Vel' d'Hiv Roundup

2405: 121: 189: 2045: 2585: 2675:... La France, patrie des Lumières et des Droits de l'Homme, terre d'accueil et d'asile, la France, ce jour-là, accomplissait l'irréparable. Manquant à sa parole, elle livrait ses protégés à leurs bourreaux. ("These black hours will stain our history forever and are an injury to our past and our traditions. Yes, the criminal madness of the occupier was assisted by the French, by the French state. Fifty-three years ago, on 16 July 1942, 450 French policemen and gendarmes, under the authority of their leaders, obeyed the demands of the Nazis. That day, in the capital and the Paris region, nearly 10,000 Jewish men, women and children were arrested at home, in the early hours of the morning, and assembled at police stations... France, home of the 2732: 2071:, "would further erode that sovereignty which Vichy was so committed to preserving. This could only be avoided by reassuring Germany that the French would carry out the necessary measures." Jackson adds that the decision to arrest Jews and Communists and Gaullists was "an autonomous policy, with its own indigenous roots." In other words, the decision to do so was not forced upon the Vichy regime by the Germans. Jackson also explains that the roundup of Jews must have been run by the French, since the Germans would not have had the necessary information or manpower to find and arrest a full 13,000 people. 110: 2308: 47: 2811: 2299:—"to the frustration of the authorities; the Prefect of Police had no control at all and visitors were not welcome"—who used it to house not Jews, but those it considered collaborators with the Germans. When a pastor was allowed in on 15 September, he discovered cells measuring 3.5 metres (11 ft) by 1.75 metres (5.7 ft) that had held six Jewish internees with two mattresses between them. The prison returned to the conventional prison service on 20 September. 2245: 2776:

family were survivors of deportation to Auschwitz. The statue represents all deportees but especially those of the Vel' d'Hiv'. The sculptures include children, a pregnant woman and a sick man. The words on the Mitterrand-era monument still differentiate between the French Republic and the Vichy Government that ruled during WW II, so they do not accept State responsibility for the roundup of the Jews. The words are in French: "

4410: 2087:, supposedly as a "humanitarian" measure to keep families together. This too was a fiction, given that the parents of these children had already been deported; documents of the period have revealed that the anti-Semitic Laval's principal concern was what to do with Jewish children once their parents had been deported. The youngest child sent to Auschwitz under Laval's orders was 18 months old. 2783:", which translate as follows: "The French Republic pays homage to the victims of racist and anti-Semitic persecutions and crimes against humanity committed under the de facto authority called the 'Government of the French State' 1940–1944. Let us never forget." The monument was inaugurated on 17 July 1994. A commemorative ceremony is held here every year in July. 2490:, a measure immediately lifted for "having actively and sustainably participated in the resistance against the occupier". Bousquet's position was always ambiguous; there were times he worked with the Germans and others when he worked against them. After the war he worked at the Banque d'Indochine and in newspapers. In 1957, the 1928:, the SS captain who headed the German police in France, said: "This filing system subdivided into files sorted alphabetically; Jews with French nationality and foreign Jews had files of different colors, and the files were also sorted, according to profession, nationality and street." These files were then given to the 2670:

Il est difficile de les évoquer, aussi, parce que ces heures noires souillent à jamais notre histoire, et sont une injure à notre passé et à nos traditions. Oui, la folie criminelle de l'occupant a été secondée par des Français, par l'Etat français. Il y a cinquante-trois ans, le 16 juillet 1942, 450

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Beginning at 4:00 a.m. on 16 July 1942, French police numbering 9,000 started the manhunt. The Police force included gendarmes, gardes mobiles, detectives, patrolmen and cadets; they were divided into small arresting teams of three or four men each, fanning across the city. A few hundred followers of

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policiers et gendarmes français, sous l'autorité de leurs chefs, répondaient aux exigences des nazis. Ce jour-là, dans la capitale et en région parisienne, près de dix mille hommes, femmes et enfants juifs furent arrêtés à leur domicile, au petit matin, et rassemblés dans les commissariats de police.

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The Vel' d'Hiv' had a glass roof, which had been painted dark blue to avoid attracting bomber navigators. The dark glass increased the heat, as well as windows screwed shut for security. The numbers held there vary from one account to another, but one established figure is 7,500 of a final figure of

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The internment camp at Drancy was easily defended because it was built of tower blocks in the shape of a horseshoe. It was guarded by French gendarmes. The camp's operation was under the Gestapo's section of Jewish affairs. Theodor Dannecker, a key figure both in the roundup and in the operation of

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and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for 1942 roundup and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this ", he said, French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German took part," he added. Chirac had already stated that

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They want the Republic, they want France to fall to her knees, to apologize for Vichy's crime. Well, that,... I will never accept it because historically it is not right. The truth is that on July 10, 1940, the Republic handed Marshal Pétain a blank check, without knowing what he would do with the

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church was among the protesters. Public reaction obliged Laval to ask the Germans on 2 September not to demand more Jews. Handing them over, he said, was not like buying items in a discount store. Laval managed to limit deportations mainly to foreign Jews; he and his defenders argued after the war

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memorial museum was opened in 2012 just opposite the sculpture memorial and railway wagon by President François Hollande. It provides details of the persecution of the Jews in France and many personal mementos of inmates before their deportation to Auschwitz and their death. They include messages

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found minutes in German archives of meetings with senior Vichy officials and Bousquet's proposal that the roundup should cover non-French Jews throughout the country. In 1990, charges of crimes against humanity were laid against Bousquet in relation to his role in the Vel' d'Hiv' roundup of Jews,

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of all Jews who acquired French citizenship from 1927. A further meeting took place in Dannecker's office on the avenue Foch on 7 July. Also present were Jean Leguay, Bousquet's deputy, Jean François, who was director of the police administration at the Paris prefecture, Émile Hennequin, head of

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On 3 February 1993, President François Mitterrand commissioned a monument to be erected on the site. It stands now on a curved base, to represent the cycle track, on the edge of the quai de Grenelle. It is the work of the Polish sculptor Walter Spitzer and the architect Mario Azagury. Spitzer's

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Pierre Laval's trial opened on 3 October 1945. His first defence was that he had been obliged to sacrifice foreign Jews to save the French. Uproar broke out in the court, with supposedly neutral jurors shouting abuse at Laval, threatening "a dozen bullets in his hide". It was, said historians

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in 1959 and the rest of the structure was demolished. A block of flats and a building belonging to the Ministry of the Interior now stand on the site. A plaque marking the Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup was placed on the track building after the War and moved to 8 boulevard de Grenelle in 1959.

2348:". From 6 October, Laval refused to take part in the proceedings, hoping that the jurors' interventions would lead to a new trial. Laval was sentenced to death, and tried to commit suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule. Revived by doctors, he was executed by a firing squad at 2691:

gave a speech at the monument on 22 July 2012. The president recognized that this event was a crime committed "in France, by France," and emphasized that the deportations in which French police participated were offences committed against French values, principles, and ideals.

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the government during the War represented the French state. Macron was even more specific in this respect: "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."

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unlimited power he was receiving. And on July 11, he did away with all republican forms of power. The Republic therefore has nothing to do with what happened from July 11 to the Liberation. Vichy was an accidental regime that existed only because of the enemy occupation.

1932:, in charge of the "Jewish problem." At the request of the German authorities, the Vichy government created in March 1941 the Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives or CGQJ (Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs) with the task of implementing antisemitic policy. 2146:, hidden by neighbors or benefiting from the lack of zeal or thoroughness of some policemen. Conditions for the arrested were harsh: they could take only a blanket, a sweater, a pair of shoes and two shirts with them. Most families were split up and never reunited. 2007:("stateless"), whose origin couldn't be determined, aged from 16 to 50. There were to be exceptions for women "in advanced state of pregnancy" or who were breast-feeding, but "to save time, the sorting will be made not at home but at the first assembly centre". 1979:

on 14 July at the request of the French. This national holiday was not celebrated in the occupied zone, and they wished to avoid civil uprisings. Dannecker declared: "The French police, despite a few considerations of pure form, have only to carry out orders!"

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was released from prison. In 1939 Jewish refugees were interned there before being sent to camps in the Paris region and in 1940 it was used as an internment center for foreign women, an event that served as a precedent for its selection as internment location.

