942:
4605:
447:. In remembrance of this event, 10 August has been declared "International Biodiesel Day". The first patent on Biodiesel was granted in 1937. Periodic petroleum shortages spurred research into vegetable oil as a diesel substitute during the 1930s and 1940s, and again in the 1970s and early 1980s when straight vegetable oil enjoyed its highest level of scientific interest. The 1970s also saw the formation of the first commercial enterprise to allow consumers to run straight vegetable oil in their vehicles. However,
909:
water-soluble. The steam sparging removes impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and odors to the oil. Deodorization is key to the manufacture of vegetable oils. Nearly all soybean, corn, and canola oils found on supermarket shelves go through a deodorization stage that removes trace amounts of odors and flavors, and lightens the color of the oil. However, the process commonly results in higher levels of trans fatty acids and distillation of the oil's natural compounds.
49:
10696:
7046:
5916:
10720:
206:
10708:
7056:
2259:"modified" or "hydrogenated" when listed as an ingredient. A mix of oils other than the aforementioned exceptions may simply be listed as "vegetable oil" in Canada; however, if the food product is a cooking oil, salad oil or table oil, the type of oil must be specified and listing "vegetable oil" as an ingredient is not acceptable.
788:) are also used. Oilseed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive; the ghani is primarily used in India. The amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for extracting
2258:
In Canada, palm oil is one of five vegetable oils, along with palm kernel oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, and cocoa butter, which must be specifically named in the list of ingredients for a food product. Also, oils in
Canadian food products which have been modified or hydrogenated must contain the word
2180:
Oils are extracted first by expeller or cold pressing methods, then solvent expelling the rest of the oils from the leftover matter. This is a method used by larger capacity oil mills. As the energy consumption of the mechanical press increases as more oil is released, it is more efficient to extract
471:
approved use of the canola name in
January 1985, and U.S. farmers started planting large areas that spring. Canola oil is lower in saturated fats, and higher in monounsaturates. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil), so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just
3313:
Certain crude oils that contain minor amounts of impurities other than free fatty acids can be refined by a process known as steam refining. It is merely a high-temperature steam distillation under reduced pressure. The crude vegetable oil is heated to about 450°F. and maintained under a pressure of
872:
Hydrogenating vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a metal catalyst, typically nickel, in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons. Each carbon atom becomes single-bonded
386:
to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and canned under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard
Procter & Gamble was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning
908:
In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near the smoke point or to about 232 °C (450 °F), and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water immediately is converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying with it any chemicals which are
307:
has long been recognized in West and
Central African countries, and European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as a cooking oil in Europe. It became highly sought-after commodity by British traders for use as an industrial lubricant for machinery during
1196:
These figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of
European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher
836:
The processing of vegetable oil in commercial applications is commonly done by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived
695:
Vegetable oil is used in the production of some pet foods. AAFCO defines vegetable oil in this context as the product of vegetable origin obtained by extracting the oil from seeds or fruits which are processed for edible purposes.
2229:
countries have prohibited the inclusion of recycled vegetable oil from catering in animal feed. Used cooking oils from food manufacturing, however, as well as fresh or unused cooking oil, continue to be used in their animal feed.
438:
designed his engine to run on vegetable oil. The idea, he hoped, would make his engines more attractive to farmers who had a source of fuel readily available. Diesel's first engine ran on its own power for the first time in
640:, and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Synthetic tetraesters, which are similar to vegetable oils but with four fatty acid chains compared to the normal three found in a natural ester, are manufactured by
466:
In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-erucic-acid rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was not considered optimal for marketing, they coined the name "canola" (from "Canada Oil low acid"). The U.S.
1211:, one of the most common cooking oils, is used for cooking oil, salad dressing, margarine, mayonnaise, prepared goods like spaghetti sauce and baking mixes, and to fry prepared foods like potato chips and French fries.
3020:
3177:
3269:
767:
Oils can be removed via mechanical extraction, termed "crushing" or "pressing". This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive, coconut etc.), and it is preferred by most
841:. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils. After extraction, the solvent is evaporated out by heating the mixture to about 149 °C (300 °F).
394:
established a soybean research laboratory, developed soybean plastics and a soy-based synthetic wool, and built a car "almost entirely" out of soybeans. Roger
Drackett had a successful new product with
10374:
4512:
881:
oil is left incompletely hydrogenated (not all of the double bonds are reduced to single bonds), then it is a "partially hydrogenated oil" (PHO). An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to
399:, but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as a smart investment. By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil had become the most popular vegetable oil in the US; today it is second only to
10389:
3314:
0.25 inch of mercury or less while steam is passed through it. The steam strips the free fatty acids out of the oil. The proccss is used somewhat in Europe but not often in the United States.
3429:
3199:
Eisenmenger, Michael; Dunford, Nurhan T.; Eller, Fred; Taylor, Scott; Martinez, Jose (2006). "Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil".
4582:
2578:
In 1864, Caleb
Johnson founded a soap company called B.J. Johnson Soap Co., in Milwaukee. In 1898, this company introduced a soap made of palm and olive oils called Palmolive.
10360:
3017:
3719:
3635:
3169:
889:) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation is raised by full or partial hydrogenation, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase.
741:
estimates that the total net greenhouse gas savings when using vegetable oils in place of fossil fuel-based alternatives for fuel production, range from 18 to 100%.
288:
Olive oil has been a part of human culture for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows that olives were turned into olive oil by 6000 BC and 4500 BC in present-day
2266:
were legally required to indicate the specific vegetable oil used in their manufacture, following the introduction of the Food
Information to Consumers Regulation.
9347:
4023:
Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T (April 2005). "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis".
896:
in the oil mixture due to the heat used in hydrogenation. Partially hydrogenated oils and their trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of mortality from
612:
Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as
3261:
755:
The production process of vegetable oil involves the removal of oil from plant components, typically seeds. This can be done via mechanical extraction using an
624:
resin), for example, is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as
4551:
3235:
4520:
2776:
926:
2545:
5963:
2610:
1322:
2506:
925:) for vegetable oil mist exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The U.S.
892:
While full hydrogenation produces largely saturated fatty acids, partial hydrogenation results in the transformation of unsaturated cis fatty acids to
644:. Tetraesters generally have high stability to oxidation and have found use as engine lubricants. Vegetable oil is being used to produce biodegradable
3551:
2890:
4488:
3531:
10367:
4699:
2634:
549:
Flavor base – oils can also "carry" flavors of other ingredients, such as peppers, since many flavors are due to chemicals that are soluble in oil.
4394:
3609:
All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
3421:
4613:
3361:
1346:
1275:
10379:
3506:
918:
900:, among other increased health risks. These concerns have led to regulations mandating the removal of partially hydrogenated oils from food.
5796:
1040:
The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all worldwide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as
8369:
7060:
5870:
636:
and fire points. However, vegetable oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to
3481:
3683:"Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period"
601:. The latter are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high-temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash points.
5956:
3583:
2678:
192:
7211:
2819:
10399:
8309:
5927:
4728:
3300:
873:
to an individual hydrogen atom, and the double bond between carbons can no longer exist. A fully hydrogenated oil, also called a
759:
or chemical extraction using a solvent. The extracted oil can then be purified and, if required, refined or chemically altered.
553:
Oils can be heated to temperatures significantly higher than the boiling point of water, 100 °C (212 °F), and used to
8364:
2746:
2563:
4361:
10409:
8304:
4641:
4211:
3632:
Values from
Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
3386:
3337:
3147:
2998:
2805:
2596:
2428:
3053:
2656:
7094:
5875:
3620:"Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)"
2916:
2717:
727:
7601:
7049:
5949:
3075:
296:, but cites no source. In ancient Egypt, plant oils including cedar oil, cypress oil, and olive oil were used during the
4459:"Commercial Cold Pressed Flaxseed Oils Quality and Oxidative Stability at the Beginning and the End of Their Shelf Life"
3839:
3458:
2851:"World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
10384:
9159:
5811:
5791:
5334:
4574:
2941:
2166:) rather than other parts of plants. Most vegetable oils are seed oils. Examples are sunflower, corn, and sesame oils.
722:, also known as pure plant oil, needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its
3400:
3101:
2769:
463:
in Europe today. In France, biodiesel is incorporated at a rate of 8% in the fuel used by all French diesel vehicles.
10404:
8405:
5855:
4683:
4660:
3682:
2453:
641:
7738:
4540:
4343:
3239:
2238:
Due to their susceptibility to oxidation from the exposure to oxygen, heat and light, resulting in the formation of
10122:
8092:
5896:
5351:
941:
498:
Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food – a role that they share with some
7850:
5901:
3251:(Consultation on the health implications of alternatives to trans fatty acids: Summary of Responses from Experts)
2530:
1044:
or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2007/08 was:
275:
may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible.
9387:
6473:
5838:
3564:
3018:
GHG Benefits from Use of
Vegetable Oils for Electricity, Heat, Transport, and Industrial Purposes, NNFCC 10-016
3013:
2403:
31:
17:
3642:
10699:
8252:
7117:
5801:
3143:
3049:
4067:
9501:
8322:
8315:
8287:
3745:
2882:
2824:
844:
655:
One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming
468:
328:) "Palmolive," and by around 1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries.
185:
5891:
5497:
4458:
772:
customers in the United States and in Europe. There are several different types of mechanical extraction.
10711:
9352:
9210:
8730:
8712:
5865:
4721:
3528:
2471:
Ruth Schuster (December 17, 2014). "8,000-year old olive oil found in Galilee, earliest known in world",
1391:
1384:
961:
is by far the highest yielding crop, capable of producing about 4 tons of palm oil per hectare per year.
4311:
4176:
390:
Soybeans are protein-rich, and the medium viscosity oil rendered from them was high in polyunsaturates.
9417:
8332:
8097:
7421:
6860:
5843:
5833:
5720:
5479:
4386:
4329:
4289:
4267:
4249:
4154:
4132:
4110:
4088:
3952:
3930:
3908:
3886:
3864:
3805:
3659:
930:
922:
878:
6155:
2488:, "Evidence for Earliest Olive-Oil Production in Submerged Settlements off the Carmel Coast, Israel",
10219:
9670:
9220:
9205:
9178:
8828:
8658:
5972:
2531:"British Colonial Policies and the Oil Palm Industry in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, 1900–1960"
8339:
336:
10566:
10307:
9469:
9362:
9230:
8344:
7087:
5806:
1438:
475:
The production of vegetable oils went up 125% between 2000 and 2020, driven by a sharp increase in
459:
during the 1990s, and it is now widely available for use in motor vehicles, and is the most common
382:
were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. The extracted oil was refined and partially
3622:. Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014
3503:
933:(REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.
