2572:
pastoralists. In 1659 Doman, a
Khoikhoi who had worked as a translator for the Dutch and had even traveled to Java, led an armed attempt to expel the Dutch from the Cape peninsula. The attempt was a failure, although warfare dragged on until an inconclusive peace was established a year later. During the following decade, pressure on the Khoikhoi grew as more of the Dutch became free burghers, expanded their landholdings, and sought pastureland for their growing herds. War broke out again in 1673 and continued until 1677, when Khoikhoi resistance was destroyed by a combination of superior European weapons and Dutch manipulation of divisions among the local people. Thereafter, Khoikhoi society in the western Cape disintegrated. Some people found jobs as shepherds on European farms; others rejected foreign rule and moved away from the Cape. The final blow for most came in 1713 when a Dutch ship brought smallpox to the Cape. Hitherto unknown locally, the disease ravaged the remaining Khoikhoi, killing 90 percent of the population. Throughout the eighteenth century, the settlement continued to expand through internal growth of the European population and the continued importation of slaves. The approximately 3,000 Europeans and slaves at the Cape in 1700 had increased by the end of the century to nearly 20,000 Europeans, and approximately 25,000 slaves.
7042:
744:
861:
846:
2563:(later Benin), the second with almost 200 people, most of them children, captured from a Portuguese slaver off the coast of Angola. Except for a few individuals, these were to be the only slaves ever brought to the Cape from West Africa. From 1658 to the end of the company's rule, many more slaves were brought regularly to the Cape in various ways, chiefly by Company-sponsored slaving voyages and slaves brought to the Cape by its return fleets. From these sources and by natural growth, the slave population increased from zero in 1652 to about 1,000 by 1700. During the 18th century, the slave population increased dramatically to 16,839 by 1795. After the slave trade was initiated, all of the slaves imported into the Cape until the British stopped the trade in 1807 were from East Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, and South and Southeast Asia. Large numbers were brought from
2330:
1093:
402:
538:
414:
2217:
980:
1207:
1608:. The dividends distributed by the company had exceeded the surplus it garnered in Europe in every decade from 1690 to 1760 except 1710β1720. However, in the period up to 1730 the directors shipped resources to Asia to build up the trading capital there. Consolidated bookkeeping therefore probably would have shown that total profits exceeded dividends. In addition, between 1700 and 1740 the company retired 5.4 million guilders of long-term debt. The company therefore was still on a secure financial footing in these years. This changed after 1730. While profits plummeted the
1133:
supply in Europe, except for Spain and
Portugal. The Dutch and English had to obtain it by creating a trade surplus with other European countries. Coen discovered the obvious solution for the problem: to start an intra-Asiatic trade system, whose profits could be used to finance the spice trade with Europe. In the long run this obviated the need for exports of precious metals from Europe, though at first it required the formation of a large trading-capital fund in the Indies. The VOC reinvested a large share of its profits to this end in the period up to 1630.
8324:
56:
8535:
1902:
1078:
2321:, adventurous spirit, and decisiveness. However, it unleashed a wave of criticism, since such romantic views about the Dutch Golden Age ignores the inherent historical associations with colonialism, exploitation and violence. Balkenende later stressed that "it had not been his intention to refer to that at all". But in spite of criticisms, the "VOC-mentality", as a characteristic of the selective historical perspective on the Dutch Golden Age, has been considered a key feature of Dutch cultural policy for many years.
1808:, eight delegates were from the Chamber of Amsterdam (one short of a majority on its own), four from the Chamber of Zeeland, and one from each of the smaller Chambers, while the seventeenth seat was alternatively from the Chamber of Middelburg-Zeeland or rotated among the five small Chambers. Amsterdam had thereby the decisive voice. The Zeelanders in particular had misgivings about this arrangement at the beginning. The fear was not unfounded, because in practice it meant Amsterdam stipulated what happened.
2252:
1509:
demand, in which it had to compete on an equal footing with other suppliers. This made for low profit margins. The business information systems of the time made this difficult to discern for the managers of the company, which may partly explain the mistakes they made from hindsight. This lack of information might have been counteracted (as in earlier times in the VOC's history) by the business acumen of the directors. By this time these were almost exclusively recruited from the political
7763:
7746:
7729:
2232:
1543:
2397:
1501:
coffee, cotton, textiles, and sugar. These commodities provided a lower profit margin and therefore required a larger sales volume to generate the same amount of revenue. This structural change in the commodity composition of the VOC's trade started in the early 1680s, after the temporary collapse of the EIC around 1683 offered an excellent opportunity to enter these markets. The actual cause for the change lies, however, in two structural features of this new era.
8180:
5900:
1451:
549:
904:
2548:
wages imposed by the Dutch led to a series of wars. The
European population remained under 200 during the settlement's first five years, and war against neighbors numbering more than 20,000 would have been foolhardy. Moreover, the Dutch feared that Khoikhoi people, if enslaved, could always escape into the local community, whereas foreigners would find it much more difficult to escape and survive or avoid recapture.
1554:
572:. It appeared on various corporate items, such as cannons and coins. The first letter of the hometown of the chamber conducting the operation was placed on top. The monogram, versatility, flexibility, clarity, simplicity, symmetry, timelessness, and symbolism are considered notable characteristics of the VOC's professionally designed logo. Those elements ensured its success at a time when the concept of the
8190:
816:
3973:"The Easternization of the West: The Role of Melaka, the Malay-Indonesian archipelago and the Dutch (VOC). (International seminar by the Melaka State Government, the Malaysian Institute of Historical and Patriotism Studies (IKSEP), the Institute of Occidental Studies (IKON) at the National University of Malaysia (UKM) and the Netherlands Embassy in Malaysia. Malacca, Malaysia, 27 July 2006"
1505:
the company easily to finance its expansion in the new areas of commerce. Between the 1680s and 1720s, the VOC was therefore able to equip and man an appreciable expansion of its fleet, and acquire a large amount of precious metals to finance the purchase of large amounts of Asian commodities, for shipment to Europe. The overall effect was approximately to double the size of the company.
2004:
1396:). The wisdom of such a policy was illustrated when a fierce price war with the EIC ensued, as that company flooded the market with new supplies from India. In this struggle for market share, the VOC (which had much larger financial resources) could wait out the EIC. Indeed, by 1683, the latter came close to bankruptcy; its share price plummeted from 600 to 250; and its president
2034:. In what is the first recorded corporate governance dispute, Le Maire formally charged that the VOC's board of directors (the Heeren XVII) sought to "retain another's money for longer or use it ways other than the latter wishes" and petitioned for the liquidation of the VOC in accordance with standard business practice. Initially the largest single shareholder in the VOC and a
1639:. The Dutch government in Batavia did not adequately respond to these problems. In 1740, rumours of deportation of the gangs from the Batavia area led to widespread rioting. The Dutch military searched houses of Chinese in Batavia for weapons. When a house accidentally burnt down, military and impoverished citizens started slaughtering and pillaging the Chinese community. This
1523:. However, though larger ships transported the growing volume of goods, labour productivity did not go up sufficiently to realise these. In general the company's overhead rose in step with the growth in trade volume; declining gross margins translated directly into a decline in profitability of the invested capital. The era of expansion was one of "profitless growth".
47:
8167:
8250:
521:). Over the next two centuries the company acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by taking over surrounding territory. It remained an important trading concern and paid annual dividends that averaged to about 18% of the capital for almost 200 years. Much of the labor that built its colonies was from people it had enslaved.
1694:(modern Indonesia), the company also had important operations elsewhere. It employed people from different continents and origins in the same functions and working environments. Although it was a Dutch company, its employees included not only people from the Netherlands, but also many from Germany and other countries. Besides the diverse north-west European
1427:, so as to secure a monopoly on the pepper trade to the detriment of the French and the Danes. However, the importance of these traditional commodities in the Asian-European trade was diminishing rapidly at the time. The military outlays that the VOC needed to make to enhance its monopoly were not justified by the increased profits of this declining trade.
1148:, for silk, cotton, porcelain, and textiles. These products were either traded within Asia for the coveted spices or brought back to Europe. The VOC was also instrumental in introducing European ideas and technology to Asia. The company supported Christian missionaries and traded modern technology with China and Japan. A more peaceful VOC trade post on
2039:
governors in 1605 on charges of embezzlement, and was forced to sign an agreement not to compete with the VOC. Having retained stock in the company following this incident, in 1609 Le Maire would become the author of what is celebrated as "first recorded expression of shareholder advocacy at a publicly traded company".
2501:
fled elsewhere, with only 1,000 Bandanese surviving in the islands, and were spread throughout the nutmeg groves as forced labourers. The treatment of slaves was harsh and the native
Bandanese population dropped to 1,000 by 1681. 200 slaves were imported annually to sustain the slave population at a total of 4,000.
1527:
of which three-quarters was distributed as dividend and one-quarter reinvested. In the earlier period, profits averaged 18 percent of total revenues; in the latter period, 10 percent. The annual return of invested capital in the earlier period stood at approximately 6 percent; in the latter period, 3.4 percent."
1443:
renounced the treaty. Though a Dutch army managed to suppress this insurrection temporarily, the
Zamorin continued to trade with the English and the French, which led to an appreciable upsurge in English and French traffic. The VOC decided in 1721 that it was no longer worth the trouble to try to dominate the
2567:
and the
Indonesian archipelago. Prisoners from other countries in the VOC's empire were also enslaved. The slave population, which exceeded that of the European settlers until the first quarter of the nineteenth century, was overwhelmingly male and was thus dependent on constant imports of new slaves
1508:
The tonnage of the returning ships rose by 125 percent in this period. However, the company's revenues from the sale of goods landed in Europe rose by only 78 percent. This reflects the basic change in the VOC's circumstances that had occurred: it now operated in new markets for goods with an elastic
2571:
By the 1660s the Cape settlement was importing slaves from Ceylon, Malaya (Malaysia), and
Madagascar to work on the farms. Conflict between Dutch farmers and Khoikhoi broke out once it became clear to the latter that the Dutch were there to stay and that they intended to encroach on the lands of the
2547:
population, but the idea was rejected on the grounds that such a policy would be both costly and dangerous. Most
Khoikhoi had chosen not to labor for the Dutch because of low wages and harsh conditions. In the beginning, the settlers traded with the Khoikhoi, but the harsh working conditions and low
2500:
in 1621. 2,800 Bandanese were killed, mostly from famine, and 1,700 were enslaved during the attack. The total population of the islands was estimated at 15,000 people before the conquest. Although the exact number remains uncertain, it is estimated that around 14,000 people were killed, enslaved or
2383:
There was an extraordinarily high mortality rate among employees of the VOC due to shipwrecks, illnesses such as scurvy and dysentery, and clashes with rival trading companies and pirates. Between 1602 and 1795, about one million seamen and craftsmen departed from
Holland, but only 340,000 returned.
2038:
sitting on the board of governors, Le Maire apparently attempted to divert the firm's profits to himself by undertaking 14 expeditions under his own accounts instead of those of the company. Since his large shareholdings were not accompanied by greater voting power, Le Maire was soon ousted by other
1589:
The "venality" of the VOC's personnel (in the sense of corruption and non-performance of duties), though a problem for all East India
Companies at the time, seems to have plagued the VOC on a larger scale than its competitors. To be sure, the company was not a "good employer". Salaries were low, and
1581:
The way the company was organised in Asia (centralised on its hub in Batavia), that initially had offered advantages in gathering market information, began to cause disadvantages in the 18th century because of the inefficiency of first shipping everything to this central point. This disadvantage was
1526:
Specifically: "he long-term average annual profit in the VOC's 1630β70 'Golden Age' was 2.1 million guilders, of which just under half was distributed as dividends and the remainder reinvested. The long-term average annual profit in the 'Expansion Age' (1680β1730) was 2.0 million guilders,
1518:
Low profit margins in themselves do not explain the deterioration of revenues. To a large extent the costs of the operation of the VOC had a "fixed" character (military establishments; maintenance of the fleet and such). Profit levels might therefore have been maintained if the increase in the scale
1504:
In the first place, there was a revolutionary change in the tastes affecting European demand for Asian textiles, coffee and tea, around the turn of the 18th century. Secondly, a new era of an abundant supply of capital at low interest rates suddenly opened around this time. The second factor enabled
1132:
Another of Coen's ventures was more successful. A major problem in the European trade with Asia at the time was that the Europeans could offer few goods that Asian consumers wanted, except silver and gold. European traders therefore had to pay for spices with the precious metals, which were in short
1069:, where ten Englishmen were arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch government. Although this caused outrage in Europe and a diplomatic crisis, the English quietly withdrew from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Banten) and focused on other Asian interests.
871:
At the time, it was customary for a company to be funded only for the duration of a single voyage and to be liquidated upon the return of the fleet. Investment in these expeditions was a very high-risk venture, not only because of the usual dangers of piracy, disease and shipwreck, but also because
2580:
The VOC's operations (trading posts and colonies) produced not only warehouses packed with spices, coffee, tea, textiles, porcelain and silk, but also shiploads of documents. Data on political, economic, cultural, religious, and social conditions spread over an enormous area circulated between the
1627:
intervened. British naval attacks in Europe and Asia reduced the VOC fleet by half; removed valuable cargo from its control; and eroded its remaining power in Asia. The direct losses of the VOC during the war can be calculated at 43 million guilders. Loans to keep the company operating reduced its
998:
during the tenures of the first three governors-general (1610β1619), but it was not a satisfactory location. Although it was at the centre of the spice production areas, it was far from the Asian trade routes and other VOC areas of activity ranging from Africa to India to Japan. A location in the
883:
In 1602, the Dutch government followed suit, sponsoring the creation of a single "United East Indies Company" that was also granted monopoly over the Asian trade. For a time in the seventeenth century, it was able to monopolise the trade in nutmeg, mace, and cloves and to sell these spices across
1500:
The attempt to continue as before as a low volume-high profit business enterprise with its core business in the spice trade had therefore failed. The company had however already (reluctantly) followed the example of its European competitors in diversifying into other Asian commodities, like tea,
1391:
temporarily interrupted VOC trade with Europe. This caused a spike in the price of pepper, which enticed the English East India Company (EIC) to enter this market aggressively in the years after 1672. Previously, one of the tenets of the VOC pricing policy was to slightly over-supply the pepper
1622:
Despite these problems, the VOC in 1780 remained an enormous operation. Its capital in the Republic, consisting of ships and goods in inventory, totalled 28 million guilders; its capital in Asia, consisting of the liquid trading fund and goods en route to Europe, totalled 46 million
497:
Statistically, the VOC eclipsed all of its rivals in the Asian trade. Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC sent nearly a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships and netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods and slaves. By contrast, the rest of Europe
1442:
to submit to Dutch domination. In 1710, the Zamorin was made to sign a treaty with the VOC undertaking to trade exclusively with the VOC and expel other European traders. For a brief time, this appeared to improve the company's prospects. However, in 1715, with EIC encouragement, the Zamorin
1940:(Lords Seventeen) met alternately six years in Amsterdam and two years in Middelburg-Zeeland. They defined the VOC's general policy and divided the tasks among the Chambers. The Chambers carried out all the necessary work, built their own ships and warehouses and traded the merchandise. The
999:
west of the archipelago was thus sought. The Straits of Malacca were strategic but became dangerous following the Portuguese conquest, and the first permanent VOC settlement in Banten was controlled by a powerful local ruler and subject to stiff competition from Chinese and English traders.