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The court ruled on 22 March 1947 that the seven were guilty but that most had rehabilitated themselves "by active participation, useful and sustained, offered to the Resistance against the enemy." Two others were jailed for two years and condemned to

2060:, which nominally administered France while accepting occupation of the north. Although in practice the Germans ran the north, the formal position was that France and the Germans were separate. The position of Vichy and its leader, Marshal 2218:

Roundups were conducted in both the northern and southern zones of France, but public outrage was greatest in Paris because of the numbers involved in a concentrated area. The Vel' d'Hiv' was a landmark in the city centre. The

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survived the war and its aftermath and became president of Warner Lambert, Inc. in London (now merged with Pfizer), and later president of Substantia Laboratories in Paris. In 1979, he was charged for his role in the roundup.

1721:, and the successive French governments, the French Republic could not be held accountable for the arrest and deportation of Jews to their death since the Vichy State was "both illegal and illegitimate". Socialist President 2599:

After the Liberation, survivors of the internment camp at Drancy began legal proceedings against gendarmes accused of being accomplices of the Nazis. An investigation began into 15 gendarmes, of whom 10 were accused at the

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regime protected him. In 1978, after he gave an interview claiming that the gas chambers of Auschwitz were used to kill lice, the French government requested his extradition. Spain refused. He died on 29 August 1980, near

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was sentenced to death by a British military tribunal in 1946 for the murder of British pilots. The sentence was never carried out. He was extradited to France in 1954 and again sentenced to death. The sentence was later

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La République française en hommage aux victimes des persécutions racistes et antisémites et des crimes contre l’humanité commis sous l’autorité de fait dite ‘gouvernement de l’État français’ (1940–1944) N’oublions

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in an unfinished complex of apartments and apartment towers in the northern suburb of Drancy, the rest were taken to the Vélodrome d'Hiver which had already been used as an internment center in the summer of 1941.

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are formed by the hair, the arm and the beard of two people at the top of the sculpture. These letters have the numeric 36, the number of Righteous thanks to whom the world exists according to Jewish tradition."

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13,152. There were no lavatories: of the 10 available, five were sealed because their windows offered a way out, and the others were blocked. The arrested Jews were kept there with only food and water brought by

2080:("embarrassing") fact that the French police would carry them out. Bousquet succeeded in reaching a compromise – that the police would round up only foreign Jews. Vichy ratified that agreement the following day. 5775: 4398:, "Vichy-Auschwitz: Le rôle de Vichy dans la Solution Finale de la question Juive en France – 1942," Paris: Fayard, 1983. Klarsfeld's work contains nearly 300 pages of primary sources on French roundups in 1942. 2838:

at the door of houses occupied by Jews. Two other blocks represent the gates of death. Shelomo Selinger said of his work: "The central block is composed of 10 figures, the number needed for collective prayer

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of conduct threatening the safety of the state. Three fled before the trial began. The other seven said they were only obeying orders, despite numerous witnesses and accounts by survivors of their brutality.

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When a Protestant leader accused Laval of murdering Jews, Laval insisted they had been sent to build an agricultural colony in the East. "I talked to him about murder, he answered me with gardening."

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Although the police have been blamed for rounding up children younger than 16—the age was set to preserve a fiction that workers were needed in the east—the order was given by Vichy's Prime Minister,

7438: 4046: 1725:, in his turn refused to acknowledge the responsibility of the French state stating that "Vichy was not the Republic". Only in 1995, in contrast with the silence of his predecessor, French President 5153: 6606: 5603: 2666:, reversed that position, stating that it was time that France faced up to its past. He acknowledged the role that "the French State" played in the persecution of Jews and others during the War. 1912:

The first anti-Jewish ordinance of 27 September 1940, promulgated by the German authorities, forced Jewish people in the Occupied Zone, including foreigners, to register at police stations or at

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of the SS. The previous roundups had come short of the 32,000 Jews promised by the French authorities to the Germans. Darquier proposed the arrest of stateless Jews in the Southern Zone and the

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Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's 1995 apology when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."

5250: 7488: 6371: 1640: 5284: 1690:“Winter Velodrome”), in extremely crowded conditions, without any arrangements made for food, water, or sanitary facilities. In the week following the arrests, the Jews were taken to the 32: 4219:

Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany Since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the Vél' D'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin

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Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany Since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the Vél' D'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin

2123:Émile Hennequin, director of the city police, ordered on 12 July 1942 that "the operations must be effected with the maximum speed, without pointless speaking and without comment." 2282:

were sent before being shipped to Auschwitz, where they were murdered. Most of the initial victims, including those from the Vel' d'Hiv', were crammed into sealed wagons and died

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with the support from the Fondation Hippocrène and from the EACEA Agency of the European Commission (Programme Europe for citizens – An active European remembrance), RTBF, VRT.

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for the deportation of 194 children. Bousquet was committed to trial but on 8 June 1993 a 55-year-old mental patient named Christian Didier entered his flat and shot him dead.

4778: 1873:), 3,747 Jewish men were arrested on 14 May 1941, after 6,694 foreign Jews living in France received a summons in the mail (delivered on a green ticket) to a status review ( 5264: 6225: 2886:), where stones are engraved with the names of the most notorious Jewish concentration and extermination camps, Drancy is the only place of memory in France to feature." 473: 4268:

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany

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apologised for the complicit role of French police and French civil servants, calling it "the darkest hours that will forever tarnish our history". In 2017, President

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For decades the French government declined to apologize for the role of French policemen in the roundup or for state complicity. De Gaulle and others argued that the

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in Germany and became a member of the exile Vichy government there. He died in February 1945 when his car was strafed by Allied fighters while he was travelling from

5243: 1909:", was a continent-wide plan to intern and exterminate Europe's Jewish population. It was a joint operation between German and collaborating French administrators. 5671: 2518:. In 1986, as accusations cast on Bousquet grew more credible, particularly after he was named by Louis Darquier, he and Mitterrand stopped seeing each other. The 2321:

The roundup accounted for more than a quarter of the 42,000 Jews sent from France to Auschwitz in 1942, of whom only 811 returned to France at the end of the war.

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that encompasses Paris and its immediate suburbs. Their names and addresses were kept by the French police in the fichier Tulard, a file named after its creator,

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and a few doctors and nurses were allowed to enter. There was only one water faucet. Those who tried to escape were shot on the spot. Some took their own lives.

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The Holocaust researcher Serge Klarsfeld said in 2004: "Drancy is the best known place for everyone of the memory of the Shoah in France; in the crypt of

2680: 3902:"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)" 7418: 5554: 5215: 2683:, land of welcome and asylum, France committed on that day the irreparable. Breaking its word, it delivered those it protected to their executioners.") 1319: 6493: 5222: 5208: 5086: 5071: 4597: 4217: 2427: 2416: 383: 4414: 7412: 7258: 4763: 2507: 1479: 565: 7288: 2444: 1761: 7253: 7248: 7243: 4019: 2036:(UGIF, General Union of French Jews), which will place them in foundations. The sorting of children will be done in the first assembly centres." 1947:

in May 1942 as head of the CGQJ, travelled to Gestapo headquarters at 93 rue Lauriston in the 16th arrondissement of Paris to meet Dannecker and

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René Bousquet was last to be tried, in 1949. He was acquitted of "compromising the interests of the national defence", but declared guilty of

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in the occupied zone, ordering them to deport not only Jewish adults but children whose deportation had not even been requested by the Nazis.

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On 25 May 2001, the cité de la Muette—formal name of the Drancy apartment blocks—was declared a national monument by the culture minister,

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Three former SS officers testified in 1980 that Vichy officials had been enthusiastic about deportation of Jews from France. Investigator

7431: 7175: 6722: 5148: 4924: 3339: 1971:, Jean Leguay, Gallien, deputy to Darquier de Pellepoix, several police officials and representatives of the French railway service, the 1183: 236: 7450: 6444: 4542: 2404: 501: 483: 6205: 4602: 2257:... It was he who ordered the internees to starve, who banned them from moving about within the camp, to smoke, to play cards, etc." 2074:

On 2 July 1942, René Bousquet attended a planning meeting in which he raised no objection to the arrests, and worried only about the

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was listed for demolition in 1909 to improve the view of the Eiffel Tower. As well as track cycling, the new building was used for

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The Germans planned for the French police to arrest 22,000 Jews in Greater Paris. They would then be taken to internment camps at

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After five days, the prisoners were taken to the internment camps of Drancy, Beaune-la-Rolande and Pithiviers, and later to the

6937: 6659: 5785: 5709: 5120: 4514: 6689: 6631: 5744: 5681: 3823: 2643:. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events caused by a state which France did not recognise. President 6553: 5992: 5841: 5836: 4986: 4297: 4276: 4255: 4196: 4102: 3859: 3187: 2954: 1434: 468: 7403: 3165: 2224:

that allowing the French police to conduct the roundup had been a bargain to ensure the life of Jews of French nationality.

