525:
4659:
732:
622:
synthesis of the virulence factors useless. However, when fucose concentration decreases because bacterial cells find an unprotected area of the epithelium, then the expression of LEE genes will not be repressed by FusR, and KpdE will strongly activate them. In summary, the combined effect of the QseC/QseF and FusKR provide a fine-tuning system of LEE expression which saves energy and allow the mechanisms of virulence to be expressed only when the chances of success are higher.
748:
4670:
4690:
4700:
4680:
4649:
463:
657:
546:
280:. The subsequent production of toxins mediates the bloody diarrhea. In children, a complication can be hemolytic uremic syndrome which then uses cytotoxins to attack the cells in the gut, so that bacteria can leak out into the blood and cause endothelial injury in locations such as the kidney by binding to globotriaosylceramide (Gb3).
723:
FusR: is encoded by the z0463 gene. This gene is a repressor of LEE genes. When z0462 gene detects fucose, phosphorylates and activates the Z0463 gene, which will repress the expression of 'le r', the regulator of the LEE genes. If z0463 gene is not active, the expression of the gene ler would not be
755:
With low levels of fucose in the environment, the FusKR system is inactive, and this means that z0461 gene is transcribed, thus increasing the metabolism of fucose. Furthermore, a low concentration of fucose is an indication of unprotected epithelium, thus the repression of ler genes will disappear
621:
Thus when EHEC enters the gut there is a competition between the signals coming from QseC and QseF, and the signal coming from FusK. The first two would like to activate virulence, but Fusk stops it because the mucous layer, which is a source of fucose, isolates enterocytes from bacteria making the
617:
As a result, QseC phosphorylates QseB (which activates flagella), KpdE (which activates the LEE) and QseF. QseE phosphorylates QseF. The products QseBC and QseEF repress the expression of FusK and FusR. FusK and FusR are the two components of a system to repress the transcription of the LEE genes.
259:
with severe abdominal pain. Serotype O157:H7 may trigger an infectious dose with 100 bacterial cells or fewer; other strain such as 104:H4 has also caused an outbreak in
Germany 2011. Infections are most common in warmer months and in children under five years of age and are usually acquired from
214:. This strain has both enteroaggregative and enterohemorrhagic properties. Both the O145 and O104 strains can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS); the former strain shown to account for 2% to 51% of known HUS cases; an estimated 56% of such cases are caused by O145 and 14% by other EHEC strains.
630:
Shiga toxins are a major virulence factor of EHEC. The toxins interact with intestinal epithelium and can cause systematic complications in humans like HUS and cerebral dysfunction if they enter the circulation. In EHEC, Shiga toxins are encoded by lysogenic bacteriophages. The toxins bind to
4279:
308:
the red and blue have often been treated as synonyms of the purple. At least one reference holds "EHEC" to be mutually exclusive of "VTEC" and "STEC", but this does not match common usage, as many more publications lump all of the latter in with the former.
240:, have been shown to induce the Stx-bearing bacteriophage and cause increased production of toxins. Attempts to block toxin production with antibacterials which target the ribosomal protein synthesis are conceptually more attractive.
739:
Fucose increases the activation of the FusKR system, which inhibits the z0461 gene, which controls the metabolism of fucose. This is a mechanisms that is useful to avoid the competition for fucose with other strains of
1676:
1661:
1646:
643:. The reason EHEC are symptomless in cattle is because the cattle do not have vascular expression of Gb3 unlike humans. Thus, the Shiga toxins cannot pass through the intestinal epithelium into circulation.
599:(LEE) encoded on its pathogenicity island. However, when EHEC is not in a host this expression is a waste of energy and resources, so it is only activated if some molecules are sensed in the environment.
316:, as the difference is negligible. Following this view, all "VTEC" (blue) should be called "STEC" (red). Historically, a different name was sometimes used because the toxins are not exactly the same as
202:, but non-O157 strains cause an estimated 36,000 illnesses, 1,000 hospitalizations and 30 deaths in the United States yearly. Food safety specialists recognize "Big Six" strains: O26; O45; O103; O111;
229:. The verocytotoxin (shiga-like toxin) can directly damage renal and endothelial cells. Thrombocytopenia occurs as platelets are consumed by clotting. Hemolytic anemia results from intravascular
248:(medications that suppress diarrhea by slowing bowel transit) in children under 10 years of age or in elderly patients should be avoided, as they increase the risk of HUS with EHEC infections.
4274:
837:
Scheutz F, Teel LD, Beutin L, Piérard D, Buvens G, Karch H, Mellmann A, Caprioli A, Tozzoli R, Morabito S, Strockbine NA, Melton-Celsa AR, Sanchez M, Persson S, O'Brien AD (September 2012).
614:
gene (AI3); whereas QseE senses adrenaline, noradrenaline, SO4 and PO4. These signals are a clear indication to the bacteria that they are no longer free in the environment, but in the gut.