10752:
10747:
10347:
10039:
9265:
9149:
8769:
8653:
8179:
7391:
6580:
6128:
2366:
2351:
2306:
2169:
2153:
178:
4604:
10670:
10650:
10561:
10556:
9974:
9590:
9516:
9022:
9017:
8762:
8292:
7698:
7576:
7571:
7006:
6463:
5623:
5450:
5327:
5046:
4714:
2966:
2331:
2326:
1339:
1041:
1034:
897:
719:
96:
86:
76:
8575:
8349:
7708:
4292:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4270:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4157:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4135:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4113:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4091:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3955:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3933:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3911:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3889:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3867:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3808:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3748:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3662:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
10506:
10421:
10155:
10032:
9746:
9724:
9675:
9225:
8983:
8847:
7621:
7444:
7258:
6951:
6617:
6515:
6098:
4949:
2688:
1377:
1291:
625:
309:
303:
Vegetable oils have been used as lighting fuel for lamps, cooking, medicine and lubrication.
9312:
8932:
7815:
3478:
1331:, has varied applications in cosmetics manufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food.
10581:
10013:
9864:
9577:
9072:
8966:
8582:
8282:
8277:
7658:
7104:
6687:
6545:
6535:
6520:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6078:
5848:
5735:
5567:
5410:
2204:
1420:
866:
715:
456:
360:
332:
82:
8376:
7426:
4669:
3619:
2573:
8:
10723:
10665:
10640:
10523:
10297:
10254:
10214:
10180:
9909:
9876:
9734:
9548:
9528:
9260:
9088:
9067:
8869:
8823:
8555:
7978:
7509:
7080:
6330:
6300:
6290:
5700:
5618:
5597:
5427:
5291:
5267:
4617:
3580:
2850:
2683:
750:
731:
452:
371:
161:
156:
40:
2692:
2195:
A large quantity of used vegetable oil is produced and recycled, mainly from industrial
10618:
10613:
10426:
10259:
9781:
9759:
9754:
9712:
9685:
9645:
9099:
8993:
8947:
8859:
8818:
8801:
8684:
8679:
8400:
8381:
8194:
8118:
7882:
7683:
7678:
7372:
6627:
6279:
5695:
5660:
5640:
5635:
5469:
5462:
5443:
4693:
4434:
4409:
4089:"Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g"
4048:
4000:
3975:
3887:"Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3355:
3216:
2829:
2648:
2211:
789:
705:
427:
128:
9919:
9154:
7401:
3292:
10486:
10302:
10276:
10264:
10249:
10160:
10008:
9830:
9729:
9660:
9342:
9337:
9277:
9270:
9235:
8998:
8813:
8721:
8469:
8422:
8299:
8159:
8149:
8114:
8104:
8072:
8015:
8010:
7913:
7201:
7159:
6662:
6550:
6530:
6274:
6219:
5920:
5572:
5390:
5320:
4854:
4679:
4656:
4637:
4480:
4439:
4207:
4040:
4005:
3775:
3392:
3382:
3343:
3333:
2994:
2628:
2592:
2449:
2424:
2399:
1327:
1315:
862:
856:
785:
773:
609:
Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products.
403:. In 2018–2019, world production was at 57.4 MT with the leading producers including
325:
7416:
7285:
7236:
4052:
3374:
3220:
2738:
616:, and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. They are used in
10588:
10516:
10511:
10079:
10057:
10017:
9993:
9952:
9924:
9904:
9852:
9697:
9637:
9432:
9215:
9183:
9171:
9052:
8937:
8854:
8796:
8432:
8427:
8391:
8230:
7973:
7958:
7935:
7908:
7479:
7451:
7275:
7246:
7221:
7196:
7179:
7021:
7011:
6996:
6622:
6443:
6259:
6229:
6209:
6165:
6043:
5374:
5242:
5227:
4844:
4470:
4429:
4421:
4199:
4032:
3995:
3987:
3791:
3787:
3208:
2858:
2391:
2049:
1651:
1265:
781:
8560:
7758:
7626:
7406:
4921:
3131:
10645:
10593:
10224:
10087:
9937:
9847:
9837:
9825:
9804:
9680:
9665:
9447:
9442:
9282:
9193:
9077:
9062:
9057:
8838:
8752:
8533:
8356:
8327:
8062:
7887:
7606:
7539:
7315:
7263:
7226:
6961:
6882:
6647:
6559:
6399:
6241:
6160:
5587:
5512:
5397:
5360:
5162:
5030:
4974:
4796:
4672:
4290:"Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g"
3587:
3535:
3510:
3485:
3037:
3024:
2988:
2912:
1280:
1156:
882:
680:
656:
645:
344:
8915:
7549:
7411:
3262:"Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils (Removing Trans Fat)"
2713:
10623:
10546:
10312:
10202:
10197:
10175:
9957:
9944:
9887:
9820:
9808:
9702:
9543:
9511:
9412:
9166:
9138:
9103:
9044:
8602:
8597:
8565:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8395:
8238:
8154:
7930:
7869:
7743:
7596:
7591:
7544:
7534:
7524:
7295:
7186:
7174:
7144:
7026:
6992:
6865:
6824:
6592:
6495:
6320:
6264:
6224:
6214:
6204:
6118:
6005:
5980:
5730:
5592:
5367:
5187:
5177:
5167:
4155:"Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g"
2311:
2296:
2263:
2226:
1713:
1646:
1613:
1254:
1214:
1143:
586:
431:
367:
293:
248:
7728:
7335:
6194:
6177:
4036:
3450:
3212:
3079:
10741:
10660:
10170:
9800:
9610:
9427:
9422:
9287:
9124:
9108:
8976:
8962:
8843:
8806:
8737:
8669:
8663:
8648:
8543:
8528:
8436:
8087:
7940:
7903:
7877:
7718:
7663:
7514:
7499:
7325:
7001:
6782:
6757:
6702:
6458:
6254:
6249:
6150:
6093:
5941:
5860:
5786:
5751:
5685:
5645:
5577:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5434:
5301:
5252:
5237:
5222:
5139:
5114:
5015:
4900:
4830:
3396:
3347:
3135:
3041:
2395:
2346:
2341:
2316:
2247:
2219:
2190:
2079:
1942:
1780:
1429:
1242:
1236:
1117:
874:
629:
598:
578:
574:
435:
383:
348:
297:
268:
151:
92:
9297:
7733:
7529:
4575:"Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council"
4227:
2937:
2250:, plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have a limited shelf-life.
1286:
271:
are examples of fats from other parts of plants. In common usage, vegetable
10603:
10538:
10491:
10187:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10052:
10047:
9707:
9565:
9292:
9247:
9117:
9113:
9081:
8971:
8893:
8864:
8789:
8784:
8774:
8674:
8592:
8523:
8478:
8209:
8189:
8174:
8138:
8133:
8109:
8025:
7918:
7795:
7616:
7586:
7504:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7456:
7367:
7268:
7031:
7016:
6855:
6777:
6667:
6612:
6607:
6575:
6565:
6510:
6485:
6468:
6374:
6269:
5710:
5705:
5549:
5544:
5420:
5262:
5232:
5134:
4959:
4895:
4859:
4609:
4484:
4443:
4044:
4009:
3693:
3643:"USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996"
3109:
2361:
2286:
1514:
1481:
1298:
1220:
1096:
566:
379:
252:
240:
228:
9302:
7825:
7820:
7810:
7773:
7763:
7703:
7636:
7149:
3773:
3376:
3327:
1364:
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
1260:
1190:
Used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
861:
Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete
683:
to make a glycidyl ether which is used as a diluent and flexibilizer with
10655:
10635:
10608:
10434:
10192:
10092:
9785:
9774:
9769:
9717:
9595:
9585:
9454:
8910:
8879:
8874:
8833:
8742:
8518:
8493:
8488:
8457:
8214:
8169:
8077:
8057:
7790:
7713:
7673:
7581:
7561:
7305:
7290:
7280:
7216:
7136:
6966:
6907:
6797:
6792:
6767:
6750:
6740:
6731:
6597:
6448:
6343:
6083:
5655:
5507:
5502:
5296:
5257:
5212:
5202:
5197:
5065:
5056:
5025:
4979:
4954:
4890:
4869:
4770:
4475:
4332:. US National Nutrient Database, United States Department of Agriculture.
3099:
2281:
2276:
2044:
2011:
1680:
1547:
1447:
1398:
1334:
1226:
1169:
1083:
1056:
777:
769:
664:
633:
590:
562:
558:
493:
320:
Palm oil formed the basis of soap products, such as Lever Brothers' (now
244:
123:
48:
3931:"Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g"
531:
Texture – altering how ingredients combine, especially fats and starches
10598:
10528:
10498:
10481:
10459:
10269:
10139:
10134:
9842:
9790:
9615:
9538:
9437:
9332:
9010:
8920:
8905:
8888:
8884:
8641:
8410:
8144:
8040:
8020:
7951:
7785:
7566:
7435:
7431:
7320:
7164:
6877:
6872:
6829:
6812:
6802:
6772:
6762:
6712:
6602:
6490:
6379:
6199:
6145:
6108:
6063:
6058:
6048:
6022:
5998:
5725:
5630:
5582:
5534:
5247:
5207:
5172:
5144:
5119:
5104:
5085:
4984:
4706:
4425:
4203:
4198:. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 465.
3991:
2507:"Ancient Egypt's mummification ingredients came from far-flung locales"
2301:
2291:
2200:
2196:
2112:
1979:
1909:
1408:
1310:
1270:
1248:
1130:
950:
893:
668:
613:
582:
570:
543:
539:
522:
444:
391:
335:
demonstrated that fats were derived from glycerol. Thirty years later
232:
210:
142:
113:
7805:
7768:
7310:
6902:
4194:
Orthoefer FT (2005). "Chapter 10: Rice Bran Oil". In Shahidi F (ed.).
3976:"Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health"
2590:
Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa
10630:
10576:
10476:
10454:
10439:
10241:
9967:
9859:
9795:
9692:
9605:
9560:
9496:
9481:
9327:
9198:
8988:
8779:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8415:
8204:
8184:
8067:
8030:
7723:
7688:
7519:
7439:
7300:
6956:
6807:
6677:
6652:
6540:
6525:
6505:
6364:
6295:
6285:
6182:
6172:
6103:
6088:
6053:
5756:
5715:
5613:
5217:
5129:
5099:
5070:
5020:
4969:
4964:
4931:
2862:
2568:
2215:
2163:
1813:
1198:
1182:
886:
723:
711:
649:
535:
448:
412:
356:
352:
260:
166:
133:
118:
56:
7231:
7154:
5094:
3973:
1251:, used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India
917:
People can breathe in vegetable oil mist in the workplace. The U.S.
