267:
221:
330:
263:. An example of capillary malformation is cerebral cavernous malformations. This disease is linked to the central nervous system (brain, eye, spinal cord). They are abnormal clusters of closely packed, thin-walled blood vessels that usually form caverns. The lesions contain slow-moving or clotted blood. Lesions in the brain and spinal cord are particularly fragile and likely to bleed.
390:
The
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification is a basic and systematic classification of vascular anomalies with international acceptance. As such terms such as "Lymphangioma" and "Cystic Hygroma", which were used widely in the past, are outdated. Newer
296:. They can be macrocystic, microcystic, or a combination of the two. Macrocystic have cysts greater than 2 cubic centimetres (0.12 cu in), and microcystic lymphatic malformation have cysts that are smaller than 2 cubic centimetres (0.12 cu in).
239:
but now include others. Capillary malformations are limited to the superficial layers of the skin but they can thicken, become nodular, and sometimes become disfiguring. It has been proposed that the category of capillary malformations, also called
763:
309:
Venous malformations are the type of vascular malformation that involves the veins. They can often extend deeper from their surface appearance, reaching underlying muscle or bone. In the neck they may extend into the
381:
Combined types are defined as two or more vascular malformations found in one lesion. Examples of combined types include lymphatic-venous malformation (LVM) or capillary-venous-arteriovenous malformation (VAVM).
478:
Jackson, Ian T., et al. "Hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and lymphovenous malformations: classification and methods of treatment." Plastic and reconstructive surgery 91.7 (1993): 1216-1230.
971:
Mouchtouris, N; Jabbour, PM; Starke, RM; Hasan, DM; Zanaty, M; Theofanis, T; Ding, D; Tjoumakaris, SI; Dumont, AS; Ghobrial, GM; Kung, D; Rosenwasser, RH; Chalouhi, N (February 2015).
1066:
677:
Rozas-Muñoz, E; Frieden, IJ; Roé, E; Puig, L; Baselga, E (November 2016). "Vascular Stains: Proposal for a
Clinical Classification to Improve Diagnosis and Management".
391:
research may only reference ISSVA terminology and, as a consequence, sources of information can be missed by doctors and patients unaware of the ISSVA convention.
720:
Gonzalez, ME; Burk, CJ; Barbouth, DS; Connelly, EA (May–June 2009). "Macrocephaly-capillary malformation: a report of three cases and review of the literature".
191:; high-flow malformations involve an artery. There are also malformations that are of mixed-flow involving more than one type of vessel, such as an
1073:
634:
Puttgen, KB; Pearl, M; Tekes, A; Mitchell, SE (October 2010). "Update on pediatric extracranial vascular anomalies of the head and neck".
1121:
358:
causes arterial blood to be directly shunted into the veins as there is an absence of a capillary bed. This carries a high risk of an
61:
can be extremely effective, either alone, in small lesions, or combined with surgical resection or embolization, in larger lesions.
91:
110:
The
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification has 5 types of Vascular Malformation.
355:
260:
99:
827:
1421:
292:
These lymph vessels can become blocked due to the collection of lymph which forms a cyst as a mass, and are known as
1163:
289:. Abnormal development of the lymph vessels results in their failure to connect and drain into the venous system.
1290:
893:
Chen, RJ; Vrazas, JI; Penington, AJ (January 2021). "Surgical
Management of Intramuscular Venous Malformations".
266:
299:
A severe venous malformation is known as a lymphaticovenous malformation that also involves the lymph vessels.
828:"Microcystic lymphatic malformation | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
792:
Elluru, RG; Balakrishnan, K; Padua, HM (August 2014). "Lymphatic malformations: diagnosis and management".
75:. They may cause aesthetic problems as they have a growth cycle, and can continue to grow throughout life.
1454:
1312:
1059:
850:
Chim, H; Drolet, B; Duffy, K; Koshima, I; Gosain, AK (August 2010). "Vascular anomalies and lymphedema".
