2600:
1846:
2595:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta P&=k{\frac {\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\rho ^{\ominus }\,Q^{2}&=\Delta P_{\max }{\frac {\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\left({\frac {Q}{Q_{\max }}}\right)^{2}\\&=k{\frac {\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)\rho ^{\ominus }}}{\dot {m}}^{2}&=\Delta P_{\max }{\frac {\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\left({\frac {\dot {m}}{{\dot {m}}_{\max }}}\right)^{2}\\&=k{\frac {M\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)C^{\ominus }}}{\dot {n}}^{2}&=\Delta P_{\max }{\frac {\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\left({\frac {\dot {n}}{{\dot {n}}_{\max }}}\right)^{2}.\end{aligned}}}
440:
2880:
475:
464:
453:
2895:
25:
67:
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118:
958:
102:
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2875:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {k}{\Delta P_{\max }}}&={\frac {1}{\rho ^{\ominus }Q_{\max }^{2}}}\\&={\frac {\rho ^{\ominus }}{{\dot {m}}_{\max }^{2}}}\\&={\frac {{C^{\ominus }}^{2}}{\rho ^{\ominus }{\dot {n}}_{\max }^{2}}}={\frac {C^{\ominus }}{M^{\ominus }{\dot {n}}_{\max }^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}
1035:
1837:
731:
430:
The
Bernoulli equation is invertible, and pressure should rise when a fluid slows down. Nevertheless, if there is an expansion of the tube section, turbulence will appear, and the theorem will not hold. In all experimental Venturi tubes, the pressure in the entrance is compared to the pressure in the
960:
A Venturi can also be used to mix a liquid with a gas. If a pump forces the liquid through a tube connected to a system consisting of a
Venturi to increase the liquid speed (the diameter decreases), a short piece of tube with a small hole in it, and last a Venturi that decreases speed (so the pipe
724:
3200:
forced the contents of a nineteen kilometre canal through a constriction to enable the side-channeling of water off to agricultural lands from a higher origin than would have been the case without the flume. A recent dig by archaeologists from the
British museum confirmed the
1706:
216:
Referring to the adjacent diagram, using
Bernoulli's equation in the special case of steady, incompressible, inviscid flows (such as the flow of water or other liquid, or low-speed flow of gas) along a streamline, the theoretical pressure drop at the constriction is given by
1406:
104:
108:
107:
103:
109:
1293:{\displaystyle \Delta P={\frac {1}{2}}\rho (v_{2}^{2}-v_{1}^{2})={\frac {1}{2}}\rho \left(\left({\frac {A_{1}}{A_{2}}}\right)^{2}-1\right)v_{1}^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\rho \left({\frac {1}{A_{2}^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{A_{1}^{2}}}\right)Q^{2}=k\,\rho \,Q^{2}}
417:
The mass flow rate for a compressible fluid will increase with increased upstream pressure, which will increase the density of the fluid through the constriction (though the velocity will remain constant). This is the principle of operation of a
1710:
564:
953:{\displaystyle Q=A_{1}{\sqrt {{\frac {2}{\rho }}\cdot {\frac {p_{1}-p_{2}}{\left({\frac {A_{1}}{A_{2}}}\right)^{2}-1}}}}=A_{2}{\sqrt {{\frac {2}{\rho }}\cdot {\frac {p_{1}-p_{2}}{1-\left({\frac {A_{2}}{A_{1}}}\right)^{2}}}}}}
106:
422:. Increasing source temperature will also increase the local sonic velocity, thus allowing increased mass flow rate, but only if the nozzle area is also increased to compensate for the resulting decrease in density.
492:
The simplest apparatus is a tubular setup known as a
Venturi tube or simply a Venturi (plural: "Venturis" or occasionally "Venturies"). Fluid flows through a length of pipe of varying diameter. To avoid undue
312:
3016:
in piston engines have multiple
Venturi areas like the valve seat and the port entrance, although these are not part of the design intent, merely a byproduct and any venturi effect is without specific function.
1606:
569:
1584:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta P&=k\,\rho \,Q^{2}\\&=k{\frac {1}{\rho }}\,{\dot {m}}^{2}\\&=k{\frac {\rho }{C^{2}}}\,{\dot {n}}^{2}=k{\frac {M}{C}}\,{\dot {n}}^{2}.\end{aligned}}}
2629:
1851:
1411:
991:
for gauges calibrated for differential pressures. This type of pressure measurement may be more convenient, for example, to measure fuel or combustion pressures in jet or rocket engines.
