150:
287:
306:
20:
1044:
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184:. Pasteur points out that "indirect artificial selection" is involuntary and thus no different from natural selection. Farmers do not wish to cause weeds to become steadily more difficult to separate from their crops by removing weeds which do not resemble the crops, but they have no option because the alternative is to let the weeds flourish. Pasteur adds that manual selection has been occurring since the
222:, but came under similar selective pressures to the crops. Like wheat, it came to have larger seeds and more rigid spindles to which the seeds are attached, as farmers (intentionally or not) selected for grains that remained on the plant. Weeds such as rye were selected against by killing young or adult plants, separating its seeds from those of the crop (winnowing), or both. Further, wheat is an
169:, the model is "forbidding to the dupe". Vavilovian mimicry can be classified as reproductive, because it provides a means for the mimic to reproduce – as when rye seeds are unintentionally sown as wheat by the farmer, or when rye seedlings or older plants are unintentionally allowed to grow in a wheat field because they look like wheat. It can further be counted as
161:. Both types are disjunct, with separate mimics, models, and dupes. The types differ in that in Batesian mimicry, the model (wasp) is forbidding to the dupe (a predator), whereas in Vavilovian mimicry, the model (wheat) is agreeable to the dupe (humans). The mimicry can be of the seed, of the whole plant, or both.
173:(as if parasitic), because its propagation is at the expense of the intended crop: if there is more rye in a field, there is less wheat. Finally, in the case of secondary crops, it can be considered mutualistic, as both the rye, and the farmer who grows and eats the rye, benefit from the process.
382:) fields, looks similar to rice and its seeds are often mixed in rice and difficult to separate. This close similarity was enhanced by the weeding process which is an unintentionally selective force that increases the similarity of the weed in each subsequent generation.
365:) is a creeper that grows around flax and linseed plants. Much like the other cases, its seeds have become larger. A mutant double-seeded variety has become prevalent, as seed size has once again been the character upon which selection has acted.
268:), it has thus come to be a crop in its own right. Once again paralleling wheat, rye and other cereals, oats have developed tough spindles which prevent seeds from easily dropping off, while other characteristics which help in natural
356:, which in this case acts as an inanimate signal receiver or dupe. Seeds that are thrown the same distance as flax seeds have thus been selected for, making it nearly impossible to separate the seeds of these two species.
145:
in terms of three roles for the species involved: mimic, model, and dupe. The mimic is the species that in some ways resembles the model, creating a deception; the dupe is the species that is deceived.
165:
Vavilovian mimicry is disjunct, meaning that the mimic, model, and dupe involved are all from different species. In
Georges Pasteur's terms, the model is "agreeable to the dupe", whereas in
245:
as a crop through wheat mimicry, rye was then positioned to become a cultivated plant in areas where soil and climatic conditions favored its production, such as mountainous terrain.
368:
Selection can also occur on the vegetative stage, through hand weeding. Weeding often takes place when the crop plant is very young, and most vulnerable.
598:
286:
348:
means "the one that lives with flax". Weeding of the adult plant is impractical; instead they are separated based on properties of the
305:
230:. At the end of each growing season wheat produces seeds, while wild rye does not, and is thus destroyed when the post-harvest soil is
976:
475:
262:), which also tolerate poorer conditions, and like rye, grow as a weed alongside wheat and barley. Derived from a wild species (
176:
Delbert Wiens has argued that secondary crops cannot be classified as mimics, because they result from artificial as opposed to
27:
or false flax on the left (denoted by number 1) resembles flax and its seeds are practically inseparable from the flax seed.
66:
Selection against the weed may occur by killing a young or adult weed, by separating its seeds from those of the crop by
782:
692:
578:
1073:
1008:
238:
do set seed; they were protected from destruction, and rye has thus also evolved to become an annual plant.