681:
2022:
712:
This complex, formed by two components (FusK and FusR) has the function in EHEC to detect the presence of fucose in the environment and regulate the activation of LEE genes.
618:
FusK is a sensor kinase which is able to sense many sugars among which fucose. When fucose is present in the medium FusK phosphorylates FusR which represses LEE expression.
4442:
602:
When QseC or QseE bind with one of their interacting signalling molecule, they autophosphorylate and transfer its phosphate to the response regulator. QseC senses
1764:
744:
which are usually more efficient at using fucose as a carbon source. High concentrations of fucose in the medium also increases the repression of the LEE genes.
485:
528:
Scheme of the signalling cascade in EHEC where we can observe the effect of the sensing of some signalling molecules in the virulence of eneterohaemorragic
2015:
17:
4407:
1794:
971:"Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 target Peyer's patches in humans and cause attaching/effacing lesions in both human and bovine intestine"
4437:
4397:
564:
2008:
236:
Antibiotics are of questionable value and have not shown to be of clear clinical benefit. Antibiotics that interfere with DNA synthesis, such as
3574:
296:
is indicated by having the same color. Beyond that there is also some wider but variable synonymity. The first two (purple) in their narrowest
338:
is closer to the Shiga toxin. Practically, the choice of words and categories is not as important as the understanding of clinical relevance.
4329:
1769:
326:, down to every last amino acid residue, although by this logic every "STEC" would be a "VTEC". The line can also be drawn to use "STEC" for
4582:
4296:
4520:
1719:
312:
The current microbiology-based view on "Shiga-like toxin" (SLT) or "verotoxin" is that they should all be referred to as (versions of)
4358:
4402:
4264:
150:. This is because they lack vascular expression of the target receptor for Shiga toxins. The group and its subgroups are known by
4372:
56:
1939:
1759:
4363:
4311:
4216:
3188:
1779:
1744:
4734:
4703:
4566:
4377:
4306:
4231:
4050:
2838:
2583:
1949:
1913:
1774:
1255:
560:
1293:"Valid Presumption of Shiga Toxin-Mediated Damage of Developing Erythrocytes in EHEC-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome"
4554:
4432:
1865:
1784:
217:
EHECs that induce bloody diarrhea lead to HUS in 10% of cases. The clinical manifestations of postdiarrheal HUS include
3567:
2264:
1873:
1275:
1093:
Bae, Woo Kyun; Lee, Youn Kyoung; Cho, Min Seok; Ma, Seong Kwon; Kim, Soo Wan; Kim, Nam Ho; Choi, Ki Chul (2006-06-30).
180:
4571:
4530:
4495:
4480:
4462:
4387:
4166:
2392:
2035:
699:
582:
222:
166:
95:(or verotoxin). Only a minority of the strains cause illness in humans. The ones that do are collectively known as
4576:
4412:
4343:
4338:
2828:
1888:
839:"Multicenter evaluation of a sequence-based protocol for subtyping Shiga toxins and standardizing Stx nomenclature"
159:
4515:
4422:
4286:
4201:
3964:
2833:
2374:
1883:
790:
173:
724:
repressed. The expression of 'ler' activates the remaining genes in the pathogenicity island inducing virulence.
4544:
4417:
4254:
4221:
2406:
2000:
1712:
596:
3496:
4320:
3710:
3560:
2222:
1789:
1749:
1147:
785:
207:
30:"Enterohemorrhagic", meaning "causing bloody diarrhea", redirects here. For bloody diarrhea in general, see
4729:
4683:
4549:
3392:
2716:
2152:
264:
milk and juice. Initially a non-bloody diarrhea develops in patients after the bacterium attaches to the
4603:
4301:
4259:
3613:
3053:
3047:
2663:
1969:
4598:
3132:
1754:
1176:"Quinolone antibiotics induce Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages, toxin production, and death in mice"
1351:
4724:
4628:
4348:
2853:
2688:
2657:
2587:
2368:
2110:
1893:
1705:
1596:"[Expression and extracellular release of Shiga toxin in enterohemorrahgic Escherichia coli]"
672:
135:
4490:
3851:
3843:
3686:
3328:
3231:
3110:
2848:
2843:
2727:
2516:
2335:
2258:
2250:
1908:
1898:
211:
199:
4470:
4382:
3823:
3698:
3532:
3412:
3372:
3314:
3033:
2800:
2236:
2194:
131:
1021:
Pruimboom-Brees, I; Morgan, T; Ackermann, M; Nystrom, E; Samuel, J; Cornick, N; Moon, H (2000).
