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1476:, those who were not elected to salvation. He saw this as included in the will of God, but different in character from the decision to choose the elect for salvation. Because all people have fallen into sin, the reprobating will of God treats them as by nature fallen and deserving of damnation. Vermigli's formulation of reprobation as within God's decree while distinct from his saving election was slightly different from Calvin's. Calvin saw predestination to salvation and reprobation as two sides of a single decree. Vermigli's doctrine was to prove more influential in the Reformed confessions. In his early formulation of predestination (ca. 1543–1544), Vermigli drew heavily on Aquinas's
1224:. Bullinger and the Zürich church did not necessarily agree with Vermigli's double predestinarian view, but Bibliander's view was deemed unallowable. He was dismissed in 1560, in part to assure other Reformed churches of the Zürich church's orthodoxy. Vermigli was involved in predestinarian controversy again when Zanchi, who had remained in Strasbourg when Vermigli left for Zürich, was accused of heretical teachings on the Eucharist and predestination by the Lutheran Johann Marbach. Vermigli was selected to write the official judgement of the Zürich church on the matter in a statement signed by Bullinger and other leaders in December
1418:
1338:
Exodus, Leviticus and the Minor
Prophets "brief and hasty annotations", he found it difficult to find time to prepare them for publication. His colleagues edited and published some of his remaining works on the Bible after his death: prayers on the Psalms (1564) and commentaries on Kings (1566), Genesis (1569), and Lamentations (1629). Vermigli followed the humanist emphasis on seeking the original meaning of scripture, as opposed to the often fanciful and arbitrary allegorical readings of the medieval exegetical tradition. He occasionally adopted an allegorical reading to interpret the Old Testament as having to do with Christ
409:
710:
51:
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double predestination, continued with the
Lutherans. Another professor in Strasbourg, Girolamo Zanchi, who had converted to Protestantism while under Vermigli in Lucca, shared Vermigli's convictions regarding the Eucharist and predestination. Zanchi and Vermigli became friends and allies. Vermigli's increasing alienation from the Lutheran establishment led him in 1556 to accept an offer from Heinrich Bullinger to teach at the
452:. The Lateran Canons were one of several institutions born out of a fifteenth-century religious reform movement. They emphasised strict discipline, and could be transferred from house to house rather than being bound to stability in one place, as was the custom of Benedictine monasticism. They also sought to provide ministry in urban areas. Peter's sister followed him into the monastic life, becoming a nun the same year.
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1071:. Vermigli agreed with Hooper's desire to rid the church of elaborate garments, but he did not believe they were strictly prohibited. He advised Hooper to respect the authority of his superiors. Vermigli was probably instrumental in convincing Hooper to drop his opposition in February 1551. In October 1551 he participated in a commission to rewrite the
875:. Vermigli was delighted to be able to teach from the original-language text of the Old Testament, as many of his students could read Hebrew. He was well-liked by his students and fellow scholars. Vermigli was known for precision, simplicity, and clarity of speech in contrast to Bucer's propensity for digressions which sometimes left his students lost.
428:, on 8 September 1499 to Stefano di Antonio Vermigli, a wealthy shoemaker, and Maria Fumantina. He was christened Piero Mariano the following day. He was the eldest of three children; his sister Felicita Antonio was born in 1501 and his brother Antonio Lorenzo Romulo was born in 1504. His mother taught him
1337:
Vermigli published commentaries on I Corinthians (1551), Romans (1558), and Judges (1561) during his lifetime. He was criticised by his colleagues in
Strasbourg for withholding his lectures on books of the Bible for years rather than sending them to be published. Calling his lecture notes on Genesis,
1551:
Vermigli had a profound influence on the
English Reformation through his relationship with Thomas Cranmer. Before his contact with Vermigli, Cranmer held Lutheran Eucharistic views. Vermigli seems to have convinced Cranmer to adopt a Reformed view, which changed the course of the English Reformation
1528:
Vermigli's leadership in Lucca left it arguably the most thoroughly
Protestant city in Italy. The Inquisition led many of these Protestants to flee, creating a significant population of Protestant refugees in Geneva. Several important leaders in the Reformation can also be tied to Vermigli's work in
1445:
against the idea of transubstantiation. Because believers retain their human nature even though God has joined them with Christ, it follows that the
Eucharistic elements do not need to be transformed to be Christ's body. Instead of the substance of the elements changing into Christ's flesh, Vermigli
1408:
Vermigli was primarily a teacher of scripture rather than a systematic theologian, but his lasting influence is mostly associated with his doctrine of the
Eucharist. This can be explained by the close relationship he saw between the exegesis of scripture and theological reflection. Vermigli's method
1399:
between
Orothetes ("Boundary Setter"), a defender of the Reformed doctrine that Christ's body is physically located in Heaven, and Pantachus ("Everywhere"), whose speeches are largely taken directly from Brenz's work. Brenz published a response in 1562, to which Vermigli began to prepare a rebuttal,
736:
over half the city, as well as control of the
Lateran's religious houses. As at his earlier post in Spoleto, the monks of the San Frediano monastery, as well as the clergy of Lucca, were known for moral laxity, which led to an openness to the new Lutheran religion there. Vermigli saw his task as one
1511:
between the spiritual sphere (in
Vermigli's words the "inward motions of the mind") and the "outward discipline" of society. The civil magistrate's authority is only on external matters rather than inward and spiritual religious devotion. Vermigli's theological justification for Royal Supremacy was
1464:. Vermigli saw God as sovereign over every event, and believed that all things, including evil, were used by him to accomplish his will. Nevertheless, Vermigli did not hold that humans are compelled to good or evil actions. Vermigli held that God had chosen some people for salvation on the basis of
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at Oxford would likely have had him executed, as Cranmer eventually was in 1556. Despite this risk, he agreed to a public disputation with Cranmer against the new Catholic establishment, but this never came to fruition because Cranmer was imprisoned. Vermigli was able to receive permission from the
1356:
Vermigli published an account of his disputation with Oxford Catholics over the Eucharist in 1549, along with a treatise further explaining his position. The disputation largely dealt with the doctrine of transubstantiation, which Vermigli strongly opposed, but the treatise was able to put forward
1211:, Vermigli believed that in some way God wills the damnation of those not chosen for salvation. Vermigli attempted to avoid confrontation over the issue, but Bibliander began to openly attack him in 1557, at one point allegedly challenging him to a duel with a double-edged axe. Bibliander held the
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as a condition of being reinstalled as professor. He was willing to sign the Augsburg Confession, but not the Concordat, which affirmed a bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist. He was retained and reappointed anyway, but controversy over the Eucharist, as well as Vermigli's strong doctrine of
589:
The chapter general re-elected Vermigli to the Spoletan abbacy in 1534 and again in 1535, but he was not elected to lead any house the following year. He may have been identified as a promising reformer who could help with reform efforts in higher places. Vermigli was in contact with the Catholic
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of 1552. He is also believed to have contributed to, if not written, the article on predestination found in the Forty-two Articles of Religion of 1553. In Elizabethan Oxford and Cambridge, Vermigli's theology was arguably more influential than that of Calvin. His political theology in particular
1413:
held supreme authority in establishing truth. Nevertheless, he was familiar with the church fathers to a higher degree than many of his contemporaries, and he constantly referred to them. He saw value in the fathers because they had discovered insights into the scriptures that he might not have
1432:
Vermigli is best known for his polemics against the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and for the Reformed doctrine of "sacramental presence". He argued that transubstantiation, the belief that the substance of bread and wine are changed into Christ's body and blood, was not based on any
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Vermigli was summoned to a Chapter Extraordinary of the Lateran Congregation, and his friends warned him that he had powerful adversaries. These increasingly foreboding events contributed to his decision to ignore the summons and flee, but he was finally persuaded by his conscience against the
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Vermigli's Eucharistic polemical writing was initially directed against Catholics, but beginning in 1557 he began to involve himself in debates with Lutherans. Many Lutherans during this time argued that Christ's body and blood were physically present in the Eucharist because they are
702:, with which he received some help from powerful friends he had made in Padua, such as Cardinals Pole and Bembo. Despite this controversy, Vermigli continued to rise in the Lateran Congregation. He was made one of four visitors by the chapter general in 1540. The visitors assisted the
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found, and because many of his Catholic opponents placed great weight on arguments from patristic authority. Often, though, he used the fathers as support for interpretations he had already reached on his own and was not concerned when his interpretation had no patristic precedent.
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view that God only predestines that those who believe in him will be saved, not the salvation of any individual. Reformed theologians during this time held a variety of beliefs about predestination, and Bullinger's position is ambiguous, but they agreed that God sovereignly and
1007:, with Vermigli's opponents arguing for it and him against. Chancellor Cox made it obvious that he considered Vermigli to have the better argument, but did not formally declare a winner. The disputation put Vermigli at the forefront of debates over the nature of the Eucharist.
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gave a funeral oration, which was published and is an important source for Vermigli's later biographies. Vermigli had two children by his second wife, Caterina, while he was alive, but they did not survive infancy. Four months after his death she had their third child, Maria.