884:
619:
753:
426:
937:
1018:
906:
869:
901:
1028:
775:
370:
231:
1003:
988:
982:
942:
721:
269:
214:), a widely distributed Mediterranean species. Rye was originally just a weed growing with
185:
119:
56:
859:
8:
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817:
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Rye is a hardier plant than wheat, surviving in harsher conditions. Having become
741:
709:
415:"Vavilovian Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and His Little-Known Impact on Weed Science"
258:
227:
210:
149:
123:
60:
24:
799:
864:
511:
264:
122:. It is sometimes described as crop mimicry or weed mimicry. It is named after
1062:
712:(1951). "The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants".
242:
749:
435:
414:
1013:
998:
337:, and occurs with it in the field. The gold-of-pleasure is a descendant of
277:
273:
223:
19:
961:
947:
822:
812:
111:
615:
952:
652:
496:
473:
Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A classificatory review of mimicry systems".
342:
130:
391:
71:
67:
956:
791:
181:
142:
683:
Radosevich, Steven R.; Holt, Jodie S.; Ghersa, Claudio (1997).
311:
Though now an important crop, oats were once just another weed.
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219:
197:
127:
87:
518:. E. J. Pratt Library, Victoria College, University of Toronto
296:
215:
91:
375:
349:
330:
249:
115:
107:
52:
48:
760:
514:. In Bouissac, Paul; Lewis, Ann; Lynch, Alejandro (eds.).
408:
406:
292:
201:
158:
83:
79:
679:
Discussion of crop mimicry among many other plant cases.
295:
is a secondary crop, originally being a mimetic weed of
403:
639:
Barrett, Spencer H. (1983). "Crop
Mimicry in Weeds".
573:. Translated by Martin, R. D. New York: McGraw-Hill.
566:
374:, a species of grass which is found as a weed in
59:. It is named after the Russian plant geneticist
1060:
665:One of the most extensive articles on the topic.
592:
590:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
776:
669:Wiens, Delbert (1978). "Mimicry in Plants".
536:Wiens, Delbert (1978). "Mimicry in plants".
587:
451:
188:, at which time no machinery was involved.
783:
769:
70:, or both. The process has operated since
977:Coloration evidence for natural selection
746:Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants
720:(6). Translated by K. S. Chester: 1–366.
685:Weed Ecology: Implications for Management
557:
555:
553:
551:
434:
55:plant through generations of involuntary
476:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
148:
114:evolves to share characteristics with a
51:evolves to share characteristics with a
18:
596:
561:
472:
412:
180:, and because the selective agent is a
1061:
548:
764:
535:
16:Type of biological mimicry in plants
489:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125
13:
702:
191:
14:
1085:
509:
141:Evolutionary biologists describe
136:
1043:
1042:
883:
818:Aristotelian/Distraction display
734:10.1097/00010694-195112000-00018
610:. No. 257. pp. 76–83.
304:
285:
102:Vavilovian mimicry is a form of
280:which allow them to self bury.
529:
503:
1:
1009:Frequency-dependent selection
569:Mimicry in Plants and Animals
516:Semiotics Encyclopedia Online
397:
97:
208:) is derived from wild rye (
157:, for a secondary crop like
7:
790:
385:
10:
1090:
754:Cambridge University Press
632:
427:Cambridge University Press
413:McElroy, J. Scott (2014).
1037:
930:
892:
881:
798:
938:Anti-predator adaptation
327:Camelina sativa linicola
316:
687:(2nd ed.). Wiley.
436:10.1614/ws-d-13-00122.1
248:This fate is shared by
118:through generations of
1074:History of agriculture
752:. Cambridge, England:
341:, a wild species; its
329:) looks much like the
234:. However, occasional
226:, while wild rye is a
162:
126:, a prominent Russian
28:
1029:Underwater camouflage
808:Aggressive/Wicklerian
565:(1968). "Chapter 4".
371:Echinochloa oryzoides
152:
22:
1004:Evolutionary ecology
989:Deception in animals
983:Dazzled and Deceived
943:Animal communication
671:Evolutionary Biology
597:Barrett, S. (1987).
