812:—and that did no permanent damage. Next night the two longboats opened the attack in the dark and the bomb-vessels joined in at dawn; this time the results were more satisfactory, and though the shore guns proved to have a surprisingly long range, the attackers suffered very little. 1 August was a bad day and it was necessary to remove the mortars from the rafts, but it was possible to renew the bombardment on the 3rd and 4th, with the gun-rafts also in action on the 4th. 6 August saw another attack in the early morning and a final effort by moonlight on the following night. After that the rafts were dismantled, and on the 10th the fleet left, going first to Favignana near Trapani for water and reaching Malta on 22 August.
750:
808:. As usual it made a slow passage and took twenty days for a distance, in a straight line, of less than 250 miles. On arrival eight rafts were prepared—two bombers, one double-howitzer and five with double guns—while there were two longboats with howitzers as before. The first bombardment in the early hours of 30 July was carried out by the bomb-vessels only, since the sea was too rough for the rafts. Emo described the result of the 46 bombs fired as "not very successful", but added that the 145 shots fired by the enemy were no more so, since only one achieved a hit—on the
157:
148:
137:
104:
440:
692:. With these and with the two bomb-vessels he engaged the fortifications of La Goulette and the two Tunisian gunboats in the harbour mouth on 3 and 5 October. After a pause for bad weather, the other ships joined them for a final attack on 10 October. Much damage was done ashore and one of the gunboats was disabled, but an exchange of letters found the Bey still obdurate. The rafts were dismembered and on 20 October, Emo sailed for Malta, where he arrived on 8 November. He was soon followed by the rest of his fleet.
942:
evident that no amount of damage to outlying towns was likely to bring the
Tunisian government to the negotiating table. Emo requested a 10,000-man expeditionary force with which to assault and capture Tunis, were rejected by the Venetian Senate. Venice, like the other European naval powers of the time, preferred to reach an agreement with the pirates, including the annual payments, than engage in the long, and far more costly, naval and land campaigns that would be necessary to root them out completely.
169:
118:
674:"transport frigate" and two smaller craft. With his augmented fleet now consisting of five 'first-rates' (as the Venetians accounted them) and heavy frigates, one light frigate, two xebecs, 1 galeot and 2 bomb-vessels, Emo left Trapani on 16 September and appeared off La Goulette on the 22nd, after a rather hard passage. Enquiries showed that the Tunisian government was not likely to respond favourably to offers of negotiation and he therefore prepared for drastic action.
34:
1071:, three cutters, three schooners, two xebecs, nine galeots, and eight gunboats. Condulmer returned towards Tunis on 28 August and Emo followed early in September, to cruise on and off the Tunisian coasts with Favignana as his base, while negotiations about peace terms continued in fits and starts. On 1 December the whole fleet entered Malta for the winter and there Emo died, after a long illness, on 1 March.
611:, the two bomb-vessels and two other small craft. Arriving there on 20 July, he was again hampered by bad weather, but his bomb-vessels were able to fire on the city in the nights of the 21 July, 27 July and 31 July to 4 August. A good deal of damage was done, but the result was not altogether satisfactory given that more than 400 large bombs were thrown. On 6 August, Emo left Sousse and moved south to
503:
461:
517:
489:
447:
475:
971:
Emo's departure effectively brought the conflict to its end. Condulmer remained on patrol for the next five years, until a peace agreement was reached in 1792, but his activity only resulted in the capture of some minor prizes, and in the forced inactivity of the
Tunisian navy, which mostly remained
950:
was not far off and that this would probably involve fighting or at any rate disturbance in waters round the coasts of Greece. At any rate, Emo left Malta on 18 March 1787, and reached Corfu on 6 April. His two bomb-vessels had gone home already; they had sailed from Malta on 24 January and arrived
941:
These operations not only caused great damage and casualties in these cities, but also confined the
Tunisian pirate fleet to its harbours. They also made Emo famous throughout Europe, where the images of his firework-like night bombardments kindled the imagination. At the same time, it was becoming
859:
had a good deal of trouble with her after mortar, which damaged its mounting on both of the last two nights. Two gun-rafts were now given mortars or howitzers and on 3 October the attack was resumed in bright moonlight, which enabled the shore guns to inflict some damage and cause a few casualties.
