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While many plants reproduce by vegetative reproduction, they rarely exclusively use that method to reproduce. Vegetative reproduction is not evolutionary advantageous; it does not allow for genetic diversity and could lead plants to accumulate deleterious mutations. Vegetative reproduction is favored
437:
Some analyses suggest that vegetative reproduction is a characteristic which makes a plant species more likely to become invasive. Since vegetative reproduction is often faster than sexual reproduction, it "quickly increases populations and may contribute to recovery following disturbance" (such as
844:
is a process which includes the bending of plant branches or stems so that they touch the ground and are covered with soil. Adventitious roots develop from the underground part of the plant, which is known as the layer. This method of vegetative reproduction also occurs naturally. Another similar
285:
Grafting is often not a complete cloning method because seedlings are used as rootstocks. In that case, only the top of the plant is clonal. In some crops, particularly apples, the rootstocks are vegetatively propagated so the entire graft can be clonal if the scion and rootstock are both clones.
521:
increases in size via cell multiplication and remains intact, the process is called "vegetative growth". However, in vegetative reproduction, the new plants that result are new individuals in almost every respect except genetic. Of considerable interest is how this process appears to reset the
833:, or a desired cutting, to the stem of another plant called stock that remains rooted in the ground. Eventually both tissue systems become grafted or integrated and a plant with the characteristics of the grafted plant develops, e.g. mango, guava, etc.
529:
As previously mentioned, plants vegetatively propagate both artificially and naturally. Most common methods of natural vegetative reproduction involve the development of a new plant from specialized structures of a mature plant. In addition to
660:
are solid enlarged underground stems that store nutrients in their fleshy and solid stem tissue and are surrounded by papery leaves. Corms differ from bulbs in that their centers consists of solid tissue while bulbs consist of layered leaves.
362:
to its offspring. It can be economically beneficial for commercial growers to clone a certain plant to ensure consistency throughout their crops. Vegetative propagation also allows plants to avoid the costly and complex process of producing
629:
develop from either the stem or the root. Stem tubers grow from rhizomes or runners that swell from storing nutrients while root tubers propagate from roots that are modified to store nutrients and get too large and produce a new plant.
952:
1090:
Scarcelli, N.; Tostain, S.; Vigouroux, Y.; Agbangla, C.; DaĂŻnou, O.; Pham, J.-L. (August 2006). "Farmers' use of wild relative and sexual reproduction in a vegetatively propagated crop. The case of yam in Benin".
1928:
Ofori, D.A.; Newton, A.C.; Leakey, R.R.B.; Grace, J. (1996-08-01). "Vegetative propagation of
Milicia excelsa by leafy stem cuttings: effects of auxin concentration, leaf area and rooting medium".
407:
phase faster. In nature, that increases the chances for a plant to successfully reach maturity, and, commercially, it saves farmers a lot of time and money as it allows for faster crop overturn.
334:
that are constantly dividing allowing for plant growth and give rise to plant tissue systems. The meristem tissue's ability to continuously divide allows for vegetative propagation to occur.
814:
is a part of the plant, usually a stem or a leaf, is cut off and planted. Adventitious roots grow from cuttings and a new plant eventually develops. Usually those cuttings are treated with
1529:
Crutsinger, G. M.; Reynolds, W. N.; Classen, A. T.; Sanders, N. J. (2008). "Disparate effects of plant genotypic diversity on foliage and litter arthropod communities - Semantic
Scholar".
282:
develops from a cell that is genetically thorny. Thornless blackberry is a chimera, with the epidermal layers genetically thornless but the tissue beneath it genetically thorny.
538:, leaves and roots play an important role in plants' ability to naturally propagate. The most common modified stems, leaves and roots that allow for vegetative propagation are:
599:
are inflated parts of the stem within which lie the central shoots of new plants. They are typically underground and are surrounded by plump and layered leaves that provide
364:
234:
is the process of plant reproduction of a species or cultivar, and it can be sexual or asexual. It can happen through the use of vegetative parts of the plants, such as
341:
which arise from other vegetative parts of the plants such as the stem or leaves. These roots allow for the development of new plants from body parts from other plants.
2004:
Maini, J. S.; Horton, K. W. (1966-09-01). "Vegetative
Propagation of Populus Spp.: I. Influence of Temperature on Formation and Initial Growth of Aspen Suckers".