538:Evolutionary Biology
352:. This is done by a
186:Neolithic Revolution
120:artificial selection
57:artificial selection
850:Emsleyan/Mertensian
742:Vavilov, Nikolai I.
726:1951SoilS..72..482V
710:Vavilov, Nikolai I.
607:Scientific American
599:"Mimicry in Plants"
335:Linum usitatissimum
86:through mimicry of
994:Deimatic behaviour
653:10.1007/BF02858881
163:
33:Vavilovian mimicry
31:In plant biology,
29:
1056:
1055:
1024:Signalling theory
999:Mimicry#Evolution
972:Community ecology
967:Animal coloration
813:Ant/Myrmecomorphy
714:Chronica Botanica
563:Wickler, Wolfgang
359:The flax-dodder (
354:winnowing machine
178:natural selection
104:mimicry in plants
45:mimicry in plants
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1048:Category mimicry
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1045:
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785:
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748:. Translated by
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618:. Archived from
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362:Cuscuta epilinum
343:subspecific name
339:Camelina gabrata
323:gold-of-pleasure
308:
289:
276:, including the
167:Batesian mimicry
155:Batesian mimicry
74:times, creating
25:gold-of-pleasure
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703:Further reading
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641:Economic Botany
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625:on 6 July 2024.
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325:or false flax (
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259:Avena byzantina
211:Secale montanum
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192:Secondary crops
139:
124:Nikolai Vavilov
100:
76:secondary crops
61:Nikolai Vavilov
43:) is a form of
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931:Related topics
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265:Avena sterilis
206:Secale cereale
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153:Vavilovian vs
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137:Classification
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1019:Polymorphism
1014:Phagomimicry
981:
962:Co-evolution
921:
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684:
674:
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640:
620:the original
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520:. Retrieved
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419:Weed Science
418:
380:Oryza sativa
379:
369:
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272:have become
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254:Avena sativa
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247:
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224:annual plant
209:
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140:
101:
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41:weed mimicry
40:
37:crop mimicry
36:
32:
30:
948:Aposematism
823:Automimicry
750:Löve, Doris
483:: 169–199.
429:: 207–216.
112:cultivation
1063:Categories
953:Camouflage
922:Vavilovian
917:Pouyannian
912:Gilbertian
875:Wasmannian
800:In animals
677:: 365–403.
544:: 365–403.
522:2007-10-19
398:References
243:preadapted
196:Among the
171:aggressive
131:geneticist
98:Definition
907:Dodsonian
894:In plants
860:Müllerian
833:Locomotor
512:"Mimicry"
392:Threshing
274:vestigial
270:dispersal
228:perennial
72:Neolithic
68:winnowing
902:Bakerian
845:Chemical
828:Batesian
744:(1992).
661:33048581
616:24979480
445:86549764
386:See also
346:linicola
106:where a
90:such as
78:such as
47:where a
1069:Mimicry
957:Crypsis
855:Eyespot
792:Mimicry
722:Bibcode
633:Sources
497:2097066
236:mutants
198:cereals
182:machine
143:mimicry
88:cereals
1041:
865:Sexual
691:
659:
614:
577:
495:
443:
333:plant
232:tilled
220:barley
35:(also
840:Brood
657:S2CID
623:(PDF)
612:JSTOR
602:(PDF)
493:JSTOR
441:S2CID
425:(2).
317:Weeds
297:wheat
216:wheat
128:plant
92:wheat
689:ISBN
575:ISBN
376:rice
350:seed
331:flax
321:The
278:awns
256:and
250:oats
218:and
116:crop
108:weed
84:oats
82:and
53:crop
49:weed
23:The
730:doi
649:doi
485:doi
431:doi
293:Rye
202:rye
159:rye
133:.
110:of
80:rye
39:or
1065::
728:.
718:13
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