783:
Then came a long pause, due primarily to the resumption of correspondence with the Bey through the master of the same
English ship as before, and afterwards to a long spell of bad weather. It was not until 29 April that it was possible to resume operations, but next morning and again in the morning
404:
on 1 October. Bad weather delayed operations, but from 5 to 7 October, Sousse was bombarded by the bomb-vessels and battleships, though without any very great effect. Damage to the beds of the mortars in the bomb-vessels and renewed bad weather interrupted the attack, but it was resumed on the 12th
854:
had just rejoined, but had been detached again as cruisers, the former to the northward, the latter to the south and south-east. Nothing could be done for a week, but in the evening of 26 September the rafts and small craft were got into position and that night and again on the next three nights,
842:
just as the fleet sailed. This time Sousse was to be attacked, and there the fleet arrived on 19 September, having met another storeship on the way and taken over another longboat from her. The rafts—six with guns and two with mortars—had been put together the day before and were now disposed with
242:
after a
Venetian-flagged merchant ship laden with goods from the Barbary coast was burned by the authorities in Malta due to it being infected with the plague. The Bey of Tunis demanded compensation, but received none, and his demands for an increased annual payment went unheeded. As a result, he
779:
were given their howitzers, and on the 18th the slow business of warping into position began. There was unexpectedly little water and it proved impossible for the bomb-vessels to get in as close as they had done in the previous year, but at last in the evening of 20 March it was possible to open
780:
fire. The results were unsatisfactory, but it was evident that high-angle fire with bombs was far more effective than direct fire with shot. Accordingly, Emo began a new raft to carry a large mortar, and at the same time converted two of his double rafts and one single for shell-fire.
945:
On the contrary, the Senate decided to leave only a small force to protect trade and pick up
Tunisian prizes, if possible, and to recall the bulk of the fleet to waters nearer home. The reason for this move is not clear, but it may have been the knowledge that
784:
of 4 May two intensive bombardments took place. After that all the rafts except that of the large mortar were taken to pieces and with a final effort from this and the two bomb-vessels in the evening of the 6th, the fleet prepared to depart.
287:, and all the ports and cities of this province were under quarantine. Given that men from Kotor could be infected, Emo could not drop anchor in that harbour until 7 August. The Venetians started to do shooting practices with the
1003:
under way in Europe, the Senate was loath to become embroiled in a prolonged conflict, and preferred peace. The Senate feared that Emo's aggressive nature would hamper these efforts, and instead placed
Condulmer, promoted to
424:, Alessandro Mora, died at Trapani from blood poisoning caused by an injury to his hand that had occurred during the action off Sousse. As Emo's fleet entered the harbour of Trapani on 19 November, bad weather struck and the
723:
in the direction of Tunis, partly in the hope of picking up prizes and partly to resume the exchange of letters with the
Tunisian government by means of an English vessel. Nothing came of these dispositions; the
828:, which was not yet ready for sea, though her new foremast had arrived from Venice on the 28th together with a quantity of ammunition and a large boat to carry another howitzer. Querini, who had been in the
767:
Having found his rafts useful, Emo now prepared more of them, three to carry two guns each and six with a single gun. On 26 February 1786, he left Malta with his whole fleet except the
369:. Here the squadron was subject to terrible weather and unable to move for three days. On 3 September, the Venetian ships – while sailing to get closer to the city – found a Neapolitan
771:, which had too many sick on board to be included, and on 12 March, after the usual delays caused by bad weather, he anchored off Sfax. The rafts were got ready, the boats of the
662:
677:
Emo had constructed two rafts formed from casks and spare yards, on each of which was mounted one of his heaviest guns with a sandbag parapet as protection. He also mounted a
582:
Arriving at
Trapani on 7 May, Emo was again at sea from the 12 May to 8 June, and then leaving there on 21 June entered Malta two days later. He was joined by the 70-gun ship
991:. Over the next years, the Tunisians put some smaller craft out to sea, and Condulmer was provided with rowed galeots to deal with them. In late 1790, the Senate named Emo
623:
to watch La
Goulette. He reached Sfax six days later and bombarded it on the 15th and 16th with much the same result as before. He left on 18 August, had to anchor at the
318:
649:
871:
on the 19th, but the main body remained at sea for some days and did not arrive until 26 October. It stayed in harbour until 7 December, when Emo sailed with the
792:
It actually got under way on 8 May, but took several days to get clear of the Kerkennah Islands, and did not reach Malta until the 24th. As it did so, it met the
1492:
636:
251:
Querini was already on station to monitor the Tunisian fleet, but it was evidently not enough. In response, the Venetians appointed the distinguished admiral
324:
574:
were off La Goulette on 13 April, and the rest followed four days later. They left again for Trapani on 1 May after an unsuccessful attempt at negotiation.