1441:(the divine nature was added to the human nature rather than his human nature being made divine), the substance of the bread and wine remain the same rather than being changed into the substance of Christ's body and blood. Finally, he used the analogy of the believer's
1457:
Vermigli did not see predestination as central to his theological system, but it became associated with him because of controversies in which he became entangled. Vermigli developed his doctrine independently of John Calvin, and before Calvin published it in his 1559
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was at stake if their city continued to be viewed as a Protestant haven. Bans on Protestant books heretofore ignored were enforced, religious feasts which had been dropped were reinstated, and religious processions were scheduled to assure Rome of Lucca's loyalty.
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In Zürich, Vermigli succeeded Konrad Pellikan as the chair of Hebrew, a position he would hold until his death. He married his second wife, Catarina Merenda of Brescia, Italy, in 1559. Vermigli was able to share his teaching duties with fellow Hebraist
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Vermigli's wife, Catherine, had become well known in Oxford for her piety and ministry to expectant mothers. She also enjoyed carving faces into plum stones. She had died childless in the February before Vermigli left. Soon after Vermigli's departure,
1670:. He was born Piero Mariano Vermigli, but took the name Peter Martyr when he became a monk. In earlier literature he was usually called Peter Martyr, but modern scholars usually use Vermigli to distinguish him from other Christian figures also called
1317:
and first published in 1576, fourteen years after Vermigli's death. Vermigli had apparently expressed a desire to have such a book published, and it was urged along by the suggestion of Theodore Beza. Masson followed the pattern of John Calvin's
565:
doctor so he could read the Old Testament scriptures in their original language. Even among those who sought deeper biblical study, it was uncommon for clergy to learn Hebrew, though not unheard of. In 1533 the chapter-general elected Vermigli
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on 12 August 1542 by horse with three of his canons. There he celebrated a Protestant form of the Eucharist for the first time. When he stopped in Florence, staying in Badia Fiesolana where he had entered religious life, Vermigli learned that
356:. Contrary to the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, Vermigli did not believe that the bread and wine are changed into Christ's body and blood. He also disagreed with the Lutheran view that Christ's body is ubiquitous and so can be
1540:, and Heinrich Bullinger were as influential if not more influential than Calvin on the development of Reformed theology in the sixteenth century. Vermigli was a transitional figure between the Reformation period and the period known as
1032:
in 1549. Rioters in the streets of Oxford threatened Vermigli with death. At Lambeth, Vermigli assisted Cranmer by helping write sermons against the rebellion. After some time he returned to Oxford, where he was made first canon of
655:, especially Augustine. He probably read Protestant literature critically; it was common for those in reform-minded circles to do so while remaining in the Catholic Church. Vermigli embraced the Protestant doctrine of
651:. Reading these works was an act of ecclesiastical defiance, but not an uncommon one in reformist circles. Vermigli seems to have slowly moved in a Protestant direction primarily through the study of the Bible and the
586:, and the Spoletan abbacy, to the point that the bishop had excommunicated Vermigli's predecessor, only to be overturned by Rome. Vermigli brought order to his houses and mended the relationship with the bishop.
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in 1541. His eventual downfall was caused by two of his followers, one of whom openly questioned papal authority and another who celebrated a Protestant form of the Eucharist. The reconstitution of the
578:. The discipline in the monastic houses in Vermigli's care had been lax before his arrival, and they had become a source of scandal in Spoleto. There was also a history of a power struggle between the
1497:. He denied the idea that the pope or any other ecclesiastical authority could exercise authority over a civil ruler such as the king, an important issue at the time given the conflicts between
835:, where he went next. In a letter to his former congregation in Lucca, he explained his motives for leaving and also expressed discouragement at not being able to find a post. Basler humanist
971:, the most sensitive area of disagreement between Protestants and Catholics in England at the time. Conservative faculty, led by Smyth, challenged Vermigli to defend his views in a formal
847:, with whose writings Vermigli was already familiar. Vermigli moved to Strasbourg and became a close personal friend and ally of Bucer, who granted him the chair of Old Testament at the
1409:
of biblical commentary, similar to that of Martin Bucer, was to include extended discussions of doctrinal topics treated by the biblical texts. Like other Protestants, he believed
769:
Vermigli was widely respected and very cautious. He was able to continue his reform efforts in Lucca without any suspicion of unorthodox views, despite a papal meeting there with
534:
later that year. He then preached for three years, travelling around northern and central Italy. Unlike the practice of other preaching orders which usually only preached at
5212:
1548:
and the tradition of Aristotelianism. Vermigli was the first of the Reformed scholastic theologians, and he influenced later scholastics Theodore Beza and Girolamo Zanchi.
1544:. In the Reformed orthodox period, the theology first articulated by Reformation figures was codified and systematised. Theologians increasingly resorted to the methods of
761:, all of whom would later convert to Protestantism. The Congregation recognised Vermigli's work by appointing him to a disciplinary commission of seven canons in May 1542.
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at the beginning of the English Reformation. While Vermigli charged the civil magistrate with enforcing religious duties, he followed Augustine's distinction in the
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479:, with which Saint John of Verdera was loosely affiliated, was a highly prestigious institution at the time. At Padua, Vermigli received a thorough training in
667:, that God has chosen some people for salvation and others for damnation, was learned from Vermigli. Vermigli in turn had acquired it from his study of either
1532:
Scholars have increasingly recognised the importance of figures other than John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli in the early formation of the Reformed tradition.
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led to a hostile environment for Protestants in Germany. Vermigli accepted the invitation in November and sailed with Ochino to England. In 1548, he replaced
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240:. He was considered an authority on the Eucharist among the Reformed churches, and engaged in controversies on the subject by writing treatises. Vermigli's
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Vermigli became deeply involved in English church politics. In 1550, he and Martin Bucer provided recommendations to Cranmer for additional changes to the
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1357:
Vermigli's own Eucharistic theology. Vermigli's Eucharistic views, as expressed in the disputation and treatise, were influential in the changes to the
1485:
Vermigli's biblical writings frequently address political matters. He followed the Aristotelian view that political authority is instituted to promote
4678:
Rester, Todd M. (2013). "'Dominus dixit': principles of exegetical theology applied in two loci of Peter Martyr Vermigli's I Corinthians commentary".
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became a standard textbook in Reformed theological education. He was popular especially with English readers of theology in the seventeenth century.
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831:. They eventually determined that he could be allowed to teach Protestant theology, but there was no position vacant for him to fill there or in
804:
had arrived there. Vermigli convinced Ochino, a popular preacher with Protestant leanings, to flee Italy as well. On 25 August Vermigli left for
5217:
4147:
James, Frank A. III (2007). "The Bullinger/Vermigli Axis: Collaborators in Toleration and Reformation". In Campi, Emidio; Opitz, Peter (eds.).
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in 1542 may have been in part a response to the fear that Lucca and other cities would defect from the Catholic Church. The authorities of the
1349:
of medieval biblical interpretation, where each passage has four levels of meaning. Vermigli's command of Hebrew, as well as his knowledge of
1758:
The lectures on Lamentations and Genesis were published as commentaries, but the lectures on the minor prophets and Exodus have not survived.
1147:
a tyrant. Since Vermigli's departure and the death of Bucer in 1551, Lutheranism had gained influence in Strasbourg under the leadership of
1207:
Vermigli's Eucharistic views were accepted in Zürich, but he ran into controversy over his doctrine of double predestination. Similarly to
4230:
Kirby, Torrance (2010). "Peter Martyr Vermigli's Political Theology and the Elizabethan Church". In Ha, Polly; Collinson, Patrick (eds.).
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of education as well as moral correction. He set up a college based on humanist principles of education and modelled on the newly founded
4335:——— (2004). "Peter Martyr Vermigli and Pope Boniface VIII — The Difference between Civil and Ecclesiastical Power". In
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acceded to the English throne in 1547, and the Protestant reformers there hoped to take the opportunity to more thoroughly reform the
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Schantz, Douglas H. (2004). "Vermigli on Tradition and the Fathers: Patristic Perspectives from His Commentary on I Corinthians". In
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emphasised the action of the sacrament as an instrument through which Christ is offered to the partaker. He also disagreed with the
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for study and prayer in his home. His lectures on Judges often addressed the political issues relevant for the exiles, such as the
357:
318:
1192:, allowing him time to study and prepare the notes from his previous lectures for publication. He began lecturing on the books of
1129:
Vermigli arrived in Strasbourg in October 1553, where he was restored to his position at the Senior School and began lecturing on
1343:
1049:. His windows were smashed several times until he moved to a location in the cloisters, where he built a fortified stone study.
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Peter Martyr Vermigli: humanism, republicanism, reformation = Petrus Martyr Vermigli: Humanismus, Republikanismus, Reformation
1493:, that kings, so long as they obey God, have the right to rule the church in their land, while Christ is the only head of the
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Frank A. James, III, writes that the axe duel story "does not seem to have a solid historical ground" citing Joachim Staedke.
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movement. Valdés introduced Vermigli to the writings of Protestant reformers. Toward the end of his time in Naples, he read
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shaped the Elizabethan religious settlement and his authority was constantly invoked in the controversies of this period.