887:
An offset is the lower part of a single culm with the rhizome axis basal to it and its roots. Planting of these is the most convenient way of propagating bamboo.
399:
and cuttings might reflect the attributes of only one or some of the parent cell lines. Vegetative propagation also allows plants to circumvent the immature
215:
have developed asexual propagation techniques that use vegetative propagules to replicate plants. Success rates and difficulty of propagation vary greatly.
290:(including apospory and diplospory) is a type of reproduction that does not involve fertilization. In flowering plants, unfertilized seeds are produced, or
884:, is then cultured in a hormone-ladened medium and eventually develops into plantlets which are then planted and eventually develop into grown plants.
330:
Meristem tissue makes the process of asexual reproduction possible. It is normally found in stems, leaves, and tips of stems and roots and consists of
257:
Although most plants normally reproduce sexually, many can reproduce vegetatively, or can be induced to do so via hormonal treatments. This is because
502:) can contribute to vegetative reproduction of a plant. Most plant species that survive and significantly expand by vegetative reproduction would be
782:
is the process of asexual reproduction through seed, in the absence of meiosis and fertilization, generating clonal progeny of maternal origin.
860:
grow and form a dense compact mat that is attached to the parent plant. Too many suckers can lead to smaller crop size, so excess suckers are
510:
harsh conditions. A plant that persists in a location through vegetative reproduction of individuals over a long period of time constitutes a
159:
Vegetative reproduction from a stem cutting less than a week old. Some species are more conducive to this means of propagation than others.
1675:
1877:
Spillane, Charles; Curtis, Mark D; Grossniklaus, Ueli (June 2004). "Apomixis technology development—virgin births in farmers' fields?".
710:
are miniature structures that arise from meristem in leaf margins that eventually develops roots and drop from the leaves they grew on.
517:
In a sense, this process is not one of reproduction but one of survival and expansion of biomass of the individual. When an individual
254:
per unit of resource than reproduction through seed production. In general, juveniles of a plant are easier to propagate vegetatively.
573:, runners are modified stems that, unlike rhizomes, grow from existing stems just below the soil surface. As they are propagated, the
96:
1328:
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produces plantlets along the margins of its leaves. When they are mature enough, they drop off and root in any suitable soil beneath.
68:
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to ensure the consistency of the new cultivar and its successful production on a commercial level. However, as can be seen in many
49:
1398:
Snow, Allison A.; Whigham, Dennis F. (1989-10-01). "Costs of Flower and Fruit
Production in Tipularia Discolor (Orchidaceae)".
75:
2040:
1482:
1661:(General J. Grant (1864). "Vegetative Reproduction in New York: a comprehensive study. Stony Brook University Press: NY, NY.
849:, involved the scraping and replanting of tree branches which develop into trees. Examples are Jasmine and Bougainvillea.
82:
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Vegetative reproduction offers research advantages in several areas of biology and has practical usage when it comes to
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almost by definition, since specialized organs of vegetative reproduction, like seeds of annuals, serve to survive
1963:
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on the modified stems produce roots and stems. Those buds are more separated than the ones found on the rhizome.
1964:"Kumar, G. (2011). "Propagation of Plants by Grafting and Budding" (PDF). Pacific Northwest Extension. pp. 3–5"
53:
1150:
Birget, Philip L. G.; Repton, Charlotte; O'Donnell, Aidan J.; Schneider, Petra; Reece, Sarah E. (2017-08-16).
414:. The most common use made of vegetative propagation by forest geneticists and tree breeders has been to move
2076:
1842:
Roest, S.; Bokelmann, G.S. (1975-12-01). "Vegetative propagation of
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. in vitro".
1617:"Widespread genetic mosaicism in the marine angiosperm Zostera marina is correlated with clonal reproduction"
550:
1807:
Oliver, Chadwick
Dearing (1980-01-01). "Forest development in North America following major disturbances".
2071:
715:
147:
138:. The small plant in front is about 1 cm tall. The concept of "individual" is stretched by this process.
358:
of their parent plants. If a plant has favorable traits, it can continue to pass down its advantageous
1572:
Frankham, R (2005-07-27). "Conservation
Biology: Ecosystem recovery enhanced by genotypic diversity".