583:
298:
1476:
Historical Journal of the Voyage to Africa of the Venetian Squadron, Commanded by the Excell. Knight, and Procurator of Saint Mark, the Lord Angelo Emo
439:
226:
bombarding the harbour towns of Tunisia. The conflict dragged on until 1792, but no major naval actions were undertaken after the winter of 1786/87.
1497:
1440:
1471:
Giornale storico del viaggio in Africa della Veneta Squadra, comandata dall'eccell. kavaliere, e procurator di San Marco, il signor Angelo Emo
1013:
In 1791, the Venetian government decided on a final show of force, reuniting the fleet of Emo with the squadron of Condulmer, now promoted to
1552:
925:
for a cruise on the Tunisian coast, returning to Malta on 9 January 1787. On 27 January, Condulmer left for a second cruise with the
1537:
860:
After this the bomb-vessels were given a rest and the final bombardment on 5 October was carried out by the rafts and boats only.
736:
on the 27th, and Emo himself on the 31st, all without meeting the enemy. The attempts at negotiation had also been fruitless.
1414:
843:
the bomb-vessels and the four shell-boats behind the intervals in the line of ships, to await a suitable moment for action.
1459:
1445:
863:
In the night of 7 October the fleet withdrew. The bomb-vessels went straight to Malta and got there on the 14th, while the
400:
and her consorts at sea on the 25th. Instead of returning to La Goulette, the fleet sailed further south and anchored off
947:
530:
258:
554:
set out again to take new gear to her consort. At the same time, on 11 February 1785, Emo sailed for Malta with the
1542:
635:
At Trapani, the Venetians were joined on 6 September by a considerable reinforcement from Venice, comprising the
796:
returning to harbour with her foremast gone. After waiting for some time for stores from Corfu and money from
994:
917:, arrived on 27 December from Livorno to take the place of Querini, and on the following day he took the
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
291:
of the bomb vessels (two 340-pounders and two 135-pounders), that evidenced some issues to their beds.
1425:
1502:
703:
were sent out a month later to cruise eastward for the protection of Venetian commerce, while the
1507:
1547:
749:
656:
855:
firing went on for two or three hours. There was very little reply from the shore, but the
566:. He returned to Trapani on 22 March, and on 6 April the whole fleet again put to sea. The
8:
711:
worked along the south coast of Sicily to Trapani and back. On 15 December. Emo took the
643:
312:
820:
After only a short stay, Emo sailed again on 4 September with all his ships except the
669:
239:
109:
999:, but did not entrust him with leading the fleet against the Tunisian coast. With the
1455:
1410:
1389:
1000:
908:
624:
305:
295:
246:
161:
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206:
were a series of naval bombardments of the capital and various port cities of the
1469:
1383:
374:
235:
219:
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to resume the treaty that protected Venetian-flagged shipping from harassment by
215:
207:
173:
122:
1379:
590:
409:
280:
25:
1393:
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211:
1434:] (in Italian). Rome: Tipo lit. Ministero della Marina – Uff. Gabinetto.
