name by any function. These variables remain in existence permanently; rather than appearing and disappearing as functions are called and exited, they retain their values even after the functions that set
898:
created dynamically, some of its components may be only indirectly accessed through the variable. In such circumstances, garbage collectors (or analogous program features in languages that lack garbage collectors) must deal with a case where only a portion of the memory reachable from the variable
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For space efficiency, a memory space needed for a variable may be allocated only when the variable is first used and freed when it is no longer needed. A variable is only needed when it is in scope, thus beginning each variable's lifetime when it enters scope may give space to unused variables. To
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level, variable names are not used, so the exact names chosen do not matter to the computer. Thus names of variables identify them, for the rest they are just a tool for programmers to make programs easier to write and understand. Using poorly chosen variable names can make code more difficult to
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for each variable (as well as any other named entity), which may differ within a given program. The scope of a variable is the portion of the program's text for which the variable's name has meaning and for which the variable is said to be "visible". Entrance into that scope typically begins a
977:
Programmers often create and adhere to code style guidelines that offer guidance on naming variables or impose a precise naming scheme. Shorter names are faster to type but are less descriptive; longer names often make programs easier to read and the purpose of variables easier to understand.
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of variable names also varies between languages and some languages require the use of a certain case in naming certain entities; Most modern languages are case-sensitive; some older languages are not. Some languages reserve certain forms of variable names for their own internal use; in many
516:, whereby the memory allocated for the variable can never be freed since the variable which would be used to reference it for deallocation purposes is no longer accessible. However, it can be permissible for a variable binding to extend beyond its scope, as occurs in Lisp
500:
at runtime. The extent of the binding is the portion of the program's execution time during which the variable continues to refer to the same value or memory location. A running program may enter and leave a given extent many times, as in the case of a
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It is considered good programming practice to make the scope of variables as narrow as feasible so that different parts of a program do not accidentally interact with each other by modifying each other's variables. Doing so also prevents
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is more common for variables whose values have large or unknown sizes when the code is compiled. Such variables reference the location of the value instead of storing the value itself, which is allocated from a pool of memory called the
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the stored value, in addition to referring to the variable itself, depending on the context. This separation of name and content allows the name to be used independently of the exact information it represents. The identifier in computer
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The specifics of variable allocation and the representation of their values vary widely, both among programming languages and among implementations of a given language. Many language implementations allocate space for
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have to replace variables' symbolic names with the actual locations of the data. While a variable's name, type, and location often remain fixed, the data stored in the location may be changed during program execution.
310:). Alternatively, a datatype may be associated only with the current value, allowing a single variable to store anything supported by the programming language. Variables are the containers for storing the values.
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are frequently given long names to make them relatively descriptive of their use, whereas variables in mathematics often have terse, one- or two-character names for brevity in transcription and manipulation.
860:, must set aside memory for each data object and, since memory is finite, ensure that this memory is yielded for reuse when the object is no longer needed to represent some variable's value.
1081:, p. 249, "Variables and Data Types", "high-level programming languages allow locations in main memory to be referenced by descriptive names rather than by numeric addresses."
836:, the name of a variable is bound to the address of some particular block (contiguous sequence) of bytes in memory, and operations on the variable manipulate that block.
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We can classify variables based on their lifetime. The different types of variables are static, stack-dynamic, explicit heap-dynamic, and implicit heap-dynamic. A
524:; when execution passes back into the variable's scope, the variable may once again be used. A variable whose scope begins before its extent does is said to be
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variable's lifetime (as it comes into context) and exit from that scope typically ends its lifetime (as it goes out of context). For instance, a variable with "
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879:), the runtime environment automatically reclaims objects when extant variables can no longer refer to them. In non-garbage-collected languages, such as
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Variables often store simple data, like integers and literal strings, but some programming languages allow a variable to store values of other
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546:. In many languages, it is an error to try to use the value of a variable when it is out of extent. In other languages, doing so may yield
234:. Assigning a value to the variable using one of the identifiers will change the value that can be accessed through the other identifiers.
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An identifier referencing a variable can be used to access the variable in order to read out the value, or alter the value, or edit other
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to be resolved at compile time. However, this is different from the polymorphism used in object-oriented function calls (referred to as
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and deemed uninitialized once more since its value has been destroyed. Variables described by the previous two cases may be said to be
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214:, having no reference to a physical object such as storage location. The value of a computing variable is not necessarily part of an
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Bound variables have values. A value, however, is an abstraction, an idea; in implementation, a value is represented by some
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However, beyond the basic restrictions imposed by a language, the naming of variables is largely a matter of style. At the
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534:), since it has yet to be explicitly given a particular value. A variable whose extent ends before its scope may become a
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Unlike their mathematical counterparts, programming variables and constants commonly take multiple-character names, e.g.