877:, has had all of its double bonds converted into single bonds. If a
205:
10571:
10281:
10209:
9892:
9620:
9600:
9521:
9357:
9255:
9188:
8957:
8716:
8587:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8257:
8128:
8052:
7800:
7753:
7384:
7359:
7347:
7072:
6697:
6570:
6555:
6453:
6409:
6394:
6384:
6369:
6359:
6113:
6038:
5768:
5519:
5343:
5192:
5182:
5154:
5124:
5109:
5075:
5007:
4905:
4820:
4805:
4670:
Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan, J.K., Adsule, R.N. and Kadam, S.S. (1992).
4519:, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 18 February 2014, archived from
3774:
Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010).
3579:, Table 03: Major Vegetable Oils: World Supply and Distribution at
3451:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Vegetable oil mist"
3159:
A ghani is a traditional Indian oil press, driven by a horse or ox.
2804:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAvril_Group_:_Activity_Report2014 (
2243:
1880:
1847:
1747:
1580:
1208:
1109:
1067:
958:
756:
676:
672:
594:
515:
476:
440:
400:
321:
304:
264:
256:
3378:
Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization
2222:, pet food, soap, detergent, cosmetics, and industrial chemicals.
10466:
10449:
10229:
10097:
10027:
10003:
9897:
9533:
9459:
9094:
9034:
9027:
8942:
8900:
8747:
8726:
8707:
8689:
8631:
8570:
8538:
8483:
8199:
8123:
7983:
7963:
7892:
7554:
7461:
7379:
7342:
7330:
6939:
6934:
6924:
6897:
6817:
6717:
6682:
6672:
6657:
6414:
6325:
6189:
6068:
5690:
4881:
4760:
4752:
4410:"Lipid peroxidation in culinary oils subjected to thermal stress"
3375:
Lawrence Alan Johnson; Pamela J. White; Richard Galloway (2008).
1076:
954:
660:
460:
4456:
10551:
9932:
9815:
9655:
9464:
9407:
9317:
8757:
8386:
8045:
8035:
7998:
7988:
7968:
7780:
7631:
6982:
6944:
6929:
6892:
6850:
6845:
6745:
6500:
6404:
6073:
6033:
5383:
4926:
4839:
4815:
4782:
1304:
1105:
838:
637:
621:
554:
503:
416:
396:
375:
340:
289:
4619:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023
2987:
Knothe, Gerhard; Krahl, Jürgen; Gerpen, Jon Van (2015-08-13).
2611:"How Vegetable Oils Replaced Animal Fats in the American Diet"
2181:
the rest of the oil (past around 60%) by solvent extraction.
10471:
10444:
9998:
9764:
9627:
9491:
9399:
9005:
8622:
7251:
7241:
7206:
6912:
6787:
6707:
6692:
6639:
6389:
6348:
6140:
6018:
5993:
5763:
4765:
3198:
2799:
2770:"Historical Perspectives on Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels"
2421:
The Pearson Guide to the B.Sc. (Nursing) Entrance Examination
2321:
2239:
1263:, is extracted from the flowers, leaves and stem from jambu (
1104:
One of the most widely used cooking oils, also used as fuel.
738:
684:
617:
404:
4022:
3974:
Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A (2016).
3953:"Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g"
3604:
2963:"The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)"
1349:, derived from chloroplasts, various applications in cooking
351:
of liquid fats in 1901, creating what later became known as
10150:
9962:
9650:
9553:
9506:
8925:
8636:
8003:
7993:
7668:
7191:
6919:
6887:
6132:
5312:
4864:
4849:
4810:
4792:
4777:
4457:
Tańska, M; Roszkowska, B; Skrajda, M; Dąbrowski, G (2016).
3720:"What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?"
3560:
2356:
2336:
2159:
1230:
1151:
A major food oil, often used in industrial food processing
620:
resin production. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and
528:
Enriching – adding calories and satisfaction in consumption
511:
507:
472:
as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil.
3909:"Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3776:"Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils"
945:
World production of main vegetable oils by main producers
865:
into oils of higher melting point, some of which, such as
847:
can be used as a non-toxic alternative to other solvents.
9307:
8626:
8548:
7396:
6727:
6432:
5988:
4998:
4743:
2962:
1075:
The most widely produced tropical oil, also used to make
671:
has numerous industrial uses, owing to the presence of a
499:
455:
is more widely used. Led by Brazil, many countries built
355:, leading to the development of the global production of
224:
3717:
3559:. Oilseeds: World Market and Trade. Vol. FOP 1-09.
426:
The early 20th century also saw the start of the use of
4674:
World Oilseeds – Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization
4268:"Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3426:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3268:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 20 February 2020.
420:
408:
3422:"Chapter 5 : Processing and refining edible oils"
2262:
From December 2014, all food products produced in the
675:
group on the fatty acid. Castor oil is a precursor to
27:
Oil extracted from seeds or from other parts of plants
4407:
4111:"Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
927:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3607:. United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016.
3233:
949:
Typical productivity of some oil crops, measured in
628:
as vegetable oils are not toxic to the environment,
518:. The oils serve a number of purposes in this role:
4362:"Scientists debunk claims of seed oil health risks"
3544:
2210:Recycled oil has numerous uses, including use as a
714:, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some
4671:
3581:Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade Monthly Circular
3529:Global oil yields: Have we got it seriously wrong?
3499:
3497:
3100:B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992).
1125:A common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel
561:. Such oils include both the major cooking oils –
3718:Wong M, Requejo-Jackman C, Woolf A (April 2010).
3599:
3597:
3595:
2986:
10739:
3227:
3140:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
3046:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
1307:oil, pharmaceutical use and anti-mosquito candle
324:) "Sunlight", and B. J. Johnson Company's (now
4631:
4612:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
3494:
2716:. The Soybean Processors Association of India.
2158:Seed oils are vegetable oils obtained from the
5971:
3592:
3524:
3522:
3236:"TRANSforming the Food Supply (Appendix 9iii)"
3076:"Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers"
2679:"Philip W. Drackett: Earned profits, plaudits"
2388:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
7088:
5957:
5328:
4722:
3201:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
2775:. Inform, Vol. 12(11), pp. 1103–1107 (2001).
2386:Alfred Thomas (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils".
2385:
1091:One of the most widely consumed cooking oils
919:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
443:, Germany, on 10 August 1893 on nothing but
186:
5797:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
4698:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4650:
4634:Practical guide for vegetable oil processing
4608: This article incorporates text from a
3680:
2913:"Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluid Nears Market"
2910:
2633:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2418:
292:. Pagnol, p. 19, says the 6th millennium in
227:extracted from seeds or from other parts of
5871:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
3605:"US National Nutrient Database, Release 28"
3519:
3329:Practical guide to vegetable oil processing
7095:
7081:
5964:
5950:
5335:
5321:
4729:
4715:
3692:. Elsevier. pp. 79–83. Archived from
3360:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3073:
2443:
2172:are not supported by scientific evidence.
869:, will remain solid at room temperature.
667:, are thus preferred for industrial uses.
525:– as in giving pastries a crumbly texture.
193:
179:
4655:. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, England.
4474:
4433:
4193:
3999:
2609:Graham, Drew Ramsey, Tyler (2012-04-26).
2467:
2465:
557:. Oils for this purpose must have a high
4736:
4548:Labelling Requirements for Fats and Oils
4507:
4505:
4196:Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products
3746:"Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3293:"Vegetable Oils and Fats for Edible Use"
2676:
2423:. Pearson Education India. p. 109.
1319:, used in cosmetics (skin and hair care)
1245:, a flavorless and colorless cooking oil
940:
912:
762:
204:
4517:Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising
4414:Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
4187:
4025:The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3035:
2800:Avril Group : Activity Report 2014
1164:From the seed of the African palm tree
14:
10740:
10121:
4579:Official Journal of the European Union
4397:from the original on 22 December 2022.
3840:"Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer"
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
2761:
2608:
2504:
2462:
2379:
1353:
679:. Castor oil may also be reacted with
10335:
10120:
9385:
7849:
7848:
7115:
7076:
5945:
5316:
4710:
4533:
4502:
3865:"Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3837:
3660:"Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3325:
3180:from the original on January 19, 2022
2938:"Cass Scenic Railroad, West Virginia"
2749:from the original on 25 February 2021
2564:"The History of Soaps and Detergents"
2551:from the original on 16 January 2013.
1383:
1177:Used in cooking, cosmetics and soaps
831:
710:Vegetable oils are also used to make
659:. Oils that are more stable, such as
10707:
7102:
7055:
5876:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
4330:"Walnut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3820:
3806:"Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3726:. The American Oil Chemists' Society
3129:
2793:
2448:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 169.
2225:Since 2002, an increasing number of
728:vegetable oils as alternative energy
718:are used in unmodified vehicles but
690:
589:, etc. – and tropical oils, such as
4678:. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
4550:, Canadian Food Inspection Agency,
4336:
3967:
3760:
2843:
2253:
2170:Claims that seed oils are unhealthy
1257:oil, used in culinary and cosmetics
1033:For a more comprehensive list, see
730:is growing and the availability of
451:, produced from oils or fats using
24:
9386:
7116:
5812:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
5792:Federal Land Development Authority
4625:
4133:"Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g"
4077:. The Vegetarian Health Institute.
4065:
3303:from the original on June 19, 2022
3272:from the original on 14 April 2021
3234:Trans Fat Task Force (June 2006).
2812:
2767:
2731:
2706:
2670:
2641:
2561:
2214:, as well as in the production of
1028:
347:, a German chemist introduced the
47:
25:
10764:
5856:Environmental impact of biodiesel
3290:
2677:Horstman, Barry M. (1999-05-21).
2583:
2555:
2523:
2490:Journal of Archaeological Science
1358:
776:extraction is common, though the
315:
10718:
10706:
10695:
10694:
7054:
7045:
7044:
5915:
5914:
4636:. AOCS Press, Urbana, Illinois.
4603:
3980:Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
3538:, Denis J. Murphy, August 2009,
1204:Other significant oils include:
921:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
903:
850:
10719:
8249:Outdoors & sports equipment
7923:
4585:from the original on 2017-07-26
4567:
4557:from the original on 2014-12-22
4491:from the original on 2018-03-19
4450:
4401:
4379:
4366:Harvard School of Public Health
4354:
4322:
4304:
4282:
4260:
4250:"Oil, sesame, salad or cooking"
4242:
4220:
4169:
4147:
4125:
4103:
4081:
4059:
4016:
3945:
3923:
3901:
3879:
3857:
3798:
3738:
3711:
3674:
3652:
3612:
3472:
3461:from the original on 2015-12-08
3443:
3432:from the original on 2022-07-09
3414:
3403:from the original on 2023-06-28
3368:
3319:
3284:
3254:
3192:
3162:
3150:from the original on 2016-05-09
3123:
3093:
3067:
3056:from the original on 2016-05-09
3029:
3007:
2980:
2969:from the original on 1999-10-12
2955:
2944:from the original on 2011-10-06
2930:
2919:from the original on 2006-09-25
2911:Linda McGraw (April 19, 2000).