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Once Vermigli arrived in Zürich he was questioned regarding his theological views by several Protestant leaders including
4194:
1239:, a conference held in France with the intention of reconciling Catholics and Protestants. He was able to converse with
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Two of Vermigli's former colleagues in Lucca—Lacizi and Tremellius—would join him in Strasbourg. In 1544 he was elected
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1561. His affirmation of a strong doctrine of predestination represented the opinion of the Zürich church as a whole.
4756:
Sytsma, David S. (2018). "Vermigli Replicating Aquinas: An Overlooked Continuity in the Doctrine of Predestination".
1489:, and that this includes religion as the chief virtue. Vermigli defended the standard English Protestant doctrine of
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437:
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1305:(Latin for "commonplaces"), a collection of topical discussions scattered throughout his biblical commentaries. The
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4312:. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 131. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 235–258.
4277:. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 144. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 135–146.
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published a work defending such a view, and Vermigli's friends convinced him to write a response. The result, the
463:. The Lateran Congregation had recently decided that promising young ordinands should be sent to the monastery of
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4858:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 115–132.
4626:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 335–374.
4446:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 495–498.
4409:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 479–494.
3929:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 195–206.
3851:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 283–304.
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4081:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. XIII. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers.
3989:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 95–114.
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4563:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 71–94.
4473:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. LVI. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers.
4372:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 23–34.
4124:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 35–70.
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4513:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. 30. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers.
4207:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 1–18.
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were figurative rather than literal. Vermigli's health was already declining when he succumbed to an epidemic
686:. Vermigli did not take this view in his preaching, though he did not openly deny the existence of purgatory.
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Baschera, Luca (2007). "Peter Martyr Vermigli on Free Will: the Aristotelian Heritage of Reformed Theology".
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of the Congregation elected him to the office of public preacher in 1526. His first series of sermons was in
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The Visible Words of God: An Exposition of the Sacramental Theology of Peter Martyr Vermigli, A.D. 1500–1562
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he returned to Strasbourg and his former teaching position. Vermigli's beliefs regarding the Eucharist and
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894:. Catherine knew no Italian, and Peter very little German, so it is assumed that they conversed in Latin.
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northern Europe influenced some other Italians to convert and flee as well. In England, he influenced the
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of England. In the Winter he assisted in the writing of a draft set of such laws, which was published by
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395:, the doctrine that the king of a territory, rather than any ecclesiastical authority, rules the church.
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chooses whom to save. They believed salvation is not based on any characteristic of a person, including
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1092:, who opposed the Protestant reformers. Vermigli was placed under house arrest for six months, and his
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4267:"From Florence to Zürich via Strasbourg and Oxford: The International Career of Peter Martyr Vermigli"
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invited Vermigli and Ochino to assist in the effort. In addition, the victory of the Catholic Emperor
455:
On completing his novitiate in 1518, Vermigli took the name Peter Martyr after the thirteenth-century
3957:
3822:. Bibliotheca Humanistica & Reformatorica. Vol. X. Nieuwkoop, The Netherlands: B. De Graaf.
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teachers, so he taught himself. He also made the acquaintance of prominent reform-minded theologians
433:
290:
1749:, Teodosio Trebelli and Giulio Santerenziano. Vermigli was succeeded as prior by Francesco da Pavia.
1630:, but more recent scholarship affirms the attribution. The Latin poem at top, probably composed by
1583:
1552:
since Cranmer was primarily responsible for revisions to the Book of Common Prayer and writing the
1109:
had her body disinterred and thrown on a dungheap. Following the accession of the Protestant Queen
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663:. Vermigli also seems to have influenced Valdés. Scholars believe that Valdés's strong doctrine of
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Christ and the Decree: Christology and Predestination in Reformed Theology from Calvin to Perkins
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Heinrich Bullinger and the Doctrine of Predestination: Author of "the Other Reformed Tradition"?
4039:. Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought. Vol. XVIII. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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Vermigli's move away from orthodox Catholic belief became apparent in 1539 when he preached on
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in a public disputation. Vermigli was forced to leave England on the accession of the Catholic
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Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer
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Various of Vermigli's writings were printed about 110 times between 1550 and 1650. The 1562
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698:, who prohibited Vermigli's preaching. The prohibition was removed on Vermigli's appeal to
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even though he is offered to those who partake of the Eucharist and received by believers.
82:
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McNair, Philip M. J. (1994). "Biographical Introduction". In McClelland, Joseph C. (ed.).
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of 1552. Vermigli weighed in again on the Eucharistic controversy in England in 1559. His
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952:. This was a very influential post at a university which had been slow to accept reform.
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494:. Vermigli was determined to read Aristotle in his original language despite the lack of
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of the non-elect. Vermigli's belief is similar but not identical to Calvin's. Vermigli's
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3752:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands:
317:
where he continued to teach the Bible. He also defended his Eucharistic beliefs against
108:
4898:
4773:
4695:
4666:
4530:
4451:
4414:
4096:
1553:
1541:
1507:
1379:
pages, it was the longest work on the subject published during the Reformation period.
1353:, surpassed that of most of his contemporaries, including Calvin, Luther, and Zwingli.
1232:
1189:
1156:
1135:
1004:
820:
745:. Instruction was in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. Among the professors were the humanists
523:
491:
441:
384:
322:
184:
4863:
4631:
4568:
4377:
4317:
4282:
4129:
3994:
3934:
3856:
3761:
542:, the Augustinians preached year-round. He also gave lectures on the Bible as well as
408:
4983:
4915:
4902:
4867:
4830:
4777:
4742:
4716:
4699:
4635:
4598:
4572:
4537:
4514:
4497:
4474:
4455:
4418:
4381:
4344:
4321:
4286:
4244:
4216:
4212:
4175:
4152:
4133:
4082:
4063:
4040:
4021:
3998:
3961:
3938:
3901:
3860:
3823:
3804:
3765:
1537:
1468:, with no consideration for any good or evil characteristics, a view referred to as "
1442:
1422:
1089:
1038:
960:
921:
801:
783:
779:
775:
668:
579:
326:
314:
294:
86:
4691:
613:
4992:
4890:
4859:
4829:. Texts and Studies in Post-Reformation Thought. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
4798:
4765:
4687:
4658:
4627:
4564:
4447:
4410:
4373:
4313:
4278:
4208:
4125:
3990:
3930:
3852:
3796:
3757:
3753:
1661:
1631:
1536:, a chief authority on the development of this movement, has argued that Vermigli,
1498:
1494:
1478:
1434:
1368:
1263:
in 1562. He died on 12 November 1562 in his Zürich home, attended by the physician
1200:. While in Zürich, Vermigli declined invitations to desirable positions in Geneva,
1046:
937:
933:
828:
764:
635:
4817:
4769:
2150:
603:
5144:
5065:
4649:
Overell, M. A. (1984). "Peter Martyr in England 1547–1553: An Alternative View".
4240:
4171:
3889:
1587:
1490:
1193:
1144:
988:
864:
852:
840:
824:
758:
709:
679:
583:
558:
527:
460:
456:
445:
413:
392:
260:
4979:
1268:
50:
5083:
4997:
4957:
4953:
4802:
4594:
1410:
1388:
1327:
1197:
1148:
1130:
1015:
925:
879:
868:
856:
703:
672:
652:
368:
334:
306:
286:
282:
123:
4787:
3089:
1590:. More of Vermigli's works were found in the libraries of seventeenth-century
1326:
between 1576 and 1656 spread Vermigli's influence among Reformed Protestants.
1247:
in her native Italian. He contributed a speech on the Eucharist, arguing that
1041:
at Oxford, caused controversy by bringing his wife into his rooms overlooking
5156:
4912:
Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) and the Outward Instruments of Divine Grace
4541:
2931:
2876:
2874:
1603:
1574:
1314:
1272:
1264:
1236:
1140:
1106:
995:, stepped forward to take his place. The disputation was held in 1549 before
956:
687:
597:
503:
495:
483:
330:
302:
724:
In 1541 the Congregation elected Vermigli to the important post of prior of
4501:
1746:
1384:
1240:
902:
750:
623:
499:
278:
4894:
4273:
Bewegung und Beharrung: Aspekte des reformierten Protestantismus 1520–1650
4016:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. XXXI. Kirksville, MO:
2995:
2871:
2855:
1450:
belief that the Eucharist is simply symbolic or figurative, a view called
293:
and the Eucharist. To satisfy his conscience and avoid persecution by the
1595:
1569:
1465:
1451:
1290:
1256:
1208:
1114:
972:
519:
436:. She died in 1511, when Piero was twelve. Vermigli was attracted to the
380:
372:
338:
297:, he fled Italy for Protestant northern Europe. He ultimately arrived in
210:(8 September 1499 – 12 November 1562) was an Italian-born
174:
2667:
2665:
596:, an internal report on potential reforms of the Church commissioned by
4670:
1627:
1502:
1447:
1201:
1165:
1019:
976:
844:
694:, reported his suspicions of Vermigli to the Spanish viceroy of Naples
618:
298:
273:
59:
4713:
Peter Martyr Vermigli and the European Reformations: Semper Reformanda
4341:
Peter Martyr Vermigli and the European Reformations: Semper Reformanda
3345:
2662:
2190:
1638:
Florence brought him forth, Now he wanders as a foreigner and pilgrim
1473:
1221:
1076:
1072:
1059:
Eucharistic liturgy. Vermigli supported the church's position in the
1029:
911:
872:
683:
487:
472:
230:
5012:
4735:
Reformers in the Wings: From Geiler Von Kaysersberg to Theodore Beza
4662:
2041:
805:
342:
104:
5016:
4037:
Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli's Doctrine of Man and Grace
3633:
1396:
1310:
1212:
1183:, who strongly disagreed with Vermigli's doctrine of predestination
1068:
699:
421:
256:
245:
78:
2621:
2619:
2444:
1018:
with Cranmer. The rebellion involved conservative opposition to a
360:
at the Eucharist. Instead, Vermigli taught that Christ remains in
5134:
3213:
3189:
2549:
1777:
1776:
Maria first married Paolo Zanin, then Gorg Ulrich, a minister in
983:
before the disputation could be held, so three Catholic divines,
907:
809:
575:
571:
531:
480:
348:
Vermigli's best-known theological contribution was defending the
2763:
1718:). San Guiliano was probably abandoned before Vermigli's abbacy.