779:
in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch were given the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu. Dutch control of Ambon was achieved when the Portuguese surrendered their fort in Ambon to the Dutch-Hituese alliance. In 1613, the Dutch expelled the Portuguese from their
3658:'Dese vereenichde Compaignie sal beginnen ende aenvanck nemen met desen Jaere xvi C ende twee ende sal gedurende den tyt van eenentwintich Jaren achter (This United Company shall commence operations in the year of 1602, and shall continue for a period of twenty-one consecutive years)'
2380:, "it is misleading to understand Batavia, as some scholars have, as representing a pragmatic and egalitarian order that was later corrupted by the colonial situation. In fact, the social stratification and segregation of Batavia derived in certain ways directly from its Dutch plan."
660:
as the northern staple port to distribute their goods, thereby cutting Dutch merchants out of the trade. At the same time, the Portuguese trade system was unable to increase supply to satisfy growing demand, in particular the demand for pepper. Demand for spices was relatively
1612:
only slightly decreased dividends from the earlier level. Distributed dividends were therefore in excess of earnings in every decade but one (1760β1770). To accomplish this, the Asian capital stock had to be drawn down by 4 million guilders between 1730 and 1780, and the
2466:
Your Honours know by experience that trade in Asia must be driven and maintained under the protection and favour of Your Honours' own weapons, and that the weapons must be paid for by the profits from the trade; so that we cannot carry on trade without war nor war without
1115:
was appointed governor-general of the VOC. He saw the possibility of the VOC becoming an Asian power, both political and economic. On 30 May 1619, Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, stormed Jayakarta, driving out the Banten forces; and from the ashes established
1383:
enacted a number of measures to limit the export of these precious metals, in the process limiting VOC opportunities for trade, and severely worsening the terms of trade. Therefore, Japan ceased to function as the linchpin of the intra-Asiatic trade of the VOC by 1685.
502:, the VOC's nearest competitor, was a distant second to its total traffic with 2,690 ships and a mere one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC. The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly and slave trading activities through most of the 17th century.
1617:
capital available in Europe was reduced by 20 million guilders in the same period. The directors were therefore constrained to replenish the company's liquidity by resorting to short-term financing from anticipatory loans, backed by expected revenues from home-bound
5087:
2985:
It was also helpful that the price war with the EIC in the early decade had caused the accumulation of enormous inventories of pepper and spices, which enabled the VOC to cut down on shipments later on, thereby freeing up capital to increase shipments of other
1578:, the Malabar Coast, and Bengal. The company had to confine its operations to the belt it physically controlled, from Ceylon through the Indonesian archipelago. The volume of this intra-Asiatic trade, and its profitability, therefore had to shrink.
2995:
A particularly egregious example was that of the "Amfioen Society". This was a business of higher VOC-employees that received a monopoly of the opium trade on Java, at a time when the VOC had to pay monopoly prices to the EIC to buy the opium in
2046:
also happened among the VOC investors who complained that the company account books had been "smeared with bacon" so that they might be "eaten by dogs." The investors demanded a "reeckeninge," a proper financial audit. The 1622 campaign by the
1706:
workers could be employed as sailors, soldiers, writers, carpenters, smiths, or as simple unskilled workers. At the height of its existence, the VOC had 25,000 employees who worked in Asia and 11,000 who were en route. Also, while most of its
896:; While Dutch profits soared, the local economy of the Spice Islands was destroyed, because as a monopoly buyer, the VOC forced the prices paid to the local producers in the Spice Islands down to low levels. With a capital of 6,440,200
900:, the new company's charter empowered it to build forts, maintain armies, and conclude treaties with Asian rulers. It provided for a venture that would continue for 21 years, with a financial accounting only at the end of each decade.
2271:(...) I don't understand why you're all being so negative and unpleasant. Let's just be happy with each other. Let's just say "the Netherlands can do it" again: that VOC mentality. Look across our borders. Dynamism! Don't you think?
1623:
guilders. Total capital, net of outstanding debt, stood at 62 million guilders. The prospects of the company at this time therefore were not hopeless, had one of the plans for reform been undertaken successfully. However, the
524:
Weighed down by smuggling, corruption and growing administrative costs in the late 18th century, the company went bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1799. Its possessions and debt were taken over by the government of the Dutch
2951:, the French and Dutch companies came to blows on the Indian Subcontinent. The French sent naval expeditions from metropolitan France, which the VOC easily countered. On the other hand, the VOC conquered the important fortress of
771:
had been the first Dutch fleet to reach the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku (also known as the Moluccas), cutting out the Javanese middlemen. The ships returned to Europe in 1599 and 1600 and the expedition made a 400 percent profit.
3005:
Jan Peter Balkenende: "Ik begrijp niet waarom u er zo negatief en vervelend over doet. Laten we blij zijn met elkaar. Laten we zeggen: 'Nederland kan het weer!', die VOC-mentaliteit. Over grenzen heen kijken! Dynamiek! Toch?"
5083:
696:
thus became an appropriate target for Dutch military incursions. These factors motivated Dutch merchants to enter the intercontinental spice trade themselves. Further, a number of Dutch merchants and explorers, such as
1573:
There was a steady erosion of intra-Asiatic trade because of changes in the Asiatic political and economic environment that the VOC could do little about. These factors gradually squeezed the company out of Persia,
1245:. By 1659, the Portuguese had been expelled from the coastal regions, which were then occupied by the VOC, securing for it the monopoly over cinnamon. To prevent the Portuguese or the English from ever recapturing
762:
In 1598, an increasing number of fleets were sent out by competing merchant groups from around the Netherlands. Some fleets were lost, but most were successful, with some voyages producing high profits. In 1598, a
2030:, was also a sizeable shareholder of the VOC. In 1609, he complained of the VOC's poor corporate governance. On 24 January 1609, Le Maire filed a petition against the VOC, marking the first recorded expression of
4636:
1995:. In addition, VOC representatives sometimes used the tactic of burning spice trees to force indigenous populations to grow other crops, thus artificially cutting the supply of spices like nutmeg and cloves.
1128:
for export. Coen hoped to settle large numbers of Dutch colonists in the East Indies, but implementation of this policy never materialised, mainly because very few Dutch were willing to emigrate to Asia.
4602:
3408:
583:
Around the world, and especially in English-speaking countries, the VOC is widely known as the 'Dutch East India Company'. The name 'Dutch East India Company' is used to make a distinction from the
5618:
5028:
2492:, between 1609 and 1621, after the islands resisted the nutmeg monopoly. The Dutch launched punitive expeditions that resulted in the near-destruction of Bandanese society. They invaded the main
2070:
705:, went on to obtain firsthand knowledge of the "secret" Portuguese trade routes and practices that were already in place, thereby providing further opportunity for the Dutch to enter the trade.
1666:). The VOC charter was renewed several times, but was allowed to expire on 31 December 1799. Most of the possessions of the former VOC were subsequently occupied by Great Britain during the
2082:
7378:
7041:
1601:
A problem that the VOC shared with other companies was the high mortality and morbidity rates among its employees. This decimated the company's ranks and enervated many of the survivors.
490:, and establish colonies. Also, because it traded across multiple colonies and countries from both the East and the West, the VOC is sometimes considered to have been the world's first
5670:
2376:
Batavia, corresponding to present day Jakarta, was the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company, and had a strict social hierarchy in the colony. According to Marsely L. Kahoe in
1534:
in 1688), and they reached an all-time high of around 642 in the 1720s. VOC shares then yielded a return of 3.5 percent, only slightly less than the yield on Dutch government bonds.
1355:
Around 1670, two events caused the growth of VOC trade to stall. In the first place, the highly profitable trade with Japan started to decline. The loss of the outpost on Formosa to
872:
the interplay of inelastic demand and relatively elastic supply of spices could make prices tumble, thereby ruining prospects of profitability. To manage such risk, the forming of a
9144:
1140:. Ships coming into Batavia from the Netherlands carried supplies for VOC settlements in Asia. Silver and copper from Japan were used to trade with the world's wealthiest empires,
1268:
in honour of the outpost's presence. Although non-company ships were welcome to use the station, they were charged exorbitantly. This post later became a full-fledged colony, the
1750:
during the lifetime of the company. As a consequence, investors that wished to liquidate their interest in the interim could only do this by selling their share to others on the
1590:"private-account trading" was officially not allowed. It proliferated in the 18th century to the detriment of the company's performance. From about the 1790s onward, the phrase
1530:
Nevertheless, in the eyes of investors the VOC did not do too badly. The share price hovered consistently around the 400 mark from the mid-1680s (excepting a hiccup around the
1336:
By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army of 10,000 soldiers, and a
743:
2760:
2064:
1702:, the VOC made extensive use of local Asian labour markets. As a result, the personnel of the various VOC offices in Asia consisted of European and Asian employees. Asian or
8886:
3308:
2076:
5084:"Archives of the Dutch East India Company [Documentary heritage submitted by Netherlands and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2003]"
3520:
1643:
was deemed sufficiently serious for the board of the VOC to start an official investigation into the Government of the Dutch East Indies for the first time in its history.
4004:
Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia. (Dordrecht-Holland; Riverton, US, Foris Publications, 1986. xiii, 302p.) number: 959.82 B659
3645:
3637:
Octrooi verleend door de Staten-Generaal betreffende de alleenhandel ten oosten van Kaap de Goede Hoop en ten westen van de Straat van Magallanes voor de duur van 21 jaar
1497:
is considered the earliest example of an organised Asian power overcoming European military technology and tactics; and it signalled the decline of Dutch power in India.
5453:
1635:
increased. European markets became saturated. Dozens of Chinese sugar traders went bankrupt, which led to massive unemployment, which in turn led to gangs of unemployed
1493:
was captured. Marthanda Varma agreed to spare the Dutch captain's life on condition that he joined his army and trained his soldiers on modern lines. This defeat in the
9159:
4528:
2959:
in September 1693. The Dutch then made the defenses of the fortress impregnable, which they came to regret when the Dutch government returned it to the French by the
1944:
sent the ships' masters off with extensive instructions on the route to be navigated, prevailing winds, currents, shoals and landmarks. The VOC also produced its own
1026:. In Banda, they encountered severe VOC hostility, sparking Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices. From 1611 to 1617, the English established trading posts at
8091:
5937:
4632:
2428:
3941:
9104:
9074:
7371:
5839:
5693:
3207:
732:, the main pepper port of West Java, the crew clashed with both Portuguese and indigenous Javanese. Houtman's expedition then sailed east along the north coast of
1434:(hoping thereby to curtail English influence in the area, and end the drain on its resources from the cost of the Malabar garrisons) by using force to compel the
8106:
2432:
2018:
The seventeenth-century Dutch businessmen, especially the VOC investors, were possibly history's first recorded investors to seriously consider the problems of
603:). The company's alternative names that have been used include the 'Dutch East Indies Company', 'United East India Company', 'Jan Company', or 'Jan Compagnie'.
8226:
8096:
4445:
3246:
8043:
4682:
876:
to control supply would seem logical. In 1600, the English were the first to adopt this approach by bundling their resources into a monopoly enterprise, the
4606:
8101:
3642:
Patent granted by the States General concerning exclusive trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Strait of Magallanes for a period of 21 years
1569:
After 1730, the fortunes of the VOC started to decline. Five major contributing factors are attributed to its decay in the 50 years between 1730 and 1780:
784:
fort, but a subsequent Portuguese attack led to a second change of hands; following this second reoccupation, the Dutch once again captured Solor in 1636.
740:. Half the crew were lost before the expedition made it back to the Netherlands the following year, but with enough spices to make a considerable profit.
8909:
7364:
5388:
5044:
1065:
In 1620, diplomatic agreements in Europe ushered in a period of collaboration between the Dutch and English spice trades. This ended with the notorious
9069:
8066:
5117:
3495:
3312:
3015:
Balkenende: "Let us be optimistic! Let us say, 'It is possible again in The Netherlands!' That VOC mentality: looking across borders with dynamism!" .
9149:
8879:
17:
8467:
9164:
5383:
4975:
4754:
4704:
3880:
3268:
860:
648:
had played an important role as a distribution center in northern Europe. After 1591, the Portuguese used an international syndicate of the German
9134:
8489:
8131:
5623:
3293:
486:). The company possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike
8116:
845:
9139:
9114:
8235:
8193:
5930:
5303:
8895:
8872:
8136:
5358:
1392:
market, so as to depress prices below the level where interlopers were encouraged to enter the market (instead of striving for short-term
1333:. The treaty allowed the VOC to build a trading post in the area and eventually to monopolise the trade there, especially the gold trade.
3741:
1447:
and spice trade. A strategic decision was taken to scale down the Dutch military presence and in effect yield the area to EIC influence.
4892:
4812:
8797:
8219:
7984:
7387:
1430:
Nevertheless, this lesson was slow to sink in and at first the VOC made the strategic decision to improve its military position on the
1124:
was driven away, starved to death, or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch plantations. These plantations were used to grow
405:
The "United East India Company", or "United East Indies Company" (also known by the abbreviation "VOC" in Dutch) was the brainchild of
347:
9094:
8812:
8036:
5353:
1711:
were Dutch, about a quarter of the initial shareholders were Zuid-Nederlanders (people from an area that includes modern Belgium and
957:
568:
logo consisted of a large capital 'V' with an O on the left and a C on the right half and was possibly the first globally recognised
3972:
2055:(CSR) in which shareholders staged protests by distributing pamphlets and complaining about management self enrichment and secrecy.
9129:
8817:
7864:
6322:
5923:
5230:
4424:
Putting Le Maire into Perspective: Business Organization and the Evolution of Corporate Governance in the Dutch Republic, 1590β1610
564:(abbreviated as the VOC), literally the 'United Dutch Chartered East India Company' (the United East India Company). The company's
4360:(1991). Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands. Bandanaira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira.
3516:
2972:
However, the VOC had been defeated many times before. On the Indian subcontinent, the EIC had suffered a resounding defeat in its
941:, off the coast of Singapore. She was such a rich prize that her sale proceeds increased the capital of the VOC by more than 50%.
6999:
6279:
2444:
2012:
487:
3919:
3635:
9099:
8832:
8802:
7061:
1411:
also started to make inroads on the Dutch system. The VOC therefore closed the theretofore flourishing open pepper emporium of
5640:
3434:
2279:, then Dutch Prime Minister, reacted to the criticism of his government policy during the parliamentary debate, September 2006
9089:
8212:
8183:
6948:
6944:
6713:
5038:
4806:
4237:
3735:
3471:
3342:
2088:
1898:. The minimum investment in the VOC was 3,000 guilders, which priced the company's stock within the means of many merchants.