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on 20 July 2008. The ceremony was led by Jean-Marie Bockel, Secretary of Defense and Veterans Affairs, and was attended by

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In December 1941, forty prisoners from Drancy were murdered in retaliation for a French attack on German police officers.

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With the exception of six adolescents, none of the 3,900 children detained at the Vel d’Hiv and then deported survived.

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The "Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup" was not the first roundup of this sort in France during World War II. In what is known as the

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The earlier claim that the Government of France during World War II was some illegitimate group was again advanced by

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spoke of a "political decision at the highest levels to prevent the Bousquet affair from developing". In 1989,

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The Vel d'Hiv was also the site of political rallies and demonstrations, including a large event attended by

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In reality, "Vichy shed no tears over the fate of the foreign Jews in France, who were seen as a nuisance, '

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after the 16–17 July 1942 roundup of Jews in Paris. Inaugurated on 20 July 2008, the plaque is facing the

2703:, during the 2017 election campaign. In speeches, she claimed that the Vichy government was "not France". 2510:; his second was Hector Bouilly, a radical-socialist general councillor. In 1974, Bousquet helped finance 2015: 1286: 257: 7388: 7298: 6977: 6917: 6533: 5501: 5491: 5165: 4798: 4127: 2502:, and he was given an amnesty on 17 January 1958. He stood for election that year as a candidate for the 2469: 1940: 1658: 1515: 1405: 1059: 744: 704: 624: 365: 6220: 5890: 5595: 4475: 2787: 2740: 2233:' ("garbage") in Laval's words. Laval told an American diplomat that he was "happy" to get rid of them. 2172: 852: 6669: 6528: 6176: 6014: 5724: 4914: 4507: 3130: 2267:. It was under his direction from August 1942 to June 1943 that almost two thirds of those deported in 2019: 1886: 1695: 1358: 1236: 929: 634: 5972: 7544: 7378: 7183: 6488: 6430: 5549: 5409: 4715: 4705: 4173:

Le camp de Drancy et ses gares de déportation: Bourget-Drancy et Bobigny, 20 août 1941 – 20 août 1944

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A memorial was also constructed in 1976 at Drancy internment camp, after a design competition won by

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This independence had to be preserved. German interference in internal policing, says the historian

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Vichy-Auschwitz: Le rôle de Vichy dans la Solution Finale de la question Juive en France – 1942,

2401:Émile Hennequin, head of Paris police, was sentenced to eight years' penal labour in June 1947. 1746: 1683: 1064: 871: 333: 7468: 7358: 7193: 6644: 6513: 6339: 6210: 5856: 5694: 5530: 4991: 4647: 2945: 2593: 2551: 2288:

from lack of food and water. Those who survived the passage were murdered in the gas chambers.

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The Vel' d'Hiv' was available for hire to whoever wanted it. Among those who had booked it was

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more specifically admitted the responsibility of the French State in the roundup and hence in

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Drancy, was described by Maurice Rajsfus in his history of the camp as "a violent psychopath.

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on 10 July 1942. Another meeting took place the same day at the CGQJ, attended by Dannecker,

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For more information on a reliable and well known case of deportation, see the article on

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The Shoah in France: Vichy-Auschwitz the Final Solution to the Jewish Question in France

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Jacques Doriot, whose French right-wing followers helped in the round-up, fled to the

2278:. Drancy is also where the Jewish children captured in a raid of a children's home in 2061: 999: 914: 7198: 7155: 7130: 7085: 6967: 6795: 6699: 6601: 6376: 6300: 6286: 6131: 5861: 5754: 5623: 4828: 4823: 4420: 4359: 4322: 4293: 4272: 4251: 4223: 4192: 4146: 3855: 3790: 3705: 3698: 3671: 3606: 3599:

La Shoah en France: Vichy-Auschwitz la solution finale de la question juive en France

3485: 3458: 3392: 3313: 3305: 2950: 2940: 2391: 2365: 2296: 2143: 2068: 1925: 1718: 1662: 451: 428: 262: 6780: 6146: 4689: 2896: 2449: 1766: 1219: 954: 282: 7478: 7188: 7125: 7070: 7040: 6332: 6293: 5912: 5481: 5115: 4853: 4818: 4642: 2823: 2497: 2371: 1952: 1835: 1340: 1231: 1099: 1094: 989: 247: 7278: 6902: 5656: 4758: 4725: 4436: 4390: 3263: 3256: 3191: 2461: 1936: 1654: 1291: 1034: 890: 523: 7263: 7160: 7075: 7065: 6755: 6654: 6044: 5997: 5987: 5982: 5704: 5456: 5419: 5404: 5271: 5092: 5041: 4748: 4631: 4577: 4395: 4245: 4067: 3875: 3351: 3237: 3188:"Architecture et sport en France 1918–1945: une histoire politique et culturelle" 2930: 2856: 2799: 2786:

A memorial plaque in memory of victims of the Vel' d'Hiv' raid was placed at the

2707: 2527: 2522:

closed the case by sending it to a court that no longer existed. Lawyers for the

2519: 2464:(General Secretary of the French National Police created in 1941) creator of the 2345: 2271: 2150: 2091: 1874: 1866: 1843: 1780: 1730: 1703: 1602: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1271: 1136: 1089: 994: 513: 478: 463: 433: 297: 272: 252: 7348: 6932: 6785: 4883: 2991: 2706:

On 16 July 2017, also in commemoration of the victims of the roundup, President

2264: 1964: 1921: 7105: 6912: 6815: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6268: 6235: 6136: 5846: 5384: 5347: 5201: 4893: 4652: 4637: 3768:"Jacques Doriot, French Pro-Nazi, is Killed by Allied Fliers, Germans Report". 3347: 3032: 3021: 3001: 2982: 2975: 2918: 2663: 2382: 2349: 2333: 2220: 2188: 2163: 2128: 2103: 1996: 1960: 1948: 1906: 1816: 1788: 1726: 1666: 1632: 1345: 1244: 1110: 1044: 974: 924: 787: 684: 423: 348: 342: 267: 7473: 7208: 7203: 6151: 5719: 4803: 3725:

Fraser, Nicholas (October 2006). "Toujours Vichy: a reckoning with disgrace".

3644:

La Police de Vichy – Les forces de l'ordre au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944

3356:

La Police de Vichy – Les forces de l'ordre au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944

2791: 1839: 979: 538: 292: 46: 7508: 7368: 7343: 7328: 7308: 7145: 7115: 7100: 7080: 7055: 7030: 7007: 6992: 6805: 6790: 6679: 6464: 6314: 6141: 5734: 5394: 4957: 4888: 4873: 4868: 4858: 4843: 4773: 4334: 4329:(Rajsfus is an historian of the French police; the second date refers to the 3984:"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust" 3739: 3675: 3539: 3309: 3025: 2904: 2831: 2696: 2329: 2180:-like salute, roused crowds to join his cause. Among those who helped in the 2099: 1944: 1831: 1796: 1670: 1161: 1009: 964: 553: 533: 418: 325: 277: 178: 23: 4020:"'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity" 2339: 2056:

The position of the French police was complicated by the sovereignty of the

7313: 7273: 7218: 7035: 7002: 6922: 6889: 6825: 6820: 6765: 6714: 6086: 5666: 5661: 5516: 5476: 5451: 5446: 5389: 4878: 4833: 4783: 4562: 4523: 3667: 3543: 3418: 3385: 3066: 2987: 2848: 2810: 2632: 2311: 2084: 2057: 2049: 2000: 1976: 1776: 1628: 1620: 1332: 1209: 909: 558: 543: 518: 371: 242: 218: 125: 120: 114: 109: 7150: 6422: 2994:

in the categories of Best Film, Best Director, and Best Production Design.