765:
Flight from Italy and first Strasbourg professorship (1542–1547)
3141:
2779:
2616:
2416:
1594:
than those of Calvin. Vermigli's works were highly regarded by
1486:
980:
813:
659:
during this time, and he had probably rejected the traditional
631:
627:
604:
First controversial preaching and ministry in Lucca (1537–1541)
539:
3105:
3050:
2708:
2166:
600:. He may have even travelled to Rome to assist in writing it.
4788:"Vermigli, Pietro Martire [Peter Martyr] (1499–1562)"
4151:. Vol. 1. Zurich: Theological Verlag. pp. 165–176.
3067:
3065:
1376:
1260:
1248:
832:
729:
567:
550:
543:
468:
429:
285:. Through reading these works and studying the Bible and the
264:
218:
4941:(in German). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
3666:
3664:
3621:
3597:
608:
The Congregation elected Vermigli abbot of the monastery at
3705:
3703:
3201:
3028:
3026:
2698:
2696:
2247:
2245:
2125:
2123:
1375:, itself a reply to the late Thomas Cranmer's work. At 821
964:
891:
796:
682::9–17, a passage commonly used as proof of the doctrine of
535:
4471:
The Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the Eucharist, 1549
4077:
Donnelly, John Patrick, S. J.; Kingdon, Robert M. (1990).
3715:
3489:
3369:
3261:
3062:
3038:
2831:
2795:
2606:
2604:
1626:
The attribution of this painting to Asper was disputed by
1572:
probably consulted his commentary on Genesis when writing
4881:
Zuidema, Jason (2011). "Peter Martyr: Protestant Monk?".
3661:
3393:
3381:
3321:
3237:
3177:
3165:
3153:
2392:
2356:
2344:
2108:
2096:
1556:. Vermigli had a direct role in the modifications of the
1437:, that because Christ retained his divine nature when he
1014:
forced Vermigli to leave Oxford and take up residence at
782:
began to fear that their political independence from the
277:
reform movement, and read Protestant theologians such as
3700:
3649:
3609:
3573:
3453:
3441:
3285:
3249:
3225:
3117:
3077:
3023:
2693:
2640:
2638:
2274:
2272:
2242:
2218:
2120:
2074:
2072:
2029:
1933:
1529:
Lucca, including Girolamo Zanchi and Bernardino Ochino.
1433:
argument from scripture. He also argued on the basis of
3688:
3585:
3333:
3011:
2983:
2959:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2729:
2727:
2601:
2140:
2138:
1969:
1101:
to leave England, and was advised by Cranmer to do so.
1088:
King Edward died in 1553, followed by the accession of
4053:
3676:
3357:
3351:
3309:
3297:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2005:
1945:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3513:
3501:
3477:
3465:
3429:
3417:
2751:
2739:
2681:
2650:
2635:
2404:
2368:
2332:
2320:
2296:
2284:
2269:
2257:
2230:
2206:
2084:
2069:
2057:
2017:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1641:
That he might forever be a citizen among those above.
1003:
and a firm Protestant. It focused on the doctrine of
513:
5213:
Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Oxford)
4079:
A Bibliography of the Works of Peter Martyr Vermigli
3525:
3405:
3273:
3129:
2971:
2947:
2902:
2843:
2807:
2724:
2589:
2135:
1993:
1981:
1957:
1921:
1909:
1873:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1644:
This is his likeness; the writings conceal his mind;
1516:, the imposition of Protestant worship based on the
1124:
4968:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 1024–1025.
4233:
The Reception of Continental Reformation in Britain
3917:"Ex Parte Videntium: Hermeneutics Of The Eucharist"
2819:
2577:
2565:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2496:
2484:
2460:
2380:
2308:
2178:
1897:
1885:
1804:
1792:
1472:". Vermigli also believed that God passed over the
955:On arriving in Oxford, Vermigli began lecturing on
706:by inspecting the Congregation's religious houses.
252:, became a standard Reformed theological textbook.
4914:. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
4786:
4529:
4308:The Zurich Connection and Tudor Political Theology
4305:
4270:
3784:
2472:
2432:
4062:. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press.
1816:
1647:Integrity and piety cannot be represented by art.
1334:into English in 1583, adding to it considerably.
795:he was bound to perform. Vermigli fled Lucca for
432:before enrolling him in a school for children of
271:. He came in contact with leaders of the Italian
5154:
3839:"I Corinthians Commentary: Exegetical Tradition"
1113:in 1558, she was re-interred with the relics of
5183:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
4188:
4076:
3147:
3099:
3056:
1400:but he died before he was able to complete it.
574:. At this post he was also responsible for two
4302:"'Vermilius Absconditus': the Zurich portrait"
4149:Heinrich Bullinger, Life — Thought — Influence
1168:, a fellow Marian exile, came along with him.
959:, denouncing Catholic doctrines of purgatory,
4614:"Predestination and the Thirty-Nine Articles"
4551:"Oxford: Reading Scripture in the University"
4532:Peter Martyr in Italy: An Anatomy of Apostasy
4434:"Conclusion: Vermigli's 'Stromatic' Theology"
3820:Peter Martyr: A Reformer in Exile (1542–1562)
1665:
341:in Strasbourg, so he transferred to Reformed
289:, he came to accept Protestant beliefs about
5193:Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism
4939:Petrus Martyr Vermigli in Zürich (1556–1562)
4797:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4269:. In Opitz, Peter; Moser, Christian (eds.).
4112:"Strasbourg: Vermigli and the Senior School"
4101:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1010:In 1549, a series of uprisings known as the
391:; he provided theological justification for
4848:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
4616:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
4553:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
4436:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
4399:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
4362:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
4360:"Italy: Religious and Intellectual Ferment"
4197:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
4114:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
3979:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
3919:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
3841:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
3742:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
1727:The convents were San Matteo and La Stella.
1151:. Vermigli had been asked to sign both the
886:. In 1545 Vermigli married his first wife,
732:. The prior at San Frediano exercised some
305:of the Bible under Bucer. English reformer
5188:Italian Calvinist and Reformed theologians
4431:
4394:
4357:
3977:"Zurich: Professor In The Schola Tigurina"
3721:
3267:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3111:
3095:
3071:
3044:
2224:
2129:
2047:
2035:
263:and was appointed to influential posts as
49:
4729:
4487:
4468:
4397:"A Literary History of the Loci Communes"
3639:
3399:
3387:
3327:
3017:
3005:
2941:
2884:
2865:
2837:
2801:
2702:
2671:
2610:
2450:
2251:
2156:
2011:
1939:
612:in 1537. There he became acquainted with
403:
345:where he taught until his death in 1562.
27:Italian Reformed theologian (1499 – 1562)
4611:
4511:Early Writings: Creed, Scripture, Church
4034:
4011:
3888:
3873:
3836:
3817:
3778:
3709:
3694:
3682:
3655:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3459:
3447:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3123:
3083:
2849:
2773:
2555:
1416:
1322:to organise it. Fifteen editions of the
1289:
1170:
901:
708:
407:
367:Vermigli developed a strong doctrine of
5198:Canonical Augustinian abbots and priors
5007:Correspondence of Peter Martyr Vermigli
4989:Works by or about Peter Martyr Vermigli
4952:
4936:
4909:
4880:
4794:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4706:
4648:
4548:
3954:Shifting Patterns of Reformed Tradition
3339:
2785:
2757:
2745:
2687:
2656:
2644:
2625:
1951:
1879:
1714:and Sant'Ansano Monastery (attached to
1609:
440:from an early age. In 1514 he became a
416:, where Vermigli entered religious life
14:
5155:
5046:Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford
4843:
4824:
4784:
4755:
4677:
4585:
4527:
4508:
4189:Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio;
3914:
3787:Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
3495:
3483:
3471:
3435:
3423:
3375:
3363:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3032:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2913:
2896:
2825:
2789:
2769:
2733:
2718:
2629:
2583:
2426:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2263:
2236:
2212:
2200:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2063:
2023:
1975:
1963:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1867:
1586:where it was an important textbook at
897:
839:assisted him with money, and reformer
4334:
4299:
4264:
4229:
4165:
4146:
4109:
4058:; McLelland, Joseph C., eds. (1999).