5259:
3144:
3099:
972:) was created. The governor-general effectively became the main administrator of the VOC's activities in Asia, although the
9124:
8029:
6088:
5720:
5343:
4836:"Debating Natural Law in the Banda Islands: A Case Study in AngloβDutch Imperial Competition in the East Indies, 1609β1621"
4520:
764:
748:
621:
229:
8482:
7816:
6487:
5005:
4928:
3949:
3254:
2929:
In the medium term, as new suppliers could enter the market. In the short term the supply was, of course, also inelastic.
2732:
2618:
2559:. In 1658, however, the VOC landed two shiploads of slaves at the Cape, one containing more than 200 people brought from
2489:
1092:
617:
31:
4878:
Vaders en dochters: Molukse historie in de Nederlandse literatuur van de negentiende eeuw en haar weerklank in IndonesiΓ«
3199:
2329:
9084:
8498:
7944:
7848:
5866:
4905:
Om hierin naar behooren te voorzien is het noodig dat Banda t'eenemaal vermeesterd en met ander volk gepeupleerd worde.
1890:. Although it did not raise as much capital as Amsterdam or Middelburg-Zeeland, Enkhuizen had the largest input in the
1650:, the VOC's financial issues worsened considerably. After vain attempts at reorganisation by the provincial States of
9064:
8720:
8497:
5542:
5296:
5193:
5159:
5133:
5070:
4886:
4776:
4575:
3815:
3421:
3049:
2284:
The VOC's history (and especially its dark side) has always been a potential source of controversy. In 2006 when the
1671:
463:
6385:
5783:
3243:
2973:
2543:
would be needed for the hardest and dirtiest work. Initially, the VOC considered enslaving men from the indigenous
1192:
401:
4674:
4259:
9109:
8822:
8420:
7968:
7920:
7681:
6188:
5531:
2488:
The VOC charter allowed it to act as a quasi-sovereign state and engaged in brutal conquests. One example is the
2436:
2052:
1894:
capital of the VOC. Under the first 358 shareholders, there were many small entrepreneurs, who dared to take the
4441:
4411:
The Handbook of Board Governance: A Comprehensive Guide for Public, Private and Not β for β Profit Board Members
1913:
Among the early shareholders of the VOC, immigrants played an important role. Under the 1,143 tenderers were 39
8686:
8475:
8442:
7269:
5428:
4393:
2408:
1886:
The raising of capital in Rotterdam did not go so smoothly. A considerable part originated from inhabitants of
537:
389:
4494:
Shareholder Rights at 400: Commemorating Isaac Le Maire and the First Recorded Expression of Investor Advocacy
413:
7952:
7632:
5778:
5635:
5630:
5338:
3359:
2648:
1344:
1082:
965:
596:
6569:
4407:
Thoughts on the Origins and Development of the Modern Corporate Governance Movement and Shareholder Activism
3492:
1264:, South Africa) to service company ships on their journey to and from East Asia. The cape was later renamed
580:
has used the VOC logo since the late 20th century, having re-registered the company's name for the purpose.
9079:
8807:
8430:
8369:
7976:
7234:
6584:
6315:
5903:
5458:
5328:
5289:
5242:
3309:"Memory of the World β Archives of the Dutch East India Company: Nomination Form β VOC Archives Appendix 2"
2833:
2605:
2125:; between 1652 and 1806. The South Asian and Indonesian posts and colonies of the company in Asia, were in
1196:
976:, a body of 17 shareholders representing different chambers, continued to officially have overall control.
1658:, the board of directors in the VOC were sacked in 1796 and the company's management was handed over to a
8351:
8345:
8156:
8052:
7888:
7808:
7780:
6992:
5715:
5600:
5373:
2693:
2440:
2186:
721:
6908:
6642:
9169:
9154:
9119:
8934:
8071:
7912:
6810:
6505:
6364:
6093:
5844:
5821:
5806:
5750:
5585:
5524:
5408:
2867:
2698:
2683:
2633:
2582:
2126:
1679:
1117:
698:
662:
600:
514:
351:
286:
172:
474:
to carry out trade activities in Asia. Shares in the company could be purchased by any citizen of the
9174:
8827:
7880:
7616:
6216:
6074:
5861:
5856:
5773:
5698:
5595:
5562:
5557:
5547:
5433:
3065:
2948:
2658:
2653:
2638:
2362:
1408:
1404:
592:
588:
491:
8864:
8397:
8204:
3881:"Meeting the Dutch: cooperation and conflict between Jesuits and Dutch merchants in Asia, 1680β1795"
2216:
1631:
From 1720 on, the market for sugar from Indonesia declined as the competition from cheap sugar from
1206:
979:
795:, Dutch advances were halted by an autonomous and powerful group of Portuguese Eurasians called the
8987:
8446:
8301:
6608:
6149:
6029:
5884:
5740:
5580:
5473:
5413:
5113:
2938:
The share price had appreciated significantly, so in that respect the dividend was less impressive.
2887:
2703:
2643:
1952:
1494:
1169:
483:
406:
225:
208:
5063:
The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta)
4222:
The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta)
1160:, was for more than two hundred years the only place where Europeans were permitted to trade with
498:
combined sent only 882,412 people from 1500 to 1795, and the fleet of the English (later British)
8760:
8524:
8451:
8425:
8414:
8146:
7872:
7856:
7772:
7697:
7190:
7076:
6308:
5398:
5393:
3692:
2663:
2514:
2162:
1360:
1343:
Many of the VOC employees inter-mixed with the indigenous peoples and expanded the population of
1200:
8499:
Australian places named by Dutch navigators, explorers and cartographers in the Age of Discovery
2955:
after a siege of only 16 days by an expedition of 3,000 men and 19 ships under Laurens Pit from
9033:
8992:
8274:
8126:
8111:
7792:
7784:
7721:
7705:
7640:
6985:
6913:
6672:
6637:
6211:
6197:
5976:
5851:
5811:
5801:
5725:
4481:
The First Known Shareholder Activist: The Colorful Life and Times of Isaac le Maire (1559β1624)
2350:
2240:
1647:
1624:
1470:
724:
in 1598, Lancaster again in 1601, among others. During the four-ship exploratory expedition by
125:
115:
4589:
Austere Histories in European Societies: Social Exclusion and the Contest of Colonial Memories
3725:
9013:
8972:
8506:
8403:
8081:
7560:
7552:
7480:
7356:
7066:
7056:
6331:
6225:
5816:
5705:
5438:
4876:
4796:
2825:
2460:
2288:
2276:
1930:
1640:
1547:
1462:
1388:
1230:
1181:
932:
163:
8919:
7800:
5915:
5148:
5124:
The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500β1815
2896:, who were joined together like partners in a simple company, i.e. traded on joint account".
8741:
8381:
8357:
8121:
8076:
7832:
7656:
7544:
7448:
7440:
7432:
7071:
6956:
6682:
6530:
6380:
6163:
6158:
6130:
6058:
5537:
5468:
5463:
4917:
Loth, Vincent C. (1995). "Pioneers and Perkeniers: The Banda Islands in the 17th Century".
2518:
2472:
2345:
The company has been criticised for the results of its quasi-absolute commercial monopoly,
2285:
2031:
2019:
1918:
1726:(later reduced to 60) who acted as managing directors. This was the usual set-up for Dutch
1490:
1454:
1112:
995:
916:
725:
6606:
6343:
4953:
The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market
4732:
The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market
2551:
Between 1652 and 1657, a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to obtain men from the
1730:
at the time. The innovation in the case of the VOC was that the liability of not just the
1260:
established a resupply outpost at the Cape of Storms (the southwestern tip of Africa, now
8:
8997:
8977:
8655:
8564:
8534:
8436:
7896:
7840:
7713:
7528:
7504:
7259:
7221:
6762:
6738:
6708:
6289:
6230:
5745:
5730:
5552:
5448:
5423:
5363:
3980:
3915:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
3913:
2781:
2668:
2256:
2110:
1786:
1727:
1531:
1393:
1007:
920:
736:, losing twelve crew members to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in
717:
702:
669:
459:
154:
5227:
5212:
3686:
8962:
8650:
8579:
8511:
8391:
8386:
8375:
8340:
8323:
8313:
8290:
8269:
7600:
7472:
7249:
7200:
7119:
6732:
6652:
5988:
5971:
5655:
5443:
5368:
5182:
5169:
5122:
4969:
4919:
4748:
3038:
2510:
2358:
2309:
2178:
2043:
1901:
1751:
1675:
1520:
1478:
1466:
1379:'s for Chinese silk, other forces affected the supply of Japanese silver and gold. The
1157:
1003:
877:
584:
573:
499:
385:
55:
5004:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. pp. Establishing a Slave Economy.
4217:
2384:
J.L. van Zanden writes that "the VOC 'consumed' approximately 4,000 people per year."
8967:
8752:
8712:
8707:
8634:
8608:
8239:
7992:
7648:
7520:
7512:
7315:
7310:
7254:
7030:
6892:
6718:
6662:
6420:
6390:
6178:
6139:
6125:
5680:
5478:
5312:
5189:
5155:
5129:
5066:
5034:
4957:
4882:
4857:
4802:
4772:
4736:
4571:
4389:
4357:
4233:
4229:
3811:
3731:
3417:
3338:
3287:
3045:
2748:
2673:
2552:
2524:
2202:
2122:
1759:
1691:
1558:
1319:
1269:
1265:
1153:
944:
Also in 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in
835:
693:
526:
479:
452:
262:
254:
7264:
4705:"Shipwreck, sickness and pirates: the dangers of working for the East India Company"
665:; therefore, each lag in the supply of pepper caused a sharp rise in pepper prices.
8663:
8587:
8264:
7936:
7928:
7755:
7738:
7608:
7568:
7496:
7300:
7284:
6929:
6876:
6834:
6703:
6405:
6284:
6168:
6067:
5755:
5660:
5498:
5493:
5378:
4932:
4847:
4792:
4507:
The Evolution of Shareholder Voting Rights: Separation of Ownership and Consumption
4225:
3461:
3438:
2960:
2918:
2853:
2536:
2456:
2452:
2318:
2304:
2150:
2130:
1678:, some of these were restored to this successor state of the Dutch Republic by the
1614:
1562:
1416:
1304:
1300:
1257:
1077:
1066:
908:
804:
181:
5650:
5645:
4852:
4835:
803:
trade and their resistance lasted throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, causing
8778:
8699:
8678:
8673:
8616:
8296:
8279:
8055:
7689:
7584:
7576:
7488:
7464:
7279:
7274:
7185:
7159:
7154:
7144:
6564:
6173:
6103:
6034:
6021:
5983:
5483:
5418:
5333:
5263:
5256:
5246:
5234:
5177:
5173:
4568:
Postcolonial Netherlands Sixty-Five Years of Forgetting, Commemorating, Silencing
3499:
3250:
3172:
all Dutch trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan
3091:
2623:
2497:
2314:
2174:
2118:
1945:
1891:
1743:
1667:
1605:
1486:
1458:
1120:
as the VOC headquarters. In the 1620s almost the entire native population of the
839:
713:
455:
316:
258:
3606:
De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw
2251:
1253:
from the Portuguese, almost entirely driving them from the west coast of India.
960:
to more firmly control their affairs in Asia. To advise and control the risk of
8747:
8668:
8624:
8595:
8519:
8307:
8284:
8151:
8021:
7592:
7536:
7305:
7195:
7139:
7124:
7104:
7099:
6657:
6515:
6183:
6144:
6098:
6079:
5735:
5665:
5503:
5488:
5403:
5348:
5320:
5143:
4657:
4292:
Anderson, Clare; Frykma, Niklas; van Voss, Lex Heerma; Rediker, Marcus (2013).
3326:
2678:
2628:
2300:
2220:
2170:
2158:
2023:
1972:
1926:
1699:
1583:
1515:
class, which had long since lost its close relationship with merchant circles.
1444:
1330:
1097:
956:(later "Batavia" and then "Jakarta"). In 1610, the VOC established the post of
768:
756:
752:
689:
677:
569:
506:
475:
443:
434:
426:
381:
280:
105:
5184:
The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact
4999:
4600:
1811:
The six chambers raised the start-up capital of the Dutch East India Company:
9058:
8929:
8914:
8852:
8569:
8556:
7904:
7824:
7456:
7424:
7416:
7341:
7320:
7149:
7008:
6844:
6839:
6495:
6472:
6467:
6451:
6415:
6410:
6395:
6202:
6053:
6048:
5961:
5685:
5590:
4961:
4861:
4740:
3909:
3413:
3403:
3136:
2875:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2756:
2736:
2688:
2600:/Gentlemen Seventeen) in the Dutch Republic. The VOC records are included in
2595:
2539:
concluded within two months of the establishment of the Cape settlement that
2493:
2366:
2334:
2198:
2146:
2134:
1976:
1914:
1821:
1575:
1431:
1412:
1376:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1250:
1238:
1121:
1101:
1086:
1023:
924:
889:
865:
831:
819:
729:
685:
681:
673:
653:
649:
625:
467:
339:
310:
141:
5268:
4603:"Zwarte Piet, a Bitter Treat? Racial Issues in The Netherlands and the U.S."
2504:
1325:
In 1663, the VOC signed the "Painan Treaty" with several local lords in the
8939:
8770:
8642:
8363:
7624:
7244:
7239:
7134:
6829:
6632:
6446:
6441:
6425:
6400:
6120:
6115:
6039:
5947:
3618:
3616:
3614:
2956:
2564:
2370:
2354:
2296:
2231:
2194:
2142:
2138:
2027:
1984:
1424:
1397:
1372:
1368:
1280:
1275:
Through the seventeenth century VOC trading posts were also established in
1222:
1211:
1188:
1165:
1141:
1019:
987:
912:
854:
823:
776:
641:
289:, Dutch East Indies (second headquarters or overseas administrative center)
8845:
Notes: with the name still in use in either original or Anglicised version
6808:
5218:
3517:"The Dutch East Indies Company β The First 100 Years [Transcript]"
1582:
most keenly felt in the tea trade, where competitors like the EIC and the
1542:
1375:) brought an end to the silk trade after 1666. Though the VOC substituted
8924:
8600:
8408:
8141:
8086:
8008:
7408:
7229:
6786:
6667:
6525:
6500:
5030:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
4769:
International Order in Diversity: War, Trade and Rule in the Indian Ocean
3706:
2952:
2752:
2744:
2727:
is "United East-India Company". For the VOC's different English-language
2590:
2540:
2532:
2480:
2346:
2048:
1992:
1968:
1956:
1708:
1435:
827:
631:
365:
334:
6300:
4294:
Mutiny and Maritime Radicalism in the Age of Revolution: A Global Survey
4182:
4157:
4118:
4106:
4094:
4046:
4022:
4010:
3611:
2396:
1598:, also abbreviated VOC in Dutch) came to summarise the company's future.
1062:, which threatened Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.