2904:
2893:from the original on 2021-07-16
2875:
2782:from the original on 2018-10-04
2720:from the original on 2019-01-04
2659:from the original on 2012-09-19
2655:. Benson Ford Research Center.
2602:
2419:Parwez Saroj (September 2007).
2175:
1217:, used in cooking and cosmetics
370:was developed, and marketed by
283:
5839:Certified sustainable palm oil
4513:"Basic Labelling Requirements"
4408:H. Ramachandra Prabhu (2000).
3792:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070
3332:(Second ed.). Amsterdam.
3014:National Non-Food Crops Centre
2883:""Blooming in Oil for Flavor"
2498:
2478:
2475:. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
2437:
2412:
32:Vegetable oil (disambiguation)
13:
1:
8253:Personal protective equipment
5802:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
4541:"Common Name - Fats and Oils"
3144:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
3050:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
2446:The International Cocoa Trade
2373:
2233:
2199:in potato processing plants,
894:unsaturated trans fatty acids
744:
604:
534:Flavoring – examples include
343:of fatty acids and glycerol.
339:deduced that these fats were
5342:
4653:Oils and Fats Authentication
4614:license statement/permission
4387:"Food and cooking oil waste"
3563:. 2009-01-12. Archived from
2825:Food and Drug Administration
1301:, culinary and cosmetics use
1295:is used to manufacture soap.
1186:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1100:
1087:
1071:
957:(ha) of land per year (yr).
845:Supercritical carbon dioxide
469:Food and Drug Administration
434:and in heating oil burners.
7:
10336:
5866:Issues relating to biofuels
3681:Ozdemir F, Topuz A (2004).
3479:Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
2505:Dunham, Will (2023-02-01).
2269:
2184:
2147:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
487:
10:
10769:
5973:Non-timber forest products
5844:Deforestation by continent
5834:Biofuel policy of Malaysia
5721:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
5480:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
4651:Jee, Michael, ed. (2002).
4598:
3381:. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press.
3138:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
3044:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
2714:"World Soy Oil Production"
2188:
2151:
2141:160 °C (320 °F)
2107:227 °C (440 °F)
2039:238 °C (460 °F)
1974:232 °C (450 °F)
1937:232 °C (450 °F)
1875:235 °C (455 °F)
1842:193 °C (380 °F)
1808:212 °C (414 °F)
1775:166 °C (330 °F)
1742:216 °C (421 °F)
1708:107 °C (225 °F)
1641:216 °C (420 °F)
1608:232 °C (450 °F)
1575:175 °C (347 °F)
1542:204 °C (400 °F)
1509:208 °C (406 °F)
1476:250 °C (482 °F)
1138:Mild-flavored cooking oil
1032:
931:recommended exposure limit
923:permissible exposure limit
854:
748:
732:biodiesel around the world
703:
491:
374:as a creamed shortening –
278:
29:
10689:
10537:
10420:
10346:
10342:
10331:
10290:
10240:
10133:
10129:
10116:
9983:
9918:
9875:
9745:
9636:
9576:
9480:
9398:
9394:
9381:
9246:
9137:
9043:
8700:
8468:
8268:
7868:
7861:
7857:
7844:
7651:
7472:
7358:
7135:
7128:
7124:
7111:
7040:
6975:
6838:
6726:
6638:
6423:
6339:
6240:
6127:
6014:
5979:
5910:
5884:
5824:
5777:
5744:
5678:
5671:
5606:
5560:
5490:
5409:
5350:
5284:
5153:
5084:
5055:
5039:
5006:
4997:
4942:
4914:
4880:
4829:
4791:
4751:
4742:
4037:10.1080/09546630510035832
3838:Wolke RL (May 16, 2007).
3504:Oil Staple Crops Compared
3213:10.1007/s11746-006-5038-6
1407:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1371:
1368:
966:
632:if spilled and have high
10567:Mergers and acquisitions
10308:Research and development
8668:Chemical & hormonal
8323:Communications equipment
5807:Malaysian Palm Oil Board
4632:Gupta, Monoj K. (2007).
3326:Gupta, Monoj K. (2017).
2538:African Study Monographs
2396:10.1002/14356007.a10_173
1781:High-oleic safflower oil
969:
953:(t) of oil produced per
936:
9353:Painting and decorating
8377:Medical imaging systems
8310:Parts & peripherals
4616:). Text taken from
4463:Journal of Oleo Science
4393:. GOV.UK. 22 May 2018.
3036:Hossain, Amjad (2012).
2653:Popular Research Topics
2390:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2367:Vegetable oil recycling
2352:Seed oil misinformation
2307:Fatty acid methyl ester
2154:Seed oil misinformation
699:
482:
428:vegetable oil as a fuel
10671:State-owned enterprise
10651:Nonprofit organization
10562:Horizontal integration
8370:Scientific instruments
8333:Network infrastructure
6987:(Iberian agroforestry)
6225:Pacific mountain onion
5451:Rhynchophorus palmarum
5198:Linseed (flaxseed) oil
4622:, FAO, FAO.
4068:"Smoke points of oils"
3170:"Polyunsaturated Fats"
2990:The Biodiesel Handbook
2332:List of vegetable oils
2327:List of macerated oils
2050:partially hydrogenated
1340:Pentaclethra macroloba
1035:List of vegetable oils
946:
898:coronary heart disease
720:straight vegetable oil
642:Fischer esterification
366:In the United States,
337:Michel Eugène Chevreul
259:, or fats from seeds.
213:
52:
10014:Private investigation
7007:Indian forest produce
6478:Hydnocarpus wightiana
5439:Little leaf syndrome
5435:Cadang-cadang disease
5233:Rapeseed (canola) oil
4391:Food Standards Agency
4344:"Smoke Point of Oils"
3108:. FAO. Archived from
2689:E. W. Scripps Company
2205:fast food restaurants
1292:Astrocaryum aculeatum
944:
913:Occupational exposure
801:Percentage extracted
784:, and ghani (powered
763:Mechanical extraction
310:Industrial Revolution
235:, vegetable fats are
208:
51:
10582:Vertical integration
8583:Speciality chemicals
8423:Electrical equipment
8340:Consumer electronics
6250:Bare-toothed russula
5849:Southeast Asian haze
5736:Wilmar International
5568:Biodiesel production
5458:Oil palm bunch moth
4985:Vegetable shortening
4737:Edible fats and oils
4476:10.5650/jos.ess15243
4252:. FoodData Central.
3242:on February 25, 2007
867:vegetable shortening
716:vegetable oil blends
378:– as early as 1911.
372:Procter & Gamble
361:vegetable shortening
333:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
30:For other uses, see
10666:Sole proprietorship
10641:Joint-stock company
9910:Veterinary medicine
9735:Property management
9529:Passenger transport
8556:Commodity chemicals
8382:Optical instruments
8350:Video game consoles
8243:Musical instruments
8084:Media reproduction
6861:musical instruments
6119:Woodland strawberry
5745:Buyers / processors
5701:Equatorial Palm Oil
5598:Transesterification
5428:Ganoderma orbiforme
5268:Watermelon seed oil
3844:The Washington Post
3515:gardeningplaces.com
3142:(Second ed.).
3048:(Second ed.).
2684:The Cincinnati Post
2444:Robin Dand (1999).
1365:
1354:Composition of fats
751:Edible oil refining
453:transesterification
162:Polyunsaturated fat
157:Monounsaturated fat
10614:Putting-out system
10123:Information sector
10044:Personal services
9646:Financial services
9118:offshore platforms
8967:advanced materials
8948:Ready-mix concrete
8401:Laser construction
8361:Clocks and watches
8195:Injection moulding
8166:Other fabrication
8119:household hardware
5696:Carson Cumberbatch
5641:Girl Scout Cookies
5636:Cellulosic ethanol
5477:Red ring disease (
5470:Tirathaba rufivena
5463:Tirathaba mundella
5444:Oryctes rhinoceros
4426:10.1007/BF02873539
4348:Baseline of Health
4312:"FoodData Central"
4230:. RITO Partnership
4204:10.1002/047167849X
3992:10.4137/NMI.S32910
3586:2010-10-18 at the
3534:2016-01-31 at the
3509:2018-11-18 at the
3484:2018-10-20 at the
3130:Aziz, KMA (2012).
3023:2016-03-05 at the
2576:on July 14, 2012.
2544:(1): 19–33. 2000.
2242:products, such as
1239:, from rice grains
1223:and other nut oils
947:
929:(NIOSH) has set a
832:Solvent extraction
706:Vegetable oil fuel
214:
53:
10735:
10734:
10685:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10512:Natural resources
10357:Production-based
10327:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10265:Vocational school
10112:
10111:
10108:
10107:
9377:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9338:Electrical wiring
9324:Specialty trades
9278:Civil engineering
9133:
9132:
8807:Vulcanized rubber
8603:Cleaning products
8443:Electric lighting
8160:Surface finishing
8150:Powder metallurgy
8105:Metal fabrication
7851:Industrial sector
7840:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7739:Rare-earth metals
7647:
7646:
7070:
7069:
5939:
5938:
5825:Policies, impacts
5820:
5819:
5573:Fat hydrogenation
5310:
5309:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
4993:
4992:
4915:Other animal fats
4855:Manteiga-da-terra
4643:978-1-893997-90-5
4213:978-0-471-38552-3
3388:978-0-12-804352-3
3339:978-1-63067-051-1
3174:Clark's Nutrition
3000:978-0-9835072-6-0
2885:Cooks Illustrated
2597:978-1-847-01075-9
2495::1141–1150 (1997)
2430:978-81-317-1338-9
2145:
2144:
1328:Passiflora edulis
1323:Passion fruit oil
1316:Mauritia flexuosa
1194:
1193:
1053:World consumption
1026:
1025:
857:Fat hydrogenation
829:
828:
786:mortar and pestle
774:Expeller pressing
691:Pet food additive
326:Colgate-Palmolive
203:
202:
16:(Redirected from
10760:
10722:
10721:
10710:
10709:
10698:
10697:
10594:Enforced breakup
10589:Decentralization
10517:Physical capital
10344:
10343:
10333:
10332:
10131:
10130:
10118:
10117:
9994:Customer service
9905:Residential care
9853:Public relations
9661:Financial advice
9638:Asset management
9433:Department store
9396:
9395:
9383:
9382:
9363:Site preparation
9211:Telecom networks
9179:Waste management
9155:Gas distribution
8839:Synthetic fibers
8566:Industrial gases
8305:Computer systems
8239:Medical supplies
7866:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7846:
7845:
7276:Animal husbandry
7247:Medicinal plants
7133:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7113:
7112:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7074:
7073:
7058:
7057:
7048:
7047:
7022:Resin extraction
7012:Mushroom hunting
6988:
6734: / etc.