4014:Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ
3974:
3951:
3670:
3643:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3411:
3171:
3159:
3135:
3001:
2953:
2937:
2925:
2880:
2861:
2813:
2714:
2675:
2595:
2571:
2559:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2438:
2386:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2144:
2051:
1999:
1987:
1810:
1798:
1393:Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ
1139:. Vermigli often gathered with other
1037:in January 1551. Vermigli, the first
244:, a compilation of excerpts from his
4855:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
4623:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
4560:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
4443:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
4406:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
4369:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
4204:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
4121:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
3986:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
3926:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
3848:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
3801:10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001
3749:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli
3737:
3352:Donnelly, James & McLelland 1999
3279:
1461:Institutes of the Christian Religion
1320:Institutes of the Christian Religion
1022:liturgy, which was imposed with the
379:'s will determines election and the
5218:Academic staff of Carolinum, Zürich
4715:. Boston: Brill. pp. 115–138.
4469:———, ed. (2000).
4343:. Boston: Brill. pp. 291–304.
967:fasting. He then spoke against the
843:recommended him to Martin Bucer in
24:
4930:
4883:Reformation and Renaissance Review
4846:"Exegesis and Patristic Authority"
4758:Reformation and Renaissance Review
4680:Reformation and Renaissance Review
4452:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.134
4415:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.129
1286:Peter Martyr Vermigli bibliography
969:Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist
570:of the two Lateran monasteries in
522:in 1525 and probably received his
514:Early Italian ministry (1525–1536)
475:, so Vermigli was sent there. The
350:Reformed doctrine of the Eucharist
214:. His early work as a reformer in
196:Reformed doctrine of the Eucharist
25:
5244:
4973:
4864:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.33
4632:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.99
4569:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.20
4378:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.10
4318:10.1163/ej.9789004156180.i-288.18
4283:10.1163/ej.9789004178069.i-470.36
4130:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.11
3995:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.28
3935:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.50
3894:Christ's Churches Purely Reformed
3857:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.69
3762:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.45
3740:"Exegesis and Theological Method"
1736:He succeeded Tommaso da Piacenza.
1125:Strasbourg and Zürich (1553–1562)
1082:Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum
5208:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
5020:
5002:Post-Reformation Digital Library
4959:"Vermigli, Pietro Martire"
4213:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.8
3783:. In Hillebrand, Hans J. (ed.).
1770:
1512:used by the framers of the 1559
546:in Lateran Congregation houses.
389:Elizabethan religious settlement
4692:10.1179/1462245913Z.00000000027
4432:——— (2009c).
4395:——— (2009b).
4012:Donnelly, John Patrick (1995).
1761:
1752:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1697:
1466:grace or unmerited favour alone
1395:, was written in the form of a
1301:Vermigli is best known for the
1271:cathedral, where his successor
1231:Vermigli attended the abortive
1119:Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
855:. He began by lecturing on the
716:, where Vermigli was appointed
661:Catholic view of the sacraments
593:Consilium de emendanda ecclesia
549:In 1530 Vermigli was appointed
5013:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli
5009:at Early Modern Letters Online
4998:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli
4980:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli
4910:——— (2008).
4528:——— (1967).
4488:——— (1957).
4358:McLelland, Joseph C. (2009a).
4300:——— (2007).
4265:——— (2009).
4166:——— (1998).
4035:——— (1976).
3975:——— (2009).
3818:——— (1975).
1677:
1654:
1620:
1115:Saint Frithuswith (Frideswide)
743:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
555:San Giovanni in Monte, Bologna
375:. His interpretation was that
337:clashed with those of leading
13:
1:
5223:Canons Regular of the Lateran
4825:Venema, Cornelius P. (2002).
4770:10.1080/14622459.2018.1470599
4651:The Sixteenth Century Journal
4018:Truman State University Press
3813:– via Oxford Reference.
3148:Kirby, Campi & James 2009
3100:Kirby, Campi & James 2009
2163:, pp. 194–195, 197, 200.
1786:
1578:. The English edition of the
1342:, but he did not utilise the
884:St. Thomas Church, Strasbourg
450:Canons Regular of the Lateran
221:and his decision to flee for
4818:UK public library membership
3779:Anderson, Marvin W. (1996).
1598:Puritan theologians such as
946:Regius Professor of Divinity
739:St John's College, Cambridge
657:justification by faith alone
7:
5019:(public domain audiobooks)
4549:Methuen, Charlotte (2009).
3057:Donnelly & Kingdon 1990
1403:
1235:in the summer of 1561 with
1067:should be forced to wear a
248:organised by the topics of
10:
5249:
4945:Campi, Emidio, ed. (2002)
4737:(2nd ed.). New York:
3958:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
3877:Calvin Theological Journal
3730:
1387:, or everywhere. In 1561,
1283:
641:De vera et falsa religione
610:San Pietro ad Aram, Naples
5141:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5101:
5095:
5090:
5080:
5070:
5062:
5052:
5043:
5035:
5030:
4954:Pollard, Albert Frederick
4937:Baumann, Michael (2016).
4330:– via Brill Online.
4295:– via Brill Online.
4110:Hobbs, R. Gerald (2009).
1685:Marcello Virgilio Adriano
1592:Harvard divinity students
1523:
201:
190:
180:
170:
163:
159:
151:
147:
137:
129:
119:
93:
67:
48:
41:
34:
4612:Neelands, David (2009).
4054:Donnelly, John Patrick;
3915:Boutin, Maurice (2009).
2175:, p. 195, 197, 199.
1614:
1584:Massachusetts Bay Colony
1435:Chalcedonian Christology
1373:Confutatio Cavillationum
1365:Defense Against Gardiner
1279:
726:Basilica of San Frediano
714:Basilica of San Frediano
486:and an appreciation for
42:
5131:Christ Church Cathedral
5072:Chair of Hebrew at the
4965:Encyclopædia Britannica
4739:Oxford University Press
4060:The Peter Martyr Reader
3793:Oxford University Press
3781:"Peter Martyr Vermigli"
3738:Amos, N. Scott (2009).
1667:Pietro Martire Vermigli
1660:His name in his native
1520:as the state religion.
1294:Title page of the 1576
1267:. He was buried in the
1179:and Theodor Bibliander
1133:as well as Aristotle's
626:'s commentaries on the
590:leaders working on the
398:
301:where he taught on the
133:Petri Martyris Vermilii
43:Pietro Martire Vermigli
4844:Wright, David (2009).
4803:10.1093/ref:odnb/28225
3956:. Göttingen, Germany:
3952:Campi, Emidio (2014).
3837:Balserak, Jon (2009).
3222:, pp. xxxv–xxxvi.
1683:The school was run by
1666:
1651:
1514:Elizabethan Settlement
1470:unconditional election
1429:
1298:
1184:
1063:, over whether bishop
944:, becoming the second
914:
721:
526:around that time. The
417:
404:Early life (1499–1525)
352:against Catholics and
72:Piero Mariano Vermigli
5228:Writers from Florence
4895:10.1558/rrr.v13i3.373
4785:Taplin, Mark (2004).
4536:. Oxford: Clarendon.
3898:Yale University Press
3198:, p. xxiii–xxiv.
2940:, pp. 4, 33–34;
1703:The monasteries were
1635:
1558:Book of Common Prayer
1518:Book of Common Prayer
1420:
1360:Book of Common Prayer
1293:
1175:Painting of Vermigli
1174:
1061:vestarian controversy
1054:Book of Common Prayer
1025:Book of Common Prayer
1012:Prayer Book Rebellion
1001:University Chancellor
905:
755:Celio Secondo Curione
712:
690:, an opponent of the
665:double predestination
465:Saint John of Verdara
448:, a monastery of the
420:Vermigli was born in
411:
387:was important in the
259:, Vermigli entered a
246:biblical commentaries
237:Book of Common Prayer
227:Edwardian Reformation
208:Peter Martyr Vermigli
181:Tradition or movement
36:Peter Martyr Vermigli
5178:Protestant Reformers
4593:. Grand Rapids, MI:
4492:. Grand Rapids, MI:
3756:. pp. 175–194.
1610:Notes and references
890:, a former nun from
553:of the monastery at
508:Marcantonio Flaminio
424:, the centre of the
309:invited him to take
5233:Anglican liturgists
5203:Doctors of Divinity
5173:Christian humanists
5105:San Frediano, Lucca
5098:Tommaso da Piacenza
4731:Steinmetz, David C.
3673:, pp. 143–144.
3630:, pp. 174–175.
3606:, pp. 325–326.
3378:, pp. 202–203.
3174:, pp. 134–135.
3162:, pp. 102–103.
3008:, pp. 112–113.
2944:, pp. 112–113.