8551:
8543:
8000:
6574:
6540:
6004:
4135:
4133:
3409:
Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World
2740:
2728:
2448:
2292:
2210:
1712:
1482:
1145:
1031:
800:
635:
6760:
5281:
4936:
3794:
Pars Japonica: the first Dutch expedition to reach the shores of Japan
1450:
8894:
8765:
8234:
7960:
6781:
6554:
6520:
6269:
4951:
4730:
2556:
2244:
2114:
2102:
2094:
2071:
Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
1988:
1964:
1887:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1695:
1439:
1380:
1308:
1303:
coasts in India. Direct access to mainland China came in 1729 when a
1261:
1246:
1039:
961:
953:
949:
893:
709:
553:
510:
369:
276:
4324:
4299:
4145:
4130:
4082:
3845:
3535:
3331:
8733:
6952:
6647:
6248:
5610:
4260:"VOC β United Dutch East India Company | Western Australian Museum"
2544:
2224:
2201:
in 1641-1795 and 1818β1825). In Thailand, the company was based in
1922:
1703:
1511:
1337:
1288:
1226:
1051:
1035:
1027:
796:
565:
471:
377:
110:
4675:"Dutch Batavia: Exposing the Hierarchy of the Dutch Colonial City"
4070:
4058:
2083:
Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
1660:
Committee for Affairs relating to East India Trade and Possessions
1199:, blowing up a Dutch ship. The Cambodians defeated the VOC in the
822:'s baghlah was a type of ship widely used by Dutch traders in the
9018:
7336:
7129:
7114:
7026:
6627:
6549:
6510:
5831:
5572:
4442:"Will UNFI Go Virtual-Only Again? Not if Shareowners Just Say No"
3781:
The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630β1720
2586:
2560:
2528:
2236:
2182:
1960:
1655:
1651:
1636:
1420:
1356:
1312:
1234:
1059:
1011:
938:
903:
897:
657:
645:
577:
541:
17th-century plaque to the United East India Company (the VOC),
518:
306:
6977:
5239:
2058:
1991:
and the violent suppression of the native population, including
1553:
1403:
However, the writing was on the wall. Other companies, like the
1168:
China open up to Dutch trade, the Chinese defeated the Dutch in
548:
9023:
7169:
7164:
6860:
6698:
6677:
6579:
6559:
6477:
6274:
6264:
6009:
5966:
5876:
5793:
5515:
4413:, edited by Richard Leblanc (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016)
4372:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
4345:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
4218:"TANAP And The Co-Operation Between ANRI And Nationaal Archief"
3866:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
3466:
3231:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
2601:
2190:
2166:
2154:
1980:
1632:
1326:
1276:
1272:, when more Dutch and other Europeans started to settle there.
1177:
1173:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1043:
1015:
945:
873:
737:
509:
spice trade, the VOC established a capital in the port city of
393:
373:
7386:
4633:"The Dutch VOC mentality. Cultural Policy as a Business Model"
4551:
Shareholder Activism at the Dutch East India Company 1622β1625
4034:
2761:
List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements
2581:
VOC establishments, the administrative centre of the trade in
2065:
List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements
1664:
ComitΓ© tot de zaken van de Oost-Indische handel en bezittingen
1519:
of trading operations that in fact took place had resulted in
815:
656:, as well as Spanish and Italian firms, which operated out of
87:
Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie
7109:
5945:
5765:
3808:
To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia
3674:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 290.
2527:
in 1652, the VOC already had a long experience of practicing
2206:
2106:
2098:
1998:
1790:
1774:
1364:
1242:
1225:, from the Portuguese and broke the latter's monopoly of the
1218:
1161:
1055:
885:
792:
788:
781:
562:
Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie
542:
4881:(in Dutch). Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 90β91.
3569:
3567:
3565:
775:
In 1600, the Dutch joined forces with the Muslim Hituese on
4601:
Boerhout, Laura; Jung, Mariska; Marcinkowski, Paul (2012).
2963:
in exchange for tariff concessions in Europe by the French.
2008:
2003:
1895:
1047:
733:
3069:
2077:
Former trading posts of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
9028:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3360:"The Rise And Fall Of The Largest Corporation In History"
3188:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 129β133.
3125:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 128β132.
2505:
Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
880:, thereby threatening their Dutch competitors with ruin.
9145:
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands
5251:
5057:
Balk, G.L.; van Dijk, F.; Kortlang, D.J.; Gaastra, F.S.
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4492:
Frentrop, Paul; Jonker, Joost; Davis, S. (ed.), (2009).
1967:). Other colonial outposts were also established in the
1722:, who could be seen as non-managing members, and the 76
8855:; for these the original Dutch name appears in brackets
5026:
4422:
Gelderblom, Oscar; De Jong, Abe; Jonker, Joost (2010).
3727:
Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580β1640
2157:
from 1641 to 1853. In Taiwan, the company had bases in
1690:
While the VOC mainly operated in what later became the
1457:
of the Dutch East India Company surrenders to Maharaja
1136:
The VOC traded throughout Asia, benefiting mainly from
8249:
8166:
3824:
3756:
3547:
3267:
Updated 10.19.2016, Ben Phelan | Posted 01 07 2013 |.
3186:
The Ascent of Money β A Financial History of the World
3123:
The Ascent of Money β A Financial History of the World
2291:
referred to the pioneering entrepreneurial spirit and
46:
6955:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
5112:
4982:
4662:
Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City
4509:. (Yale Law Journal, Volume 123, pages 100β165, 2014)
4330:
4305:
4188:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4124:
4112:
4100:
4088:
4052:
4028:
4016:
3851:
3622:
3541:
3388:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 129.
3170:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 129.
3040:
The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century
2387:
2313:
in Dutch). For Balkenende, the VOC represented Dutch
2259:, a bastion fort built by the VOC in the 17th century
2097:, although it had other posts in the Dutch cities of
1955:
the company established its headquarters in Batavia,
1929:
was the largest subscriber with Ζ85,000. VOC's total
2117:. In Africa, the trading posts and colonies were in
1979:, where the VOC forcibly maintained a monopoly over
1921:(roughly present Belgium and Luxembourg, then under
708:
The stage was thus set for Dutch expeditions to the
4177:
The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline
3888:
Paper Presented at the Conference of ENIUGH, London
3592:, Lisboa: Instituto HistΓ³rico Infante Dom Henrique.
2205:in 1608β1767. In Vietnam, the company was based in
1797:(the Lords Seventeen). They were selected from the
1164:. When the VOC tried to use military force to make
587:(EIC) and other East Indian companies (such as the
5181:
5147:
5121:
3330:
3037:
2523:By the time the settlement was established at the
1762:analysed the workings of this one-stock exchange.
1742:had unlimited liability). The VOC therefore was a
1415:by a treaty of 1684 with the Sultan. Also, on the
807:to remain under the Portuguese sphere of control.
462:in the world. Established on 20 March 1602 by the
9160:Trading companies established in the 17th century
8896:Economic and financial history of the Netherlands
5257:VOC archive from the Indonesian national archives
1987:. Methods used to maintain the monopoly involved
9056:
8051:
4791:
4626:
4624:
4570:. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010,
4496:(The Hague: Remix Business Communications, 2009)
3672:Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450β1680
2429:Military history of the Dutch East India Company
1489:defeated the Dutch. The Dutch commander Captain
907:Early map of the Maluku Islands made during the
9105:Companies formerly listed on Euronext Amsterdam
9075:1800 disestablishments in the Batavian Republic
8910:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500β1815)
5168:
4787:
4785:
4771:. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015,
4735:. Manchester University Press. pp. 9, 77.
4635:. L'internationale (internationaleonline.org).
4630:
4470:, page 333. (New York: Oxford University Press)
4076:
4064:
4040:
3644:] (in Dutch). Amsterdam. 1602 . p. 5.
3399:
3397:
2337:sell slaves to the Dutch East India Company, c.
849:Reproduction of a map of the city of Batavia c.
532:
4369:
4342:
3863:
3266:
3228:
2433:Battles involving the Dutch East India Company
2378:The Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art
1793:. Delegates of these chambers convened as the
1172:from 1623 to 1624, forcing the VOC to abandon
644:, which began in 1566/68, the Flemish city of
505:Having been set up in 1602 to profit from the
478:and subsequently bought and sold in open-air
409:, the leading statesman of the Dutch Republic.
79:Generale Vereenichde Geoctrooieerde Compagnie
8880:
8742:Van Diemen's Land / Anthonie van Diemenslandt
8483:
8220:
8037:
7372:
6993:
6316:
5931:
5297:
5273:
4651:
4621:
4505:Hansmann, Henry; Pargendler, Mariana (2013).
4319:Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction
3948:(in Indonesian). 31 July 1982. Archived from
3842:The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600β1800, page 218
3514:
3459:
2841:Magelhaensche Compagnie/Rotterdamse Compagnie
2059:Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
1738:was limited to the paid-in capital (usually,
80:
5359:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
5020:
4974:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4801:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86β.
4782:
4753:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4386:A History of Corporate Governance, 1602β2002
4203:Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters
3394:
3092:"Exchange History NL β 400 years: the story"
2149:from 1661 to 1795. The Japanese post was in
1715:), and there were also a few dozen Germans.
1180:. The Chinese defeated the VOC again at the
864:Dutch Batavia in 1681, built in what is now
344:/Lords Seventeen (Dutch Republic, 1602β1799)
5150:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300
5027:Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (2004).
4956:. Manchester University Press. p. 77.
4834:Ittersum, Martine Julia van (18 May 2016).
4518:
3292:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3035:
2891:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2026:, who is known as history's first recorded
1718:The VOC had two types of shareholders: the
1685:
1340:payment of 40% on the original investment.
1237:, which was captured with the help of King
212:
179:
170:
161:
152:
139:
8887:
8873:
8798:European maritime exploration of Australia
8490:
8476:
8227:
8213:
8044:
8030:
7388:Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies
7379:
7365:
7000:
6986:
6774:
6323:
6309:
5938:
5924:
5304:
5290:
4679:Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art
4521:"No Accounting Skills? No Moral Reckoning"
4200:
3878:
3810:. New York: Oxford University Press. xvi.
3799:
3713:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 50.
3688:Annals of the Honorable East-India Company
3432:
2093:The company's global headquarters were in
1999:Shareholder activism and governance issues
1081:Graves of Dutch dignitaries in the ruined
952:, and in 1611, another was established at
560:In Dutch, the name of the company was the
348:Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies
71:
54:
9070:1602 establishments in the Dutch Republic
8848:Named by the Dutch, but a Portuguese name
8813:Dutch mapping of the Australian continent
6959:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
6330:
5354:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
5221:β online atlas of VOC and GWC settlements
5215:β online database of voyages of VOC ships
4851:
4439:
3306:
2723:The direct translation of the Dutch name
2197:). In Malaysia, the company was based in
1933:was ten times that of its British rival.
931:In February 1603, the company seized the
435:[vΙrΛeΛnΙͺΙ£dΙΚoΛstΛΙͺndisΙkΙmpΙΛΙ²i]
9150:Shipping companies of the Dutch Republic
8818:Dutch mapping of the Australian mainland
5142:
5033:. Oxford University Press. p. 732.
4868:
4833:
4215:
3830:
3767:
3723:
3717:
3573:
3556:
3044:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2798:Eerste Verenigde Compagnie op Oost-IndiΓ«
2483:, the VOC's board of directors , in 1614
2328:
2250:
2230:
2215:
2153:from 1609 to 1641, but was relocated to
2051:of the VOC is a testimony of genesis of
2002:
1900:
1604:A further issue was caused by the VOC's
1552:
1541:
1449:
1249:, the VOC went on to conquer the entire
1205:
1091:
1076:
978:
902:
859:
844:
814:
742:
547:
536:
412:
400:
9165:Trading companies of the Dutch Republic
5716:Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp
5311:
4874:
4798:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
4587:Jonsson, Stefan; WillΓ©n, Julia (eds.):
3908:
3902:
3691:. Black, Parry, and Kingsbury. p.
3325:
3200:"Slave Ship Mutiny: Program Transcript"
3137:"VOC Knowledge Center β VOC Beginnings"
2575:
2445:European colonization of Southeast Asia
1203:from 1643 to 1644 on the Mekong River.
14:
9135:Maritime history of the Dutch Republic
9057:
8833:Early modern Netherlandish cartography
8803:European land exploration of Australia
8458:Those in italics were Acting Governors
4997:
4483:, in Frentrop/Jonker/Davis 2009, 11β26
3805:
2307:, he coined the term "VOC mentality" (
2042:In 1622, the history's first recorded
1758:, a 1688 dialogue by the Sephardi Jew
1586:shipped directly from China to Europe.
1217:In 1640, the VOC obtained the port of
8868:
8471:
8208:
8184:Category:Dutch Governors of Mauritius
8025:
7360:
6981:
6807:
6759:
6605:
6342:
6304:
5919:
5285:
5272:
4631:Kooiman, Mirjam (23 September 2015).
4277:
3705:
3684:
3437:. Designonline.org.au. Archived from
3383:
3183:
3165:
3120:
3068:. Canon van Nederland. Archived from
2568:to maintain and to augment its size.
2121:; in 1638-1658 and 1664β1710, and in
2089:Company rule in the Dutch East Indies
1419:, it moved its chief stronghold from
1329:area that were revolting against the
927:(trade secret, outposts of the VOC).
576:was virtually unknown. An Australian
442:
433:
9140:Military history of the Dutch Empire
9115:Defunct companies of the Netherlands
8189:
5721:Imperial Privileged Oriental Company
4949:
4916:
4728:
4685:from the original on 21 January 2021
4639:from the original on 6 February 2017
4605:HumanityInAction.org. Archived from
4591:. (London: Routledge, 2016), page 67
4531:from the original on 6 February 2017
3942:"170 tahun kepahlawanan minangkabau"
3669:
3523:from the original on 26 January 2019
3066:"The Dutch East India Company (VOC)"
2391:
1400:was temporarily forced from office.
1371:was being replaced with the China's
1096:Dutch East India Company factory in
915:, 1630. North is on the right, with
892:at 14β17 times the price it paid in
622:Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
6947:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
5008:from the original on 11 August 2018
4440:McRitchie, James (6 October 2011).
4216:Koenders, Pieter (1 January 2007),
3970:
3711:Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550β1770
3519:. Gresham College (gresham.ac.uk).
3255:National Library of the Netherlands
3147:from the original on 1 October 2022
3102:from the original on 6 October 2022
2733:East India Company (disambiguation)
2619:East India Company (disambiguation)
2589:), and the board of directors (the
2490:Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
1765:The VOC consisted of six Chambers (
1537:
618:First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
32:East India Company (disambiguation)
24:
6607:Colonies and trading posts of the
6344:Colonies and trading posts of the
5867:Royal Greenland Trading Department
4895:from the original on 11 April 2023
4815:from the original on 11 April 2023
4466:Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.), (2012).