6588:
6481:
6316:Saffron milk cap
6306:Parasol mushroom
6146:Fiddlehead ferns
5966:
5959:
5952:
5943:
5942:
5918:
5917:
5780:non-governmental
5676:
5675:
5425:Basal stem rot (
5337:
5330:
5323:
5314:
5313:
5228:Pumpkin seed oil
5125:Mongongo nut oil
5053:
5052:
5004:
5003:
4845:Clarified butter
4749:
4748:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4689:
4677:
4666:
4647:
4607:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4545:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4478:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4350:. Jonbarron.org.
4340:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4316:fdc.nal.usda.gov
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4254:fdc.nal.usda.gov
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4181:FoodData Central
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4003:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3835:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3771:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3590:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3526:
3517:
3501:
3492:
3490:palmoilworld.org
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3351:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3238:. Archived from
3231:
3225:
3224:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3078:. Archived from
3074:Janet Bachmann.
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3033:
3027:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2863:10.4060/cc8166en
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2828:. Archived from
2816:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2743:Days Of The Year
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2691:. Archived from
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2572:. Archived from
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2383:
2254:Product labeling
1681:Flaxseed/linseed
1366:
1357:
1337:, obtained from
1266:Acmella oleracea
1047:
1046:
964:
963:
795:
794:
457:biodiesel plants
255:are examples of
195:
188:
181:
59:
37:
36:
21:
10768:
10767:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10738:
10737:
10736:
10731:
10730:
10677:
10646:Nationalization
10533:
10503:Primary inputs
10424:
10416:
10349:
10348:Classification
10338:
10319:
10286:
10236:
10220:Social networks
10137:
10125:
10104:
10088:Business travel
9990:Administrative
9979:
9958:Amusement parks
9922:
9914:
9888:Dentist offices
9871:
9741:
9708:Pension funding
9681:Risk management
9666:Holding company
9632:
9572:
9484:
9476:
9448:Specialty store
9443:Online shopping
9390:
9369:
9242:
9129:
9039:
8696:
8654:Pharmaceuticals
8598:Aroma compounds
8534:Petroleum jelly
8464:
8453:Home appliances
8448:Electric motors
8396:spotting scopes
8357:Instrumentation
8270:
8264:
8246:Office supplies
7853:
7832:
7816:Dimension stone
7750:Other minerals
7695:Mining of ores
7643:
7468:
7354:
7301:Other livestock
7187:Permanent crops
7120:
7107:
7101:
7071:
7066:
7036:
6986:
6971:
6962:Vegetable ivory
6834:
6722:
6634:
6582:
6475:
6437:
6419:
6353:
6335:
6301:Oyster mushroom
6291:Meadow mushroom
6236:
6220:Twincrest onion
6123:
6027:
6010:
5981:Animal products
5975:
5970:
5940:
5935:
5906:
5880:
5826:
5816:
5779:
5773:
5740:
5667:
5602:
5556:
5486:
5412:
5405:
5346:
5341:
5311:
5306:
5272:
5163:Ambadi seed oil
5149:
5080:
5042:
5035:
5031:Shark liver oil
4989:
4975:Palm kernel oil
4938:
4910:
4876:
4825:
4787:
4738:
4735:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4663:
4644:
4628:
4626:Further reading
4601:
4596:
4588:
4586:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4494:
4492:
4455:
4451:
4406:
4402:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4256:. 1 April 2019.
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4228:"Rice bran oil"
4226:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4192:
4188:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4021:
4017:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3772:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3602:
3593:
3588:Wayback Machine
3573:
3571:
3567:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3536:Wayback Machine
3527:
3520:
3511:Wayback Machine
3502:
3495:
3486:Wayback Machine
3477:
3473:
3464:
3462:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3324:
3320:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3232:
3228:
3207:(10): 863–868.
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3113:
3106:Minor oil crops
3098:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3034:
3030:
3025:Wayback Machine
3012:
3008:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2739:"Biodiesel Day"
2737:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2607:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2272:
2256:
2236:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2156:
2150:
1461:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1394:
1392:Polyunsaturated
1387:
1385:Monounsaturated
1380:
1373:
1363:
1356:
1343:, cosmetics use
1325:, derived from
1281:Annona muricata
1278:, derived from
1112:) of rapeseed.
1054:
1038:
1031:
1029:Particular oils
971:
939:
915:
906:
879:polyunsaturated
859:
853:
834:
765:
753:
747:
734:is increasing.
708:
702:
693:
681:epichlorohydrin
646:hydraulic fluid
607:
496:
490:
485:
345:Wilhelm Normann
318:
286:
281:
199:
60:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10766:
10756:
10755:
10753:Plant products
10750:
10748:Vegetable oils
10733:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10716:
10704:
10691:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10675:
10674:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10628:
10627:
10626:
10624:Temporary work
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10547:Centralization
10543:
10541:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10501:
10496:
10495:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10469:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10431:
10429:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10394:
10393:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10363:
10354:
10352:
10340:
10339:
10329:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10318:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10313:Basic research
10305:
10300:
10294:
10292:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10273:
10272:
10267:
10257:
10252:
10246:
10244:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10185:
10184:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10165:
10164:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10144:
10142:
10127:
10126:
10114:
10113:
10110:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10082:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10042:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9987:
9985:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9977:
9975:Tabletop games
9972:
9971:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9947:
9942:
9941:
9940:
9929:
9927:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9881:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9850:
9840:
9838:Legal services
9835:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9809:system testing
9798:
9793:
9779:
9778:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9751:
9749:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9737:
9732:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9690:
9689:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9671:Money transfer
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9642:
9640:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9582:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9544:Passenger rail
9541:
9536:
9526:
9525:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9512:Moving company
9509:
9504:
9499:
9488:
9486:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9418:Consumer goods
9415:
9413:Car dealership
9404:
9402:
9392:
9391:
9388:Service sector
9379:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9252:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9208:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9143:
9141:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9111:
9106:
9091:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9049:
9047:
9045:Heavy industry
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9025:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8984:Metal refining
8981:
8980:
8979:
8977:Synthetic gems
8974:
8969:
8960:
8954:Other mineral
8952:
8951:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8844:Thermoplastics
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8724:
8719:
8704:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8670:contraceptives
8666:
8664:Blood products
8661:
8651:
8649:Fine chemicals
8646:
8645:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8529:Petrochemicals
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8474:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8430:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8389:
8379:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8312:
8307:
8297:
8296:
8295:
8293:Semiconductors
8290:
8288:Circuit boards
8285:
8274:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8247:
8244:
8241:
8236:
8233:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8155:Prefabrication
8152:
8147:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8112:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8088:Cassette tapes
8082:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7946:
7943:
7938:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7924:Vegetable oils
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7898:
7897:Dairy products
7895:
7890:
7885:
7874:
7872:
7870:Light industry
7863:
7855:
7854:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7452:Wild mushrooms
7449:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7429:
7427:Natural rubber
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7364:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7212:Tropical fruit
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7145:Arable farming
7141:
7139:
7130:
7122:
7121:
7118:Natural sector
7109:
7108:
7100:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7077:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7052:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7027:Rubber tapping
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:Forest farming
6990:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6848:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6629:Vateria indica
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:Shorea robusta
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6275:Honey mushroom
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6158:
6156:Mahuwa flowers
6153:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5778:Governmental /
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5731:TH Plantations
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5593:Saponification
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5340:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5188:Grape seed oil
5185:
5180:
5178:Cottonseed oil
5175:
5170:
5168:Apple seed oil
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5050:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4943:Vegetable fats
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4757:
4755:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4684:
4667:
4661:
4648:
4642:
4627:
4624:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4581:, 2011-11-21,
4566:
4532:
4501:
4449:
4400:
4378:
4353:
4335:
4321:
4303:
4281:
4259:
4241:
4219:
4212:
4186:
4168:
4146:
4124:
4102:
4080:
4058:
4015:
3966:
3944:
3922:
3900:
3878:
3856:
3819:
3797:
3780:Food Chemistry
3759:
3737:
3710:
3690:Food Chemistry
3673:
3651:
3634:
3611:
3591:
3543:
3518:
3493:
3471:
3442:
3413:
3387:
3367:
3338:
3318:
3283:
3253:
3226:
3191:
3161:
3136:Islam, Sirajul
3122:
3092:
3066:
3042:Islam, Sirajul
3028:
3006:
2999:
2979:
2954:
2929:
2903:
2874:
2842:
2811:
2792:
2760:
2730:
2705:
2669:
2640:
2601:
2582:
2562:Bellis, Mary.
2554:
2522:
2497:
2477:
2461:
2454:
2436:
2429:
2411:
2404:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Non-food crops
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Food extrusion
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Essential oils
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:European Union
2255:
2252:
2248:hydroperoxides
2235:
2232:
2227:European Union
2220:livestock feed
2203:factories and
2189:Main article:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:(extra virgin)
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1361:vegetable oils
1359:Properties of
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1302:
1299:Brazil nut oil
1296:
1284:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1218:
1215:Grape seed oil
1212:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:Sunflower seed
1114:
1113:
1108:is a variety (
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
984:
983:
980:
974:
973:
968:
938:
935:
914:
911:
905:
902:
855:Main article:
852:
849:
833:
830:
827:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
764:
761:
749:Main article:
746:
743:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
692:
689:
606:
603:
551:
550:
547:
532:
529:
526:
489:
486:
484:
481:
432:diesel engines
419:(8.2 MT), and
368:cottonseed oil
317:
316:Modern history
314:
285:
282:
280:
277:
249:grape seed oil
221:vegetable fats
217:Vegetable oils
201:
200:
198:
197:
190:
183:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
108:
107:
103:
102:
101:
100:
90:
80:
67:
66:
62:
61:
54:
44:
43:
26:
18:Vegetable oils
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10765:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10745:
10743:
10727:
10726:
10717:
10715:
10714:
10705:
10703:
10702:
10693:
10692:
10688:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10661:Privatization
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10536:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10436:
10435:Externalities
10433:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10423:
10419:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10396:Market-based
10395:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10369:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10355:
10353:
10351:
10345:
10341:
10334:
10330:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10289:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10262:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10239:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10208:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10186:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10167:Audio-visual
10166:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10119:
10115:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9982:
9976:
9973:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9939:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9926:
9921:
9920:Entertainment
9917:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9874:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9861:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9818:
9817:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9783:
9780:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9744:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9726:
9723:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9694:
9691:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9676:Payment cards
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9629:
9626:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9611:Food delivery
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9591:Drink service
9589:
9588:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9530:
9527:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9485:& Storage
9483:
9479:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9453:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9428:Grocery store
9426:
9424:
9423:General store
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9276:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9245:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9126:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9109:Rail vehicles
9107:
9105:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9082:wind turbines
9079:
9076:
9074:
9073:Machine tools
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9004:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8964:
8963:Carbon fibers
8961:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8934:
8931:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8795:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8680:Illegal drugs
8678:
8676:
8675:Generic drugs
8673:
8671:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8593:Agrochemicals
8591:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8576:Pure elements
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8544:Synthetic oil
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8406:Lens grinding
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8328:Mobile phones
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8317:
8316:storage media
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8271:& optical
8267:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8098:Optical discs
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7941:Bottled water
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7929:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7864:
7862:Manufacturing
7860:
7856:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7622:Sea cucumbers
7620:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7286:Dairy farming
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7192:Apples et al.