383:
is extremely difficult, so, once farmers develop the desired traits in, for example, a lily, they use
1207:
Bonga, J. M. (1982). "Vegetative
Propagation in Relation to Juvenility, Maturity, and Rejuvenation".
89:
2041:"VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF RADIATA PINE BY TISSUE CULTURE: PLANTLET FORMATION FROM EMBRYONIC TISSUE"
535:
262:
1152:"Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive effort: malaria parasites respond to resource availability"
1324:
684:, suckers are plant stems that arise from buds on the base of the parent plant's stems or roots.
208:
42:
1783:
Tuberous, cormous and bulbous plants : biology of an adaptive strategy in
Western Australia
1371:
Hussey, G. (1978). "The application of tissue culture to the vegetative propagation of plants".
354:
There are several advantages of vegetative reproduction, mainly that the produced offspring are
173:
has reproduced vegetatively underground to make two bulbs, each of which produces a flower stem.
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Another important ability that allows for vegetative propagation is the ability to develop
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454:. The plants are genetically identical and are all, therefore, susceptible to pathogenic
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864:, and mature suckers are transplanted to a new area where they develop into new plants.
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of the parent plant or specialized reproductive structures, which are sometimes called
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that have desirable characteristics is very common practice. It is used by farmers and
534:, roots that arise from plant structures other than the root, such as stems or leaves,
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953:"Isidia as Vegetative Propagules in Peltigera Aphthosa VAR. Variolosa (Massal.) Thoms"
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1733:"Plant form. An illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology. By Adrian D. Bell"
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1454:"Vegetative propagation in an epiphytic orchid occurrence and ecological relevance"
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to produce new plants or through growth from specialized vegetative plant parts.
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and nurtured in a sterilized medium. The mass of developed tissue, known as the
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Swingle, Charles F. (1940-07-01). "Regeneration and vegetative propagation".
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to produce better crops with desirable qualities. The most common methods of
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1981:"Indiana Yard and Garden – Purdue Consumer Horticulture - Purdue University"
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A major disadvantage of vegetative propagation is that it prevents species
212:
1483:"THE USE OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGULES IN FOREST GENETICS AND TREE IMPROVEMENT"
1240:
McKey, Doyle; Elias, Marianne; Pujol, Benoît; Duputié, Anne (2010-04-01).
1211:. Forestry Sciences. Vol. 5. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 387–412.
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from selected trees to some convenient location, usually designated a
1242:"The evolutionary ecology of clonally propagated domesticated plants"
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plants, this does not always apply, because many plants actually are
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Many plants naturally reproduce this way, but it can also be induced
2017:
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Production of new individuals along a leaf margin of the air plant,
31:
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1509:"What Traits Distinguish Invasive Plants from Non-invasive Plants?"
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426:, clone-holding orchard, or seed orchard where their genes can be
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occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment or
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20:
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Forbes, James C.; Forbes, Jim C.; Watson, Drennan (1992-08-20).
1528:
876:, plant cells are taken from various parts of the plant and are
128:
1786:. Nedlands, W.A. : University of Western Australia Press.
1516:
California Exotic Pest Plant
Council 1996 Symposium Proceedings
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plants, and typically involves structural modifications of the
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368:
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Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service, Rotorua
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School of Forestry and Conservation and Department of Genetics
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are additional offshoots which develop on vegetative stems or
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Vegetative Propagation from the Standpoint of Plant Anatomy
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method. However, root cuttings of thornless blackberries (
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1345:"root | Definition, Types, Morphology, & Functions"
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are sometimes formed instead of the flowers of garlic.
1985:
Indiana Yard and Garden - Purdue Consumer Horticulture
1927:
1366:
1364:
1239:
19:
For vegetative reproduction of animals and fungi, see
1707:
The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms
1615:
Reusch, Thorsten; Boström, Christoffer (2011-07-01).
1361:
1300:
Plant Propagation Concepts and Laboratory Exercises
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1673:
713:An example of a plant that uses plantlets is the
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1323:
950:
344:
312:) and many grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (
268:Vegetative propagation is usually considered a
1841:
1699:
1697:
1669:
1667:
951:Kershaw, K. A.; Millbank, J. W. (April 1970).
1614:
1476:
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318:) all use this form of asexual reproduction.
223:, making them more challenging to propagate.
