22:
167:
according to
Richard Amasino, Lysenko inaccurately asserted that the vernalized state could be inherited, i.e. the offspring of a vernalized plant would behave as if they themselves had also been vernalized and would not require vernalization in order to flower quickly. Opposing this view and supporting Lysenko's claim, Xiuju Li and Yongsheng Liu have detailed experimental evidence from the USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria and China that shows the conversion between spring wheat and winter wheat, positing that "it is not unreasonable to postulate
207:
124:, farmers observed a traditional distinction between "winter cereals", whose seeds require chilling (to trigger their subsequent emergence and growth), and "spring cereals", whose seeds can be sown in spring, and germinate, and then flower soon thereafter. Scientists in the early 19th century had discussed how some plants needed cold temperatures to flower. In 1857 an American agriculturist
60:, or by an artificial equivalent. After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of growth before they will actually do so. The term is sometimes used to refer to the need of herbal (non-woody) plants for a period of cold dormancy in order to produce new shoots and leaves, but this usage is discouraged.
158:
meaning Spring). After
Lysenko the term was used to explain the ability of flowering in some plants after a period of chilling due to physiological changes and external factors. The formal definition was given in 1960 by a French botanist P. Chouard, as "the acquisition or acceleration of the ability
285:
expression through chromatin remodeling. Levels of VRN2 protein increase during long-term cold exposure as a result of inhibition of VRN2 turnover via its N-degron. The events of histone deacetylation at Lysine 9 and 14 followed by methylation at Lys 9 and 27 is associated with the vernalization
166:
drew wide attention due to its practical consequences for
Russian agriculture. Severe cold and lack of winter snow had destroyed many early winter wheat seedlings. By treating wheat seeds with moisture as well as cold, Lysenko induced them to bear a crop when planted in spring. Later however,
67:
climates require vernalization and must experience a period of low winter temperature to initiate or accelerate the flowering process. This ensures that reproductive development and seed production occurs in spring and winters, rather than in autumn. The needed cold is often expressed in
224:("thale cress") is a much-studied model for vernalization. Some ecotypes (varieties), called "winter annuals", have delayed flowering without vernalization; others ("summer annuals") do not. The genes that underlie this difference in plant physiology have been intensively studied.
426:
Sung, Sibum; He, Yuehui; Eshoo, Tifani W; Tamada, Yosuke; Johnson, Lianna; Nakahigashi, Kenji; Goto, Koji; Jacobsen, Steve E; Amasino, Richard M (2006). "Epigenetic maintenance of the vernalized state in
Arabidopsis thaliana requires LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1".
132:
who made a detailed discussion in his 1918 paper. Gassner was the first to systematically differentiate the specific requirements of winter plants from those of summer plants, and also that early swollen germinating seeds of winter cereals are sensitive to cold.
174:
Early research on vernalization focused on plant physiology; the increasing availability of molecular biology has made it possible to unravel its underlying mechanisms. For example, a lengthening daylight period (longer days),
1338:
Devernalization can be brought about by high temperatures ... Onion sets ... are ... ready to flower ... temperatures above 26.7 °C (80 °F) ..., however, shifts the sets to the desired bulb-forming
1014:
Gibbs, DJ; Tedds, HM; Labandera, AM; Bailey, M; White, MD; Hartman, S; Sprigg, C; Mogg, SL; Osborne, R; Dambire, C; Boeckx, T; Paling, Z; Voesenek, LACJ; Flashman, E; Holdsworth, MJ (21 December 2018).
128:, Secretary of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, reported the importance and effect of winter temperature on the germination of wheat. One of the most significant works was by a German plant physiologist
235:
transition (flower stalk elongates), then the floral transition (first flower appears). Bolting is a robust predictor of flower formation, and hence a good indicator for vernalization research.
336:
growers store sets at low temperatures, but devernalize them before planting, because they want the plant's energy to go into enlarging its bulb (underground stem), not making flowers.
246:
appears to confer competence to respond to floral inductive signals. A vernalized meristem retains competence for as long as 300 days in the absence of an inductive signal.
324:
pathway. A day-length mechanism is also important. Vernalization response works in concert with the photo-periodic genes CO, FT, PHYA, CRY2 to induce flowering.