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Objects allocated from the heap must be reclaimed—especially when the objects are no longer needed. In a
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686:. These functions operate like variables to represent data of multiple types. For example, a function named
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462:); this is static resolution, performable at parse-time or compile-time. Alternatively, a variable with
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650:, both situations exist simultaneously: A variable is given a type (if undeclared, it is assumed to be
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is called, and disappears when the function is exited. Such variables are known as automatic variables.
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A variable's storage location may be referenced by several different identifiers, a situation known as
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356:" and the variable can contain the number 1956. If the same variable is referenced by the identifier "
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avoid wasting such space, compilers often warn programmers if a variable is declared but not used.
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its value. In most languages, function parameters have local scope. This specific variable named
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If a variable is only referenced by a single identifier, that identifier can simply be called
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562:. Common techniques for doing so are to have different sections of a program use different
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However, extreme verbosity in variable names can also lead to less comprehensible code.
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languages, names beginning with two underscores ("__") often fall under this category.
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158:; or in simpler terms, a variable is a named container for a particular set of bits or
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of a variable describes where in a program's text the variable may be used, while the
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1119:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. 3–4.
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review than non-descriptive names, so names that are clear are often encouraged.
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memory, and then later free it, to reclaim its memory. Failure to do so leads to
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variable names varies from language to language; many languages only permit the
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1188:"Static typing - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms | MDN"
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because it is given a value when the function is called. The integer 5 is the
291:(symbolic constants), which are typically contrasted with (normal) variables.
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482:", or one with indefinite scope, may be referred to anywhere in the program.
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function may be parametric polymorphic by including a type variable in its
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of a programming language, variables may only be able to store a specified
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function (though of course other functions can also have variables called
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may coincide with variable lifetime, but in many cases is not tied to it.
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320:: Each local variable in a function comes into existence only when the
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Variables in programming may not directly correspond to the concept of
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287:. In imperative languages, the same behavior is exhibited by (named)
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474:. Variables only accessible within a certain functions are termed "
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Many programming languages employ a reserved value (often named
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For instance, a variable might be referenced by the identifier "
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and often has an undefined, arbitrary value if accessed (see
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to expressions and keep a single value during their entire
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is an abstract storage location paired with an associated
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requires that names of types start with a capital letter.
1091:
Aho, Alfred V.; Sethi, Ravi; Ullman, Jeffrey D. (1986),
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as well. Such languages may also enable functions to be
379:. For instance, in the previous example the identifier "
824:, whose extent lasts for a single function call on the
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332:
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587:) to indicate an invalid or uninitialized variable.
883:, the program (and the programmer) must explicitly
466:is resolved at run-time, based on a global binding
144:, which contains some known or unknown quantity of
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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441:of a variable. Most languages define a specific
383:" is the name of the variable in question, and "
450:" is meaningful only within a certain function/
1090:
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27:Named container for a particular type of data
1094:Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
368:" will yield a result of 2009 and not 1956.
341:of the variable, such as access permission,
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690:may determine the length of a list. Such a
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635:" is prohibited from storing text values.
496:of a variable to a value can have its own
508:Unless the programming language features
360:" as well, and if using this identifier "
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
387:" is another name of the same variable.
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178:. The variable name is the usual way to
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1821:
1230:To hell with "meaningful identifiers"!
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
801:can only be referred to within the
488:, on the other hand, is a runtime (
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375:; otherwise, we can speak of it as
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982:Variable types (based on lifetime)
397:Free variables and bound variables
333:Identifiers referencing a variable
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909:Naming conventions (programming)
661:Typing of variables also allows
377:one of the names of the variable
222:as in mathematics. Variables in
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1248:"Computer Science: An Overview"
1117:The Art of Computer Programming
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1246:Brookshear, J. Glenn (2019).
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492:) aspect of a variable. Each
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1166:"Scratch for Budding Coders"
1141:"Programming with variables"
894:When a variable refers to a
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1829:Variable (computer science)
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208:variables in mathematics
1768:Parametric polymorphism
899:needs to be reclaimed.
1115:Knuth, Donald (1997).
1032:Variable interpolation
684:parametric polymorphic
522:static local variables
18:Variable (programming)
1192:developer.mozilla.org
875:, Python, Golang and
548:unpredictable results
313:Variables and scope:
254:programming languages
245:Actions on a variable
1037:Scalar (mathematics)
560:action at a distance
224:computer programming
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54:improve this article
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1407:Quadruple precision
1103:1986cptt.book.....A
858:runtime environment
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328:them have returned.