2887:, pp. 112–113.
2868:, pp. 112–113.
2401:, pp. 276–277.
2353:, pp. 254–255.
2203:, pp. 155–156.
2117:, pp. 130–131.
1582:was brought to the
1546:scholastic theology
1351:rabbinic literature
1245:Catherine de'Medici
1153:Augsburg Confession
898:England (1547–1553)
888:Catherine Dammartin
837:Bonifacius Amerbach
747:Immanuel Tremellius
734:episcopal authority
696:Don Pedro de Toledo
557:. There he learned
477:University of Padua
438:Catholic priesthood
426:Florentine Republic
319:Catholic proponents
311:an influential post
250:systematic theology
212:Reformed theologian
142:University of Padua
83:Florentine Republic
5114:Francesco da Pavia
4587:Muller, Richard A.
3498:, p. 155-161.
3114:, p. 493–494.
3004:, pp. 4, 35;
2928:, pp. 99–100.
2883:, pp. 4, 32;
2864:, pp. 4, 31;
2365:, p. 265–268.
2105:, p. 128–129.
1716:Sant'Ansano Church
1705:San Giuliano Abbey
1554:Forty-two Articles
1542:Reformed orthodoxy
1430:
1421:1599 engraving by
1299:
1233:Colloquy at Poissy
1190:Theodor Bibliander
1185:
1164:school in Zürich.
1157:Wittenberg Concord
1136:Nicomachean Ethics
1094:Catholic opponents
1005:transubstantiation
936:and the resulting
915:
906:Engraving after a
821:Heinrich Bullinger
722:
616:, a leader of the
598:Pope Paul III
524:Doctor of Divinity
492:Christian humanism
418:
385:political theology
358:physically present
323:transubstantiation
185:Reformed tradition
5151:
5150:
5142:Succeeded by
5112:Succeeded by
5091:Religious titles
5081:Succeeded by
5074:Carolinum, Zürich
5053:Succeeded by
5031:Academic offices
4984:Project Gutenberg
4921:978-3-525-56916-0
4873:978-90-474-2898-5
4836:978-0-8010-2605-8
4816:(Subscription or
4748:978-0-19-513047-8
4722:978-90-04-13914-5
4641:978-90-474-2898-5
4604:978-0-8010-3610-1
4578:978-90-474-2898-5
4520:978-0-940474-32-1
4480:978-0-943549-89-7
4461:978-90-474-2898-5
4424:978-90-474-2898-5
4387:978-90-474-2898-5
4350:978-90-04-13914-5
4327:978-90-474-2038-5
4292:978-90-474-4042-0
4250:978-0-19-726468-3
4222:978-90-474-2898-5
4181:978-0-19-826969-4
4158:978-3-290-17387-6
4139:978-90-474-2898-5
4088:978-0-940474-14-7
4069:978-0-943549-75-0
4046:978-90-04-04482-1
4027:978-0-940474-33-8
4004:978-90-474-2898-5
3967:978-3-525-55065-6
3944:978-90-474-2898-5
3907:978-0-300-10507-0
3866:978-90-474-2898-5
3829:978-90-6004-343-1
3810:978-0-19-518757-1
3771:978-90-474-2898-5
3294:, pp. 11–12.
3035:, pp. 12–13.
2992:, pp. 78–79.
2968:, pp. 76–77.
2899:, pp. 11–12.
2804:, pp. 26–27.
1978:, pp. 84–85.
1538:Wolfgang Musculus
1443:union with Christ
1371:'s 1552 and 1554
1090:Mary I of England
961:clerical celibacy
922:Church of England
802:Bernardino Ochino
784:Holy Roman Empire
780:Republic of Lucca
776:Roman Inquisition
771:Emperor Charles V
688:Gaetano da Thiene
669:Gregory of Rimini
580:Bishop of Spoleto
434:noble Florentines
371:independently of
315:Oxford University
295:Roman Inquisition
205:
204:
113:Swiss Confederacy
87:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
5240:
5120:Preceded by
5096:Preceded by
5063:Preceded by
5036:Preceded by
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
4993:Internet Archive
4969:
4961:
4942:
4925:
4906:
4877:
4840:
4821:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4790:
4781:
4752:
4726:
4703:
4674:
4645:
4608:
4582:
4545:
4535:
4524:
4505:
4484:
4465:
4428:
4391:
4354:
4331:
4311:
4296:
4276:
4261:
4259:
4253:. Archived from
4238:
4226:
4185:
4162:
4143:
4106:
4100:
4092:
4073:
4050:
4031:
4008:
3971:
3948:
3911:
3890:Benedict, Philip
3885:
3870:
3833:
3814:
3790:
3775:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2878:
2869:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2840:, p. 44–46.
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2678:, pp. 4, 8.
2669:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1745:The canons were
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1632:Rudolph Gualther
1624:
1499:Pope Clement VII
1495:universal church
1479:Summa theologiae
1426:
1369:Stephen Gardiner
1367:was in reply to
1309:was compiled by
1227:
1058:
1047:Great Quadrangle
975:. Smyth fled to
938:Augsburg Interim
934:Schmalkaldic War
829:Rudolph Gualther
649:
229:, including the
165:Theological work
130:Other names
109:Canton of Zürich
100:
97:12 November 1562
75:8 September 1499
53:
32:
31:
21:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5145:Richard Bruerne
5138:
5125:
5115:
5108:
5099:
5086:
5077:
5068:
5066:Konrad Pellikan
5058:
5049:
5041:
5021:
4976:
4949:. Genève: Droz.
4933:
4931:Further reading
4928:
4922:
4874:
4850:James, Frank A.
4837:
4815:
4807:
4805:
4749:
4723:
4709:James, Frank A.
4663:10.2307/2540841
4642:
4618:James, Frank A.
4605:
4579:
4555:James, Frank A.
4521:
4481:
4462:
4438:James, Frank A.
4425:
4401:James, Frank A.
4388:
4364:James, Frank A.
4351:
4337:James, Frank A.
4328:
4293:
4260:on 2 June 2016.
4257:
4251:
4241:British Academy
4236:
4223:
4199:James, Frank A.
4191:James, Frank A.
4182:
4172:Clarendon Press
4159:
4140:
4116:James, Frank A.
4094:
4093:
4089:
4070:
4056:James, Frank A.
4047:
4028:
4005:
3981:James, Frank A.
3968:
3945:
3921:James, Frank A.
3908:
3867:
3843:James, Frank A.
3830:
3811:
3772:
3744:James, Frank A.
3733:
3728:
3722:McLelland 2009b
3720:
3716:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:, p. 112;
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3268:McLelland 2009c
3266:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3246:, p. xvii.
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3220:McLelland 2009a
3218:
3214:
3210:, p. xlii.
3208:McLelland 2009a
3206:
3202:
3196:McLelland 2009a
3194:
3190:
3184:McLelland 2009a
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3112:McLelland 2009b
3110:
3106:
3098:, p. 488;
3096:McLelland 2009b
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3072:McLelland 2009b
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3045:McLelland 2009b
3043:
3039:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2879:
2872:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2725:
2717:, p. 139;
2713:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:, p. 108;
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2225:McLelland 2009a
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:, p. 163;
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:, p. 107;
2155:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2130:McLelland 2009a
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2048:McLelland 2009a
2046:
2042:
2036:McLelland 2009a
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1588:Harvard College
1526:
1491:Royal Supremacy
1424:
1423:Hendrik Hondius
1411:scripture alone
1406:
1330:translated the
1288:
1282:
1253:this is my body
1225:
1218:unconditionally
1204:, and England.
1145:right to resist
1127:
1056:
993:Morgan Phillips
989:William Chedsey
985:William Tresham
979:and finally to
900:
853:Wolfgang Capito
841:Oswald Myconius
825:Konrad Pellikan
767:
759:Girolamo Zanchi
680:1 Corinthians 3
643:
606:
584:Francesco Eroli
528:chapter-general
516:
461:Peter of Verona
446:Badia Fiesolana
414:Badia Fiesolana
406:
401:
393:royal supremacy
261:religious order
233:service of the
194:Defense of the
138:Alma mater
115:
102:
98:
89:
76:
74:
73:
63:
56:Pietro Vermigli
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5246:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5126:
5123:William Haynes
5121:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5084:Josias Simmler
5082:
5079:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5010:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4975:
4974:External links
4972:
4971:
4970:
4950:
4943:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4920:
4907:
4889:(3): 373–386.
4878:
4872:
4841:
4835:
4822:
4782:
4764:(2): 155–167.
4753:
4747:
4727:
4721:
4704:
4675:
4646:
4640:
4609:
4603:
4595:Baker Academic
4583:
4577:
4546:
4525:
4519:
4506:
4485:
4479:
4466:
4460:
4429:
4423:
4392:
4386:
4355:
4349:
4332:
4326:
4297:
4291:
4262:
4249:
4227:
4221:
4195:"Introduction"
4186:
4180:
4163:
4157:
4144:
4138:
4107:
4087:
4074:
4068:
4051:
4045:
4032:
4026:
4009:
4003:
3972:
3966:
3949:
3943:
3912:
3906:
3886:
3871:
3865:
3834:
3828:
3815:
3809:
3776:
3770:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3724:, p. 488.