2883: 2176:(PPF). It was at the Vel' d'Hiv' among other venues that Doriot, with his 7213: 7050: 6770: 6704: 5904: 5759: 5441: 4838: 2925:, Publisher Denoël, Paris, 1991. New edition by Annette et Manek Muller, 2872: 2795: 2395: 2355: 1711: 1624: 1616: 1214: 659: 548: 7393: 7333: 6830: 6750: 6051: 5318: 5194: 5046: 4731: 4657: 4483: 3343: 3138: 2879: 2539:

National Federation of deportees and internees, Resistants and Patriots

2315: 2244: 2110:

Klarsfeld also revealed the telegrams Bousquet had sent to Prefects of

1804: 1644: 1074: 315: 2138:

In total 13,152 Jews were arrested. According to records of the Paris

7095: 6987: 5934: 4437:

Le site de la memoire des conflits contemporains en région parisienne

3166:"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'" 2815: 2409: 2275: 2200: 2131:

volunteered to help, wearing armband with the colours of the fascist

1808: 1792: 1784: 1707: 488: 438: 197: 3481:

Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

2484:

for involvement in the Vichy government. He was given five years of

2439: 2376: 2370:

in 1947 for collaboration. However, he had fled to Spain, where the

3958:"Marine Le Pen denies French role in wartime roundup of Paris Jews" 2912: 2868: 2589: 1054: 4337:, who would later be judged for his role during Vichy in Bordeaux) 2687:

To mark the 70th anniversary of the Vél d'Hiv' roundup, President

2394:

pardoned him and he was sent back to Germany, where he retired in

3264:"La rafle du billet vert et l'ouverture des camps du Loiret 1941" 3238:"Premières rafles et camps d'internement en zone occupée en 1941" 2835: 2562: 2196: 2187:

The Germans demanded the keys of the Vel' d'Hiv' from its owner,

2167: 2064:, was recognised throughout the war by many foreign governments. 1988: 1984: 1929: 1897:

department. Women, children, and more men followed in July 1942.

320: 4423:

Case Study: The Vélodrome d'Hiver Round-up: July 16 and 17, 1942

4047:"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism" 6878: 5897: 4492: 4409: 2840: 2827: 2573: 2177: 1992: 1894: 1820: 1812: 1365: 1226: 16:

1942 mass arrest and deportation of Jews in Paris, Vichy France

3203: 3201: 4385:

Instructions given by chief of police Hennequin for the raid

3279: 3277: 3220: 3218: 3216: 2863: 2844: 2279: 1916:("sub-prefectures"). Nearly 150,000 people registered in the 984: 97: 4315:

Les silences de la police – 16 juillet 1942, 17 octobre 1961

2990:, much of which was shot on location. The film won the 1977 3505: 3198: 2533:

association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France

2268: 1972: 1669:; It was the largest French deportation of Jews during the 193: 4250:. Les Nostalgies (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. 3786:

Harnessing the Holocaust: The Politics of Memory in France

3522: 3520: 3274: 3213: 2631:

had been dismantled when Philippe Pétain instituted a new

4373: 3932:"François Hollande sorry for wartime deportation of Jews" 2030:

Children of less than 15 or 16 years will be sent to the

4139:

Fisher, Robert I. C.; Klein, Rachel (4 November 2008).

3700:

Bad Faith: A Forgotten History of Family And Fatherland

3517: 2662:

On 16 July 1995, the newly elected Gaullist President,

4002: 4000: 3057:

Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps

2735:

Commemorative plaque to the 8,160 victims held in the

2048:

Two Jewish women in occupied Paris wearing the yellow

1885:, then shipped in four special trains to two camps at 2798:, a deportee and former minister, anti-Nazi activist 2647:

reiterated this position in a September 1994 speech.

1749:

was a large indoor sports arena at the corner of the

1594: 4429:

Le monument commémoratif du quai de Grenelle à Paris

3573: 3570:"The track that died of shame", Procycling, UK, 2002 3452: 2274:

requisitioned by the Nazis from Drancy were sent to

3997: 7419:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France 5555:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race 5338: 3841: 3697: 3384: 2619:for five years. A year later they were reprieved. 5087:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 5072:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 7506: 4243: 3207: 2561:in December 1945 and a few days later committed 2508:Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance 2408:23 January 1943: German-Vichy French meeting in 2390:to life imprisonment. In 1962, French president 2337: 2314:with the head of German police units in France, 2052:in June 1942, a few weeks before the mass arrest 1939:, secretary-general of the national police, and 51:Memorial garden at the former Vel d'Hiv location 5030:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime 4391:http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/vichy/police.htm#Jews 3956:Paris, Agence-France Presse in (9 April 2017). 3854:. Berghahn Series. Berghahn Books. p. 74. 3824:"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt In Fate of Jews" 3268:Cercle d'étude de la Déportation et de la Shoah 3092:"Pourquoi le rafle n'a pas ateint son objectif" 2889: 2149:Some of those captured were taken by bus to an 5948:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 4445:Occupied France: Commemorating the Deportation 3125: 3123: 2929:, Publisher Cercil, Orléans, 2009, preface by 2239: 6438: 4508: 4264: 4191:. Stanford University Press. pp. 41–42. 3740:English translation of the 1978 interview in 3283: 2248:The deportation route from Paris to Auschwitz 1537: 4285: 3511: 3224: 2777: 2760:), a few meters from the site of the former 2579: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2477: 2283: 2228: 2075: 1648: 1610: 7413:Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation 6723:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 6452: 5149:Underground media in German-occupied France 4138: 3185: 3120: 2814:A railway wagon used to carry internees to 2363: 1687: 6445: 6431: 4515: 4501: 4471:2012 speech of President François Hollande 3542:, father of the famous French philosopher 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3335: 3333: 3331: 2721: 2184:were 3,400 young members of Doriot's PPF. 1544: 1530: 1389:Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany 45: 4068:"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews" 3625: 3596: 2576:to Sigmaringen. He was buried in Mengen. 1905:The Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup, as part of the " 5171:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration 3929: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3658:"Jean Leguay, 79, Accused of War Crimes" 3579: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3295: 2809: 2730: 2583: 2524:International Federation of Human Rights 2403: 2306: 2295:in August 1944, the camp was run by the 2263:Immediate control of the camp was under 2243: 2095:based on complaints filed by Klarsfeld. 2043: 1823:, spectacles and demonstrations. In the 1799:) when his original track in the nearby 1740: 1425:Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp 7451:List of Holocaust memorials and museums 6733:Timeline of deportations to death camps 5576:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 5154:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 4215: 4184: 4044: 4006: 3981: 3847: 3641: 3583:The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews 3453:Beevor, Antony; Artemis Cooper (1995). 3382: 3361: 3342:-CCCLXIV 2. Document produced in court 3328: 3163: 3062:Union générale des israélites de France 2622: 2550:filed a complaint against Bousquet for 2033:Union générale des israélites de France 1900: 1381:Central Committee of the Liberated Jews 7507: 7432:Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation 6938:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 5121:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 4421:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence: 4313:Jean-Luc Einaudi and Maurice Rajsfus, 3821: 3724: 3695: 3555: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3086: 3084: 3082: 2557:Theodor Dannecker was interned by the 2362:Louis Darquier was sentenced to death 1975:. The roundup was delayed until after 6426: 4496: 4358:, Éditions L'Harmattan. Paris, 1988. 4351:Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1992. 3955: 3876:"France opens WW2 Vichy regime files" 3810: 3455:Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949 3433: 3411: 3298:"Case Study: The Vel' d'Hiv round-up" 3289: 7013:Police collaboration in Vichy France 6262:The Destruction of the European Jews 5104:Political situation in French Africa 5099:Police collaboration in Vichy France 4188:Jewish Spain: A Mediterranean Memory 4185:Linhard, Tabea Alexa (4 June 2014). 4092:Presidential decree, 3 February 1993 3782: 3477: 3302:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 3186:Vives, Marie; Chevallier, Fabienne. 2213: 2039: 1653:(Operation Spring Wind). Planned by 1647:that took place in 1942, as part of 7439:Mémorial national de la déportation 4286:Marrus, M.R.; Paxton, R.O. (1995). 4244:Grunwald, L.; Cattaert, C. (1978). 4056:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 3993:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 3586:. Plunkett Lake Press. p. 200. 3152: 3079: 1983:The roundup was aimed at Jews from 1842:and other notable antisemites when 13: 4963:French National-Collectivist Party 4379: 4307: 4265:Megargee, G.P.; White, J. (2018). 3478:Levy, Richard S. (27 March 2018). 3047:Reparations (transitional justice) 2965:The events form the framework of: 2949:, book: St. Martin's Press, 2007, 2472:(Commissioner for Jewish Affairs). 2157: 1700:Beaune-la-Rolande internment camps 14: 7561: 5077:Collaboration with Imperial Japan 5035:French Constitutional Law of 1940 4711:French Constitutional Law of 1940 4402: 4103:"Musée de la résistance en ligne" 3783:Wolf, Joan Beth (27 March 2018). 3745:, accessed online, 7 August 2009. 3296:Laffitte, Michel (1 April 2008). 3164:Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017). 3020:), 2010. French film directed by 2514:'s presidential campaign against 1480:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 384:Collaborators during World War II 5560:Second law on the status of Jews 4987:Légion Française des Combattants 4522: 4408: 4247:Le Vel' d'Hiv ! (1903-1959) 4216:Carrier, Peter (27 March 2018). 4026:. Associated Press. 17 July 2017 3982:McAuley, James (10 April 2017). 3822:Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995). 2986:, 1976. French film directed by 2974:, 1974. French film directed by 2710:denounced his country's role in 2637:Republic had been re-established 1956:Paris police, and André Tulard. 1463:List of books about Nazi Germany 1250:Resistance movement in Auschwitz 878:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 187: 119: 108: 7284:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier 5251:France, revue de l'État nouveau 5144:Censorship under the occupation 4463:1995 speech of President Chirac 4372:, Que sais-je ?, éditions 4209: 4178: 4166: 4145:. Fodor's Travel Publications. 4132: 4120: 4095: 4086: 4060: 4045:McAuley, James (16 July 2017). 4038: 4012: 3975: 3949: 3923: 3894: 3868: 3776: 3761: 3748: 3733: 3718: 3689: 3650: 3635: 3619: 3590: 3564: 3549: 3532: 3471: 3405: 3358:, Le Cherche Midi, 1995, p. 118 2834:, traditionally written on the 1706:to concentration camps, mainly 1320:Joint Declaration by Members of 5053:Service du travail obligatoire 5025:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 4535:World War II collaboration in: 4347:Claude Lévy and Paul Tillard, 4107:Museedelaresistanceenligne.org 3930:Willsher, Kim (22 July 2012). 3230: 3179: 135:7,000–9,000 French police and 1: 7494:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 7484:History of the Jews in France 6728:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 5176:Office français d'information 4997:Revolutionary Social Movement 4668:History of the Jews in France 4349:La grande rafle du Vel d'Hiv, 4292:. Stanford University Press. 3789:. Stanford University Press. 3412:Weber, Eugen (October 2001). 3072: 2927:La petite fille du Vel' d'Hiv 2923:La petite fille du Vel' d'Hiv 2767:A fire destroyed part of the 1850: 1612:la rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver 1387:Reparations Agreement between 1255:Związek Organizacji Wojskowej 930:Human medical experimentation 6872:Jeunesse Populaire Française 6836:Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel 4974:Jeunesse Populaire Française 4271:. Indiana University Press. 3350:in September 1954, cited by 3208:Grunwald & Cattaert 1978 3101:. p. 52. Archived from 2890:Film documentaries and books 2802:, and numerous dignitaries. 2758:15th arrondissement of Paris 2635:during the war and that the 2454:, (Commander of Marseille's 2302: 1773:15th arrondissement of Paris 920:Extermination through labour 774:Transit and collection camps 7: 6978:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 6918:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 6201:Municipal elections of 1945 5884:Service d'ordre légionnaire 5492:French protectorate of Laos 5166:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 4799:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 4128:Righteous among the nations 3391:. Oxford University Press. 3270:(in French). 11 March 2021. 