1447:
1445:
1297:Beyl, Caula A.; Trigiano, Robert N. (2008).
1296:
2003:
1780:Pate, J. S.; Dixon, Kingsley Wayne (1982).
1704:Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (2000-11-16).
1694:
1664:
1397:
749:Examples of plants that use keikis are the
479:Natural vegetative propagation is mostly a
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1471:
1779:
1748:
1442:
1257:
1183:
278:) will revert to thorny type because the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1730:
1571:
927:"vegetative reproduction | horticulture"
687:Examples of plants that use suckers are
580:Examples of plants that use runners are
545:
294:that grow instead of flowers. Hawkweed (
162:
154:
141:
127:
16:Asexual method of reproduction in plants
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1038:
1007:"Physiology of vegetative reproduction"
818:before being planted to induce growth.
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2038:
1806:
1370:
664:Examples of plants that use corms are
606:Examples of plants that use bulbs are
250:when it allows plants to produce more
1480:
1206:
790:Vegetative propagation of particular
1731:Kawasaki, Maria Lucia (1991-07-01).
1506:
1451:
226:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1004:
785:
265:are present in many plant tissues.
13:
14:
2093:
1333:. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
867:
800:artificial vegetative propagation
2039:Reilly, Kathryn (4 April 1977).
1259:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03210.x
1113:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02958.x
1005:RRB, Leakey (31 December 2004).
641:and examples of root tubers are
474:
466:that can wipe out entire crops.
450:which can lead to reductions in
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1011:Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences
41:needs additional citations for
1710:. Cambridge University Press.
1680:. Cambridge University Press.
1327:; Swingle, Charles F. (1929).
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1019:10.1016/B0-12-145160-7/00108-3
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1930:Forest Ecology and Management
1809:Forest Ecology and Management
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1942:10.1016/0378-1127(96)03737-1
1856:10.1016/0304-4238(75)90046-1
1821:10.1016/0378-1127(80)90013-4
1481:Libby, W. (September 1973).
1217:10.1007/978-94-017-3538-4_13
852:
702:
633:Examples of stem tubers are
551:'Lipstick' hybrid strawberry
345:Advantages and disadvantages
7:
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716:Bryophyllum daigremontianum
10:
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2006:Canadian Journal of Botany
1303:. CRC Press. p. 170.
1209:Tissue Culture in Forestry
805:
723:), which is also known as
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541:
365:sexual reproduction organs
18:
1641:10.1007/s10682-010-9436-8
1543:10.1007/s00442-008-1130-y
1373:Science Progress (1933- )
969:10.1017/S0024282970000257
730:
721:Kalanchoe daigremontianum
621:
186:vegetative multiplication
65:"Vegetative reproduction"
1507:Reichard, Sarah Hayden.
1325:Priestley, Joseph Hubert
727:for its many plantlets.
652:
591:
469:
263:cellular differentiation
148:Kalanchoe daigremontiana
1349:Encyclopedia Britannica
931:Encyclopedia Britannica
178:Vegetative reproduction
1844:Scientia Horticulturae
1586:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800706
1452:Zotz, Gerhard (1999).
1168:10.1098/rspb.2017.1229
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332:undifferentiated cells
182:vegetative propagation
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1677:Plants in Agriculture
829:involves attaching a
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202:vegetative propagules
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2077:Asexual reproduction
1879:Nature Biotechnology
1621:Evolutionary Ecology
1041:The Botanical Review
379:. Developing an ace
194:asexual reproduction
50:improve this article
1633:2011EvEco..25..899R
1412:1989Ecol...70.1286S
1105:2006MolEc..15.2421S
1053:1940BotRv...6..301S
742:of several orchids
725:mother of thousands
559:Fragaria Ă— ananassa
438:fires and floods).
371:and the subsequent
360:genetic information
2072:Plant reproduction
1162:(1860): 20171229.
1061:10.1007/BF02919037
603:to the new plant.
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565:to grow new plants
532:adventitious roots
339:adventitious roots
280:adventitious shoot
259:meristematic cells
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1093:Molecular Ecology
957:The Lichenologist
796:horticulturalists
448:genetic diversity
232:Plant propagation
227:Plant propagation
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475:Natural means
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442:Disadvantages
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67: –
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61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
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2009:
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1988:. Retrieved
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1537:(1): 65–75.