388:
on blockade duty while he moved the rest of the fleet northwards as far as
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59:
389:
340:
1407:
Venice's Late Firework. Splendor and Downfall of the Republic, 1700–1797
33:
904:
903:
had again been cruising independently, and the latter had had to go to
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252:
223:
141:
1432:
History of the Venetian navy: from Lepanto to the fall of the Republic
1427:
Storia della marina veneziana: da Lepanto alla caduta della Repubblica
1403:
Venedig, spätes Feuerwerk. Glanz und Untergang der Republik, 1700–1797
222:. The campaign lasted from 1784 to 1786, with the Venetian navy under
1020:
1451:
689:
678:
393:
276:
546:
was nearly wrecked near Palermo and had to cut away her masts, so
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535:
413:
370:
284:
71:
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to water and remained there from 14 to 22 September. He met the
417:
401:
358:
351:
75:
373:(a type of small merchant ship) that had been captured by the
366:
362:
329:
275:, where he was joined by additional vessels. At the time, in
272:
63:
412:, where he was well received. The bomb-vessels were sent to
1357:
1345:
1316:
1023:
in Sicily in August, comprising the first-rate battleships
757:
612:
271:
Emo's fleet left Venice on 21 June 1784, slowly sailing to
67:
1409:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
1335:
1333:
1331:
1270:
1268:
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1245:
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1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1181:
1150:
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till 23 August, and reached Trapani again on 1 September.
294:
The fleet he led towards Tunis on 12 August comprised the
263:, and tasked him with conducting the war against the Bey.
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1204:
1202:
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at Venice on 21 March. Condulmer was left with only the
595:
on the 30th, and started for Sousse on 11 July with the
1328:
1304:
1292:
1257:
1230:
1478:] (in Italian). Venice: Giambatista Novelli. 1787.
1193:
1162:
1127:
1092:
1080:
243:
declared war on Venice. A Venetian squadron under the
975:
At the end of 1787, Condulmer's squadron counted the
833:
86:
Venetian tactical victory, Tunisian strategic victory
804:—put to sea again on 4 July, this time steering for
955:and the two recently arrived "transport frigates",
1280:
38:A contemporary sketch of the bombardments in 1784
1484:
760:with his floating batteries, from a drawing by
1493:Naval battles involving the Republic of Venice
534:Sites of the Venetian bombardment campaign in
1014:
1005:
992:
912:
542:In January, the two xebecs sailed for Tunis.
365:; and on 30 August, he arrived in the bay of
256:
244:
204:Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis
19:Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis
948:another war between Russia and the Ottomans
936:
891:, but only to return on the 18th with the
1388:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1423:
1400:
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1339:
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1251:
1224:
1212:
1187:
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1086:
748:
428:was sunk, but with little loss of life.
361:. On 26 August, he passed the island of
100:
24:Part of the European conflicts with the
1498:Naval battles involving Ottoman Tunisia
1010:, in charge of the peace negotiations.
619:back to Trapani with the sick, and the
502:
1485:
1438:
1286:
824:, which was away at Livorno, and the
357:. On 18 August, Emo was in sight of
1553:Naval bombing operations and battles
1446:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1452:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
838:or vice-admiral, left for home via
460:
392:. A few days later, Emo sailed for
13:
1385:Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853
577:
550:returned to Trapani. In February,
377:shortly after and re-captured it.
14:
1564:
907:and thence to Corfu for repairs.
259:Capitano Straordinario delle Navi
515:
501:
487:
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438:
420:for repairs. The captain of the
408:After this action, Emo moved to
167:
155:
146:
135:
116:
102:
32:
1538:1780s in the Republic of Venice
516:
800:, the fleet—still without the
630:
488:
1:
1424:Mocenigo, Mario Nani (1935).
1074:
895:leaking badly. Meanwhile the
867:came in the same day and the
732:returned on 16 December, the
446:
380:Emo left this prize with the
229:
1019:. The combined fleet met at
995:Provveditore Generale da Mar
966:
474:
7:
1401:Eickhoff, Ekkehard (2008).