3714:
3712:, p. 180.
3699:
3687:
3675:
3660:
3658:, p. 374.
3648:
3640:Steinmetz 2001
3632:
3620:
3618:, p. 207.
3608:
3596:
3584:
3582:, p. 173.
3572:
3570:, p. 105.
3560:
3558:, p. 294.
3548:
3546:, p. 295.
3536:
3524:
3522:, p. 291.
3512:
3510:, p. 401.
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3462:, p. 358.
3452:
3450:, p. 360.
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3402:, p. 221.
3400:McLelland 1957
3392:
3390:, p. 185.
3388:McLelland 1957
3380:
3368:
3366:, p. 199.
3356:
3354:, p. 151.
3344:
3342:, p. 131.
3332:
3330:, p. 267.
3328:McLelland 1957
3320:
3318:, p. 123.
3308:
3306:, p. 129.
3296:
3284:
3282:, p. 189.
3272:
3270:, p. 496.
3260:
3258:, p. xix.
3248:
3236:
3234:, p. xvi.
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3150:, p. 2–3.
3140:
3128:
3126:, p. 284.
3116:
3104:
3088:
3086:, p. 172.
3076:
3074:, p. 487.
3061:
3049:
3047:, p. 480.
3037:
3022:
3018:McLelland 1957
3010:
3006:Steinmetz 2001
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2956:, p. 170.
2946:
2942:Steinmetz 2001
2930:
2918:
2901:
2889:
2885:Steinmetz 2001
2870:
2866:Steinmetz 2001
2854:
2842:
2838:McLelland 1957
2830:
2818:
2816:, p. 140.
2806:
2802:McLelland 1957
2794:
2788:, p. 93;
2778:
2772:, p. 10;
2762:
2750:
2738:
2723:
2707:
2705:, p. xxx.
2703:McLelland 2000
2692:
2680:
2672:Steinmetz 2001
2661:
2649:
2634:
2628:, p. 71;
2615:
2611:McLelland 1957
2600:
2598:, p. 137.
2588:
2576:
2564:
2558:, p. 80;
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2453:, p. 10;
2451:McLelland 1957
2443:
2431:
2429:, p. 290.
2415:
2413:, p. 282.
2403:
2391:
2379:
2377:, p. 271.
2367:
2355:
2343:
2341:, p. 249.
2331:
2329:, p. 239.
2319:
2307:
2305:, p. 221.
2295:
2293:, p. 213.
2283:
2281:, p. 206.
2268:
2266:, p. 193.
2256:
2254:, p. 107.
2252:Steinmetz 2001
2241:
2239:, p. 165.
2229:
2217:
2215:, p. 161.
2205:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2157:Steinmetz 2001
2149:
2147:, p. 136.
2134:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2093:, p. 128.
2083:
2081:, p. 127.
2068:
2066:, p. 125.
2056:
2054:, p. 195.
2050:, p. 28;
2040:
2028:
2026:, p. 118.
2016:
2012:McLelland 1957
2004:
2002:, p. 108.
1992:
1990:, p. 106.
1980:
1968:
1956:
1954:, p. 376.
1944:
1942:, p. 106.
1940:Steinmetz 2001
1932:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1815:
1813:, p. 240.
1803:
1801:, p. 235.
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1696:
1676:
1653:
1636:
1634:, translates:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1534:Richard Muller
1525:
1522:
1405:
1402:
1389:Johannes Brenz
1328:Anthony Marten
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1149:Johann Marbach
1126:
1123:
1039:married priest
1016:Lambeth Palace
926:Thomas Cranmer
899:
896:
859:, followed by
857:minor prophets
766:
763:
704:rector general
673:Thomas Aquinas
653:Church Fathers
614:Juan de Valdés
605:
602:
515:
512:
405:
402:
400:
397:
369:predestination
335:predestination
307:Thomas Cranmer
287:Church Fathers
283:Ulrich Zwingli
203:
202:
199:
198:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
103:
101:(aged 63)
95:
91:
90:
77:
71:
69:
65:
64:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5245:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5118:
5107:
5106:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5056:Richard Smyth
5048:
5047:
5040:
5039:Richard Smyth
5034:
5029:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4966:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4657:(1): 87–104.
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3896:. New Haven:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:(2): 325–340.
3883:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3710:Donnelly 1976
3706:
3704:
3697:, p. 62.
3696:
3695:Benedict 2002
3691:
3684:
3683:Donnelly 1976
3679:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3656:Neelands 2009
3652:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3628:Donnelly 1976
3624:
3617:
3616:Donnelly 1976
3612:
3605:
3604:Baschera 2007
3600:
3594:, p. 50.
3593:
3592:Benedict 2002
3588:
3581:
3580:Donnelly 1976
3576:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3534:, p. 96.
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3486:, p. 70.
3485:
3480:
3474:, p. 65.
3473:
3468:
3461:
3460:Neelands 2009
3456:
3449:
3448:Neelands 2009
3444:
3438:, p. 64.
3437:
3432:
3426:, p. 62.
3425:
3420:
3414:, p. 33.
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3256:Donnelly 1995
3252:
3245:
3244:Donnelly 1995
3240:
3233:
3232:Donnelly 1995
3228:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3186:, p. xv.
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3138:, p. 52.
3137:
3132:
3125:
3124:Balserak 2009
3120:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3084:Donnelly 1976
3080:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3059:, p. 98.
3058:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3020:, p. 63.
3019:
3014:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2980:, p. 87.
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2916:, p. 12.
2915:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2850:Anderson 1996
2846:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2774:Anderson 1996
2771:
2766:
2760:, p. 93.
2759:
2754:
2748:, p. 92.
2747:
2742:
2736:, p. 10.
2735:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2690:, p. 90.
2689:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2659:, p. 89.
2658:
2653:
2647:, p. 71.
2646:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2613:, p. 16.
2612:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2574:, p. 54.
2573:
2568:
2562:, p. 53.
2561:
2557:
2556:Anderson 1975
2552:
2546:, p. 53.
2545:
2540:
2534:, p. 49.
2533:
2528:
2522:, p. 60.
2521:
2516:
2510:, p. 50.
2509:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2493:, p. 97.
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2469:, p. 38.
2468:
2463:
2457:, p. 38.
2456:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2389:, p. 39.
2388:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2227:, p. 32.
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2187:, p. 40.
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2132:, p. 30.
2131:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2038:, p. 28.
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1966:, p. 63.
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1930:, p. 62.
1929:
1924:
1918:, p. 60.
1917:
1912:
1906:, p. 56.
1905:
1900:
1894:, p. 53.
1893:
1888:
1882:, p. 14.
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1607:
1605:
1604:Cotton Mather
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:Loci Communes
1577:
1576:
1575:Paradise Lost
1571:
1567:
1566:Loci Communes
1562:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:typologically
1335:
1333:
1332:Loci Communes
1329:
1325:
1324:Loci Communes
1321:
1316:
1315:Robert Masson
1312:
1308:
1307:Loci Communes
1304:
1303:Loci Communes
1297:
1296:Loci Communes
1292:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1273:Josias Simler
1270:
1266:
1265:Conrad Gesner
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Theodore Beza
1234:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Marian exiles
1138:
1137:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:Cardinal Pole
1102:
1100:
1099:Privy Council
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Christ Church
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:1 Corinthians
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:Richard Smyth
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:. Archbishop
923:
919:
913:
909:
904:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:, succeeding
850:
849:Senior School
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
788:
785:
781:
777:
772:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
719:
715:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
611:
601:
599:
595:
594:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
561:from a local
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:Vermigli was
511:
509:
505:
504:Reginald Pole
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:scholasticism
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
410:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Old Testament
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
242:Loci Communes
239:
238:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
200:
197:
193:
191:Notable ideas
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
40:
33:
30:
19:
5128:
5102:
5071:
5044:
4963:
4946:
4938:
4911:
4886:
4882:
4854:
4826:
4806:. Retrieved
4792:
4761:
4757:
4734:
4712:
4683:
4679:
4654:
4650:
4622:
4590:
4559:
4531:
4510:
4489:
4470:
4442:
4405:
4368:
4340:
4307:
4272:
4255:the original
4232:
4203:
4167:
4148:
4120:
4078:
4059:
4036:
4013:
3985:
3953:
3925:
3893:
3881:
3875:
3847:
3819:
3786:
3748:
3717:
3690:
3685:, p. 3.
3678:
3651:
3646:, p. 4.
3635:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3340:Schantz 2004
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3102:, p. 2.
3091:
3079:
3052:
3040:
3013:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2933:
2921:
2892:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2828:, p. 9.
2821:
2809:
2797:
2786:Overell 1984
2781:
2765:
2758:Overell 1984
2753:
2746:Overell 1984
2741:
2710:
2688:Overell 1984
2683:
2657:Overell 1984
2652:
2645:Methuen 2009
2626:Methuen 2009
2591:
2586:, p. 8.
2579:
2567:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2486:
2481:, p. 4.