4001:
3922:from the original on 19 April 2021
3783:(Princeton University Press, 1985)
3744:from the original on 11 April 2023
3648:from the original on 22 April 2022
3357:
3300:
3210:from the original on 15 April 2014
2388:Colonialism, monopoly and violence
810:
799:. They remained in control of the
25:
9186:
7007:
5543:Company of One Hundred Associates
5206:
4767:Phillips, Andrew; Sharman, J.C.:
4468:The Oxford Handbook of Capitalism
4448:from the original on 25 June 2016
4331:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4306:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4189:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4164:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4152:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4140:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4125:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4113:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4101:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4089:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4053:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4029:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4017:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3852:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3623:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3542:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
2725:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
1672:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
994:VOC headquarters were located in
937:, a 1500-ton Portuguese merchant
476:United Provinces (Dutch Republic)
464:States General of the Netherlands
431:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
76:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
18:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
9095:Companies disestablished in 1800
8533:
8322:
8248:
8188:
8179:
8178:
8165:
7761:
7744:
7727:
7040:
5899:
5898:
5784:Royal Company of the Philippines
5532:Compagnie des Γles de l'AmΓ©rique
5090:from the original on 6 July 2016
5076:
5051:
4943:
4910:
4827:
4761:
4722:
4430:. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan)
4230:10.1163/ej.9789004163652.1-556.9
3588:Matos, Artur Teodoro de (1974),
3474:from the original on 4 June 2013
2880:. Niels Steensgaard notes, "the
2864:(Middelburg & Veere, 1600),
2395:
2263:
1905:Various VOC soldier uniforms, c.
1363:and related internal turmoil in
1350:
1315:expelled the Dutch from Taiwan (
513:in 1619 and changed its name to
45:
8823:Dutch mapping of Nova Hollandia
8421:Pieter van Reede van Oudtshoorn
6668:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
5946:European and American trade in
5106:
4697:
4667:
4594:
4581:
4560:
4555:Origins of Shareholder Advocacy
4543:
4512:
4499:
4486:
4473:
4460:
4433:
4428:Origins of Shareholder Advocacy
4416:
4409:(chapter 22, page 450β460), in
4399:
4378:
4363:
4351:
4336:
4311:
4286:
4252:
4209:
4194:
4169:
3995:
3964:
3934:
3872:
3857:
3836:
3786:
3773:
3699:
3678:
3663:
3656:– via Nationaal Archief.
3628:
3595:
3579:
3508:
3486:
3460:Tim Treadgold (13 March 2006).
3453:
3426:
3377:
3351:
3319:
3260:
3237:
3222:
3192:
3177:
3159:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2966:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2905:As the VOC's board of directors
2813:Verenigde Amsterdamse Compagnie
2437:European colonization of Africa
2053:corporate social responsibility
1917:and no fewer than 301 from the
1106:Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665
376:, livestock, tea, grain, rice,
27:1602β1799 Dutch trading company
8525:Nova Hollandia / Nieuw Holland
8443:Sebastiaan Cornelis Nederburgh
7270:Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater
5671:Pernambuco and ParaΓba Company
5641:GrΓ£o ParΓ‘ and MaranhΓ£o Company
5188:. Cambridge University Press.
5128:. Cambridge University Press.
4929:University of HawaiΚ»i at MΔnoa
3515:Crump, Thomas (1 March 2006).
3337:. Cambridge University Press.
3129:
3114:
3084:
3058:
3029:
2908:
2899:
2890:, but were run by a number of
2766:
2717:
2181:(Fort Vlissingen; 1620β1624),
2013:coin minted in 1735 by the VOC
884:European kingdoms and Emperor
13:
1:
9100:Companies established in 1602
5779:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
5631:Cacheu and Cape Verde Company
5339:British American Land Company
5001:South Africa: A Country Study
4853:10.1080/01916599.2015.1101216
4519:Soll, Jacob (27 April 2014).
3918:. Columbia University Press.
3333:A History of Modern Indonesia
3022:
2649:Portuguese East India Company
2209:/Tonkin in 1636β1699, and in
1746:. Also, the capital would be
1345:Indos in pre-colonial history
1295:(now Taiwan), as well as the
1170:a war over the Penghu islands
919:as the rightmost followed by
597:Portuguese East India Company
9090:Companies based in Amsterdam
8808:Dutch mapping of Australasia
8431:Cornelis Jacob van de Graaff
8370:Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes
7235:Gerard Frederikszoon de With
5329:African Company of Merchants
5228:Database of VOC crew members
4950:van., Zanden, J. L. (1993).
4729:van., Zanden, J. L. (1993).
4388:. (Brussels: Deminor, 2003,
3806:Miller, George, ed. (1996).
3493:The Dutch East India Company
2834:Nieuwe Brabantsche Compagnie
2806:Oude Oost-Indische Compagnie
2778:(or pre-companies) include:
2606:Memory of the World Register
2324:
1698:recruited by the VOC in the
533:Company name, logo, and flag
313:and the Asia-Pacific region)
7:
9130:IndiaβNetherlands relations
9125:History of the Dutch Empire
8346:Willem Adriaan van der Stel
8236:Commanders and Governors of
8157:Abraham Momber van de Velde
6089:Jardine, Matheson & Co.
5581:Brandenburg African Company
5374:Eastern Archipelago Company
5344:British East Africa Company
4549:De Jongh, Matthijs (2010).
4317:Howard, Michael C. (2011).
4224:, BRILL, pp. 169β180,
4077:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
4065:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
4041:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
3879:Hertroijes, Frasie (2011).
3724:Boyajian, James C. (2008).
3435:"VOC: The logo that lasted"
3036:Steensgaard, Niels (1974).
2861:Verenigde Zeeuwse Compagnie
2694:Austrian East India Company
2611:
2441:Western imperialism in Asia
1387:Even more importantly, the
720:in 1595 and again in 1598,
470:, it was granted a 21-year
207:, by a government-directed
10:
9191:
8935:Whaling in the Netherlands
8072:Cornelis Simonszoon Gooyer
6811:Kingdom of the Netherlands
6075:Gibb, Livingston & Co.
5822:Swedish West India Company
5807:Swedish East India Company
5751:Compagnie van De Moucheron
5504:Virginia Company of London
5409:London and Bristol Company
4557:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)
3730:. JHU Press. p. 151.
3590:Timor Portugues, 1515β1769
2868:Compagnie van De Moucheron
2819:Nieuwe of Tweede Compagnie
2699:Swedish West India Company
2684:Swedish East India Company
2634:British East India Company
2508:
2426:
2373:organisational structure.
2227:, built by the VOC in 1673
2127:Batavia, Dutch East Indies
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
1680:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1083:St. Paul's Church, Malacca
1002:In 1604, a second English
878:English East India Company
699:Jan Huyghen van Linschoten
629:
615:
611:
606:
601:Swedish East India Company
417:Amsterdam VOC headquarters
239:31 December 1799
173:Compagnie van De Moucheron
146:/Pre-companies (1594β1602)
29:
9085:Colonial Indian companies
9006:
8955:
8948:
8902:
8841:
8828:Dutch mapping of Tasmania
8790:
8732:
8698:
8682:('t Eylandt 't Rottenest)
8633:
8578:
8542:
8531:
8505:
8331:
8320:
8255:
8246:
8174:
8163:
8062:
7667:
7394:
7329:
7293:
7220:
7213:
7178:
7092:
7085:
7049:
7038:
7015:
6938:
6922:
6901:
6885:
6869:
6853:
6822:
6818:
6803:
6770:
6755:
6727:
6691:
6620:
6616:
6601:
6539:
6486:
6460:
6434:
6373:
6357:
6353:
6338:
6257:
6241:
6030:Augustine Heard & Co.
6020:
5997:
5954:
5893:
5875:
5862:Danish West India Company
5857:Danish East India Company
5830:
5792:
5774:Barcelona Trading Company
5764:
5679:
5609:
5571:
5514:
5454:Royal West Indian Company
5434:Providence Island Company
5414:Massachusetts Bay Company
5319:
5279:
5274:Links to related articles
4840:History of European Ideas
4283:TANAP, The end of the VOC
3604:Roever, Arend de (2002),
3504:European Heritage Project
3307:Van Boven, M. W. (2006).
3269:"Antiques Roadshow | PBS"
3206:. PBS. 11 November 2010.
2874:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2659:Danish West India Company
2654:French East India Company
2639:Danish East India Company
2479:chief executive , to the
2363:environmental destruction
1744:limited liability company
1592:perished under corruption
1409:Danish East India Company
1405:French East India Company
1072:
923:, both were known as the
593:French East India Company
589:Danish East India Company
492:multinational corporation
482:(one of which became the
447:), commonly known as the
423:United East India Company
361:
325:
297:
268:
250:
235:
221:
192:
180:
171:
162:
153:
131:
121:
101:
81:
65:
53:
44:
40:United East India Company
9065:Dutch East India Company
8988:Dutch West India Company
8983:Dutch East India Company
8963:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
8447:Simon Hendrik Frijkenius
8352:Johan Cornelis d'Ableing
8302:Johan Bax van Herenthals
7023:Dutch East India Company
6909:Curaçao and Dependencies
6643:Curaçao and Dependencies
6621:Colonies in the Americas
6609:Dutch West India Company
6346:Dutch East India Company
6150:Robert Morrison Olyphant
5885:Russian-American Company
5741:Dutch West India Company
5711:Dutch East India Company
5474:South Australian Company
5219:Atlas of Mutual Heritage
4179:(Zutphen: Walberg Pers).
3608:, Zutphen: Walburg Pers.
3498:6 September 2015 at the
2810:(Amsterdam, 1598β1601),
2802:(Amsterdam, 1598β1601),
2786:(Amsterdam, 1594β1598),
2710:
2704:Russian-American Company
2644:Dutch West India Company
1801:-class of shareholders.
1752:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
1686:Organisational structure
484:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
449:Dutch East India Company
407:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
226:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
72:
8659:(Land van Pieter Nuyts)
8452:Abraham Josias Sluysken
8426:Joachim van Plettenberg
8415:Joachim van Plettenberg
8147:Isaac Johannes Lamotius
8092:Joost van der Woutbeekr
7077:Siege of Fort Zeelandia
6692:Trading posts in Africa
6426:Northeast coast of Java
6212:David Sassoon & Co.
6198:Shewan, Tomes & Co.
5525:Compagnie de l'Occident
4479:Frentrop, Paul (2009).
4370:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
4343:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
4175:Gaastra, Femme (2003),
3864:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
3273:Antiques Roadshow | PBS
3249:7 February 2015 at the
3229:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
2515:Slavery in South Africa
2189:and Fort Victoria) and
2145:from 1640 to 1796, and
1756:Confusion of confusions
1641:massacre of the Chinese
1596:vergaan onder corruptie
1361:siege of Fort Zeelandia
1010:reached the islands of
990:print, probably English
198:; 422 years ago
9110:Conglomerate companies
9034:Stichting Max Havelaar
8993:New Netherland Company
8756:(Maetsuickers Eylandt)
8690:(Swarte Swaene-Rivier)
8646:(Landt van de Leeuwin)
8398:DaniΓ«l van den Henghel
8275:Cornelis van Quaelberg
8127:Georg Frederick Wreede
8112:Georg Frederick Wreede
6226:E.D. Sassoon & Co.
5852:Danish Asiatic Company
5840:Danish African Company
5812:Swedish Levant Company
5802:Swedish Africa Company
5726:New Netherland Company
5694:Australische Compagnie
5240:VOC Historical Society
4875:Straver, Hans (2018).
4426:, in J. Koppell, ed.,
3977:Children of the VOC at
3670:Reid, Anthony (1993).
2892:
2882:
2847:Middelburgse Compagnie
2774:
2486:
2369:), and for its overly
2342:
2282:
2260:
2248:
2228:
2015:
1951:In the context of the
1910:
1648:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1625:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1566:
1550:
1474:
1471:Padmanabhapuram Palace
1214:
1108:
1089:
991:
928:
868:
857:
842:
759:
749:second Asia expedition
557:
545:
444:[veΛ(j)oΛΛseΛ]
430:
418:
410:
213:
140:
116:State-owned enterprise
9014:De Nederlandsche Bank
8973:Brabantsche Compagnie
8851:Many names have been
8716:(Eyland St. Francois)
8404:Hendrik Swellengrebel
8107:Jacobus van Nieuwlant
8082:Jacob van der Meersch
7067:Lamey Island Massacre
7062:Pacification Campaign
7057:Battle of Liaoluo Bay
6945:constituent countries
6478:West coast of Sumatra
6332:Dutch colonial empire
6159:Russell & Company
5817:Swedish South Company
5706:Brabantsche Compagnie
5439:Royal African Company
5233:22 March 2016 at the
5154:. London: MacMillan.
4998:Byrnes, Rita (1996).
2872:(Zeeland, 1600), and
2826:Brabantsche Compagnie
2509:Further information:
2464:
2461:Lamey Island Massacre
2427:Further information:
2332:
2289:Jan Pieter Balkenende
2277:Jan Pieter Balkenende
2269:
2254:
2234:
2219:
2006:
1904:
1728:joint-stock companies
1556:
1548:1740 Batavia massacre
1545:
1463:Kingdom of Travancore
1453:
1389:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1231:Gerard Pietersz Hulft
1209:
1182:Battle of Liaoluo Bay
1095:
1080:
982:
966:Council of the Indies
964:governors-general, a
906:
863:
848:
818:
746:
630:Further information:
551:
540:
460:joint-stock companies
458:and one of the first
416:
404:
283:(global headquarters)
164:Brabantsche Compagnie
8507:Australian continent
8382:Pieter Gysbert Noodt
8358:Louis van Assenburgh
8122:Dirk Janszoon Smient
8097:Maximiliaan de Jongh
8077:Adriaan van der Stel
7072:Guo Huaiyi Rebellion
6957:Netherlands Antilles
6164:Robert Bennet Forbes
6131:Hollingworth Magniac
5601:West African Company
5538:Company of Habitants
5469:Somers Isles Company
5464:Sierra Leone Company
5459:South Africa Company
5429:North Borneo Company
5399:Hudson's Bay Company
5262:27 July 2020 at the
5245:27 July 2020 at the
3946:Majalah Tempo Online
3685:Bruce, John (1810).
2976:against the Mughals.
2876:Delftse Vennootschap
2664:Hudson's Bay Company
2576:Archives and records
2519:Meermin slave mutiny
2473:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
2286:Dutch Prime Minister
2235:The Dutch Square in
2032:shareholder activism
2020:corporate governance
1975:, which include the
1953:DutchβPortuguese War
1919:Southern Netherlands
1670:, but after the new
1628:net assets to zero.
1495:TravancoreβDutch War
1491:Eustachius De Lannoy
1455:Eustachius De Lannoy
1311:. In 1662, however,
1210:Dutch settlement in
1191:defeated the VOC in
1113:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
1006:voyage commanded by
765:fleet of eight ships
726:Frederick de Houtman
30:For other uses, see
9080:Chartered companies
8998:Noordsche Compagnie
8978:Compagnie van Verre
8744:(mainland Tasmania)
8724:(Eyland St. Pierre)
8656:Nuyts Land District
8612:(Cocodrils EΓΏlandt)
8565:Gulf of Carpentaria
8512:Australian mainland
8437:Johan Isaac Rhenius
7260:Maximilian le Maire
6763:Noordsche Compagnie
6761:Settlements of the
6739:Society of Suriname
6585:Vietnam (1637β1643)
6358:Governorate General
6231:Elias David Sassoon
5746:Compagnie van Verre
5731:Noordsche Compagnie
5586:East Africa Company
5553:Mississippi Company
5449:Royal Niger Company
5424:New Zealand Company
5364:Company of Scotland
5313:Chartered companies
4201:Kumar, Ann (1997).