834:
10:
1569:
1372:
787:
234:War broke out between the
1063:, the transport frigates
815:
283:was ravaging the city of
179:
128:
94:
42:
31:
23:
18:
1448:, Volume 42: Dugoni–Enza
1027:(Condulmer's flagship),
937:End of active operations
1543:18th century in Tunisia
744:
739:
431:
266:
1015:
1006:
993:
913:
764:
257:
245:
214:in order to force Bey
129:Commanders and leaders
1439:Preto, Paolo (1993).
1047:, the light frigates
1043:(Emo's flagship) and
1039:, the heavy frigates
756:bombards the city of
752:
50:June 1784 – 1786
1450:(in Italian). Rome:
983:, the light frigate
531:class=notpageimage|
1366:, pp. 316–317.
1354:, pp. 359–360.
1325:, pp. 311–312.
1227:, pp. 313–314.
1190:, pp. 312–313.
1159:, pp. 311–312.
1124:, pp. 310–311.
1007:Capitano delle Navi
185:Various tall ships
765:
405:for a short time.
240:Republic of Venice
1533:Conflicts in 1784
1528:Conflicts in 1785
1523:Conflicts in 1786
1518:Conflicts in 1787
1513:Conflicts in 1788
1416:978-3-608-94145-6
1001:French Revolution
914:Patron delle Navi
909:Tommaso Condulmer
625:Kerkennah Islands
296:ships of the line
247:Patron delle Navi
200:
199:
192:Coastal defences
162:Tommaso Condulmer
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89:
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1461:978-8-81200032-6
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762:Giuseppe Gatteri
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1503:1780s conflicts
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1380:Anderson, R. C.
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852:Cavalier Angelo
822:Cavalier Angelo
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664:Cavalier Angelo
661:(70 guns), the
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648:(60 guns), the
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588:
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578:Sousse and Sfax
540:
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509:Kerkennah Isls.
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375:Barbary pirates
328:(40 guns), the
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236:Beylik of Tunis
232:
220:Barbary pirates
216:Hammuda ibn Ali
208:Beylik of Tunis
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187:2 bomb ketches
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174:Hammuda ibn Ali
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123:Beylik of Tunis
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1508:Barbary piracy
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1342:, p. 316.
1327:
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1313:, p. 359.
1303:
1301:, p. 311.
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1279:
1277:, p. 315.
1256:
1254:, p. 314.
1229:
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1215:, p. 313.
1192:
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1178:, p. 312.
1161:
1149:
1147:, p. 311.
1126:
1114:
1112:, p. 310.
1091:
1089:, p. 358.
1078:
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972:in its ports.
968:
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814:
789:
786:
746:
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738:
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322:(66 guns) and
281:bubonic plague
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26:Barbary states
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2:
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1548:Venetian navy
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1488:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1441:"EMO, Angelo"
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1422:
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1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
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1365:
1364:Anderson 1952
1360:
1353:
1352:Mocenigo 1935
1348:
1341:
1340:Anderson 1952
1336:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1323:Eickhoff 2008
1319:
1312:
1311:Mocenigo 1935
1307:
1300:
1299:Eickhoff 2008
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1275:Anderson 1952
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:Anderson 1952
1248:
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1242:
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1236:
1234:
1226:
1225:Anderson 1952
1221:
1214:
1213:Anderson 1952
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1188:Anderson 1952
1184:
1177:
1176:Anderson 1952
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1157:Anderson 1952
1153:
1146:
1145:Anderson 1952
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:Anderson 1952