3040: 2818:and now displayed at Drancy 2546:Ligue des droits de l'homme 2470:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 2240:Drancy camp and deportation 2166:, who led France's largest 1941:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 1702:, before being deported in 1676:According to records of the 1659:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 1637:Jewish population in France 1516:Righteous Among the Nations 1412:Deportations of French Jews 10: 7566: 6226:Holocaust denial in France 6177:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 4915:Government of Vichy France 4415:Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver 3646:. France: Le Cherche Midi. 2843:). The two Hebrew letters 2592:guarding Jews held at the 2506:. He was supported by the 2344:and a tribunal during the 2118: 1854: 1787:, who later organised the 78:July 16–17, 1942 61:Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver 40:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 7520:Nazi war crimes in France 7459: 7402: 7297: 7227: 7174: 7021: 6958: 6888: 6849: 6741: 6713: 6630: 6577: 6460: 6367: 6324: 6278: 6253: 6244: 6206:1946 legislative election 6162: 6104: 6074: 6020:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5960: 5921: 5875: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5768: 5680: 5647: 5594: 5568: 5550:Law on the status of Jews 5540: 5529: 5469: 5432: 5370: 5330:Syria and Lebanon mandate 5310: 5129: 5062: 5010: 4948: 4907: 4741: 4706:Armistice of 22 June 1940 4698: 4611: 4530: 4478:at the online exhibition 4455:French government booklet 4289:Vichy France and the Jews 4239:– via Google Books. 4162:– via Google Books. 3911:(in French). 16 July 1995 3806:– via Google Books. 3642:Rajsfus, Maurice (1995). 3597:Klarsfeld, Serge (2001). 3560:. France: Robert Laffont. 3501:– via Google Books. 3284:Megargee & White 2018 2805: 2580:Action against the police 1650:Opération Vent printanier 142: 131: 103: 93: 74: 66: 60: 56: 44: 6866:Parti Populaire Français 6216:Trial of Philippe Pétain 5891:Groupe mobile de réserve 5434:French Equatorial Africa 5237:L'Émancipation nationale 5139:Antisemitic publications 3626:Kupferman, Fred (1987). 3556:Goddet, Jacques (1991). 3512:Marrus & Paxton 1995 3383:Jackson, Julian (2001). 3225:Marrus & Paxton 1995 3175:– via NYTimes.com. 3131:"The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup" 2741:Bir-Hakeim metro station 2726: 2520:parquet général de Paris 2516:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2173:Parti Populaire Français 1328:Auschwitz bombing debate 650:Nazi concentration camps 595:Nazi extermination camps 574:List of selected ghettos 489:People with disabilities 7525:Vichy French war crimes 7515:The Holocaust in France 6998:Charles du Paty de Clam 6898:Anti-Jewish legislation 6607:French Riviera roundups 6454:The Holocaust in France 6308:The Sorrow and the Pity 6122:Siegfried Line campaign 5929:SS Charlemagne division 5791:The Holocaust in France 4940:Second Laval government 4809:Charles du Paty de Clam 4789:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau 4480:The Holocaust in France 4175:, FFDJF, January 2004. 3696:Callil, Carmen (2006). 3135:The Holocaust in France 3052:The Holocaust in France 3006:Premio Biblioteca Breve 2911:, La Marche du siècle, 2722:Memorials and monuments 2552:crimes against humanity 1918:department of the Seine 1607:la rafle du Vel' d'Hiv' 479:Slavs in Eastern Europe 464:Romani people (Gypsies) 20: 7469:Antisemitism in France 7389:André and Magda Trocmé 7194:Antoinette Feuerwerker 6973:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 6182:Provisional Government 5842:15th Military Division 5837:14th Military Division 5672:Yellow badge in France 4992:National Popular Rally 4925:First Laval government 4814:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 4648:French colonial empire 4476:The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4450:additional photographs 3909:www.jacqueschirac-asso 3387:France: The Dark Years 2998:Velódromo del invierno 2971:Les Guichets du Louvre 2895:André Bossuroy, 2011. 2867:written on the walls, 2819: 2778: 2764: 2685: 2660: 2596: 2594:Drancy internment camp 2544: 2538: 2532: 2478: 2473: 2364: 2338: 2336:, "a cross between an 2318: 2284: 2249: 2229: 2116: 2076: 2053: 1878: 1870: 1649: 1619:of Jewish families by 1611: 1606: 1470:The Destruction of the 1314:International response 750:Transnistria (Romania) 568:German-occupied Poland 33:considered for merging 7530:Paris in World War II 7319:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 6860:Devisenschutzkommando 6412:Category:Vichy France 6035:Operation Bright Moon 5832:7th Military Division 5230:Documents maçonniques 4370:La Rafle du Vél d'Hiv 3580:Zuccotti, S. (2019). 3194:on 22 September 2007. 2909:La Rafle du Vel-d'Hiv 2813: 2746:Boulevard de Grenelle 2734: 2668: 2649: 2616:dégradation nationale 2587: 2487:dégradation nationale 2407: 2310: 2247: 2108: 2062:Henri Philippe Pétain 2047: 1751:boulevard de Grenelle 1741:The Vélodrome d'Hiver 1627:at the behest of the 1609:, an abbreviation of 1511:Memorials and museums 1440:Memorials and museums 901:Extermination methods 605:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 196:on selection ramp at 7425:Mémorial de la Shoah 7379:Jules-Géraud Saliège 7339:Pierre-Marie Gerlier 7324:Château de Chabannes 7061:Messaoud El Mediouni 6944:Révolution nationale 6347:Le Silence de la mer 6172:Liberation of France 5781:Deportation timeline 5286:Révolution nationale 5160:Le Juif et la France 5110:Révolution nationale 4968:French Popular Party 4673:Treaty of Versailles 4417:at Wikimedia Commons 4344:Paris: Fayard, 1983. 4333:under the orders of 3848:Carrier, P. (2005). 2701:National Front Party 2623:Government admission 2182:Rafle du Vel' d'hiv' 2140:Préfecture de police 2133:French Popular Party 1901:Planning the roundup 1871:rafle du billet vert 1863:green ticket roundup 1857:Green ticket roundup 1825:1924 Summer Olympics 1679:Préfecture de Police 1487:Functionalism versus 1420:Survivors of Sobibor 1132:Operation "Reinhard" 884:Politische Abteilung 872:SS-Totenkopfverbände 7446:Rivesaltes Memorial 6801:Hans-Dietrich Ernst 6690:Royallieu-Compiègne 6660:Natzweiler-Struthof 6127:Sigmaringen enclave 6117:Liberation of Paris 5776:Deportation convoys 5745:Royallieu-Compiègne 5710:Natzweiler-Struthof 5581:Order of Physicians 5340:French North Africa 5002:Peasant Corporation 4981:Mouvement Franciste 4779:Jacques Charpentier 4754:Jean-Marie Bergeret 4331:1961 Paris massacre 4142:Fodor's France 2009 3772:. 24 February 1945. 3632:, Tallandier, 2006. 3414:"France's Downfall" 3316:on 22 November 2008 3242:www.cercleshoah.org 3004:which won the 2001 2946:Sarah's Key (novel) 2657:François Mitterrand 2645:François Mitterrand 2570:Sigmaringen enclave 2512:François Mitterrand 2480:Indignité nationale 2293:Liberation of Paris 2208:extermination camps 2050:Star of David badge 1943:, who had replaced 1879:examen de situation 1775:, not far from the 1723:François Mitterrand 1558:Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup 1506:Days of remembrance 1406:Holocaust survivors 1200:Vrba–Wetzler report 1195:Auschwitz Protocols 1152:End of World War II 1142:Extermination camps 1127:Mogilev Conference 1070:Kamianets-Podilskyi 288:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 70:Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup 41: 7384:Pierre-Marie Théas 6841:Carltheo Zeitschel 6811:Ernst Heinrichsohn 6221:Klaus Barbie trial 6112:Operation Overlord 5852:Army of the Levant 5786:Holocaust timeline 5470:Asia & Oceania 5372:French West Africa 4930:Flandin government 4899:Carltheo Zeitschel 4685:War guilt question 4222:. Berghahn Books. 3882:. 28 December 2015 3828:The New York Times 3663:The New York Times 2820: 2788:Bir-Hakeim station 2765: 2597: 2559:United States Army 2474: 2457:Sicherheitspolizei 2414:SS-Sturmbannführer 2398:and died in 2003. 2319: 2272:box car transports 2250: 2054: 1969:Ernst Heinrichsohn 1801:Salle des Machines 1779:. It was built by 1629:German authorities 1322:the United Nations 1122:Wannsee Conference 237:Major perpetrators 39: 7502: 7501: 7359:Père Marie-Benoît 7199:David Feuerwerker 7156:Charlotte Salomon 7131:Sonia Olschanezky 7086:Maurice Halbwachs 6968:Robert Brasillach 6852:and organizations 6796:Theodor Dannecker 6640:Beaune-la-Rolande 6420: 6419: 6377:French Resistance 6363: 6362: 6301:Milice, film noir 6287:Bombing the Nazis 6195:Épuration sauvage 6132:Fernand de Brinon 6100: 6099: 6040:Wallis and Futuna 5956: 5955: 5799: 5798: 5690:Beaune-la-Rolande 5525: 5524: 5512:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 5465: 5464: 5428: 5427: 5366: 5365: 5301:L'Union française 5082:Foreign relations 4935:Darlan government 4920:Pétain government 4829:Charles Huntziger 4824:Gaston Henry-Haye 4413:Media related to 4368:Maurice Rajsfus, 4354:Maurice Rajsfus, 4340:Serge Klarsfeld, 4319:L'Esprit frappeur 4299:978-0-8047-2499-9 4278:978-0-253-02386-5 4257:978-2-402-05918-3 4198:978-0-8047-9188-5 3861:978-1-57181-904-8 3000:, 2001. Novel by 2955:978-0-312-37083-1 2941:Tatiana de Rosnay 2769:Vélodrome d'Hiver 2689:François Hollande 2392:Charles de Gaulle 2214:After the roundup 2144:French Resistance 2069:Julian T. Jackson 2040:Police complicity 2024:Beaune-la-Rolande 1926:Theodor Dannecker 1891:Beaune-La-Rolande 1883:Gare d'Austerlitz 1747:Vélodrome d'Hiver 1719:General de Gaulle 1684:Vélodrome d’Hiver 1663:Theodor Dannecker 1554: 1553: 1430:Victims of Nazism 1371:Displaced persons 1304: 1303: 1205:Czesław Mordowicz 1174: 1173: 937: 936: 566:Jewish ghettos in 439:Forced euthanasia 429:Haavara Agreement 399: 398: 335:Totenkopfverbände 263:Reinhard Heydrich 164: 163: 7557: 7545:July 1942 events 7479:Battle of France 7465: 7405: 7374:Germaine Ribière 7232: 7189:Jean Elleinstein 7177: 7141:Béatrice Reinach 7126:Casimir Oberfeld 7121:Irène Némirovsky 7071:Benjamin Fondane 7024: 6744: 6716: 6592:Clermont-Ferrand 6447: 6440: 6433: 6424: 6423: 6340:Section spéciale 6333:Castle to Castle 6294:The Eye of Vichy 6251: 6250: 6231:Mission Mattéoli 6188:Épuration légale 5942:Légion impériale 5913:Special Brigades 5817: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5614:Clermont-Ferrand 5538: 5537: 5482:French Indochina 5467: 5466: 5430: 5429: 5368: 5367: 5336: 5335: 5216:Le Cri du peuple 5184: 5116:Special Sections 5020:Anti-Jewish laws 4854:George Montandon 4849:Bernard Ménétrel 4819:Philippe Henriot 4620:Action Française 4517: 4510: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4467: 4459: 4441: 4433: 4412: 4388: 4303: 4282: 