4191:, pp. 454β455.
4166:, pp. 449β455.
4127:, pp. 441β442.
4115:, pp. 437β440.
4103:, pp. 436β437.
4079:, pp. 435β436.
4067:, pp. 428β429.
4055:, pp. 433β434.
4031:, pp. 430β433.
4019:, pp. 434β435.
3625:, pp. 384β385.
3386:The Ascent of Money
3315:on 20 October 2016.
3233:. pp. 102β103.
3204:Secrets of the Dead
3168:The Ascent of Money
3096:Exchange History NL
2782:Compagnie van Verre
2669:Mississippi Company
2361:, use of violence,
2257:Castle of Good Hope
2141:from 1827 to 1825,
1674:was created by the
1532:Glorious Revolution
1394:profit maximisation
1307:was established in
1201:CambodianβDutch War
1008:Sir Henry Middleton
984:The Isle of Amboina
791:, on the island of
718:Cornelis de Houtman
703:Cornelis de Houtman
155:Compagnie van Verre
60:Company flag (1630)
41:
8920:Amsterdam EntrepΓ΄t
8651:Dirk Hartog Island
8580:Northern Territory
8392:Adriaan van Kervel
8387:Jan de la Fontaine
8376:Jan de la Fontaine
8341:Simon van der Stel
8314:Simon van der Stel
8291:Albert van Breugel
8270:Zacharias Wagenaer
8102:Abraham Evertszoon
7250:Johan van der Burg
6733:Society of Berbice
6140:Olyphant & Co.
6112:Magniac & Co.
5989:Thirteen Factories
5972:East India Company
5656:Mozambique Company
5636:East India Company
5596:New Guinea Company
5563:West India Company
5548:East India Company
5444:Royal British Bank
5369:East India Company
4609:on 7 February 2017
4525:The New York Times
3792:William De Lange,
3441:on 27 October 2022
3384:Fergusson, Niall.
3244:Koloniaal Verleden
3184:Fergusson, Niall.
3166:Fergusson, Niall.
3121:Fergusson, Niall.
3072:on 1 December 2010
2511:History of slavery
2407:. You can help by
2353:(including use of
2343:
2261:
2249:
2229:
2187:Fort Noord-Holland
2179:Pescadores Islands
2044:shareholder revolt
2016:
1911:
1769:) in port cities:
1676:Congress of Vienna
1567:
1551:
1521:economies of scale
1479:Battle of Colachel
1475:
1467:Battle of Colachel
1215:
1109:
1090:
1004:East India Company
992:
929:
869:
858:
843:
760:
710:Indonesian islands
688:), with which the
585:East India Company
574:corporate identity
558:
556:Chamber of the VOC
546:
500:East India Company
468:existing companies
419:
411:
309:(active mainly in
196:20 March 1602
126:Proto-conglomerate
39:
9170:Trading companies
9155:Dutch slave trade
9120:Former monopolies
9052:
9051:
9046:
9045:
9042:
9041:
8968:Bank of Amsterdam
8949:Main institutions
8862:
8861:
8782:(Schoute Eylandt)
8774:(Maria's Eylandt)
8753:Maatsuyker Island
8713:St Francis Island
8708:Nuyts Archipelago
8635:Western Australia
8620:(BaΓΏa Van Diemen)
8609:Crocodile Islands
8465:
8464:
8240:Dutch Cape Colony
8202:
8201:
8019:
8018:
7913:Pijnacker Hordijk
7674:
7401:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7316:Gilbertus Happart
7311:Antonius Hambroek
7255:Paulus Traudenius
7209:
7208:
7031:Dutch East Indies
6975:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6953:full independence
6893:Dutch East Indies
6799:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6298:
6297:
6242:Chinese Officials
6179:William Henry Low
6126:Thomas Chay Beale
6068:Dodwell & Co.
5913:
5912:
5646:Company of Guinea
5479:South Sea Company
5389:Greenland Company
5118:Van der Woude, Ad
5040:978-0-19-517055-9
4808:978-0-521-66370-0
4566:Oostindie, Gert:
4358:Hanna, Willard A.
4239:978-90-474-2179-5
4002:Blusse, Leonard.
3983:on 14 August 2009
3737:978-0-8018-8754-3
3576:, pp. 25β28.
3344:978-0-511-13492-0
3141:VOC-Kenniscentrum
2858:(Zeeland, 1597),
2749:Dutch East Indies
2674:South Sea Company
2553:Dutch East Indies
2425:
2424:
2243:(centre) and the
2123:Dutch Cape Colony
1971:, such as on the
1884:
1883:
1760:Joseph de la Vega
1692:Dutch East Indies
1559:Oost-Indisch Huis
1320:History of Taiwan
1266:Cape of Good Hope
1156:off the coast of
1154:artificial island
853:1627, collection
836:Strait of Malacca
712:, beginning with
694:Portuguese Empire
527:Batavian Republic
480:secondary markets
438:; abbreviated as
399:
398:
263:Dutch East Indies
92:
16:(Redirected from
9182:
9175:Trade monopolies
8953:
8952:
8889:
8882:
8875:
8866:
8865:
8664:Houtman Abrolhos
8588:Vanderlin Island
8537:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8469:
8468:
8326:
8265:Jan van Riebeeck
8252:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8206:
8205:
8192:
8191:
8182:
8181:
8169:
8067:Wybrant Warwijck
8046:
8039:
8032:
8023:
8022:
8012:
8004:
7996:
7988:
7985:Van Starkenborgh
7980:
7972:
7964:
7956:
7948:
7940:
7932:
7924:
7916:
7908:
7900:
7892:
7884:
7876:
7868:
7860:
7852:
7844:
7836:
7828:
7820:
7812:
7804:
7796:
7788:
7776:
7773:Van der Capellen
7768:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7717:
7709:
7701:
7693:
7685:
7672:
7660:
7652:
7644:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7588:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7532:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7500:
7492:
7484:
7476:
7468:
7460:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7412:
7399:
7381:
7374:
7367:
7358:
7357:
7301:George Candidius
7285:Frederick Coyett
7218:
7217:
7090:
7089:
7044:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6979:
6978:
6960:
6820:
6819:
6809:Colonies of the
6805:
6804:
6772:
6771:
6757:
6756:
6737:Governed by the
6731:Governed by the
6618:
6617:
6603:
6602:
6355:
6354:
6340:
6339:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6169:John Cleve Green
5940:
5933:
5926:
5917:
5916:
5902:
5901:
5848:
5756:Veerse Compagnie
5702:
5661:Zambezia Company
5627:
5499:Plymouth Company
5494:Virginia Company
5379:Eastland Company
5306:
5299:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5269:
5226:
5199:
5187:
5170:Chaudhuri, K. N.
5165:
5153:
5139:
5127:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5080:
5074:
5065:. (BRILL, 2007,
5055:
5049:
5048:
5047:on 7 April 2022.
5043:. Archived from
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4995:
4980:
4979:
4973:
4965:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4900:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4793:Nicholas Tarling
4789:
4780:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4744:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4671:
4665:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4598:
4592:
4585:
4579:
4564:
4558:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4484:
4477:
4471:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4437:
4431:
4420:
4414:
4403:
4397:
4384:Frentrop, Paul:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4264:museum.wa.gov.au
4256:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3979:. Archived from
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3952:on 14 March 2012
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3885:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3803:
3797:
3790:
3784:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3560:
3554:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3512:
3506:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3462:"Cross-Breeding"
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3433:Zuber, Charles.
3430:
3424:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3364:Business Insider
3355:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3311:. Archived from
3304:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3033:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2961:Peace of Ryswick
2945:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2919:chief executives
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2854:Veerse Compagnie
2849:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2790:Nieuwe Compagnie
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2731:, see articles:
2721:
2599:
2537:Jan van Riebeeck
2494:Bandanese island
2484:
2457:Batavia massacre
2453:Amboyna massacre
2420:
2417:
2399:
2392:
2340:
2319:entrepreneurship
2305:their Golden Age
2280:
2151:Hirado, Nagasaki
2131:Dutch Coromandel
2007:Both sides of a
1908:
1814:
1813:
1734:but also of the
1563:Reinier Vinkeles
1538:Decline and fall
1469:. (Depiction at
1417:Coromandel Coast
1258:Jan van Riebeeck
1229:trade. In 1658,
1197:Trα»nhβNguyα»
n War
1085:, in the former
1067:Amboyna massacre
958:governor-general
909:Age of Discovery
852:
805:Portuguese Timor
692:was at war. The
670:Portuguese crown
552:The logo of the
446:
437:
343:
246:
244:
216:
206:
204:
199:
185:
184:
182:Veerse Compagnie
176:
175:
167:
166:
158:
157:
147:
145:
91:
88:
84:
83:
58:
49:
42:
38:
21:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9047:
9038:
9002:
8944:
8898:
8893:
8863:
8858:
8837:
8786:
8779:Schouten Island
8728:
8721:St Peter Island
8700:South Australia
8694:
8679:Rottnest Island
8674:Pelsaert Island
8629:
8617:Van Diemen Gulf
8604:(Arnhems Landt)
8591:(Cap Vanderlin)
8574:
8560:(Staten Rivier)
8538:
8529:
8510:
8501:
8496:
8466:
8461:
8460:
8333:
8327:
8318:
8297:IJsbrand Godske
8280:Jacob Borghorst
8257:
8253:
8242:
8233:
8203:
8198:
8170:
8161:
8058:
8056:Dutch Mauritius
8050:
8020:
8015:
8007:
7999:
7991:
7983:
7975:
7967:
7959:
7951:
7943:
7935:
7927:
7919:
7911:
7903:
7895:
7887:
7879:
7871:
7863:
7855:
7847:
7839:
7831:
7823:
7815:
7807:
7799:
7791:
7779:
7771:
7762:
7760:
7754:
7745:
7743:
7737:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7712:
7704:
7696:
7688:
7682:Van Overstraten
7680:
7671:
7669:
7663:
7655:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7623:
7615:
7607:
7599:
7591:
7583:
7575:
7567:
7559:
7551:
7543:
7535:
7527:
7519:
7511:
7503:
7495:
7487:
7479:
7471:
7463:
7455:
7447:
7439:
7431:
7423:
7415:
7407:
7398:
7396:
7390:
7385:
7355:
7346:
7325:
7289:
7280:Cornelis Caesar
7275:Nicolas Verburg
7205:
7186:Fengguiwei Fort
7174:
7081:
7045:
7036:
7011:
7006:
6976:
6963:
6942:
6934:
6918:
6897:
6881:
6865:
6849:
6814:
6791:
6766:
6743:
6723:
6687:
6612:
6589:
6535:
6482:
6456:
6430:
6369:
6349:
6334:
6329:
6299:
6294:
6253:
6237:
6189:Russell Sturgis
6174:Abiel Abbot Low
6104:John Abel Smith
6094:William Jardine
6035:Augustine Heard
6016:
5993:
5984:Old China Trade
5950:
5944:
5914:
5909:
5889:
5871:
5842:
5826:
5788:
5760:
5696:
5684:
5675:
5621:
5605:
5567:
5558:Senegal Company
5510:
5484:Spanish Company
5419:Muscovy Company
5334:Barbary Company
5315:
5310:
5275:
5264:Wayback Machine
5247:Wayback Machine
5235:Wayback Machine
5224:
5209:
5203:
5196:
5162:
5144:Ricklefs, M. C.
5136:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5056:
5052:
5041:
5025:
5021:
5011:
5009:
4996:
4983:
4967:
4966:
4948:
4944:
4915:
4911:
4898:
4896:
4889:
4873:
4869:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4790:
4783:
4766:
4762:
4746:
4745:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4658:Shorto, Russell
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4629:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4582:
4565:
4561:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4500:
4491:
4487:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4449:
4444:. CorpGov.net.
4438:
4434:
4421:
4417:
4405:Lukomnik, Jon:
4404:
4400:
4383:
4379:
4368:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4214:
4210:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3804:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3704:
3700:
3683:
3679:
3668:
3664:
3651:
3649:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3612:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3586:(in Portuguese)
3585:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3513:
3509:
3500:Wayback Machine
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3431:
3427:
3402:
3395:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3358:Taylor, Bryan.
3356:
3352:
3345:
3327:Vickers, Adrian
3324:
3320:
3305:
3301:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3265:
3261:
3251:Wayback Machine
3242:
3238:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3182:
3178:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2949:Nine Years' War
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2883:voorcompagnieΓ«n
2775:voorcompagnieΓ«n
2771:
2767:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2624:Muscovy Company
2614:
2593:
2578:
2521:
2507:
2485:
2471:
2463:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2405:needs expansion
2390:
2338:
2327:
2315:business acumen
2310:VOC-mentaliteit
2281:
2275:
2268:
2255:Gateway to the
2175:Wang-an, Penghu
2119:Dutch Mauritius
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2001:
1925:rule), of whom
1906:
1688:
1668:Napoleonic wars
1606:dividend policy
1546:A print of the
1540:
1487:Marthanda Varma
1459:Marthanda Varma
1353:
1187:The Vietnamese
1075:
850:
840:South China Sea
813:
811:Formative years
714:James Lancaster
638:
628:
614:
609:
535:
456:trading company
357:
337:
328:
321:
317:Southern Africa
300:
293:
292:
242:
240:
214:voorcompagnieΓ«n
202:
200:
197:
188:
149:
148:
142:VoorcompagnieΓ«n
138:
108:
97:
96:
95:
89:
82:(original name)
68:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9188:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9050:
9049:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9010:
9008:
9004:
9003:
9001:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8959:
8957:
8950:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8906:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8892:
8891:
8884:
8877:
8869:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8856:
8849:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8794:
8792:
8791:Related topics
8788:
8787:
8785:
8784:
8776:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8750:
8748:De Witt Island
8745:
8738:
8736:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8718:
8710:
8704:
8702:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8692:
8684:
8676:
8671:
8669:Pelsaert Group
8666:
8661:
8653:
8648:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8625:Wessel Islands
8622:
8614:
8606:
8598:
8596:Groote Eylandt
8593:
8584:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8554:
8548:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8522:
8520:Eendrachtsland
8516:
8514:
8503:
8502:
8495:
8494:
8487:
8480:
8472:
8463:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8440:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8372:
8367:
8360:
8355:
8348:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8308:Hendrik Crudop
8304:
8299:
8294:
8287:
8285:Pieter Hackius
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8261:
8259:
8254:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8232:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8209:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8186:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8152:Roelof Deodati
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8049:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8005:
7997:
7989:
7981:
7973:
7965:
7957:
7953:Limburg-Stirum
7949:
7941:
7933:
7925:
7917:
7909:
7901:
7893:
7885:
7877:
7869:
7861:
7853:
7845:
7837:
7829:
7821:
7813:
7805:
7797:
7789:
7777:
7769:
7752:
7735:
7718:
7710:
7702:
7694:
7686:
7677:
7675:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7613:
7605:
7597:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7565:
7557:
7549:
7541:
7533:
7525:
7517:
7509:
7501:
7493:
7485:
7477:
7469:
7461:
7453:
7445:
7437:
7429:
7421:
7413:
7404:
7402:
7392:
7391:
7384:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7361:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7339:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7306:Daniel Gravius
7303:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7265:François Caron
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7226:
7224:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7196:Fort Provintia
7193:
7191:Fort Zeelandia
7188:
7182:
7180:
7179:Fortifications
7176:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7005:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6982:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6824:
6816:
6815:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6778:
6776:
6768:
6767:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6735:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6683:Virgin Islands
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6658:New Netherland
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6614:
6613:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6351:
6350:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6184:Samuel Russell
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6145:David Olyphant
6136:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6099:James Matheson
6096:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6080:Hugh Bold Gibb
6071:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6049:Dent & Co.