1118:
1111:
1110:Anderson 1952
1106:
1104:
1102:
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1098:
1096:
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1087:Mocenigo 1935
1083:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
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1038:
1034:
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1017:
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997:
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986:
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334:
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327:
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315:
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307:
302:
301:
297:
292:
290:
289:heavy mortars
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
261:
260:
254:
249:
248:
241:
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Venetian navy
209:
205:
196:Several ships
191:
184:
183:
178:
175:
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143:
133:
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124:
114:
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35:
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27:
22:
17:
1475:
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1406:
1402:
1384:
1359:
1347:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1220:
1183:
1152:
1117:
1082:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
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1028:
1024:
1012:
988:
984:
980:
976:
974:
970:
960:
956:
952:
944:
940:
930:
926:
922:
918:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
856:
851:
847:
845:
829:
825:
821:
819:
809:
801:
793:
791:
782:
776:
772:
768:
766:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
682:
676:
663:
650:
637:
634:
620:
616:
608:
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584:
581:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
541:
425:
421:
407:
397:
385:
381:
379:
354:
347:
343:
341:bomb-vessels
336:
332:
323:
317:
311:
299:
293:
270:
233:
203:
201:
189:9 bomb rafts
95:Belligerents
60:Porto Farina
1033:San Giorgio
857:Distruzione
709:Esploratore
668: [
655: [
642: [
631:La Goulette
589: [
572:Distruzione
467:La Goulette
390:Cape Farina
355:Esploratore
344:Distruzione
316:(70 guns),
310:(60 guns),
304: [
1487:Categories
1394:1015099422
1287:Preto 1993
1075:References
911:, elected
905:Cephalonia
754:Angelo Emo
350:, and the
253:Angelo Emo
230:Background
224:Angelo Emo
142:Angelo Emo
1053:Brillante
1021:Favignana
1016:Almirante
985:Brillante
967:Aftermath
893:Concordia
881:Concordia
835:Almirante
734:Concordia
705:Concordia
621:Concordia
605:Concordia
568:Concordia
560:Concordia
319:Concordia
1382:(1952).
1025:Vittoria
885:Vittoria
840:Syracuse
777:Vittoria
717:Vittoria
690:longboat
683:Vittoria
679:howitzer
651:Vittoria
394:Sardinia
277:Dalmatia
238:and the
180:Strength
152:Querini
55:Location
1373:Sources
1065:Pallade
1057:Bellona
1045:Minerva
1037:Galatea
981:Pallade
957:Pallade
810:Polonia
806:Bizerta
798:Livorno
788:Bizerta
681:in the
544:Nettuno
536:Tunisia
523:Bizerte
414:Trapani
410:Tripoli
386:Nettuno
371:tartana
348:Polonia
337:Nettuno
285:Spalato
210:by the
72:Bizerte
1458:
1413:
1392:
1061:Medusa
1059:, and
1035:, and
989:Cupido
979:, the
977:Sirena
961:Venere
953:Sirena
927:Sirena
919:Sirena
897:Sirena
865:Sirena
848:Sirena
830:Sirena
826:Sirena
816:Sousse
802:Sirena
794:Sirena
769:Sirena
726:Sirena
697:Sirena
638:Sirena
562:, and
552:Cupido
548:Cupido
495:Sousse
418:Sicily
402:Sousse
359:Sicily
352:galiot
339:, the
333:Cupido
330:xebecs
110:Venice
107:
83:Result
76:Sousse
1474:[
1430:[
1405:[
1049:Palma
931:Palma
923:Palma
889:Palma
721:Palma
686:'
672:]
659:]
646:]
609:Palma
593:]
564:Palma
453:Tunis
426:Forza
422:Forza
398:Forza
382:Forza
367:Tunis
363:Malta
325:Palma
313:Forza
308:]
273:Corfu
64:Tunis
1456:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1390:OCLC
1067:and
1041:Fama
1029:Eolo
959:and
929:and
921:and
899:and
887:and
877:Eolo
873:Fama
850:and
846:The
775:and
773:Eolo
758:Sfax
745:Sfax
740:1786
730:Eolo
728:and
719:and
713:Fama
707:and
701:Eolo
699:and
695:The
617:Eolo
613:Sfax
601:Eolo
597:Fama
585:Eolo
570:and
556:Fama
481:Sfax
432:1785
384:and
346:and
335:and
300:Fama
279:the
267:1784
202:The
68:Sfax
47:Date
832:as
416:in
255:as
1489::
1454:.
1443:.
1330:^
1259:^
1232:^
1195:^
1164:^
1129:^
1094:^
1055:,
1051:,
1031:,
963:.
933:.
883:,
879:,
875:,
715:,
688:s
670:it
657:it
644:it
607:,
603:,
599:,
591:it
558:,
306:it
74:,
70:,
66:,
62:,
1464:.
1419:.
1396:.
1289:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