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7098:
7093:
7091:
7086:
7084:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7063:
7062:
7053:
7051:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7002:Honey hunting
7000:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Coconut sugar
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6332:
6331:Yellow knight
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:Slippery jack
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:Heart of palm
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:Edible plants
6126:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:Juniper berry
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:Food vs. fuel
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5823:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:FELCRA Berhad
5785:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:Bumitama Agri
5684:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:Organisations
5670:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5651:Vegetable oil
5649:
5647:
5646:Oleochemicals
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5578:Fractionation
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:palmitic acid
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:myristic acid
5528:
5526:
5525:linoleic acid
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5303:
5302:Essential oil
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:Sunflower oil
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Safflower oil
5241:
5239:
5238:Rice bran oil
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Poppyseed oil
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Pistachio oil
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:Macadamia oil
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Cod liver oil
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Borneo tallow
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4687:
4685:0-442-00112-6
4681:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4664:
4662:1-84127-330-9
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4536:
4523:on 2015-04-06
4522:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4469:(2): 111–21.
4468:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4331:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4291:
4285:
4269:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4177:"Oil, peanut"
4172:
4156:
4150:
4134:
4128:
4112:
4106:
4090:
4084:
4076:
4075:veghealth.com
4069:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3954:
3948:
3932:
3926:
3910:
3904:
3888:
3882:
3866:
3860:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3807:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3747:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3699:on 2020-01-16
3695:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3661:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3570:on 2013-03-09
3566:
3562:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3315:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:Feuge, R. O.
3287:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3112:on 2016-07-02
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3082:on 2006-08-24
3081:
3077:
3070:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2832:on 2006-06-17
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2695:on 2005-12-05
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:"Soybean Car"
2644:
2636:
2630:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2455:1-85573-434-6
2451:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Oleochemistry
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Fragrance oil
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2191:Yellow grease
2182:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:Rice bran oil
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1367:
1362:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:Safflower oil
1241:
1238:
1237:Rice bran oil
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1019:
1018:Sunflower oil
1016:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
996:
995:
989:
986:
985:
979:
976:
975:
965:
962:
960:
956:
952:
943:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
904:Deodorization
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:saturated fat
870:
868:
864:
863:hydrogenation
858:
851:Hydrogenation
848:
846:
842:
840:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
796:
793:
791:
790:mowrah butter
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
760:
758:
752:
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
726:. The use of
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:biodegradable
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
480:
478:
473:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
436:Rudolf Diesel
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
388:
385:
381:
380:Ginning mills
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:hydrogenation
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
313:
311:
306:
301:
299:
298:mummification
295:
291:
276:
274:
270:
269:rice bran oil
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:triglycerides
238:
234:
230:
229:edible plants
226:
222:
218:
212:
207:
196:
191:
189:
184:
182:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Saturated fat
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:Essential oil
91:
88:
84:
83:Macerated oil
81:
78:
74:
73:Vegetable oil
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
63:
58:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
10724:
10712:
10700:
10619:Spinning-off
10604:Homesteading
10557:Conglomerate
10539:Organization
10492:Raw material
10487:Intermediate
10366:
10365:
10188:Broadcasting
10093:Cruise lines
10063:Maid service
10053:Dry cleaning
10024:Maintenance
9782:Architecture
9747:Professional
9566:Self storage
9470:Distribution
9248:Construction
9093:Other heavy
9018:Formed metal
8972:Mineral wool
8894:Safety glass
8865:Fused quartz
8860:Borosilicate
8524:Paraffin wax
8479:oil refining
8458:Transformers
8224:Other goods
8210:Stonemasonry
8190:Glassblowing
8175:Blow molding
8134:Locksmithing
8110:Boilermaking
7659:Fossil fuels
7457:Fungiculture
7412:Gutta-percha
7402:Frankincense
7397:Tree tapping
7368:Silviculture
7348:Fur trapping
7259:Horticulture
7207:Stone fruits
7169:
7059:
7032:Wildcrafting
7017:Naval stores
6995: /
6983:
6952:Tendu leaves
6908:Natural dyes
6778:Gutta-percha
6730: /
6668:Frankincense
6628:
6584:
6541:Mango butter
6486:Cocoa butter
6477:
6474:Chaulmoogra
6444:Allanblackia
6427:
6375:Black pepper
6260:Birch bolete
6210:Canada onion
6195:Wild ginseng
6190:Saw palmetto
6131: /
6021: /
5926:
5919:
5711:FGV Holdings
5706:Feronia Inc.
5650:
5545:stearic acid
5478:
5468:
5461:
5449:
5442:
5426:
5421:Bagworm moth
5411:Diseases and
5396:
5391:E. guineesis
5389:
5382:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5263:Tea seed oil
5135:Pine nut oil
5110:Hazelnut oil
5040:
4965:Mango butter
4960:Cocoa butter
4860:Niter kibbeh
4673:
4652:
4633:
4618:
4610:free content
4602:
4587:, retrieved
4578:
4569:
4559:, retrieved
4547:
4535:
4525:, retrieved
4521:the original
4516:
4493:. Retrieved
4466:
4462:
4452:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4390:
4381:
4370:. Retrieved
4368:. 2022-06-22
4365:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4294:. Retrieved
4284:
4272:. Retrieved
4262:
4253:
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4222:
4195:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4127:
4115:. Retrieved
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4083:
4074:
4061:
4031:(2): 87–94.
4028:
4024:
4018:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3947:
3935:. Retrieved
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3903:
3891:. Retrieved
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3843:
3810:. Retrieved
3800:
3783:
3779:
3750:. Retrieved
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3723:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3694:the original
3689:
3676:
3664:. Retrieved
3654:
3637:
3624:. Retrieved
3614:
3572:. Retrieved
3565:the original
3553:January 2009
3552:
3546:
3539:
3514:
3489:
3474:
3463:. Retrieved
3454:
3445:
3434:. Retrieved
3425:
3416:
3405:. Retrieved
3377:
3370:
3328:
3321:
3312:
3305:. Retrieved
3296:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3265:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3240:the original
3229:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3173:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3139:
3125:
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3105:
3095:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:the original
3069:
3058:. Retrieved
3045:
3031:
3009:
2993:. Elsevier.
2989:
2982:
2971:. Retrieved
2957:
2946:. Retrieved
2932:
2921:. Retrieved
2906:
2895:. Retrieved
2884:
2877:
2866:. Retrieved
2855:FAODocuments
2854:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2830:the original
2823:
2820:"Canola oil"
2814:
2802:, p. 58
2795:
2784:. Retrieved
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2742:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:the original
2682:
2672:
2661:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2618:. Retrieved
2615:The Atlantic
2614:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2574:the original
2567:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2484:Ehud Galili
2480:
2472:
2445:
2439:
2420:
2414:
2387:
2381:
2362:Vernonia oil
2287:Decorticator
2261:
2257:
2237:
2224:
2209:
2194:
2179:
2176:Pre-pressing
2168:
2157:
1960:
1952:
1885:hydrogenated
1652:hydrogenated
1360:
1347:Solarium oil
1338:
1326:
1314:
1290:
1279:
1276:Graviola oil
1269:), contains
1264:
1221:Hazelnut oil
1203:
1195:
1039:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
948:
916:
907:
891:
871:
860:
843:
835:
766:
754:
736:
709:
694:
654:
611:
608:
552:
502:, including
497:
474:
465:
425:
389:
384:hydrogenated
365:
330:
319:
302:
287:
284:In antiquity
272:
253:cocoa butter
236:
220:
216:
215:
209:A bottle of
72:
10656:Partnership
10636:Cooperative
10609:Outsourcing
10599:Freelancing
10477:Commodities
10181:Video games
10156:Periodicals
10033:Landscaping
9963:Fairgrounds
9865:Advertising
9786:engineering
9770:Bookkeeping
9725:Real estate
9718:Reinsurance
9616:Restaurants
9586:Foodservice
9578:Hospitality
9561:Warehousing
9549:Ridesharing
9539:Car rentals
9271:Residential
9206:Remediation
9089:Automobiles
8911:Earthenware
8880:Glass fiber
8875:Float glass
8685:Supplements
8659:Antibiotics
8561:Fertilizers
8519:Mineral oil
8494:Diesel fuel
8477:Coal &
8437:fiber optic
8411:Microscopes
8365:GPS devices
8345:Televisions
8278:Electronics
8269:Electrical
8215:Woodworking
8170:3D printing
8129:Gunsmithing
8093:Phonographs
8078:Typesetting
8058:Bookbinding
8021:Dressmaking
8016:Accessories
7948:Soft drinks
7883:Animal feed
7674:Natural gas
7562:Aquaculture
7545:Sea urchins
7417:Maple syrup
7291:Fur farming
7281:Beef cattle
7217:Viticulture
7165:Fiber crops
7137:Agriculture
6967:Willow bark
6798:Maple syrup
6793:Maple sugar
6768:Fruit syrup
6751:chewing gum
6741:Birch syrup
6598:Shea butter
6270:Chanterelle
6215:Crow garlic
6205:Bear garlic
6200:Wild onions
6178:filé powder
6099:Lingonberry
6084:Huckleberry
5827:and debates
5631:Bioplastics
5508:lauric acid
5503:Palm kernel
5398:E. oleifera
5375:A. speciosa
5297:Cooking oil
5258:Soybean oil
5213:Perilla oil
5203:Mustard oil
5066:Avocado oil
5026:Seaweed oil
5008:Marine oils
4980:Shea butter
4955:Coconut oil
4891:Chicken fat
4870:Urfa butter
4296:6 September
4274:6 September
4183:. usda.gov.
4161:6 September
4139:6 September
4117:6 September
4095:6 September
3959:6 September
3937:6 September
3915:6 September
3893:6 September
3871:6 September
3812:6 September
3752:6 September
3730:26 December
3666:6 September
3626:7 September
3455:www.cdc.gov
3266:www.fda.gov
2768:Knothe, G.