159:
1383:
348:
343:
192:
411:
Lymphangioma, Cystic hygroma, Lymphangioma circumscriptum, Cavernous lymphangioma, lymphangiomatosis
142:
Syndromes in which vascular malformations are complicated by symptoms other than vascular anomalies
1034:
359:
285:
Lymphatic malformations are congenital, developing from badly-formed lymphatic vessels in early
1215:
319:
187:
types. Low-flow malformations involve a single type of blood or lymph vessel, and are known as
1449:
1394:
1334:
439:
371:
286:
245:
167:
764:"Cerebral Cavernous Malformations | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
139:
Abnormalities in the origin/course/number of major blood vessels that have anatomical names
1250:
1105:
8:
1266:
1261:
1126:
997:
972:
918:
875:
745:
702:
659:
570:
545:
521:
496:
333:
3D image of an arteriovenous malformation shown in purple on the ring finger of a hand
1402:
1002:
953:
922:
910:
867:
809:
805:
737:
733:
694:
651:
616:
575:
526:
44:
879:
749:
706:
663:
1082:
992:
984:
949:
945:
902:
859:
801:
729:
686:
643:
606:
595:"Vascular Anomalies (Part I): Classification and Diagnostics of Vascular Anomalies"
565:
557:
516:
508:
459:
449:
72:
1413:
1202:
1039:
906:
863:
561:
236:
224:
1142:
1113:
1090:
454:
315:
973:"Biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with a focus on inflammation"
647:
1443:
58:
593:
Sadick, M; MĂĽller-Wille, R; Wildgruber, M; Wohlgemuth, WA (September 2018).
1158:
1006:
988:
957:
914:
871:
813:
741:
698:
655:
620:
579:
530:
512:
444:
293:
280:
147:
311:
220:
102:(AVMs or cAVMs). The arteriovenous type is the most common in the brain.
79:
611:
594:
270:
Drawing of a microcystic lymphangioma on the left side of a boy's tongue
1026:
690:
592:
1051:
329:
232:
936:
Markovic, JN; Shortell, CK (October 2021). "Venous malformations".
136:
Defined as two or more vascular malformations found in one lesion.
322:. A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a
87:
544:
Leblanc, GG; Golanov, E; Awad, IA; Young, WL (December 2009).
970:
719:
78:
Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving
259:
A capillary malformation is also a feature of the disorder
235:, and are the most common type. They used to refer only to
83:
244:, be classified into seven major clinical types including
676:
633:
791:
543:
849:
1399:
Limb CM + congenital non-progressive limb overgrowth
1016:
90:. Capillary malformations in the brain are known as
892:
98:. Those involving the mix of vessels are known as
497:"Classification of Vascular Anomalies: An Update"
1441:
935:
546:"Biology of vascular malformations of the brain"
179:Vascular malformations can also be divided into
1203:Cutaneous and/or mucosal CM ("port-wine" stain)
248:also known as nevus simplex, commonly known as
1067:
977:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
494:
337:
1106:Infantile hemangioma / Hemangioma of infancy
1301:Familial intraosseous vascular malformation
1074:
1060:
495:Steiner, JE; Drolet, BA (September 2017).
195:. Low-flow vascular malformations include
996:
610:
569:
520:
490:
488:
486:
484:
274:
215:
1258:“Acquired” progressive lymphatic anomaly
929:
787:
785:
783:
365:
328:
265:
219:
16:Blood vessel or lymph vessel abnormality
845:
843:
841:
713:
670:
427:Port-wine strain, Capillary hemangioma
302:
1442:
1081:
627:
537:
481:
1055:
938:The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
780:
586:
1369:Capillary-arteriovenous malformation
886:
838:
501:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
351:occur between an artery and a vein.