4261: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4203: 4202: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3819: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3703: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3450: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3390: 3380: 3359: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3312:. Archived from 3293: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3195: 3190:. Archived from 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3161: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3096: 3088: 3024:and produced by 2824:Shelomo Selinger 2782: 2754: 2699:, leader of the 2674: 2658: 2549: 2541: 2535: 2499:Légion d'honneur 2483: 2453: 2443:for Marseille), 2436: 2425: 2372:Francisco Franco 2369: 2343: 2287: 2256: 2232: 2079: 2058:Vichy government 2029: 1953:denaturalization 1914:sous-préfectures 1836:Philippe Henriot 1770: 1759: 1704:rail cattle cars 1689: 1652: 1614: 1598: 1592: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1435:Rescuers of Jews 1341:Nuremberg trials 1272:Ghetto uprisings 1232:Jewish partisans 1189: 1188: 1137:Holocaust trains 950: 949: 715:Mauthausen-Gusen 590: 589: 358:Verfügungstruppe 248:Heinrich Himmler 221: 214: 213: 191: 181: 166: 165: 124: 123: 113: 112: 89: 87: 83: 62: 57:Native name 49: 42: 38: 36: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7550:1942 in Judaism 7505: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7489:Occupied France 7463: 7455: 7398: 7364:René de Naurois 7300: 7299:Righteous Among 7293: 7264:Denise Holstein 7230: 7223: 7170: 7161:Sascha Schapiro 7076:Otto Freundlich 7066:Jacques Feldbau 7017: 6954: 6928:Philippe Pétain 6908:François Darlan 6884: 6851: 6850:Nazi occupation 6845: 6756:Ernst Achenbach 6737: 6709: 6626: 6573: 6456: 6451: 6421: 6416: 6381:Year in France 6372:Occupied France 6359: 6354:Suite française 6320: 6274: 6246: 6240: 6211:Fourth Republic 6164: 6158: 6096: 6092:Philippe Pétain 6082:François Darlan 6070: 5998:Franco-Thai War 5952: 5917: 5871: 5795: 5764: 5676: 5649: 5643: 5590: 5564: 5532: 5521: 5461: 5424: 5362: 5334: 5306: 5272:Je suis partout 5209:Le Cahier jaune 5182: 5178: 5131: 5125: 5093:La jeune France 5064: 5058: 5042:Paris Protocols 5012: 5006: 4950: 4944: 4903: 4864:Philippe Pétain 4794:François Darlan 4749:Joseph Antignac 4737: 4721:Philippe Pétain 4694: 4632:Camelots du Roi 4607: 4526: 4521: 4490: 4465: 4457: 4439: 4431: 4405: 4396:Serge Klarsfeld 4386: 4382: 4380:Primary sources 4310: 4308:Further reading 4300: 4279: 4258: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3820: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3749: 3738: 3734: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3670:. 5 July 1989. 3656: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605:]. Fayard. 3595: 3591: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3558:L'Équipée Belle 3554: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3451: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3381: 3362: 3352:Maurice Rajsfus 3338: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3244:. 26 March 2013 3236: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3214: 3206: 3199: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3080: 3075: 3043: 2931:Serge Klarsfeld 2892: 2857:Catherine Tasca 2808: 2800:Beate Klarsfeld 2748: 2729: 2724: 2708:Emmanuel Macron 2672: 2659: 2656: 2629:French Republic 2625: 2602:Cour de justice 2582: 2528:Serge Klarsfeld 2447: 2430: 2428:Antoine Lemoine 2419: 2417:Bernhard Griese 2352:on 15 October. 2305: 2254: 2242: 2216: 2160: 2158:The Vel' d'Hiv' 2151:internment camp 2121: 2098:The historians 2092:Serge Klarsfeld 2042: 2027: 1935:On 4 July 1942 1903: 1859: 1853: 1844:Charles Maurras 1781:Henri Desgrange 1764: 1753: 1743: 1731:Emmanuel Macron 1596: 1550: 1521: 1520: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1475: 1471: 1453: 1445: 1444: 1416: 1413: 1401: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1361: 1351: 1350: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1306: 1305: 1260:Witold's Report 1186: 1176: 1175: 1005:Radziłów pogrom 947: 939: 938: 587: 579: 578: 570: 567: 563: 504: 494: 493: 454: 444: 443: 434:Madagascar Plan 409: 401: 400: 392:Nazi ideologues 388: 298:Christian Wirth 273:Odilo Globocnik 258:Heinrich Müller 253:Joseph Goebbels 217: 211: 201: 179: 160: 147: 118: 117: 107: 85: 81: 79: 52: 37: 21: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7563: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7535:1942 in France 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7416: 7408: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7259:Nadine Heftler 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7235: 7233: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7111:Hélène Metzger 7108: 7106:Georges Mandel 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6913:Joseph Darnand 6910: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6855: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816:Helmut Knochen 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6781:Karl Bömelburg 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6719: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6269:Strange Defeat 6265: 6257: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6236:Vichy syndrome 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6147:Eugène Bridoux 6144: 6139: 6137:Joseph Darnand 6134: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5847:Armistice Army 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5648:Discrimination 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604:French Riviera 5600: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5569:Administration 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5348:French Algeria 5344: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5179: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4894:Maxime Weygand 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4764:Louis Bourgain 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4690:Henry Dorgères 4687: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4665: 4663:Third Republic 4660: 4655: 4653:Nuremberg Laws 4650: 4645: 4643:Fall of France 4640: 4638:Dreyfus affair 4635: 4628: 4623: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4404: 4403:External links 4401: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4283: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4241: 4228: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4177: 4165: 4151: 4131: 4119: 4094: 4085: 4074:. 16 July 2017 4059: 4037: 4011: 3996: 3974: 3948: 3922: 3893: 3867: 3860: 3840: 3809: 3795: 3775: 3770:New York Times 3760: 3747: 3732: 3717: 3710: 3688: 3649: 3634: 3618: 3612:978-2213601830 3611: 3589: 3572: 3563: 3548: 3531: 3529:, 22 July 2002 3516: 3514:, p. 251. 3504: 3490: 3470: 3463: 3432: 3404: 3397: 3360: 3327: 3288: 3273: 3255: 3229: 3227:, p. 250. 3212: 3197: 3178: 3151: 3119: 3108:on 3 July 2008 3077: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3029: 3022:Roselyne Bosch 3009: 3002:Juana Salabert 2995: 2983:Monsieur Klein 2979: 2976:Michel Mitrani 2963: 2962: 2938: 2919:Annette Muller 2916: 2902: 2891: 2888: 2807: 2804: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2664:Jacques Chirac 2654: 2624: 2621: 2581: 2578: 2496:gave back his 2493:Conseil d'État 2460:), -laughing- 2383:Helmut Knochen 2350:Fresnes Prison 2334:Artemis Cooper 2304: 2301: 2241: 2238: 2221:Roman Catholic 2215: 2212: 2189:Jacques Goddet 2164:Jacques Doriot 2159: 2156: 2129:Jacques Doriot 2120: 2117: 2104:Artemis Cooper 2041: 2038: 1997:Czechoslovakia 1961:Adolf Eichmann 1959:Dannecker met 1949:Helmut Knochen 1907:Final Solution 1902: 1899: 1855:Main article: 1852: 1849: 1817:roller-skating 1789:Tour de France 1742: 1739: 1727:Jacques Chirac 1667:Helmut Knochen 1639:, both in the 1552: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1489:intentionalism 1485: 1484: 1483: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1414:to death camps 1410: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1346:Denazification 1343: 1338: 1330: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1245:Witold Pilecki 1242: 1238:Sonderkommando 1234: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1220:Alfréd Wetzler 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1111:Final Solution 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1045:Einsatzgruppen 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 959: 958: 948: 945: 944: 941: 940: 935: 934: 933: 932: 927: 925:Einsatzgruppen 922: 917: 912: 904: 903: 897: 896: 895: 894: 887: 880: 875: 865: 864: 858: 857: 856: 855: 849: 848: 844: 843: 838: 832: 831: 827: 826: 820: 819: 815: 814: 809: 803: 802: 796: 795: 790: 784: 783: 777: 776: 770: 769: 768: 767: 762: 757: 755:Theresienstadt 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 690:Gonars (Italy) 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 654: 653: 645: 644: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 599: 598: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 564: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 505: 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 455: 450: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 436: 431: 426: 424:Nuremberg Laws 421: 416: 410: 408:Early policies 407: 406: 403: 402: 397: 396: 395: 394: 387: 386: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 369: 362: 354: 350:Sturmabteilung 346: 343:Einsatzgruppen 339: 331: 323: 318: 310: 309: 303: 302: 301: 300: 295: 290: 285: 283:Richard Glücks 280: 275: 270: 268:Adolf Eichmann 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 230: 229: 223: 222: 212: 209:Responsibility 207: 206: 203: 202: 192: 184: 183: 175: 174: 162: 161: 159: 158: 155: 152: 151:4,115 children 148: 146:13,152 people 144: 140: 139: 133: 129: 128: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7562: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7369:Paul Ramadier 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7344:Justin Godart 