2474:
2462:
2446:
2441:, p. 3.
2434:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2317:, p. 7.
2310:
2298:
2286:
2259:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2152:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2059:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2014:, p. 3.
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1952:Zuidema 2011
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1880:Zuidema 2008
1875:
1806:
1794:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1747:Paolo Lacizi
1741:
1732:
1723:
1699:
1679:
1672:Peter Martyr
1656:
1637:
1622:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1506:
1484:
1477:
1459:
1456:
1454:or tropism.
1431:
1407:
1392:
1381:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1269:Grossmünster
1241:queen mother
1230:
1206:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1134:
1128:
1103:
1087:
1080:
1053:
1051:
1023:
1009:
954:
916:
877:
861:Lamentations
818:
789:
768:
751:Paolo Lacizi
723:
691:
677:
639:
624:Martin Bucer
617:
607:
591:
588:
548:
517:
500:Pietro Bembo
454:
419:
366:
347:
331:Marian exile
279:Martin Bucer
272:
254:
241:
236:
207:
206:
164:
99:(1562-11-12)
55:
29:
5168:1562 deaths
5163:1499 births
4808:22 December
4686:(1): 9–19.
3496:Sytsma 2018
3484:Muller 2008
3472:Muller 2008
3436:Muller 2008
3424:Muller 2008
3376:Boutin 2009
3364:Boutin 2009
3316:Wright 2009
3304:Wright 2009
3292:Rester 2013
3033:McNair 1994
2990:Venema 2002
2978:Venema 2002
2966:Venema 2002
2914:McNair 1994
2897:McNair 1994
2826:McNair 1994
2790:Taplin 2004
2770:McNair 1994
2734:McNair 1994
2719:Taplin 2004
2630:Taplin 2004
2584:McNair 1994
2427:McNair 1967
2423:Taplin 2004
2411:McNair 1967
2399:McNair 1967
2375:McNair 1967
2363:McNair 1967
2351:McNair 1967
2339:McNair 1967
2327:McNair 1967
2315:McNair 1994
2303:McNair 1967
2291:McNair 1967
2279:McNair 1967
2264:McNair 1967
2237:McNair 1967
2213:McNair 1967
2201:Sytsma 2018
2115:McNair 1967
2103:McNair 1967
2091:McNair 1967
2079:McNair 1967
2064:McNair 1967
2024:McNair 1967
1976:McNair 1967
1964:McNair 1967
1928:McNair 1967
1916:McNair 1967
1904:McNair 1967
1892:McNair 1967
1868:Taplin 2004
1708: [
1688: [
1600:John Cotton
1596:New England
1570:John Milton
1508:City of God
1452:memorialism
1257:Last Supper
1222:their faith
1209:John Calvin
1065:John Hooper
1043:Fish Street
997:Richard Cox
973:disputation
644: [
381:reprobation
373:John Calvin
231:Eucharistic
175:Reformation
120:Nationality
5157:Categories
5139:1550–1553
5109:1541–1542
5078:1556–1562
5050:1548–1554
4820:required.)
4239:. Oxford:
4170:. Oxford:
3791:. Oxford:
3671:Kirby 2009
3644:James 1998
3568:Kirby 2010
3556:Kirby 2004
3544:Kirby 2004
3532:Kirby 2010
3520:Kirby 2004
3508:Kirby 2009
3412:James 1998
3172:Campi 2014
3160:Campi 2009
3136:Hobbs 2009
3002:James 1998
2954:James 2007
2938:James 1998
2926:Campi 2009
2881:James 1998
2862:James 1998
2814:Kirby 2009
2715:Kirby 2009
2676:James 1998
2596:Kirby 2009
2572:Hobbs 2009
2560:Hobbs 2009
2544:Hobbs 2009
2532:Hobbs 2009
2520:Hobbs 2009
2508:Hobbs 2009
2491:Campi 2009
2479:James 1998
2467:Hobbs 2009
2455:Hobbs 2009
2439:James 1998
2387:James 1998
2197:James 1998
2185:James 1998
2173:James 1998
2161:James 1998
2145:Kirby 2009
2052:James 1998
2000:James 1998
1988:James 1998
1811:Kirby 2007
1799:Kirby 2007
1787:References
1628:Roy Strong
1503:Henry VIII
1448:Anabaptist
1439:became man
1385:ubiquitous
1243:of France
1202:Heidelberg
1166:John Jewel
1020:vernacular
977:St Andrews
845:Strasbourg
808:by way of
692:spirituali
675:at Padua.
619:spirituali
327:Queen Mary
299:Strasbourg
274:spirituali
223:Protestant
152:Ordination
60:Hans Asper
5129:Canon of
5103:Prior of
4903:159676280
4778:171529953
4700:159808893
4589:(2008) .
4542:849189667
4097:cite book
3280:Amos 2009
1474:reprobate
1313:minister
1255:" at the
1251:' words "
1162:Carolinum
1111:Elizabeth
1085:in 1552.
1077:John Foxe
1073:canon law
1030:Pentecost
930:Charles V
918:Edward VI
912:Jos Murer
873:Leviticus
684:purgatory
488:Augustine
481:Thomistic
473:Aristotle
471:to study
457:Dominican
354:Lutherans
339:Lutherans
291:salvation
5133:, First
5017:LibriVox
4956:(1911).
4852:(eds.).
4733:(2001).
4620:(eds.).
4557:(eds.).
4494:Eerdmans
4440:(eds.).
4403:(eds.).
4366:(eds.).
4201:(eds.).
4193:(2009).
4118:(eds.).
3983:(eds.).
3923:(eds.).
3892:(2002).
3845:(eds.).
3746:(eds.).
1404:Theology
1397:dialogue
1345:quadriga
1311:Huguenot
1213:Erasmian
1155:and the
1069:surplice
630:and the
576:convents
520:ordained
422:Florence
257:Florence
255:Born in
216:Catholic
79:Florence
18:Vermigli
5135:Prebend
4991:at the
4711:(ed.).
4671:2540841
4502:4337417
4339:(ed.).
3731:Sources
1778:Thalwil
1662:Italian
1181:(right)
1045:at the
932:in the
908:woodcut
865:Genesis
810:Ferrara
720:in 1541
636:Zwingli
628:Gospels
572:Spoleto
532:Brescia
444:at the
329:. As a
124:Italian
4918:
4901:
4870:
4833:
4814:
4776:
4745:
4719:
4698:
4669:
4638:
4601:
4575:
4540:
4517:
4500:
4477:
4458:
4421:
4384:
4347:
4324:
4289:
4247:
4219:
4178:
4155:
4136:
4085:
4066:
4043:
4024:
4001:
3964:
3941:
3904:
3863:
3826:
3807:
3768:
1524:Legacy
1487:virtue
1425:
1347:method
1226:
1194:Samuel
1177:(left)
1131:Judges
1057:'s
999:, the
981:Leuven
965:lenten
963:, and
950:Oxford
871:, and
869:Exodus
827:, and
814:Verona
806:Zürich
793:Masses
757:, and
741:, and
634:, and
632:Psalms
563:Jewish
559:Hebrew
540:Advent
506:, and
459:Saint
442:novice
362:Heaven
343:Zürich
105:Zürich
62:, 1560
4899:S2CID
4774:S2CID
4696:S2CID
4667:JSTOR
4258:(PDF)
4237:(PDF)
3754:Brill
1712:]
1692:]
1615:Notes
1377:folio
1280:Works
1261:fever
1249:Jesus
1198:Kings
880:canon
833:Basel
730:Lucca
718:prior
648:]
568:abbot
551:vicar
544:Homer
496:Greek
469:Padua
430:Latin
269:prior
265:abbot
235:1552
219:Italy
58:, by
4916:ISBN
4868:ISBN
4831:ISBN
4810:2015
4743:ISBN
4717:ISBN
4636:ISBN
4599:ISBN
4573:ISBN
4538:OCLC
4515:ISBN
4498:OCLC
4475:ISBN
4456:ISBN
4419:ISBN
4382:ISBN
4345:ISBN
4322:ISBN
4287:ISBN
4245:ISBN
4217:ISBN
4176:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4134:ISBN
4103:link
4083:ISBN
4064:ISBN
4041:ISBN
4022:ISBN
3999:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3939:ISBN
3902:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3824:ISBN
3805:ISBN
3766:ISBN
1602:and
1501:and
1196:and
991:and
892:Metz
812:and
797:Pisa
700:Rome
538:and
536:Lent
490:and
412:The
399:Life
281:and
267:and
155:1525
94:Died
68:Born
5015:at
5000:at
4982:at
4891:doi
4860:doi
4799:doi
4766:doi
4688:doi
4659:doi
4628:doi
4565:doi
4448:doi
4411:doi
4374:doi
4314:doi
4279:doi
4209:doi
4126:doi
3991:doi
3931:doi
3853:doi
3797:doi
3758:doi
1664:is
1117:in
1079:as
1028:at
948:at
910:by
882:of
728:in
671:or
638:'s
467:in
377:God
321:of
313:at
171:Era
5159::
4962:.
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4887:13
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4866:.
4791:.
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