83:
species, a period of cold is needed first to induce dormancy and then later, after the requisite period, re-emerge from that dormancy prior to flowering. Many
257:), which binds to and represses genes that promote flowering, thus blocking flowering. Winter annual ecotypes of Arabidopsis have an active copy of the gene
1074:
179:
cold temperatures are required for winter wheat plants to go from the vegetative to the reproductive state; the three interacting genes are called
144: : "jarovization") to describe a chilling process he used to make the seeds of winter cereals behave like spring cereals (from яровой :
916:"The FRIGIDA Complex Activates Transcription ofFLC, a Strong Flowering Repressor in Arabidopsis, by Recruiting Chromatin Modification Factors"
332:
It is possible to devernalize a plant by exposure to sometimes low and high temperatures subsequent to vernalization. For example, commercial
765:
Trevaskis, Ben; Hemming, Megan N.; Dennis, Elizabeth S. (August 2007). "The molecular basis of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals".
1200:
Angel, Andrew; Song, Jie; Dean, Caroline; Howard, Martin (2011). "A Polycomb-based switch underlying quantitative epigenetic memory".
154:
meaning ardent, fiery, associated with the god of spring). Lysenko himself translated the term into "vernalization" (from the Latin
1552:
1506:
497:"Attenuation of FLOWERING LOCUS C activity as a mechanism for the evolution of summer-annual flowering behavior in Arabidopsis"
1243:
Crevillén, Pedro; Yang, Hongchun; Cui, Xia; Greeff, Christiaan; Trick, Martin; Qiu, Qi; Cao, Xiaofeng; Dean, Caroline (2014).
963:
Sung, Sibum; Amasino, Richard M. (2004). "Vernalization in
Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by the PHD finger protein VIN3".
600:
479:
1542:
1386:
1017:"Oxygen-dependent proteolysis regulates the stability of angiosperm polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit VERNALIZATION 2"
1359:
1578:
1149:
Heo, J. B.; Sung, S. (2011). "Vernalization-Mediated
Epigenetic Silencing by a Long Intronic Noncoding RNA".
365:
Sokolski, K.; Dovholuk, A.; Dovholuk, L.; Faletra, P. (1997). "Axenic seed culture and micropropagation of
269:
expression, thus repression of flowering. Prolonged exposure to cold (vernalization) induces expression of
1071:
914:
Choi, Kyuha; Kim, Juhyun; Hwang, Hyun-Ju; Kim, Sanghee; Park, Chulmin; Kim, Sang Yeol; Lee, Ilha (2011).
709:"The conversion of spring wheat into winter wheat and vice versa: false claim or Lamarckian inheritance?"
72:. Typical vernalization temperatures are between 1 and 7 degrees Celsius (34 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit).
21:
1588:
1583:
1557:
1300:
1092:"Antisense COOLAIR mediates the coordinated switching of chromatin states atFLCduring vernalization"
1379:
830:"The significance of bolting and floral transitions as indicators of reproductive phase change in
1537:
1245:"Epigenetic reprogramming that prevents trans-generational inheritance of the vernalized state"
345:
232:
121:
1354:
140:
published his works on the effects of cold on cereal seeds, and coined the term "яровизация" (
1516:
125:
298:
transcripts. Vernalization is registered by the plant by the stable silencing of individual
290:
by chromatin remodeling is also thought to involve the cold-induced expression of antisense
1256:
1158:
1103:
1028:
972:
508:
220:
211:
100:
69:
803:
8:
1450:
1372:
1260:
1162:
1107:
1032:
976:
575:
512:
409:
171:
that could plausibly result in the conversion of spring to winter wheat or vice versa."
1277:
1244:
1225:
1182:
1126:
1091:
1049:
1016:
996:
940:
915:
744:
526:
452:
378:
1445:
684:
659:
539:
496:
1547:
1419:
1282:
1229:
1217:
1174:
1131:
1054:
988:
945:
896:
891:
874:
855:
782:
736:
728:
708:
689:
635:
618:
596:
544:
475:
444:
1186:
748:
1501:
1272:
1264:
1209:
1166:
1121:
1111:
1044:
1036:
1000:
980:
935:
927:
886:
845:
774:
720:
679:
671:
627:
571:
534:
516:
456:
436:
405:
302:
163:
76:
778:
1475:
1455:
1322:
1078:
590:
495:
Michaels, Scott D.; He, Yuehui; Scortecci, Katia C.; Amasino, Richard M. (2003).
49:
1460:
1409:
1040:
206:
137:
129:
91:
87:
37:
724:
631:
43:
1572:
1424:
732:
1170:
1116:
521:
1496:
1414:
1286:
1221:
1178:
1135:
1058:
992:
949:
931:
900:
859:
786:
740:
693:
675:
639:
548:
448:
1470:
1465:
850:
829:
168:
150:
1268:
1213:
984:
396:
Chouard, P. (June 1960). "Vernalization and its relations to dormancy".