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7329:Jacques Ellul 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7309:Albert Bedane 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7279:André Rogerie 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7254:Henry Bulawko 7252: 7250: 7249:Henri Borlant 7247: 7245: 7244:Joseph Bialot 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7184:Guy Deutscher 7182: 7181: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146:Claude Rodier 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7116:Bernard Natan 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7101:Bereck Kofman 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7081:Salomon Gluck 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:Marianne Cohn 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7031:Henri Abraham 7029: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7008:Xavier Vallat 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993:Maurice Papon 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6960:Collaborators 6957: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:René Bousquet 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6806:Herbert Hagen 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:Alois Brunner 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6715:Documentation 6712: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6465:The Holocaust 6463: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6161: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6142:Jean Luchaire 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6015:Syria–Lebanon 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Mers-el-Kébir 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Occupied zone 5323: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5258:Ici la France 5255: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:French League 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951:organizations 4947: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889:Xavier Vallat 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874:Simon Sabiani 4872: 4870: 4869:Pierre Pucheu 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859:Maurice Papon 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Jean Luchaire 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4774:Alexis Carrel 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4759:René Bousquet 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4726:Hôtel du Parc 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4543:Baltic states 4541: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4364:2-7384-0039-6 4361: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4335:Maurice Papon 4332: 4328: 4327:2-84405-173-1 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4231: 4229:9781845452957 4225: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4154: 4152:9781400019571 4148: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4048: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3985: 3978: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3798: 3796:9780804748896 3792: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3711:0-375-41131-3 3707: 3702: 3701: 3692: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3541: 3540:Bereck Kofman 3535: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3508: 3493: 3491:9781851094394 3487: 3483: 3482: 3474: 3466: 3464:0-14-023059-9 3460: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3398:0-19-820706-9 3394: 3389: 3388: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3286:, p. 96. 3285: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3167: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3026:Alain Goldman 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2937:(Témoignage). 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:William Karel 2903: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2773: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712:the Holocaust 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2697:Marine Le Pen 2693: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2681:Rights of Man 2678: 2677:Enlightenment 2667: 2665: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:René Bousquet 2459: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2330:Antony Beevor 2325: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2246: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2115: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2100:Antony Beevor 2096: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:Xavier Vallat 1942: 1938: 1937:René Bousquet 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832:Xavier Vallat 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1735:the Holocaust 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:René Bousquet 1651: 1646: 1642: 1641:occupied zone 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1472:European Jews 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1168: 1167:Death marches 1165: 1163: 1162:Wola massacre 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 965:Kristallnacht 963: 962: 961: 960: 957: 956: 952: 951: 943: 942: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 907: 906: 905: 902: 899: 898: 893: 892: 891:Sanitätswesen 888: 886: 885: 881: 879: 876: 874: 873: 869: 868: 867: 866: 863: 860: 859: 854: 851: 850: 846: 845: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 829: 828: 825: 822: 821: 817: 816: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 801: 798: 797: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 781: 780: 779: 778: 775: 772: 771: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 735:Sachsenhausen 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 700:Herzogenbusch 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 665:Bergen-Belsen 663: 661: 658: 657: 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Balland. 3139:Yad Vashem 3073:References 2880:Yad Vashem 2737:Vel' d'Hiv 2641:Liberation 2639:after the 2437:(regional 2340:auto-da-fé 2316:Carl Oberg 2297:Resistance 2020:Pithiviers 1887:Pithiviers 1851:Precursors 1805:ice hockey 1696:Pithiviers 1184:Resistance 1075:Ninth Fort 1030:Vel' d'Hiv 946:Atrocities 841:Westerbork 836:Amersfoort 720:Neuengamme 710:Kaiserwald 675:Buchenwald 670:Bogdanovka 316:Nazi Party 200:, May 1944 86:1942-07-17 82:1942-07-16 7404:Memorials 7231:testimony 7176:Survivors 7151:Alma Rosé 7096:Max Jacob 7046:René Blum 6988:Jean Mamy 6700:Septfonds 6675:Récébédou 6602:Marseille 6529:Lithuania 6163:Aftermath 5993:Indochina 5978:Gibraltar 5935:Carlingue 5922:Auxiliary 5857:Air Force 5755:Septfonds 5730:Récébédou 5624:Marseille 5311:Territory 5244:La France 5130:Press and 5011:Legal and 3756:L'Express 3742:L'Express 3676:0362-4331 3527:Le Figaro 3310:1961-9898 2959:2010 film 2884:Jérusalem 2816:Auschwitz 2762:Vel d'Hiv 2588:A French 2410:Marseille 2379:, Spain. 2303:Aftermath 2276:Auschwitz 2201:Red Cross 2016:Compiègne 2005:apatrides 1809:wrestling 1793:velodrome 1708:Auschwitz 1671:Holocaust 1645:free zone 1625:gendarmes 1452:Resources 1376:Survivors 1359:Aftermath 1335:St. Louis 1287:Białystok 1100:Erntefest 1060:Bydgoszcz 1020:Marseille 990:Szczuczyn 970:Bucharest 862:Divisions 788:Breendonk 760:Uckermark 740:Salaspils 640:Treblinka 620:Jasenovac 509:Białystok 366:Wehrmacht 198:Auschwitz 157:3,118 men 31:is being 7464:See also 6680:Rieucros 6664:subcamps 6579:Roundups 6489:Bulgaria 6075:Officers 6003:Ko Chang 5805:Military 5735:Rieucros 5714:subcamps 5596:Roundups 5487:Cambodia 5457:Cameroon 5420:Togoland 5188:L'Alerte 5065:politics 5013:treaties 4593:Slovakia 4317:, 2001, 4235:27 March 4158:27 March 4078:27 March 4072:BBC News 4052:27 March 4030:27 March 3989:27 March 3967:27 March 3941:27 March 3886:27 March 3880:BBC News 3833:27 March 3802:27 March 3729:: 86–94. 3727:Harper's 3668:New York 3497:27 March 3425:27 March 3248:27 March 3171:27 March 3144:22 April 3099:AIDH.org 3041:See also 3018:La Rafle 2933:, prize 2913:France 3 2907:, 1992. 2869:graffiti 2756:in the ( 2679:and the 2655:— 2590:gendarme 2542:and the 2530:and his 2388:commuted 2285:en route 2106:record: 2003:and the 1821:circuses 1615:) was a 1560:( 1085:Piaśnica 1055:Babi Yar 995:Jedwabne 847:Slovakia 793:Mechelen 745:Stutthof 705:Janowska 630:Sajmište 625:Majdanek 514:Budapest 171:a series 169:Part of 94:Location 84: – 35:. › 24:template 7441: 7229:Witness 7023:Victims 6569:Ukraine 6554:Romania 6509:Hungary 6499:Estonia 6494:Croatia 6484:Belgium 6479:Belarus 6474:Austria 6469:Albania 6325:Fiction 6254:History 6245:History 6066:Réunion 5961:Battles 5876:Militia 5820:Regular 5533:affairs 5410:Senegal 5385:Dahomey 5358:Tunisia 5353:Morocco 5279:Revivre 5223:Combats 5195:L'Appel 4612:Prelude 4603:Ukraine 4558:Denmark 4553:Croatia 4548:Belarus 4538:Albania 4486:website 3915:17 July 3681:17 July 3348:Knochen 3320:17 July 2898:ICH BIN 2836:Mezuzah 2830:letter 2790:of the 2743:on the 2604:of the 2563:suicide 2291:At the 2230:déchets 2197:Quakers 2168:fascist 2135:(PPF). 2119:Roundup 1989:Austria 1985:Germany 1930:Gestapo 1893:in the 1791:, as a 1771:in the 1601:; from 1095:Rumbula 1025:Tykocin 975:Dorohoi 955:Pogroms 910:Gas van 824:Bolzano 782:Belgium 635:Sobibor 615:Chełmno 559:Vilnius 502:Ghettos 452:Victims 360:(SS-VT) 337:(SS-TV) 321:Gestapo 143:Arrests 80: ( 6879:Milice 6705:Vernet 6655:Milles 6645:Drancy 6564:Serbia 6559:Russia 6549:Poland 6544:Norway 6519:Latvia 6504:France 6315:Uranus 6059:Toulon 5898:Milice 5813:Forces 5760:Vernet 5705:Milles 5695:Drancy 5531:Jewish 5507:Tonkin 5395:Guinea 5183:Press: 4588:Serbia 4583:Poland 4578:Norway 4568:Greece 4563:France 4362: 4325: 4296: 4275: 4254: 4226: 4195: 4149: 4112:22 May 3858: 3793: 3758:, 1978 3708: 3674: 3609: 3488: 3461: 3395: 3308: 2957:(also 2953: 2935:Lutèce 2862:A new 2841:Minyan 2828:Hebrew 2806:Drancy 2780:jamais 2673: 2574:Mainau 2536:, the 2440:préfet 2377:Málaga 2255: 2199:. 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Vel' d'Hiv Roundup

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