2282:Cholesterol
2277:Algaculture
2212:direct fuel
2197:deep fryers
1727:14.3
1421:α-Linolenic
1399:Smoke point
1395:fatty acids
1388:fatty acids
1381:fatty acids
1335:Pracaxi oil
1227:Linseed oil
1157:Palm kernel
1057:metric tons
1050:Oil source
1008:Soybean oil
988:Coconut oil
778:screw press
770:health-food
665:mineral oil
614:drying oils
559:flash point
500:animal fats
494:Cooking oil
411:(10.9 MT),
407:(16.6 MT),
245:Soybean oil
233:animal fats
124:Cooking oil
10742:Categories
10529:Technology
10499:Innovation
10460:Well-being
10270:University
10203:Television
10140:Mass media
10135:Publishing
9968:Nightclubs
9877:Healthcare
9848:Consulting
9843:Management
9791:Inspection
9775:Tax advice
9755:Accounting
9686:Securities
9502:Intermodal
9438:Mail order
9333:Demolition
9266:Industrial
9261:Commercial
9184:Collection
9035:Cast metal
8921:Refractory
8889:fiberglass
8885:Glass wool
8848:thermosets
8824:Engineered
8753:Engineered
8748:Sawmilling
8642:Toiletries
8613:Explosives
8433:Electrical
8416:Telescopes
8283:Components
8041:Shoemaking
7759:Phosphorus
7652:Geological
7602:Microalgae
7445:Pine resin
7432:Palm sugar
7407:Gum arabic
7321:Beekeeping
7160:Vegetables
7105:industries
6878:Birch beer
6873:Birch bark
6830:Spruce gum
6813:akpeteshie
6803:Palm sugar
6773:Gum arabic
6763:Date sugar
6713:Turpentine
6593:Sandalwood
6496:Eucalyptus
6491:Eucalyptol
6380:Brazil nut
6255:Bay bolete
6109:Strawberry
6064:Cocoa bean
6059:Breadfruit
6049:Blackberry
6023:tree fruit
5928:by country
5885:By country
5726:Sime Darby
5583:Hydrolysis
5535:oleic acid
5491:Components
5292:Plant oils
5248:Sesame oil
5208:Peanut oil
5173:Castor oil
5145:Walnut oil
5120:Marula oil
5105:Cashew oil
5095:Almond oil
5041:Vegetable
4589:2013-11-26
4561:2015-04-08
4527:2015-04-08
4495:2018-03-19
4420:(1): 1–5.
4372:2024-09-27
4234:22 January
4066:Melina V.
3703:15 January
3574:2009-01-29
3465:2015-11-27
3436:2021-07-04
3407:2021-07-04
3246:2007-01-09
3154:2016-05-08
3116:2006-11-12
3086:2006-07-31
3060:2016-05-08
2973:2018-07-30
2948:2011-11-01
2923:2006-09-29
2897:2021-07-16
2868:2023-12-13
2836:2006-07-31
2786:2007-07-11
2724:2019-01-04
2699:2006-10-22
2663:2006-10-23
2620:2023-07-18
2516:2023-07-18
2405:3527306730
2374:References
2302:Fatty acid
2292:Deodorizer
2234:Shelf life
2201:snack food
2152:See also:
2113:Walnut oil
1714:Grape seed
1647:Cottonseed
1614:Cottonseed
1482:Brazil nut
1372:Processing
1311:Buriti oil
1287:Tucumã oil
1271:spilanthol
1249:Sesame oil
1144:Cottonseed
998:Canola oil
972:(t/ha/yr)
792:in India:
745:Production
669:Castor oil
626:insulators
605:Industrial
587:cottonseed
523:Shortening
492:See also:
445:peanut oil
423:(3.2 MT).
415:(8.4 MT),
392:Henry Ford
353:trans fats
308:Britain's
211:peanut oil
143:Components
114:Drying oil
41:Plant oils
10631:Ownership
10577:Monopsony
10455:Pollution
10440:Community
10350:standards
10255:Secondary
10242:Education
10225:Streaming
9893:Hospitals
9884:Medicine
9860:Marketing
9796:Surveying
9760:Assurance
9730:Brokerage
9693:Insurance
9621:Teahouses
9606:Fast food
9497:Air cargo
9482:Transport
9465:Brokerage
9455:Wholesale
9343:Elevators
9328:Cabinetry
9256:Buildings
9236:Telephone
9231:Satellite
9199:Recycling
9194:Hazardous
9160:Renewable
9139:Utilities
9100:Aerospace
9068:Hydraulic
9058:Conveyors
9053:Machinery
8958:Abrasives
8916:Porcelain
8870:Soda-lime
8829:Specialty
8819:Commodity
8780:Cardboard
8763:Composite
8701:Materials
8618:Fireworks
8608:Cosmetics
8588:Adhesives
8470:Chemicals
8428:Batteries
8300:Computers
8235:Jewellery
8221:Furniture
8205:Sintering
8185:Extrusion
8139:Machining
8115:Builders'
8068:Engraving
8063:Embossing
8046:Tailoring
8031:Hatmaking
7931:Beverages
7914:Preserved
7811:Limestone
7781:Quarrying
7754:Gemstones
7724:Palladium
7689:Tar sands
7684:Petroleum
7679:Oil shale
7525:Swordfish
7485:Anchovies
7326:Cochineal
6997:gardening
6957:Thatching
6808:Palm wine
6653:Birch tar
6581:Sal-seed
6506:Japan wax
6459:Candlenut
6400:Malva nut
6365:Areca nut
6286:Matsutake
6242:Mushrooms
6183:root beer
6173:Sassafras
6161:Sago palm
6104:Raspberry
6089:Jackfruit
6054:Blueberry
6006:Wild game
5897:Indonesia
5757:GreenPalm
5716:IOI Group
5679:Producers
5619:by region
5614:Biodiesel
5561:Processes
5368:A. maripa
5352:Oil palms
5218:Pequi oil
5155:Seed oils
5130:Pecan oil
5100:Argan oil
5071:Olive oil
5021:Krill oil
4970:Margarine
4932:Whale oil
4901:Goose fat
4753:Pork fats
4694:cite book
3986:: 59–64.
3786:: 59–65.
3397:491265615
3356:cite book
3348:974497799
3307:March 13,
3184:March 13,
2940:. GWWCA.
2569:About.com
2244:peroxides
2240:oxidation
2216:biodiesel
2164:endosperm
2117:unrefined
2080:Sunflower
1805:very high
1748:Hemp seed
1739:very high
1378:Saturated
1374:treatment
1261:Jambú oil
1255:Açaí palm
1199:viscosity
1055:(million
887:oxidation
883:rancidity
814:Expellers
782:ram press
724:viscosity
712:biodiesel
650:lubricant
599:rice bran
579:safflower
575:sunflower
555:fry foods
449:biodiesel
413:Argentina
357:margarine
331:In 1780,
300:process.
261:Olive oil
257:seed oils
167:Trans fat
134:Biodiesel
119:Oil paint
57:Olive oil
10701:Category
10572:Monopoly
10524:Services
10303:Language
10298:Creative
10282:Tutoring
10260:Tertiary
10230:Websites
10210:Internet
10161:Software
10147:Written
10068:Pet care
10028:Janitors
10018:security
10009:Staffing
9933:Gambling
9826:Interior
9807:, &
9801:Physical
9713:Property
9601:Catering
9534:Airlines
9522:Trucking
9358:Plumbing
9313:Dredging
9288:Railways
9221:Internet
9216:Cable TV
9150:Electric
9095:vehicles
8994:Aluminum
8901:Ceramics
8814:Plastics
8727:Currying
8717:deliming
8690:Vaccines
8632:Perfumes
8571:Pigments
8514:Kerosene
8509:Jet fuel
8504:Gasoline
8499:Fuel oil
8231:Bicycles
8145:smithing
8053:Printing
8011:Clothing
7979:Spinning
7959:Textiles
7909:Prepared
7729:Platinum
7699:Aluminum
7627:Scallops
7540:Lobsters
7515:Mackerel
7495:Sardines
7462:Truffles
7438:, &
7385:Firewood
7360:Forestry
7170:Oilseeds
7050:Category
6866:textiles
6698:Pine tar
6663:Creosote
6613:Tea-tree
6608:Tea-seed
6576:Pongamia
6566:Phulwara
6551:Nagkesar
6546:Murumuru
6521:Kpangnan
6469:Carnauba
6410:Pine nut
6395:Hazelnut
6385:Cinnamon
6370:Bay leaf
6360:Allspice
6282:(reishi)
6114:Tamarind
6079:Gambooge
6039:Bilberry
5921:Category
5902:Malaysia
5892:Colombia
5769:Unilever
5607:Products
5520:Palm oil
5498:Mesocarp
5344:Palm oil
5288:See also
5193:Hemp oil
5183:Corn oil
5076:Palm oil
4906:Schmaltz
4896:Duck fat
4821:Tail fat
4806:Dripping
4583:archived
4552:archived
4489:Archived
4485:26782307
4444:23105229
4395:Archived
4053:18445488
4045:16019622
4010:27559299
3849:March 5,
3724:Aocs.org
3584:Archived
3540:aocs.org
3532:Archived
3507:Archived
3482:Archived
3459:Archived
3430:Archived
3401:Archived
3301:Archived
3297:usda.gov
3276:14 April
3270:Archived
3221:59940212
3178:Archived
3148:Archived
3102:"Illipe"
3054:Archived
3021:Archived
2967:Archived
2942:Archived
2917:Archived
2915:. USDA.
2891:Archived
2777:Archived
2747:Archived
2718:Archived
2657:Archived
2629:cite web
2546:Archived
2270:See also
2185:Used oil
2148:Seed oil
1430:Linoleic
1209:Corn oil
1110:cultivar
1097:Rapeseed
978:Palm oil
959:Oil palm
757:oil mill
687:resins.
677:Nylon 11
673:hydroxyl
567:rapeseed
516:schmaltz
488:Culinary
477:palm oil
441:Augsburg
401:palm oil
387:rancid.