382:
1511:
1395:
530:
309:
during embryogenesis prevents the inheritance of the vernalized state.
84:
80:
1090:
Csorba, Tibor; Questa, Julia I.; Sun, Qianwen; Dean, Caroline (2014).
1072:
http://www.jic.ac.uk/news/2014/10/plants-require-coolair-flower-spring
112:, must go through a prolonged period of cold before flowering occurs.
64:
474:. Sunderland, Massachusetts (USA): Sinauer Associates. p. 605.
1491:
1429:
562:
Chouard, P. (1960). "Vernalization and its
Relations to Dormancy".
440:
243:
95:
26:
660:"Vernalization, Competence, and the Epigenetic Memory of Winter"
364:
105:
57:
53:
249:
At the molecular level, flowering is repressed by the protein
1364:
333:
109:
1355:
https://www.jic.ac.uk/staff/caroline-dean/vernalization.htm
616:
Roll-Hansen, Nils (1985). "A new perspective on
Lysenko?".
494:
1013:
231:
occurs by a sequence of two related events: first, the
1242:
764:
595:. Cambridge (UK): Woodhead Publishing. p. 121.
115:
1199:
1089:
215:rosette before vernalization, with no floral spike
425:
1570:
956:
875:"Seasonal and developmental timing of flowering"
827:
1096:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
913:
588:
501:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
828:Pouteau, Sylvie; Albertini, Catherine (2009).
1380:
56:process by exposure to the prolonged cold of
1142:
760:
758:
962:
615:
305:. The removal of silent chromatin marks at
1387:
1373:
823:
821:
589:Poltronieri, Palmiro; Hong, Yiguo (2015).
469:
320:), vernalization must also activate a non-
198:
162:Lysenko's 1928 paper on vernalization and
1276:
1236:
1125:
1115:
1048:
939:
890:
849:
755:
683:
653:
651:
649:
609:
538:
520:
707:Li, Xiuju; Liu, Yongsheng (6 May 2010).
592:Applied Plant Genomics and Biotechnology
205:
20:
16:Induction of a plant's flowering process
1553:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
1507:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
1148:
872:
818:
798:
796:
657:
561:
395:
29:require vernalization before flowering.
1571:
1083:
646:
421:
419:
389:
286:response. The epigenetic silencing of
1368:
1193:
706:
470:Taiz, Lincoln; Murphy, Angus (2015).
1543:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
1293:
793:
626:(3). Taylor & Francis: 261–278.
159:to flower by a chilling treatment."
576:10.1146/annurev.pp.11.060160.001203
416:
410:10.1146/annurev.pp.11.060160.001203
312:Since vernalization also occurs in
13:
327:
281:) polycomb-like complex to reduce
14:
1600:
1348:
564:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
398:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
227:The reproductive phase change of
116:History of vernalization research
52:') is the induction of a plant's
892:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04148.x
472:Plant Physiology and Development
1315:
1065:
1007:
907:
866:
700:
136:In 1928, the Soviet agronomist
1394:
1327:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
838:Journal of Experimental Botany
582:
555:
488:
463:
358:
1:
779:10.1016/j.tplants.2007.06.010
351:
7:
404:. Annual Reviews: 191–238.
339:
273:, which interacts with the
10:
1605:
1041:10.1038/s41467-018-07875-7
1558:Politicization of science
1530:
1484:
1438:
1402:
873:Amasino, Richard (2010).
725:10.1007/s12038-010-0035-1
632:10.1080/00033798500200201
271:VERNALIZATION INSENSTIVE3
148:, Tatar root ярый :
1579:Agricultural terminology
1360:Article in New Scientist
804:"Vernalisation response"
773:(8). Elsevier: 352–357.
1538:Bourgeois pseudoscience
1301:"Vernalisation pathway"
1171:10.1126/science.1197349
1117:10.1073/pnas.1419030111
767:Trends in Plant Science
522:10.1073/pnas.1531467100
242:, vernalization of the
932:10.1105/tpc.110.075911
713:Journal of Biosciences
676:10.1105/tpc.104.161070
346:Stratification (seeds)
216:
122:history of agriculture
42:
30:
1517:Mendelian inheritance
1077:23 April 2015 at the
1021:Nature Communications
209:
169:epigenetic mechanisms
126:John Hancock Klippart
63:Many plants grown in
24:
658:Amasino, R. (2004).