6045:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6026:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5943:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5920:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5836:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5736:Ostend Company
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5690:
5688:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5666:Niassa Company
5663:
5658:
5653:
5651:House of India
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5491:
5489:Venice Company
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5404:Levant Company
5401:
5396:
5394:Guinea Company
5391:
5386:
5384:French Company
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Canada Company
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5249:
5237:
5222:
5216:
5208:
5207:External links
5205:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5166:
5160:
5140:
5134:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5075:
5050:
5039:
5019:
4981:
4942:
4909:
4887:
4867:
4846:(4): 459β501.
4826:
4807:
4781:
4760:
4721:
4696:
4666:
4650:
4620:
4593:
4580:
4559:
4542:
4511:
4498:
4485:
4472:
4459:
4432:
4415:
4398:
4377:
4374:. p. 111.
4362:
4350:
4347:. p. 103.
4335:
4333:, p. 385.
4323:
4310:
4308:, p. 462.
4298:
4296:, page 113-114
4285:
4276:
4251:
4238:
4208:
4193:
4181:
4168:
4156:
4154:, p. 448.
4144:
4142:, p. 447.
4129:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4091:, p. 436.
4081:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4043:, p. 424.
4033:
4021:
4009:
3994:
3963:
3933:
3910:Andrade, Tonio
3901:
3871:
3868:. p. 115.
3856:
3854:, p. 386.
3844:
3835:
3823:
3816:
3798:
3785:
3772:
3755:
3736:
3716:
3698:
3677:
3662:
3627:
3610:
3594:
3578:
3561:
3546:
3544:, p. 383.
3534:
3507:
3485:
3452:
3425:
3404:Brook, Timothy
3393:
3376:
3350:
3343:
3318:
3299:
3259:
3236:
3221:
3191:
3176:
3158:
3128:
3113:
3083:
3057:
3050:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3008:
2998:
2988:
2978:
2965:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2907:
2898:
2772:The so-called
2765:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Ostend Company
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:Levant Company
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2577:
2574:
2506:
2503:
2469:
2423:
2422:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2386:
2326:
2323:
2301:Dutch Republic
2273:
2267:
2262:
2221:Fort Rotterdam
2213:in 1636β1741.
2171:Fort Provincia
2163:Fort Zeelandia
2133:in 1806β1825,
2063:Main article:
2060:
2057:
2024:Isaac Le Maire
2000:
1997:
1973:Maluku Islands
1931:capitalisation
1927:Isaac le Maire
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1700:Dutch Republic
1687:
1684:
1620:
1619:
1602:
1599:
1587:
1584:Ostend Company
1579:
1539:
1536:
1481:, warriors of
1461:of the Indian
1445:Malabar pepper
1352:
1349:
1331:Aceh Sultanate
1233:laid siege to
1098:Hugli-Chuchura
1074:
1071:
970:Raad van IndiΓ«
934:Santa Catarina
812:
809:
769:Jacob van Neck
757:Cornelis Vroom
753:Jacob van Neck
747:Return of the
722:Jacob Van Neck
690:Dutch Republic
684:(known as the
678:personal union
613:
610:
608:
605:
570:corporate logo
534:
531:
397:
396:
363:
359:
358:
356:
355:
345:
331:
329:
326:
323:
322:
320:
319:
314:
303:
301:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
284:
281:Dutch Republic
273:
272:
270:
266:
265:
252:
248:
247:
237:
233:
232:
230:States-General
223:
219:
218:
217:/pre-companies
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
177:
168:
159:
137:
136:
135:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
85:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9187:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8947:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8930:Dutch disease
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8915:Dutch guilder
8913:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8890:
8885:
8883:
8878:
8876:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8854:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8701:
8697:
8691:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8570:Sweers Island
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8557:Staaten River
8555:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8541:
8536:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8493:
8488:
8486:
8481:
8479:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8459:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8416:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8399:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8330:
8325:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8251:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8230:
8225:
8223:
8218:
8216:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8195:
8187:
8185:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8168:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8132:Swen Felleson
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8047:
8042:
8040:
8035:
8033:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7921:Van der Wijck
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7889:Van Lansberge
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7817:Van Hogendorp
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7793:Van den Bosch
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7759:
7758:
7753:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7666:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7641:Van Riemsdijk
7638:
7634:
7633:Van der Parra
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7441:De Carpentier
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7377:
7375:
7370:
7368:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7343:
7342:Zheng Zhilong
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7321:Robert Junius
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7201:Fort Anthonio
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7009:Dutch Formosa
7003:
6998:
6996:
6991:
6989:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6802:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6758:
6754:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6726:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6709:Loango-Angola
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6600:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6386:Banda Islands
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:Key Locations
6256:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6217:David Sassoon
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6203:Robert Shewan
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6054:Lancelot Dent
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6022:Foreign Hongs
6019:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:Chinese Hongs
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5962:Canton System
5960:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5941:
5936:
5934:
5929:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5906:
5905:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5686:Low Countries
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5591:Emden Company
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5278:
5271:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5197:
5195:0-521-39075-3
5191:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5178:Israel, J. I.
5175:
5174:Israel, J. I.
5171:
5167:
5163:
5161:0-333-57689-6
5157:
5152:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5135:0-521-57061-1
5131:
5126:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5114:De Vries, Jan
5111:
5110:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5072:
5071:9789004163652
5068:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4906:
4894:
4890:
4888:9789087047023
4884:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4778:
4777:9781107084834
4774:
4770:
4764:
4756:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4710:
4709:www.rmg.co.uk
4706:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4584:
4577:
4576:9789089643537
4573:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4502:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4463:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4280:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4205:. p. 32.
4204:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4005:
3998:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3839:
3833:, p. 30.
3832:
3831:Ricklefs 1993
3827:
3819:
3817:967-65-3099-9
3813:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3770:, p. 29.
3769:
3768:Ricklefs 1993
3764:
3762:
3760:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3575:
3574:Ricklefs 1993
3570:
3568:
3566:
3559:, p. 27.
3558:
3557:Ricklefs 1993
3553:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3422:1-84668-120-0
3419:
3415:
3414:Profile Books
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3387:
3380:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3051:0-226-77139-3
3047:
3042:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3012:
3002:
2992:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2914:As the VOC's
2911:
2902:
2894:
2893:bewindhebbers
2889:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2855:
2835:
2827:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2757:Voorcompagnie
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:Greater India
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Emden Company
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2403:This section
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:deforestation
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:VOC mentality
2258:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2241:Christ Church
2238:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:Dutch Malacca
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:Dutch Malabar
2144:
2140:
2137:in 1616-1825
2136:
2135:Dutch Suratte
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:Banda Islands
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:bewindhebbers
1737:
1736:bewindhebbers
1733:
1732:participanten
1729:
1725:
1724:bewindhebbers
1721:
1720:participanten
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1610:bewindhebbers
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:Malabar Coast
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:Mughal Bengal
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:Reorientation
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:Malabar Coast
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Rajasinghe II
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:a 1643 battle
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:Banda Islands
1119:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1102:Mughal Bengal
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:Dutch Malacca
1084:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
989:
985:
981:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
935:
926:
925:Spice Islands
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:Mughal Empire
887:
881:
879:
875:
867:
866:North Jakarta
862:
856:
847:
841:
837:
833:
832:Bay of Bengal
829:
825:
821:
820:Mughal Bengal
817:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
778:
773:
770:
766:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
686:Iberian Union
683:
682:Spanish crown
679:
675:
671:
668:In 1580, the
666:
664:
659:
655:
654:Welser family
651:
650:Fugger family
647:
643:
637:
633:
627:
626:Voorcompagnie
623:
619:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
550:
544:
539:
530:
528:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
495:
493:
489:
488:its own coins
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:amalgamating
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
408:
403:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
353:
349:
346:
341:
336:
333:
332:
330:
324:
318:
315:
312:
311:Greater India
308:
305:
304:
302:
296:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
215:
210:
209:consolidation
195:
191:
183:
178:
174:
169:
165:
160:
156:
151:
150:
144:
143:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
112:
107:
104:
100:
90:(formal name)
86:
78:
75:
74:
70:
64:
57:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
8982:
8940:Polder model
8781:
8773:
8771:Maria Island
8761:Pedra Branca
8755:
8723:
8715:
8689:
8681:
8658:
8645:
8643:Cape Leeuwin
8619:
8611:
8603:
8590:
8559:
8457:
8435:
8413:
8396:
8374:
8364:Willem Helot
8362:
8350:
8306:
8289:
8117:Jan van Jaar
8053:Governors of
7865:Van de Beele
7756:
7739:
7722:
7561:Zwaardecroon
7545:Van Riebeeck
7529:Van Outhoorn
7481:Van der Lijn
7294:Missionaries
7245:Hans Putmans
7240:Pieter Nuyts
7022:
7016:Organization
6461:Commandments
6435:Directorates
6374:Governorates
6345:
6121:Thomas Beale
6116:Daniel Beale
6040:Albert Heard
5897:
5710:
5530:
5523:
5202:
5183:
5149:
5123:
5107:Bibliography
5092:. Retrieved
5078:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5045:the original
5029:
5022:
5010:. Retrieved
5000:
4952:
4945:
4927:. Honolulu:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4904:
4897:. Retrieved
4877:
4870:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4817:. Retrieved
4797:
4768:
4763:
4731:
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4708:
4699:
4687:. Retrieved
4678:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4611:. Retrieved
4607:the original
4596:
4588:
4583:
4567:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4524:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4450:. Retrieved
4435:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4385:
4380:
4371:
4365:
4353:
4344:
4338:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4301:
4293:
4288:
4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4263:
4254:
4243:, retrieved
4221:
4211:
4202:
4196:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4012:
4003:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3981:the original
3976:
3971:De Witt, D.
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3950:the original
3945:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3914:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3887:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3847:
3838:
3826:
3807:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3780:
3779:Om Prakash,
3775:
3746:. Retrieved
3726:
3719:
3710:
3707:Boxer, C. R.
3701:
3687:
3680:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3650:. Retrieved
3641:
3636:
3630:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3537:
3525:. Retrieved
3510:
3503:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3465:
3455:
3443:. Retrieved
3439:the original
3428:
3407:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3363:
3353:
3332:
3321:
3313:the original
3302:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:
3262:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3203:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3143:(in Dutch).
3140:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3095:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3070:the original
3060:
3039:
3031:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2968:
2957:Nagapattinam
2943:
2934:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2888:incorporated
2768:
2724:
2719:
2585:(modern-day
2579:
2570:
2550:
2522:
2487:
2476:
2475:, the VOC's
2465:
2413:
2409:adding to it
2404:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2371:bureaucratic
2355:slave labour
2351:exploitation
2344:
2308:
2297:Dutch people
2283:
2270:
2264:
2195:Fort Antonio
2143:Dutch Ceylon
2139:Dutch Bengal
2092:
2049:shareholders
2041:
2036:bewindhebber
2035:
2028:short seller
2017:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1912:
1885:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:bewindhebber
1798:
1794:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1709:shareholders
1689:
1663:
1659:
1645:
1630:
1621:
1609:
1595:
1591:
1568:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1477:In the 1741
1476:
1429:
1425:Nagapattinam
1402:
1398:Josiah Child
1386:
1373:Qing dynasty
1369:Ming dynasty
1359:in the 1662
1354:
1342:
1335:
1324:
1316:
1274:
1255:
1216:
1212:Bengal Subah
1189:Nguyen lords
1186:
1166:Ming dynasty
1142:Mughal India
1135:
1131:
1110:
1105:
1064:
1050:, and Aceh,
1001:
993:
988:17th century
983:
973:
969:
943:
933:
930:
913:Willem Blaeu
888:the Great's
882:
870:
855:Tropenmuseum
824:Indian Ocean
786:
777:Ambon Island
774:
761:
707:
667:
642:Dutch Revolt
639:
582:
561:
559:
523:
504:
496:
448:
439:
422:
420:
354:, 1610β1800)
269:Headquarters
259:nationalised
109:
102:Company type
36:
8925:Tulip mania
8601:Arnhem Land
8409:Ryk Tulbagh
8142:Hubert Hugo
8087:Reinier Por
8003:(1948β1949)
7995:(1942β1948)
7987:(1936β1942)
7979:(1931β1936)
7971:(1926β1931)
7955:(1916β1921)
7947:(1909β1916)
7939:(1904β1909)
7931:(1899β1904)
7923:(1893β1899)
7915:(1888β1893)
7907:(1884β1888)
7899:(1881β1884)
7891:(1875β1881)
7883:(1872β1875)
7875:(1866β1872)
7867:(1861β1866)
7859:(1856β1861)
7851:(1851β1856)
7843:(1845β1851)
7835:(1844β1845)
7827:(1841β1844)
7819:(1840β1841)
7811:(1836β1840)
7803:(1833β1836)
7795:(1830β1833)
7787:(1826β1830)
7775:(1816β1826)
7757:Fendall Jr.