143:
The effect has various engineering applications, as the reduction in pressure inside the constriction can be used both for measuring the fluid flow and for moving other fluids (e.g. in a
414:. When a fluid system is in a state of choked flow, a further decrease in the downstream pressure environment will not lead to an increase in velocity, unless the fluid is compressed.
133:
that results when a moving fluid speeds up as it flows through a constricted section (or choke) of a pipe. The
Venturi effect is named after its discoverer, the 18th-century Italian
3185:
was an extreme example of the phenomenon, which made the ground level plaza notoriously windswept. In fact, some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes.
105:
86:
552:
961:
gets wider again), the gas will be sucked in through the small hole because of changes in pressure. At the end of the system, a mixture of liquid and gas will appear. See
3165:
can be considered very large
Venturi because they take advantage of the Venturi effect to increase velocity and decrease pressure to simulate expected flight conditions.
1832:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}}={\frac {\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\rho ^{\ominus }.}
1333:
3110:
water can be emptied from a moving boat through a small waste gate in the hull. The air pressure inside the moving boat is greater than the water sliding by beneath.
392:
365:
334:
3178:
of Jaipur, also utilizes the
Venturi effect, by allowing cool air to pass through, thus making the whole area more pleasant during the high temperatures in summer.
1399:
1366:
500:
Venturi tubes are often used in processes where permanent pressure loss is not tolerable and where maximum accuracy is needed in case of highly viscous liquids.
512:, and both function on the same basic principle. However, for any given differential pressure, orifice plates cause significantly more permanent energy loss.
46:
2619:. Note that pressure-, temperature-, and mass-compensation is required for every flow, regardless of the end units or dimensions. Also we see the relations:
987:
As fluid flows through a
Venturi, the expansion and compression of the fluids cause the pressure inside the Venturi to change. This principle can be used in
1593:
However, measurements outside the design point must compensate for the effects of temperature, pressure, and molar mass on density and concentration. The
222:
520:
Both Venturi tubes and orifice plates are used in industrial applications and in scientific laboratories for measuring the flow rate of liquids.
719:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Q&=v_{1}A_{1}=v_{2}A_{2}\\p_{1}-p_{2}&={\frac {\rho }{2}}\left(v_{2}^{2}-v_{1}^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}
998:
who used them to measure small and large flows of water and wastewater beginning at the end of the 19th century. While working for the
2909:
1701:{\displaystyle C={\frac {P}{RT}}={\frac {\left({\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}}C^{\ominus }}
33:
2954:
the helmsman of each ship must constantly steer away from the other ship due to the Venturi effect, otherwise they will collide.
1002:, Herschel would develop the means for measuring these flows to determine the water power consumption of different mills on the
3404:
1006:, first beginning development of the device in 1886, two years later he would describe his invention of the Venturi meter to
198:
a fluid may attain by its increased velocity through a constriction is balanced by a drop in pressure because of its loss in
2905:
3182:
183:
3279:
191:
439:
97:
and partially filled with water. The meter is "read" as a differential pressure head in cm or inches of water.
1841:
Substituting these two relations into the pressure-flow equations above yields the fully compensated flows:
3484:
3370:
480:
A pair of Venturi tubes on a light aircraft, used to provide airflow for air-driven gyroscopic instruments
999:
171:
3181:
Large cities where wind is forced between buildings - the gap between the Twin Towers of the original
137:
535:
3272:
Natural Gas Engineering and Safety Challenges: Downstream Process, Analysis, Utilization and Safety
3236:
555:
187:
3421:
3512:
3043:
use a reverse taper to speed the air down the tube, enabling better tone, response and intonation
2921:
1023:
38:
3034:
2987:
2951:
3267:
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3128:
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81:
at "1" is lower than at "2", because the cross-sectional area at "1" is greater than at "2".
3341:
3135:
1003:
529:
370:
343:
319:
1375:
1342:
497:, a Venturi tube typically has an entry cone of 30 degrees and an exit cone of 5 degrees.
443:
Venturi tube demonstration apparatus built out of PVC pipe and operated with a vacuum pump
8:
1336:
3463:(educational film). Federal Aviation Administration. 1971. 17 minutes in. AVA20333VNB1.