221:Arabidopsis thaliana
212:Arabidopsis thaliana
201:Arabidopsis thaliana
101:Arabidopsis thaliana
1451:Georgii Karpechenko
1269:10.1038/nature13722
1261:2014Natur.515..587C
1214:10.1038/nature10241
1163:2011Sci...331...76H
1108:2014PNAS..11116160C
1033:2018NatCo...9.5438G
985:10.1038/nature02195
977:2004Natur.427..159S
513:2003PNAS..10010102M
367:Cypripedium reginae
851:10.1093/jxb/erp173
265:), which promotes
217:
31:
1566:
1565:
1548:Pavlovian session
1420:Nikita Khrushchev
971:(6970): 159–163.
879:The Plant Journal
670:(10): 2553–2559.
619:Annals of Science
602:978-0-08-100068-7
481:978-1-60535-255-8
316:mutants (lacking
251:Flowering Locus C
238:In winter annual
94:, including some
1596:
1589:Winter phenomena
1584:Plant physiology
1389:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1255:(7528): 587–90.
1240:
1234:
1233:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1087:
1081:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1011:
1005:
1004:
960:
954:
953:
943:
911:
905:
904:
894:
870:
864:
863:
853:
825:
816:
815:
813:
811:
800:
791:
790:
762:
753:
752:
704:
698:
697:
687:
655:
644:
643:
613:
607:
606:
586:
580:
579:
559:
553:
552:
542:
524:
492:
486:
485:
467:
461:
460:
423:
414:
413:
393:
387:
386:
362:
164:plant physiology
77:perennial plants
25:Many species of
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1531:Soviet policies
1526:
1480:
1476:Nikolai Vavilov
1456:Zhores Medvedev
1446:Wacław Gajewski
1434:
1398:
1393:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1331:
1329:
1323:"Vernalization"
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1303:. Plant Biology
1299:
1298:
1294:
1241:
1237:
1208:(7358): 105–8.
1198:
1194:
1147:
1143:
1102:(45): 16160–5.
1088:
1084:
1079:Wayback Machine
1070:
1066:
1012:
1008:
961:
957:
912:
908:
871:
867:
844:(12): 3367–77.
826:
819:
809:
807:
806:. Plant Biology
802:
801:
794:
763:
756:
705:
701:
656:
647:
614:
610:
603:
587:
583:
560:
556:
507:(17): 10102–7.
493:
489:
482:
468:
464:
429:Nature Genetics
424:
417:
394:
390:
363:
359:
354:
342:
330:
328:Devernalization
204:
118:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:Georgii Nadson
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:Trofim Lysenko
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1349:External links
1347:
1344:
1343:
1314:
1292:
1235:
1192:
1157:(6013): 76–9.
1141:
1082:
1064:
1006:
955:
926:(1): 289–303.
920:The Plant Cell
906:
885:(6): 1001–13.
865:
817:
792:
754:
719:(2): 321–325.
699:
664:The Plant Cell
645:
608:
601:
581:
570:(1): 191–238.
554:
487:
480:
462:
441:10.1038/ng1795
415:
388:
356:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
341:
338:
329:
326:
275:VERNALIZATION2
203:
197:
138:Trofim Lysenko
130:Gustav Gassner
117:
114:
88:winter annuals
48: 'of the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1601:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1522:Vernalization
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Hybridization
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Joseph Stalin
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
951:
947:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
902:
898:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
861:
857:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
833:
824:
822:
805:
799:
797:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
759:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
695:
691:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
652:
650:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
612:
604:
598:
594:
593:
585:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
550:
546:
541:
536:
532:
528:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
483:
477:
473:
466:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:(6): 706–10.
434:
430:
422:
420:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
384:
380:
377:(2): 172–82.
376:
372:
368:
361:
357:
347:
344:
343:
337:
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
225:
223:
222:
214:
213:
208:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
170:
165:
160:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:yarovizatsiya
139:
134:
131:
127:
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
45:
39:
35:
34:Vernalization
28:
23:
19:
1521:
1497:Heritability
1415:J. D. Bernal
1337:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1295:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1067:
1024:
1020:
1009:
968:
964:
958:
923:
919:
909:
882:
878:
868:
841:
837:
831:
808:. Retrieved
770:
766:
716:
712:
702:
667:
663:
623:
617:
611:
591:
584:
567:
563:
557:
504:
500:
490:
471:
465:
432:
428:
401:
397:
391:
374:
370:
366:
360:
331:
321:
317:
313:
311:
306:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
248:
239:
237:
228:
226:
219:
218:
210:
200:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
161:
155:
149:
145:
141:
135:
119:
99:
74:
62:
41:
33:
32:
18:
1471:Tan Jiazhen
1466:Hans Stubbe
1403:Lysenkoists
1332:3 September
1027:(1): 5438.