322:Unilever
305:Palm oil
265:palm oil
237:mixtures
10725:Outline
10713:Commons
10467:Funding
10450:Culture
10427:outputs
10337:Related
10277:Testing
10250:Primary
10215:Hosting
10098:Tourism
10084:Travel
10080:Poverty
10058:Funeral
10040:Repairs
10004:Renting
9999:Leasing
9953:Arcades
9949:Venues
9925:leisure
9898:Nursing
9831:Product
9821:Fashion
9805:product
9651:Banking
9460:Auction
9318:Harbors
9298:Tunnels
9283:Bridges
9189:Dumping
9125:Weapons
8943:Plaster
8834:Pellets
8722:Tanning
8708:Leather
8539:Propane
8484:Bitumen
8387:Cameras
8227:Baggage
8200:Pottery
8180:Drawing
8124:Cutlery
7989:Carpets
7984:Weaving
7964:Carding
7893:Canning
7821:Granite
7744:Uranium
7734:Lithium
7607:Seaweed
7592:Oysters
7587:Mussels
7582:Abalone
7577:Tilapia
7572:Catfish
7555:Whaling
7510:Pollock
7505:Haddock
7490:Herring
7480:Fishing
7473:Aquatic
7380:Logging
7343:Hunting
7331:Shellac
7316:Poultry
7264:Flowers
7197:Berries
7180:Tobacco
7155:Legumes
7150:Cereals
7061:Commons
6976:Related
6940:Tanbark
6935:Shellac
6925:Quinine
6898:Gambier
6818:ogogoro
6718:Varnish
6683:Lacquer
6673:Gamboge
6658:Camphor
6648:Benzoin
6558: (
6464:Capuacu
6449:Babassu
6415:Vanilla
6326:Truffle
6311:Red cap
6280:Lingzhi
6069:Coconut
6044:Binukaw
6019:Berries
5691:Cargill
5656:cooking
5588:Milling
5550:stearin
5361:Attalea
4922:Blubber
4882:Poultry
4761:Fatback
4599:Sources
4435:3453543
4001:4988453
3132:"Ghani"
2511:Reuters
2473:Haaretz
2045:Soybean
2012:Soybean
1548:Coconut
1448:Avocado
1313:, from
1289:, from
1229:, from
1170:Coconut
1084:Soybean
1077:biofuel
955:hectare
825:40–43%
822:Solvent
817:34–37%
809:20–30%
661:ben oil
591:coconut
563:soybean
461:biofuel
294:Jericho
279:History
231:. Like
10552:Cartel
10425:&
10422:Inputs
10361:ANZSIC
10138:&
10048:Beauty
10016:&
9938:Online
9923:&
9816:Design
9784:&
9698:Health
9656:Credit
9628:Hotels
9408:Retail
9303:Canals
9226:Mobile
9172:Sewage
9146:Power
9116:&
9102:&
9080:&
9028:Forged
9023:Rolled
9006:Alloys
8999:Copper
8965:&
8938:Mortar
8933:Cement
8887:&
8846:&
8797:Rubber
8790:Tissue
8775:Sizing
8758:Lumber
8743:Drying
8731:oiling
8729:&
8715:&
8713:Liming
8625:&
8623:Paints
8439:cables
8435:&
8394:&
8314:Blank
8143:Other
8117:&
8073:Secure
8036:Sewing
7999:Linens
7974:Prints
7969:Dyeing
7945:Liquor
7919:Sweets
7888:Baking
7826:Marble
7806:Gypsum
7786:Gravel
7774:Sulfur
7764:Potash
7719:Silver
7704:Copper
7637:Shrimp
7632:Salmon
7597:Pearls
7422:Mastic
7392:Rattan
7373:Bamboo
7296:Horses
7252:Spices
7242:Olives
7227:Coffee
7202:Citrus
7129:Biotic
7103:Major
6984:Dehesa
6945:tannin
6930:Rattan
6893:Forage
6856:edible
6851:Bamboo
6846:Amadou
6825:Rubber
6746:Chicle
6688:Mastic
6640:Resins
6623:Ucuuba
6618:Tucuma
6603:Tamanu
6560:kernel
6531:Mafura
6501:Illipe
6454:Bacuri
6405:Nutmeg
6349:spices
6074:Durian
6034:Banana
5384:Elaeis
4927:Muktuk
4840:Butter
4816:Tallow
4797:mutton
4783:Lardon
4682:
4659:
4640:
4483:
4442:
4432:
4210:
4051:
4043:
4008:
3998:
3395:
3385:
3346:
3336:
3219:
3038:"Kalu"
2997:
2753:30 May
2595:
2486:et al.
2452:
2427:
2402:
2072:13.4:1
1980:Sesame
1971:15.6:1
1934:61.6:1
1910:Peanut
1872:45.5:1
1718:
1515:Canola
1473:12.5:1
1305:Carapa
1131:Peanut
1106:Canola
1062:Notes
839:hexane
798:Method
657:rancid
638:oxygen
622:dammar
597:, and
583:peanut
571:canola
544:almond
540:sesame
514:, and
504:butter
417:Brazil
397:Windex
376:Crisco
341:esters
290:Israel
267:, and
251:, and
223:, are
10507:Labor
10482:Final
10472:Goods
10445:Crime
10390:UKSIC
10380:NAICS
10291:Other
10198:Radio
10176:Music
10151:Books
9984:Other
9945:Sport
9765:Audit
9596:Cafés
9554:Taxis
9492:Cargo
9400:Sales
9293:Roads
9167:Water
9114:Ships
9104:space
9078:Power
9063:Heavy
9011:Steel
8906:Brick
8855:Glass
8802:Tires
8770:Paper
7900:Flour
7796:Chalk
7617:Clams
7613:Both
7550:Squid
7535:Crabs
7520:Shark
7436:syrup
7269:Seeds
7222:Cocoa
7175:Sugar
6913:henna
6888:Ferns
6839:Other
6788:Latex
6708:Rosin
6703:Pitch
6693:Myrrh
6678:Kauri
6536:Mahua
6526:Kusum
6516:Kombo
6511:Kokum
6433:waxes
6390:Clove
6296:Morel
6230:Ramps
6166:queen
6141:Betel
6133:roots
5994:Honey
5764:Neste
5624:Neste
5413:pests
5057:Fruit
4831:Dairy
4766:Lardo
4555:(PDF)
4544:(PDF)
4071:(PDF)
4049:S2CID
3697:(PDF)
3686:(PDF)
3646:(PDF)
3568:(PDF)
3557:(PDF)
3217:S2CID
3134:. In
3040:. In
2780:(PDF)
2773:(PDF)
2599:p. 22
2549:(PDF)
2534:(PDF)
2322:Lipid
2104:128:1
2036:7.3:1
2004:138:1
1928:0.318
1814:Olive
1772:2.5:1
1705:0.2:1
1673:1.5:1
1566:0.019
1506:419:1
1460:52–66
1441:ratio
1439:ω−6:3
1435:(ω−6)
1426:(ω−3)
1417:Total
1414:(ω−9)
1409:Oleic
1405:Total
1233:seeds
1183:Olive
1101:18.24
1088:41.28
1072:41.31
1012:0.45
1002:0.75
970:Yield
967:Crop
937:Yield
806:Ghani
739:NNFCC
685:epoxy
634:flash
618:alkyd
542:, or
536:olive
405:China
219:, or
65:Types
10410:TRBC
10400:GICS
10375:NACE
10368:ISIC
10193:News
10171:Film
9703:Life
9517:Rail
9507:Mail
9348:HVAC
9308:Dams
8989:Iron
8926:Tile
8785:Pulp
8738:Wood
8637:Soap
8627:inks
8489:Coke
8258:Toys
8026:Furs
8004:Rope
7994:Lace
7952:Wine
7936:Beer
7904:Meat
7878:Food
7801:Clay
7791:Sand
7769:Salt
7714:Gold
7709:Iron
7669:Peat
7664:Coal
7567:Carp
7530:Tuna
7440:wine
7336:Silk
7311:Wool
7237:Nuts
6920:Peat
6903:Moss
6883:Cork
6783:Kino
6571:Pilu
6556:Palm
6344:Nuts
5999:pine
5989:Furs
5661:fuel
5088:oils
5059:oils
5047:List
5043:oils
4999:Oils
4884:fats
4865:Smen
4850:Ghee
4833:fats
4811:Suet
4799:fats
4793:Beef
4778:Lard
4771:Salo
4744:Fats
4700:link
4680:ISBN
4657:ISBN
4638:ISBN
4481:PMID
4440:PMID
4298:2017
4276:2017
4236:2021
4208:ISBN
4163:2017
4141:2017
4119:2017
4097:2017
4041:PMID
4006:PMID
3961:2017
3939:2017
3917:2017
3895:2017
3873:2017
3851:2011
3814:2017
3754:2017
3732:2019
3705:2020
3668:2017
3628:2017
3561:USDA
3393:OCLC
3383:ISBN
3362:link
3344:OCLC
3334:ISBN
3309:2019
3278:2021
3186:2019
2995:ISBN
2806:help
2755:2015
2635:link
2593:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2357:Soap
2337:Neem
2246:and
2160:seed
2135:52.9
2132:10.4
2129:63.3
2126:22.2
2123:22.8
2101:20.5
2098:0.16
2095:20.7
2092:62.9
2089:63.4
2086:8.99
2069:34.9
2063:37.6
2060:42.5
2057:43.0
2054:14.9
2027:57.7
2024:22.6
2021:22.8
2018:15.6
2001:41.3
1995:41.7
1992:39.3
1989:39.7
1986:14.2
1968:34.4
1961:36.6
1957:38.4
1953:38.4
1931:19.6
1925:19.9
1922:55.4
1919:57.1
1916:16.2
1888:88.2
1881:Palm
1857:37.0
1854:49.3
1848:Palm
1839:14:1
1830:10.5
1827:71.3
1824:73.0
1821:13.8
1802:12.8
1796:12.8
1793:75.2
1790:75.2
1769:54.0
1766:22.0
1763:82.0
1736:74.7
1733:0.15
1730:74.9
1724:14.8
1721:10.4
1696:67.8
1690:18.4
1656:93.6
1638:54:1
1629:51.9
1623:17.8
1620:25.9
1605:58:1
1596:54.7
1593:27.3
1590:27.6
1587:12.9
1581:Corn
1572:88:1
1569:1.68
1554:82.5
1536:18.6
1530:28.1
1527:61.8
1524:63.3
1503:41.9
1497:42.0
1494:31.3
1491:32.7
1488:24.8
1470:12.5
1464:13.5
1457:70.6
1454:11.6
1433:acid
1424:acid
1412:acid
1369:Type
1231:flax
1187:2.84
1174:3.48
1161:4.85
1148:4.99
1135:4.82
1122:9.91
1068:Palm
1022:0.6
992:1.4
982:4.0
951:tons
737:The
700:Fuel
648:and
595:palm
512:lard
508:ghee
483:Uses
359:and
225:oils
129:Fuel
106:Uses
97:list
87:list
77:list
10405:ICB
10385:SIC
10073:Sex
8549:Tar
8392:Gun
7500:Cod
7306:Pig
7232:Tea
6732:gum
6728:Sap
6428:Oil
6265:Cep
5752:AAK
5513:oil
5086:Nut
4471:doi
4430:PMC
4422:doi
4200:doi
4033:doi
3996:PMC
3988:doi
3788:doi
3784:120
3209:doi
2859:doi
2392:doi
2138:5:1
2120:9.1
2066:2.6
1998:0.3
1965:2.2
1891:5.7
1869:9.1
1866:0.2
1863:9.3
1836:9.8
1833:0.7
1787:7.5
1760:9.0
1757:9.0
1754:7.0
1687:9.0
1670:0.3
1667:0.2
1664:0.6
1659:1.5
1563:1.7
1557:6.3
1539:2:1
1533:9.1
1521:7.4
1500:0.1
1042:SVO
663:or
546:oil
430:in
273:oil
239:of
10744::
9803:,
7434:,
4696:}}
4692:{{
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4546:,
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4416:.
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4029:16
4027:.
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