3345:
2917:
3212:
3146:
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3295:
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3275:
3458:
3117:
uses the Venturi effect to assist maintaining the flow of gas once it starts flowing
3349:
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3095:
3067:
2981:
2958:
995:
962:
494:
394:
is the (faster) fluid velocity where the pipe is narrower (as seen in the figure).
206:
199:
3478:
3D animation of the Differential Pressure Flow Measuring Principle (Venturi meter)
3078:
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2993:
2968:
419:
175:
71:
2984:
produce a partial vacuum using the kinetic energy from the faucet water pressure
3246:
3061:
1598:
1019:
994:
The first large-scale Venturi meters to measure liquid flows were developed by
411:
407:
195:
159:
144:
130:
3497:
3477:
3506:
3241:
3192:, a 4000-year-old flume structure has been discovered at the ancient site of
3013:
2976:
1594:
1007:
982:
966:
509:
402:
The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when a fluid reaches the state of
210:
156:
1401:), one can also derive mass flow or molar flow (i.e. standard volume flow):
3223:
3219:
3019:
1027:
3162:
3091:
2990:
use the kinetic energy from the steam pressure to create a partial vacuum
2616:
403:
3498:
Use of the Venturi effect for gas pumps to know when to turn off (video)
3175:
3003:
2964:
1369:
90:
205:
By measuring pressure, the flow rate can be determined, as in various
3354:
3329:
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2972:
988:
474:
463:
452:
134:
94:
307:{\displaystyle p_{1}-p_{2}={\frac {\rho }{2}}(v_{2}^{2}-v_{1}^{2}),}
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1013:
163:
3399:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 218.
3077:
Injectors (also called ejectors) are used to add chlorine gas to
337:
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middle section; the output section is never compared with them.
24:
3152:
3098:
3055:
970:
16:
Reduced pressure caused by a flow restriction in a tube or pipe
85:
3193:
3107:
2941:
The Venturi effect may be observed or used in the following:
78:
75:
367:
is the (slower) fluid velocity where the pipe is wider, and
3037:
use pressure-side water flow to collect sediment and debris
66:
3422:"At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets"
3155:
air compressors entrain air into a falling column of water
2996:
disperse perfume or spray paint (i.e. from a spray gun or
508:
Venturi tubes are more expensive to construct than simple
117:
3104:
Sandblasting nozzles accelerate and air and media mixture
3441:"Girding Against Return of the Windy City in Manhattan"
170:
as it passes through a constriction in accord with the
539:
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1849:
1713:
1609:
1409:
1378:
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1312:
1038:
734:
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538:
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322:
225:
209:
devices such as Venturi meters, Venturi nozzles and
74:(1) is higher than in the constriction (2), and the
3371:"Venturi or air circulation?, that's the question"
3222:in southern France increases in speed through the
3142:and thus become capable of higher cornering speeds
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2594:
1831:
1700:
1583:
1393:
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1327:
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718:
546:
515:
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359:
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306:
93:Venturi meter, showing the columns connected in a
3211:In windy mountain passes, resulting in erroneous
3022:infuse air into wine as it is poured into a glass
113:Video of a Venturi meter used in a lab experiment
3504:
2852:
2799:
2731:
2682:
2646:
2568:
2459:
2326:
2217:
2070:
1977:
1014:Compensation for temperature, pressure, and mass
3438:
3419:
2615:are easily isolated by dividing and taking the
3188:In the south of Iraq, near the modern town of
3158:The bolts in some brands of paintball markers
1018:Fundamentally, pressure-based meters measure
425:
3265:
3094:of evaporation to deliver feed water to a
3353:
1953:
1554:
1518:
1468:
1434:
1430:
1279:
1275:
434:
3394:
3149:concentrate into fire protection systems
2961:on oil product and chemical ship tankers
2920:by adding descriptive text and removing
976:
438:
116:
100:
84:
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
1302:where constant terms are absorbed into
3505:
3288:
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
3482:
3319:Providence, RI:Builders Iron Foundry.
528:A Venturi can be used to measure the
3420:Dunlap, David W (December 7, 2006).
2888:
1306:. Using the definitions of density (
18:
3266:Nasr, G. G.; Connor, N. E. (2014).
3196:. This construction by the ancient
1597:is used to relate actual values to
13:
3439:Dunlap, David W (March 25, 2004).