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1352:. Retrieved
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1022:. Retrieved
1010:
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988:. Retrieved
960:
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936:22 September
934:. Retrieved
930:
921:
886:
871:
856:
847:air layering
840:
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752:Phalaenopsis
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734:
724:
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682:root sprouts
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103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1815:: 153–168.
902:Hemerochory
524:aging clock
452:crop yields
434:offspring.
261:capable of
2066:Categories
2054:: 199–206.
1990:2018-04-20
1743:(3): 145.
1580:(3): 183.
1496:: 440–447.
1461:Ecotropica
1354:2018-04-19
913:References
767:genera of
764:Dendrobium
758:Epidendrum
508:seasonally
485:herbaceous
428:recombined
424:clone bank
393:variegated
350:Advantages
326:Mechanisms
167:A bulb of
106:March 2008
76:newspapers
2026:0008-4026
1950:0378-1127
1899:1546-1696
1864:0304-4238
1829:0378-1127
1759:0007-196X
1737:Brittonia
1531:Oecologia
1428:1939-9170
1268:1469-8137
1176:0962-8452
1121:0962-1083
1069:0006-8101
1024:4 January
990:4 January
977:1096-1135
853:Suckering
792:cultivars
708:Plantlets
703:Plantlets
666:gladiolus
601:nutrients
504:perennial
492:perennial
483:found in
432:pedigreed
420:gene bank
303:Taraxacum
297:Hieracium
292:plantlets
252:offspring
1907:15175691
1649:23424978
1594:16049423
1574:Heredity
1559:35985089
1551:18766383
1385:43420451
1284:11637652
1276:20202131
1194:28768894
1137:19699365
1129:16842416
1077:29297545
985:86138677
891:See also
878:cultured
845:method,
842:Layering
837:Layering
827:Grafting
822:Grafting
816:hormones
780:Apomixis
775:Apomixis
635:potatoes
608:shallots
586:currants
561:) using
519:organism
460:bacteria
397:chimeras
385:grafting
381:cultivar
367:such as
288:Apomixis
2082:Cloning
1767:2807042
1629:Bibcode
1602:8274476
1436:1938188
1408:Bibcode
1400:Ecology
1185:5563815
1101:Bibcode
1049:Bibcode
858:Suckers
812:cutting
806:Cutting
769:orchids
676:Suckers
647:dahlias
571:stolons
563:stolons
542:Runners
481:process
389:budding
369:flowers
320:Bulbils
270:cloning
198:cutting
190:cloning
170:Muscari
90:scholar
21:Budding
2024:
1948:
1915:656911
1913:
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882:callus
862:pruned
761:, and
744:genera
736:Keikis
731:Keikis
719:(syn.
695:, and
627:Tubers
622:Tubers
616:tulips
612:lilies
405:mature
377:fruits
356:clones
309:Citrus
242:, and
236:leaves
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2044:(PDF)
1967:(PDF)
1911:S2CID
1763:JSTOR
1645:S2CID
1598:S2CID
1555:S2CID
1512:(PDF)
1486:(PDF)
1457:(PDF)
1432:JSTOR
1381:JSTOR
1280:S2CID
1133:S2CID
1073:S2CID
981:S2CID
831:scion
802:are:
689:apple
658:Corms
653:Corms
597:Bulbs
592:Bulbs
489:woody
470:Types
464:fungi
416:genes
373:seeds
244:roots
240:stems
97:JSTOR
83:books
2022:ISSN
1946:ISSN
1903:PMID
1895:ISSN
1860:ISSN
1825:ISSN
1788:ISBN
1755:ISSN
1712:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1590:PMID
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1424:ISSN
1305:ISBN
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1221:ISBN
1190:PMID
1172:ISSN
1125:PMID
1117:ISSN
1065:ISSN
1026:2022
992:2022
973:ISSN
938:2017
670:taro
668:and
645:and
639:yams
637:and
614:and
584:and
575:buds
500:root
496:stem
487:and
462:and
387:and
375:and
69:news
2014:doi
1938:doi
1887:doi
1852:doi
1817:doi
1745:doi
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1254:doi
1250:186
1213:doi
1180:PMC
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1109:doi
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965:doi
872:In
693:elm
430:in
188:or
52:by
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