832:Arabidopsis
292:FLC COOLAIR
240:Arabidopsis
229:A. thaliana
104:and winter
70:chill hours
1573:Categories
1512:Lamarckism
1439:Dissidents
1396:Lysenkoism
1307:26 January
810:26 January
352:References
177:as well as
85:monocarpic
81:fruit tree
79:, such as
36:(from
1230:205225603
733:0250-5991
92:biennials
75:For many
65:temperate
54:flowering
1492:Heredity
1485:Concepts
1430:VASKhNIL
1287:25219852
1222:21785438
1187:19127414
1179:21127216
1136:25349421
1075:Archived
1059:30575749
993:14712276
950:21282526
901:20409274
860:19502535
787:17629542
749:10527354
741:20689187
694:15466409
640:11620694
549:12904584
449:16682972
383:41760430
371:Selbyana
340:See also
244:meristem
108:such as
96:ecotypes
1278:4247276
1257:Bibcode
1159:Bibcode
1151:Science
1127:4234544
1104:Bibcode
1050:6303374
1029:Bibcode
1001:4418494
973:Bibcode
941:3051252
531:3147669
509:Bibcode
457:2855447
296:COLDAIR
259:FRIGIDA
233:bolting
120:In the
106:cereals
27:henbane
1339:phase.
1285:
1275:
1249:Nature
1228:
1220:
1202:Nature
1185:
1177:
1134:
1124:
1057:
1047:
999:
991:
965:Nature
948:
938:
899:
858:
785:
747:
739:
731:
692:
685:520954
682:
638:
599:
547:
540:187779
537:
529:
478:
455:
447:
381:
187:, and
156:vernum
151:yaryiy
146:yarvoy
58:winter
50:spring
44:vernus
1226:S2CID
1183:S2CID
997:S2CID
745:S2CID
527:JSTOR
453:S2CID
379:JSTOR
334:onion
110:wheat
40:
38:Latin
1334:2023
1309:2011
1283:PMID
1218:PMID
1175:PMID
1132:PMID
1055:PMID
989:PMID
946:PMID
897:PMID
856:PMID
812:2011
783:PMID
737:PMID
729:ISSN
690:PMID
636:PMID
597:ISBN
545:PMID
476:ISBN
445:PMID
303:loci
279:VRN2
193:VRN3
185:VRN2
181:VRN1
90:and
1273:PMC
1265:doi
1253:515
1210:doi
1206:476
1167:doi
1155:331
1122:PMC
1112:doi
1100:111
1045:PMC
1037:doi
981:doi
969:427
936:PMC
928:doi
887:doi
846:doi
775:doi
721:doi
680:PMC
672:doi
628:doi
572:doi
535:PMC
517:doi
505:100
437:doi
406:doi
369:".
322:FLC
318:FLC
314:flc
307:FLC
300:FLC
294:or
288:FLC
283:FLC
267:FLC
263:FRI
255:FLC
199:In
195:).
98:of
1575::
1336:.
1325:.
1281:.
1271:.
1263:.
1251:.
1247:.
1224:.
1216:.
1204:.
1181:.
1173:.
1165:.
1153:.
1130:.
1120:.
1110:.
1098:.
1094:.
1053:.
1043:.
1035:.
1023:.
1019:.
995:.
987:.
979:.
967:.
944:.
934:.
924:23
922:.
918:.
895:.
883:61
881:.
877:.
854:.
842:60
840:.
836:.
820:^
795:^
781:.
771:12
769:.
757:^
743:.
735:.
727:.
717:35
715:.
711:.
688:.
678:.
668:16
666:.
662:.
648:^
634:.
624:42
622:.
568:11
566:.
543:.
533:.
525:.
515:.
503:.
499:.
451:.
443:.
433:38
431:.
418:^
402:11
400:.
375:18
373:.
189:FT
183:,
1388:e
1381:t
1374:v
1311:.
1289:.
1267::
1259::
1232:.
1212::
1189:.
1169::
1161::
1138:.
1114::
1106::
1061:.
1039::
1031::
1025:9
1003:.
983::
975::
952:.
930::
903:.
889::
862:.
848::
834:"
814:.
789:.
777::
751:.
723::
696:.
674::
642:.
630::
605:.
578:.
574::
551:.
519::
511::
484:.
459:.
439::
412:.
408::
385:.
277:(
261:(
253:(
191:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