7750:(1811β1816)
7708:(1808β1811)
7700:(1805β1808)
7692:(1801β1805)
7684:(1796β1801)
7673:(1800β1948)
7659:(1780β1797)
7651:(1777β1780)
7643:(1775β1777)
7635:(1761β1775)
7627:(1750β1761)
7619:(1743β1750)
7611:(1741β1743)
7603:(1737β1741)
7595:(1735β1737)
7587:(1732β1735)
7579:(1729β1732)
7571:(1725β1729)
7563:(1718β1725)
7555:(1713β1718)
7547:(1709β1713)
7539:(1704β1709)
7531:(1691β1704)
7523:(1684β1691)
7515:(1681β1684)
7507:(1678β1681)
7499:(1653β1678)
7497:Maetsuycker
7491:(1650β1653)
7483:(1645β1650)
7475:(1636β1645)
7467:(1632β1636)
7459:(1629β1632)
7451:(1627β1629)
7443:(1623β1627)
7435:(1619β1623)
7427:(1615β1619)
7419:(1614β1615)
7411:(1610β1614)
7400:(1610β1800)
7230:Marten Sonk
6813:(1815β1975)
6787:Smeerenburg
6775:Settlements
6765:(1614β1642)
6719:Slave Coast
6611:(1621β1792)
6543:settlements
6501:Banjarmasin
6488:Residencies
6391:Cape Colony
6348:(1602β1798)
5977:James Flint
5843: [
5697: [
5622: [
5252:VOC Warfare
5213:VOC voyages
4779:), page 109
4578:), page 252
4452:28 December
3987:14 February
3412:. (London:
3253:VOC at the
3214:12 November
2953:Pondicherry
2947:During the
2753:Dutch India
2745:East Indies
2729:trade names
2594: [
2591:Heeren XVII
2541:slave labor
2533:East Indies
2481:Heeren XVII
2416:August 2018
2365:(including
2359:slave trade
2347:colonialism
2333:Natives of
2293:work ethics
1993:mass murder
1969:East Indies
1942:Heeren XVII
1938:Heeren XVII
1806:Heeren XVII
1795:Heeren XVII
1485:under Raja
1367:(where the
1270:Cape Colony
1195:during the
1030:(southwest
974:Heeren XVII
828:Arabian Sea
755:in 1599 by
728:in 1595 to
640:Before the
632:Spice trade
338: [
335:Heeren XVII
299:Area served
132:Predecessor
67:Native name
9059:Categories
8853:Anglicised
8687:Swan River
8552:Coen River
8544:Queensland
8256:Commanders
8137:Philip Col
7937:Van Heutsz
7668:Government
7617:Van Imhoff
7601:Valckenier
7473:Van Diemen
6930:New Guinea
6923:Until 1962
6902:Until 1954
6886:Until 1949
6877:Gold Coast
6870:Until 1872
6854:Until 1853
6835:Coromandel
6823:Until 1825
6714:Senegambia
6704:Gold Coast
6541:Opperhoofd
6406:Coromandel
5948:Qing China
5611:Portuguese
5225:(in Dutch)
5094:2 February
5086:. UNESCO.
4937:10125/4207
4714:23 October
4643:23 January
4613:2 February
4394:9090170677
4321:, page 121
4269:27 January
4245:27 January
3602:(in Dutch)
3445:22 January
3278:27 January
3257:(in Dutch)
3023:References
2741:East India
2449:Spice wars
2111:Middelburg
2087:See also:
2081:See also:
2075:See also:
2069:See also:
1880:6,424,588
1840:1,300,405
1837:Middelburg
1832:3,679,915
1787:Middelburg
1713:Luxembourg
1646:After the
1483:Travancore
1465:after the
1301:Coromandel
1146:Qing China
1032:Kalimantan
801:Sandalwood
636:Cape Route
616:See also:
599:, and the
327:Key people
243:1799-12-31
203:1602-03-20
114:Partially
9007:Post-1815
8766:Storm Bay
8334:1691β1795
8332:Governors
8258:1652β1691
7969:De Graeff
7929:Rooseboom
7849:Van Twist
7841:Rochussen
7809:De Eerens
7723:Gillespie
7670:appointed
7649:De Klerck
7585:Van Cloon
7553:Van Swoll
7537:Van Hoorn
7505:Van Goens
7489:Reyniersz
7397:appointed
7222:Governors
7110:Favorlang
6782:Jan Mayen
6653:Essequibo
6565:Mauritius
6531:Pontianak
6521:Palembang
6280:Hong Kong
6059:John Dent
5012:10 August
4970:cite book
4962:654324718
4931:: 13β35.
4862:0191-6599
4749:cite book
4741:654324718
3527:21 August
3151:6 October
3106:6 October
2886:were not
2557:Mauritius
2555:and from
2325:Criticism
2245:Stadthuys
2203:Ayutthaya
2115:Rotterdam
2103:Enkhuizen
2095:Amsterdam
1989:extortion
1965:Indonesia
1888:Dordrecht
1869:Rotterdam
1845:Enkhuizen
1829:Amsterdam
1820:Capital (
1783:Enkhuizen
1779:Rotterdam
1771:Amsterdam
1748:permanent
1696:workforce
1381:shogunate
1262:Cape Town
1256:In 1652,
1247:Sri Lanka
1184:in 1633.
1111:In 1619,
1040:Jayakarta
954:Jayakarta
950:West Java
894:Indonesia
716:in 1591,
680:with the
663:inelastic
554:Amsterdam
511:Jayakarta
453:chartered
382:sugarcane
370:porcelain
277:Amsterdam
255:Dissolved
8956:Pre-1815
8734:Tasmania
7993:Van Mook
7977:De Jonge
7945:Idenburg
7905:Van Rees
7714:Janssens
7706:Daendels
7521:Camphuys
7513:Speelman
7165:Tevorang
7130:Pangsoia
7120:Longkiau
7093:Villages
6949:Suriname
6663:Pomeroon
6648:Demerara
6526:Preanger
6511:Cheribon
6421:Moluccas
6290:Shanghai
6249:Lin Zexu
6005:Ewo Hong
5904:Category
5681:Austrian
5260:Archived
5243:Archived
5231:Archived
5176:(1991).
5146:(1993).
5120:(1997).
5088:Archived
5006:Archived
4920:Cakalele
4893:Archived
4813:Archived
4795:(1999).
4683:Archived
4660:(2013).
4637:Archived
4535:10 April
4529:Archived
4446:Archived
3956:11 March
3920:Archived
3912:(2005).
3796:, (2006)
3742:Archived
3709:(1948).
3652:22 April
3646:Archived
3521:Archived
3496:Archived
3472:Archived
3416:, 2008)
3369:30 April
3329:(2005).
3288:cite web
3247:Archived
3208:Archived
3145:Archived
3100:Archived
3076:19 March
2916:de facto
2612:See also
2545:Khoikhoi
2477:de facto
2470:β
2341:1663 CE.
2274:β
2225:Makassar
1923:Habsburg
1872:173,000
1864:266,868
1856:469,400
1848:540,000
1822:Guilders
1704:Eurasian
1662:(Dutch:
1407:and the
1338:dividend
1227:cinnamon
1158:Nagasaki
1052:Pariaman
1036:Makassar
1028:Sukadana
962:despotic
898:guilders
838:and the
797:Topasses
787:East of
566:monogram
472:monopoly
451:, was a
378:soybeans
368:, silk,
362:Products
228:and the
122:Industry
111:De facto
9019:Philips
8903:General
8194:Commons
7897:s'Jacob
7785:De Kock
7740:Raffles
7609:Thedens
7569:De Haan
7465:Brouwer
7395:Company
7337:Koxinga
7170:Tirosen
7155:Tampsuy
7150:Soulang
7100:Bakloan
7027:Jakarta
6951:gained
6943:Became
6914:Surinam
6845:Suratte
6840:Malacca
6673:Surinam
6638:Cayenne
6628:Berbice
6550:Myanmar
6506:Batavia
6473:Malabar
6452:Suratte
6416:Malacca
6411:Formosa
6396:Celebes
6365:Batavia
5877:Russian
5794:Swedish
5766:Spanish
5321:British
5180:(ed.).
4899:17 June
4819:8 March
4689:8 March
3894:28 July
3478:2 April
2996:Bengal.
2587:Jakarta
2583:Batavia
2561:Dahomey
2531:in the
2529:slavery
2295:of the
2247:(right)
2239:, with
2237:Malacca
2183:Keelung
2177:on the
1961:Jakarta
1915:Germans
1817:Chamber
1804:Of the
1656:Zeeland
1652:Holland
1637:coolies
1618:fleets.
1576:Suratte
1565:, 1768)
1440:Calicut
1436:Zamorin
1421:Pulicat
1357:Koxinga
1313:Koxinga
1305:factory
1297:Malabar
1293:Formosa
1285:Malacca
1235:Colombo
1118:Batavia
1060:Sumatra
1012:Ternate
939:carrack
917:Ternate
658:Hamburg
646:Antwerp
612:Origins
607:History
578:vintner
519:Jakarta
515:Batavia
507:Malukan
352:Batavia
307:Eurasia
287:Batavia
241: (
236:Defunct
222:Founder
211:of the
201: (
193:Founded
9024:Fokker
8445:&
8011:(1949)
8009:Lovink
7963:(1921)
7881:Loudon
7833:Reynst
7825:Merkus
7781:Du Bus
7767:(1816)
7733:(1811)
7716:(1811)
7690:Siberg
7657:Alting
7625:Mossel
7593:Patras
7577:Durven
7417:Reynst
7330:Others
7214:People
7160:Tamsuy
7145:Sinkan
7135:Pimaba
7125:Mattau
7115:Kelang
7105:Dalivo
7086:Places
7050:Events
6861:Dejima
6830:Bengal
6699:Arguin
6678:Tobago
6633:Brazil
6580:Tonkin
6560:Dejima
6555:Canton
6516:Malang
6496:Bantam
6468:Bantam
6447:Persia
6442:Bengal
6401:Ceylon
6275:Fuzhou
6270:Canton
6010:Howqua
5967:Cohong
5955:Topics
5832:Danish
5573:German
5516:French
5192:
5158:
5132:
5069:
5059:et al.
5037:
4960:
4885:
4860:
4805:
4775:
4739:
4574:
4392:
4236:
3926:16 May
3814:
3748:2 June
3734:
3467:Forbes
3420:
3341:
3048:
2986:goods.
2602:UNESCO
2565:Ceylon
2517:, and
2498:Lontor
2467:trade.
2459:, and
2339:
2335:Arakan
2211:Hα»i An
2191:Tamsui
2167:Tainan
2159:Anping
2155:Dejima
1981:nutmeg
1946:charts
1907:
1877:Total:
1767:Kamers
1633:Brazil
1615:liquid
1512:regent
1413:Bantam
1327:Painan
1309:Canton
1281:Bengal
1277:Persia
1223:Ceylon
1178:Taiwan
1174:Penghu
1150:Dejima
1138:Bengal
1126:nutmeg
1073:Growth
1044:Jepara
1016:Tidore
946:Banten
921:Tidore
874:cartel
851:
834:, the
830:, the
826:, the
767:under
738:Madura
730:Banten
674:united
624:, and
394:slaves
390:coffee
374:metals
366:Spices
106:Public
7873:Mijer
7857:Pahud
7698:Wiese
7457:Specx
7425:Reael
7140:Sakam
6575:Timor
6381:Ambon
6285:Macau
5847:]
5701:]
5626:]
4553:, in
3884:(PDF)
3640:[
2711:Notes
2598:]
2207:Hanoi
2107:Hoorn
2099:Delft
1959:(now
1892:share
1861:Hoorn
1853:Delft
1791:Hoorn
1775:Delft
1365:China
1243:Kandy
1219:Galle
1162:Japan
1152:, an
1056:Jambi
1024:Banda
1020:Ambon
996:Ambon
911:, by
886:Akbar
793:Timor
789:Solor
782:Solor
676:in a
543:Hoorn
517:(now
427:Dutch
342:]
8238:the
8001:Beel
7961:Fock
7801:Baud
7449:Coen
7433:Coen
7409:Both
6570:Siam
6265:Amoy
5619:List
5190:ISBN
5156:ISBN
5130:ISBN
5096:2017
5067:ISBN
5035:ISBN
5014:2018
4976:link
4958:OCLC
4901:2020
4883:ISBN
4858:ISSN
4821:2021
4803:ISBN
4773:ISBN
4755:link
4737:OCLC
4716:2023
4691:2021
4645:2017
4615:2017
4572:ISBN
4537:2016
4454:2016
4390:ISBN
4271:2024
4247:2024
4234:ISBN
3989:2010
3958:2012
3928:2012
3896:2018
3890:: 10
3812:ISBN
3750:2016
3732:ISBN
3654:2022
3529:2017
3480:2013
3447:2017
3418:ISBN
3371:2024
3339:ISBN
3294:link
3280:2024
3216:2010
3153:2022
3108:2022
3078:2011
3046:ISBN
2525:Cape
2299:and
2113:and
2011:, a
2009:duit
1985:mace
1983:and
1957:Java
1936:The
1909:1783
1896:risk
1789:and
1654:and
1557:The
1299:and
1289:Siam
1176:for
1144:and
1054:and
1048:Java
1042:and
1022:and
986:, a
734:Java
701:and
672:was
652:and
634:and
421:The
386:wine
257:and
251:Fate
9029:KLM
5683:and
5061:.:
4933:hdl
4848:doi
4226:doi
2974:war
2604:'s
2496:of
2411:.
2357:),
2303:in
2223:in
2173:),
2165:),
1438:of
1423:to
1322:).
1317:see
1241:of
1058:in
1046:in
1034:),
751:of
440:VOC
261:as
9061::
8509:/
7783:,
7029:,
5845:da
5699:fr
5624:pt
5172:;
5116:;
4984:^
4972:}}
4968:{{
4923:.
4903:.
4891:.
4856:.
4844:42
4842:.
4838:.
4811:.
4784:^
4751:}}
4747:{{
4707:.
4681:.
4677:.
4623:^
4527:.
4523:.
4262:.
4232:,
4220:,
4132:^
3975:.
3944:.
3886:.
3758:^
3740:.
3693:28
3613:^
3564:^
3549:^
3502:,
3470:.
3464:.
3406::
3396:^
3362:.
3290:}}
3286:{{
3271:.
3202:.
3139:.
3098:.
3094:.
2850:,
2844:,
2838:,
2830:,
2822:,
2816:,
2794:,
2759:;
2755:;
2751:;
2747:;
2743:;
2739:;
2735:;
2608:.
2596:nl
2535:.
2513:,
2455:,
2451:,
2447:,
2443:,
2439:,
2435:,
2431:,
2349:,
2317:,
2129:,
2109:,
2105:,
2101:,
2022:.
1963:,
1948:.
1824:)
1785:,
1781:,
1777:,
1773:,
1754:.
1682:.
1347:.
1291:,
1287:,
1283:,
1279:,
1221:,
1104:.
1100:,
1038:,
1018:,
1014:,
948:,
620:,
595:,
591:,
529:.
494:.
429::
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
372:,
340:nl
279:,
8888:e
8881:t
8874:v
8491:e
8484:t
8477:v
8228:e
8221:t
8214:v
8045:e
8038:t
8031:v
7380:e
7373:t
7366:v
7033:)
7025:(
7001:e
6994:t
6987:v
6324:e
6317:t
6310:v
5939:e
5932:t
5925:v
5305:e
5298:t
5291:v
5198:.
5164:.
5138:.
5098:.
5073:)
5016:.
4978:)
4964:.
4939:.
4935::
4925:6
4864:.
4850::
4823:.
4757:)
4743:.
4718:.
4693:.
4664:.
4647:.
4617:.
4539:.
4456:.
4396:)
4273:.
4228::
4006:.
3991:.
3960:.
3930:.
3898:.
3820:.
3752:.
3695:.
3531:.
3482:.
3449:.
3373:.
3347:.
3296:)
3282:.
3218:.
3155:.
3110:.
3080:.
3054:.
2763:.
2418:)
2414:(
2193:(
2185:(
2169:(
2161:(
1594:(
1561:(
1473:)
968:(
425:(
350:(
245:)
205:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