3368:
3145:Foam proportioners used to induct
3010:into an engine's intake air stream
2638:
2451:
2209:
1969:
1854:
1414:
1039:
14:
3524:
3471:
184:conservation of mechanical energy
3330:"Invention of the Venturi Meter"
3298:. Wolfram Demonstrations Project
3124:to decrease the recoil of firing
2893:
1010:in a letter dated June 5, 1888.
503:
487:
473:
462:
451:
182:in accord with the principle of
121:Idealized flow in a Venturi tube
23:
3169:
3090:use the Venturi effect and the
969:for discussion of this type of
516:Instrumentation and measurement
37:may be too short to adequately
3451:
3432:
3413:
3388:
3362:
3340:(3433): 254. August 17, 1935.
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1097:
1061:
547:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Q}
397:
298:
262:
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
3252:
2967:mix air and flammable gas in
1026:(used above) relates this to
150:
3397:Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
523:
172:principle of mass continuity
162:, an incompressible fluid's
7:
3315:Herschel, Clemens. (1898).
3230:
2944:
2884:
1000:Holyoke Water Power Company
10:
3529:
3268:"5.3 Gas Flow Measurement"
980:
3485:"Venturi Tube Simulation"
3274:. Springer. p. 183.
3205:
138:Giovanni Battista Venturi
1328:{\displaystyle m=\rho V}
426:Expansion of the section
89:A flow of air through a
3395:Anderson, John (2017).
3369:Blasco, Daniel Cortés.
3035:Automated pool cleaners
3006:use the effect to suck
2922:less pertinent examples
3115:scuba diving regulator
2952:Underway replenishment
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435:Experimental apparatus
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1030:and volumetric flow:
977:Differential pressure
955:
721:
556:Bernoulli's principle
549:
442:
410:approaches the local
389:
387:{\displaystyle v_{2}}
362:
360:{\displaystyle v_{1}}
331:
329:{\displaystyle \rho }
309:
188:Bernoulli's principle
120:
112:
88:
69:
3296:"The Venturi effect"
3237:Joule–Thomson effect
3134:Race cars utilising
2625:
1847:
1711:
1607:
1407:
1394:{\displaystyle m=Mn}
1376:
1361:{\displaystyle n=CV}
1343:
1310:
1036:
1024:Bernoulli's equation
1004:Holyoke Canal System
732:
565:
536:
530:volumetric flow rate
371:
344:
320:
223:
194:. Thus, any gain in
129:is the reduction in
3346:1935Natur.136Q.254.
2918:improve the article
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1337:molar concentration
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3445:The New York Times
3426:The New York Times
3213:pressure altimeter
3183:World Trade Center
3147:fire fighting foam
3070:are used to clean
3064:use compressed air
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3406:978-1-259-12991-9
3122:recoilless rifles
3068:Venturi scrubbers
3028:filter saltwater
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192:Euler equations
176:static pressure
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72:static pressure
60:
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32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3513:Fluid dynamics
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3472:External links
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1020:kinetic energy
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981:Main article:
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211:orifice plates
196:kinetic energy
160:fluid dynamics
152:
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145:vacuum ejector
131:fluid pressure
127:Venturi effect
62:
61:
41:the key points
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2930:February 2024
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2902:This section
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3460:Dusk to Dawn
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3377:(in Spanish)
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3290:
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3261:
3224:Rhone valley
3220:mistral wind
3170:Architecture
3163:wind tunnels
3138:to increase
3082:chlorination
2940:
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2916:Please help
2904:may contain
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3483:UT Austin.
3092:latent heat
3060:Industrial
3004:Carburetors
2965:Inspirators
2617:square root
404:choked flow
398:Choked flow
3490:2009-11-03
3381:2019-07-14
3302:2009-11-03
3253:References
3176:Hawa Mahal
3161:Low-speed
2973:gas stoves
2910:irrelevant
1370:molar mass
151:Background
91:Pitot tube
3375:face2fire
3198:Sumerians
3190:Nasiriyah
3140:downforce
3074:emissions
3041:Clarinets
2994:Atomizers
2906:excessive
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39:summarize
3507:Category
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3215:readings
3201:finding.
3129:diffuser
3072:flue gas
3052:trombone
3048:leadpipe
3008:gasoline
2998:airbrush
2959:eductors
2945:Machines
2912:examples
2885:Examples
554:, using
180:decrease
168:increase
164:velocity
157:inviscid
3342:Bibcode
3084:systems
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2950:During
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338:density
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316:where
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728:then
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