231:Capillary malformations involve the
100:cerebral arteriovenous malformations
964:
820:
356:cerebral arteriovenous malformation
261:macrocephaly-capillary malformation
13:
852:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
318:. They are the most common of the
14:
1466:
1422:Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome
376:
176:* denotes high-flow malformation
96:capillary cavernous malformations
1164:Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
1136:Locally aggressive or borderline
895:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
806:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.07.002
734:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.00924.x
128:Associated with Other Anomalies
114:Types of Vascular Malformations
92:cerebral cavernous malformations
1407:Macrocephaly - CM (M-CM / MCAP)
1377:Associated with other anomalies
1298:Cerebral cavernous malformation
1291:Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
1143:Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
210:
1241:Generalized lymphatic anomaly
950:10.23736/S0021-9509.21.11911-1
756:
472:
385:
1:
1366:Lymphatic-venous malformation
1304:Verrucous venous malformation
794:Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
465:
324:lymphaticovenous malformation
189:simple vascular malformations
1244:Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis
1220:Incorrect name: Lymphangioma
1216:Lymphatic malformations (LM)
907:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001667
864:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181df803d
562:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.563692
7:
1391:Servelle-Martorell syndrome
1313:Arteriovenous malformations
1287:Familial VM cutaneo-mucosal
433:
349:Arteriovenous malformations
160:Arteriovenous malformations
10:
1471:
1410:Microcephaly - CM (MICCAP)
1384:Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
369:
344:Arteriovenous malformation
341:
338:Arteriovenous malformation
312:lining of the mouth cavity
278:
193:arteriovenous malformation
82:, and those involving the
1376:
1359:
1333:
1311:
1277:
1214:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1151:
1135:
1098:
1089:
1020:
832:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
648:10.1007/s00381-010-1202-2
141:
138:
135:
53:
43:
29:
24:
1295:Glomuvenous malformation
294:lymphatic malformationss
105:
1193:Capillary malformations
1118:Spindle-cell hemangioma
445:Lymphatic malformations
424:Capillary Malformation
408:Lymphatic malformation
360:intracranial hemorrhage
205:lymphatic malformations
197:capillary malformations
148:Lymphatic malformations
133:Capillary malformations
1178:Vascular malformations
1122:Epithelioid hemangioma
989:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.179
636:Child's Nervous System
513:10.1055/s-0037-1604295
419:Caveronous Hemangioma
334:
320:vascular malformations
275:Lymphatic malformation
271:
228:
216:Capillary malformation
125:Of Major Named Vessels
1395:Sturge-Weber syndrome
1388:Parkes Weber Syndrome
1335:Arteriovenous fistula
1267:Nonne-Milroy syndrome
1110:Congenital hemangioma
722:Pediatric Dermatology
679:Pediatric Dermatology
440:Arteriovenous fistula
372:Arteriovenous fistula
366:Arteriovenous fistula
332:
287:embryonic development
269:
246:nevus flammeus nuchae
223:
168:Arteriovenous fistula
154:Venous malformations
69:vascular malformation
57:In low-flow lesions,
25:Vascular malformation
1278:Venous malformations
1251:Gorham-Stout disease
416:Venous malformation
304:Venous malformations
201:venous malformations
1227:Common (cystic) LM
612:10.1055/a-0620-8925
396:
115:
1455:Vascular anomalies
1262:Primary lymphedema
1127:Pyogenic granuloma
1083:Vascular anomalies
394:
335:
272:
229:
113:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1403:Maffucci syndrome
1355:
1354:
1172:
1171:
1049:
1048:
768:www.ninds.nih.gov
691:10.1111/pde.12939
431:
430:
174:
173:
65:
64:
34:Vascular giantism
19:Medical condition
1462:
1418:Proteus syndrome
1221:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1096:
1095:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
968:
962:
961:
933:
927:
926:
890:
884:
883:
847:
836:
835:
824:
818:
817:
789:
778:
777:
775:
774:
760:
754:
753:
717:
711:
710:
674:
668:
667:
631:
625:
624:
614:
590:
584:
583:
573:
556:(12): e694-702.
541:
535:
534:
524:
492:
479:
476:
460:Vascular disease
450:Lymphohemangioma
397:
393:
237:port-wine stains
116:
112:
73:vascular anomaly
22:
21:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1414:CLOVES syndrome
1372:
1351:
1329:
1307:
1273:
1255:Channel type LM
1236:Mixed cystic LM
1219:
1218:
1210:
1168:
1147:
1131:
1091:Vascular tumors
1085:
1080:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1015:
1014:
969:
965:
934:
930:
891:
887:
848:
839:
826:
825:
821:
790:
781:
772:
770:
762:
761:
757:
718:
714:
675:
671:
642:(10): 1417–33.