318:Automatic variables
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1027:Temporary variable
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510:garbage collection
425:scope: an overview
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723:>>>
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464:dynamic scope
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448:lexical scope
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419:(also called
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110:November 2009
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1807:
1573:Intersection
1254:. Retrieved
1229:
1219:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1194:. 2023-06-08
1191:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1145:Khan Academy
1144:
1135:
1116:
1110:
1092:
1086:
1074:
1051:
985:
976:
971:machine code
968:
961:
949:
922:
893:
889:memory leaks
862:
851:
849:
842:
833:name binding
831:
825:
819:
816:
793:which gives
790:
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711:
707:
705:
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532:wild pointer
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472:control flow
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229:
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160:type of data
153:
137:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1844:Type theory
1803:Type theory
1798:Type system
1648:Bottom type
1595:Option type
1536:generalized
1422:Long double
1367:Fixed point
1240:Works cited
947:variables.
945:array index
853:data object
838:Referencing
648:Common Lisp
597:Type system
564:name spaces
514:memory leak
460:block scope
427:. Further,
421:environment
381:total_count
366:total_count
354:total_count
296:type system
185:source code
1839:Data types
1823:Categories
1708:Empty type
1703:Type class
1653:Collection
1610:Refinement
1588:metaobject
1436:signedness
1295:Data types
1256:2024-04-01
1198:2024-05-06
1067:References
953:underscore
913:See also:
827:call stack
702:Parameters
601:See also:
452:subroutine
395:See also:
347:semaphores
339:attributes
269:functional
251:imperative
80:newspapers
1783:Subtyping
1778:Interface
1761:metaclass
1713:Unit type
1683:Semaphore
1663:Exception
1568:Inductive
1558:Dependent
1523:Composite
1501:Character
1483:Reference
1380:Minifloat
1336:Bit array
1168:. Harvard
919:Namespace
786:parameter
680:datatypes
656:supertype
300:data type
289:constants
238:Compilers
180:reference
1808:Variable
1698:Top type
1563:Equality
1471:physical
1448:Rational
1443:Interval
1390:bfloat16
1172:23 March
1150:23 March
995:See also
885:allocate
791:argument
603:Datatype
518:closures
413:lifetime
322:function
281:lifetime
258:accessed
232:aliasing
216:equation
212:abstract
197:run time
138:variable
1751:Generic
1727:Related
1643:Boolean
1600:Product
1476:virtual
1466:Address
1458:Pointer
1431:Integer
1362:Decimal
1357:Complex
1345:Numeric
1099:Bibcode
1057:Haskell
633:integer
544:unbound
503:closure
494:binding
490:dynamic
417:context
349:, etc.
304:integer
262:changed
220:formula
195:during
187:can be
164:integer
94:scholar
1741:Boxing
1729:topics
1688:Stream
1625:tagged
1583:Object
1506:String
1123:
957:sigils
803:addtwo
762:addtwo
744:return
729:addtwo
716:Python
692:length
688:length
644:Python
591:Typing
520:and C
498:extent
486:Extent
478:". A "
409:extent
308:string
302:(e.g.
172:string
162:(like
150:object
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1636:Other
1620:Union
1553:Class
1543:Array
1326:Tryte
1251:(PDF)
1043:Notes
929:total
783:is a
468:stack
443:scope
435:Scope
404:scope
343:locks
277:bound
193:value
191:to a
189:bound
168:float
155:value
101:JSTOR
87:books
1756:Kind
1718:Void
1578:List
1493:Text
1331:Word
1321:Trit
1316:Byte
1174:2020
1152:2020
1121:ISBN
943:for
925:COST
917:and
877:Lisp
873:Java
844:heap
741:...
710:(or
706:The
629:type
621:Java
580:null
401:The
271:and
266:pure
146:data
136:, a
73:news
1615:Set
1311:Bit
927:or
809:).
756:...
726:def
673:C++
671:in
638:In
623:or
617:C++
607:In
585:nil
583:or
570:or
542:or
458:or
306:or
260:or
249:In
218:or
148:or
132:In
56:by
1825::
1227:,
1190:.
1143:.
939:,
935:,
871:,
869:C#
847:.
738:):
625:C#
619:,
615:,
574:.
505:.
345:,
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170:,
166:,
1287:e
1280:t
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1176:.
1154:.
1129:.
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117:(
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108:(
98:·
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77:·
50:.
20:)
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