632:
628:
591:
587:
542:
538:
493:
482:
477:
473:
468:
436:
403:Outdated names
388:
379:
374:
368:
354:In the brain a
346:
340:
316:salivary glands
307:
283:
277:
242:vascular stains
225:Port-wine stain
218:
213:
108:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1426:CLAPO syndrome
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:Microcystic LM
1231:
1230:Macrocystic LM
1224:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1114:Tufted angioma
1111:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:Classification
1013:
1012:
963:
944:(5): 456–466.
928:
901:(1): e67–e73.
885:
858:(2): 55e–69e.
837:
819:
779:
755:
712:
685:(6): 570–584.
669:
626:
605:(9): 825–835.
585:
536:
507:(3): 225–232.
480:
470:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
457:
455:Telangiectasia
452:
447:
442:
435:
432:
429:
428:
425:
421:
420:
417:
413:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
387:
384:
378:
377:Combined Types
375:
370:Main article:
367:
364:
342:Main article:
339:
336:
306:
301:
279:Main article:
276:
273:
217:
214:
212:
209:
172:
171:
164:
163:
156:
155:
151:
150:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
107:
104:
63:
62:
55:
51:
50:
49:Cardiovascular
47:
41:
40:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1207:Reticulate CM
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:Nevus simplex
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
983:(2): 167–75.
982:
978:
974:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
844:
842:
833:
829:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:(4): 178–85.
799:
795:
788:
786:
784:
769:
765:
759:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
622:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
581:
577:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
540:
532:
528:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
489:
487:
485:
475:
471:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
398:
392:
383:
373:
363:
361:
357:
352:
350:
345:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
300:
297:
295:
290:
288:
282:
268:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
226:
222:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
146:
145:
132:
131:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
111:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
71:is a type of
70:
60:
59:sclerotherapy
56:
52:
48:
46:
42:
39:
35:
32:
28:
23:
1450:Angiogenesis
1177:
1159:Angiosarcoma
1033:
980:
976:
966:
941:
937:
931:
898:
894:
888:
855:
851:
831:
822:
797:
793:
771:. Retrieved
767:
758:
728:(3): 342–6.
725:
721:
715:
682:
678:
672:
639:
635:
629:
602:
598:
588:
553:
549:
539:
504:
500:
474:
395:Terminology
389:
380:
353:
347:
323:
314:or into the
308:
303:
298:
291:
284:
281:Lymphangioma
258:
254:salmon patch
253:
249:
241:
230:
211:Simple Types
204:
200:
196:
188:
184:
180:
178:
175:
109:
95:
77:
68:
66:
38:Lymphangioma
37:
33:
400:ISSVA name
386:Terminology
233:capillaries
80:capillaries
30:Other names
1444:Categories
773:2024-09-12
466:References
250:stork bite
1348:In CM-AVM
1326:In CM-AVM
1284:Common VM
1152:Malignant
923:221199574
185:high-flow
54:Treatment
45:Specialty
1360:Combined
1342:Sporadic
1320:Sporadic
1007:25407267
958:34105926
915:32815867
880:30865392
872:20679788
814:25241095
750:27334360
742:19706101
707:22474320
699:27456075
664:12359248
656:20697721
621:29874693
580:19834013
531:28955111
434:See also
181:low-flow
122:Combined
88:arteries
1040:D054079
998:4426734
571:2810509
522:5615389
1345:In HHT
1323:In HHT
1249:LM in
1186:Simple
1099:Benign
1005:
995:
956:
921:
913:
878:
870:
812:
748:
740:
705:
697:
662:
654:
619:
578:
568:
550:Stroke
529:
519:
227:on leg
203:, and
119:Simple
919:S2CID
876:S2CID
746:S2CID
703:S2CID
660:S2CID
106:Types
84:veins
1035:MeSH
1003:PMID
954:PMID
911:PMID
868:PMID
810:PMID
738:PMID
695:PMID
652:PMID
617:PMID
599:RöFo
576:PMID
527:PMID
183:and
86:and
993:PMC
985:doi
946:doi
903:doi
860:doi
856:126
802:doi
730:doi
687:doi
644:doi
607:doi
603:190
566:PMC
558:doi
517:PMC
509:doi
252:or
94:or
36:or
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