4538:
4458:
4353:
4176:
4055:
3348:
3266:
3225:
3221:
3102:
3096:
2863:
2573:
2508:
2302:
2208:
2180:
2114:
301:
1254:
Silva, Christopher J.; Brandon, David L.; Skinner, Craig B.; He, Xiaohua; et al. (2017),
4560:
4510:
4505:
4249:
3997:
3365:
3354:
3152:
2782:
2608:
2579:
2386:
2146:
2100:
1903:
1655:
1489:"[Adherence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 to human epithelial cells]"
809:
Current classifications consider the two identical, and only use the "Shiga toxin" name. See
203:
610:, and an Endonuclease I-SceIII, encoded by a mobile group I intron within the mitochondrial
4673:
3987:
3816:
3671:
3526:
3486:
3439:
3321:
2972:
2930:
2910:
2867:
2723:
2522:
2202:
1034:
518:
322:
8:
4633:
4392:
4090:
3504:
3449:
3118:
2994:
2939:
2887:
2806:
2749:
2702:
2637:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2188:
2174:
2043:
1680:
1446:"Enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli: even more subversive elements"
939:
218:
4689:
1038:
484:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
4291:
4244:
4186:
4070:
3742:
3492:
3403:
2904:
2893:
2814:
2758:
2546:
2244:
2230:
2160:
2137:
1685:
1547:
1475:
1427:
1402:
1327:
1292:
1119:
1094:
995:
970:
912:
887:
863:
838:
245:
317:
4618:
4427:
4113:
3747:
3732:
3714:
3628:
3477:
3443:
3307:
3239:
3002:
2980:
2949:
2400:
2166:
1989:
1878:
1617:
1582:
1539:
1510:
1467:
1462:
1445:
1432:
1379:
1371:
1332:
1314:
1271:
1236:
1197:
1124:
1070:
1065:
1052:
1022:
1000:
951:
917:
868:
667:
631:
cell-surface glycolipid receptor Gb3, which causes the cell to take the toxin in via
475:
143:
107:
51:
2921:
2878:
2773:
1479:
524:
4269:
4181:
4161:
4009:
3979:
3595:
3468:
3383:
3174:
3021:
3008:
2823:
2440:
2422:
2329:
2288:
2216:
2086:
1729:
1607:
1572:
1551:
1531:
1500:
1457:
1422:
1414:
1363:
1322:
1304:
1263:
1228:
1187:
1152:
1114:
1106:
1060:
1042:
990:
982:
907:
899:
858:
850:
717:
237:
226:
87:
1522:
Kaper, J.B.; J.P. Nataro & H.L. Mobley (2004). "Pathogenic
Escherichia coli".
1215:
Karch, Helge; Tarr, Phillip I.; Bielaszewska, Martina (2005). "Enterohaemorrhagic
4485:
4191:
4153:
4123:
3969:
3902:
3767:
3752:
3676:
3643:
3418:
3339:
3293:
3198:
3138:
3073:
3015:
2984:
2976:
2679:
2649:
2643:
2526:
2355:
2279:
2106:
727:
At the same time, the system FusKR inhibits the Z0461 gene, a fucose transporter.
277:
119:
115:
4693:
2030:
1267:
4608:
3772:
3737:
3633:
3518:
3168:
3162:
3025:
2763:
2294:
2061:
2031:
1954:
1934:
1232:
720:
sensor. It detects fucose and then phosphorylates the Z0463 gene activating it.
261:
241:
1670:
1174:
Zhang, X; McDaniel, AD; Wolf, LE; Keusch, GT; Waldor, MK; Acheson, DW (2000).
1110:
969:
Phillips, A; Navabpour, S; Hicks, S; Dougan, G; Wallis, T; Frankel, G (2000).
4718:
4613:
4133:
3941:
3802:
3782:
3693:
3658:
3514:
3430:
3257:
3212:
2953:
2945:
2788:
2555:
2466:
2320:
2126:
2092:
2067:
2052:
1984:
1418:
1375:
1318:
1056:
756:
and the expression of the LEE genes will allow to attack the adjacent cells.
636:
607:
123:
1367:
731:
4663:
4623:
4138:
3959:
3951:
3921:
3792:
3777:
3623:
3510:
3284:
2491:
2431:
2378:
2363:
2308:
1621:
1586:
1543:
1514:
1471:
1436:
1383:
1336:
1309:
1240:
1201:
1128:
1074:
1047:
1004:
955:
921:
872:
479:
147:
1577:
1560:
1023:"Cattle lack vascular receptors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxins"
940:"Shiga/verocytotoxins and Shiga/verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in animals"
747:
288:
Names of the group and its subgroups include the following. There is some
4653:
4239:
4196:
4128:
4108:
4085:
4060:
3864:
3859:
3837:
3830:
3787:
3757:
3727:
3583:
3084:
3039:
2990:
2694:
2446:
1825:
986:
903:
854:
632:
506:
313:
92:
1095:"A Case of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Caused by Escherichia coli O104:H4"
513:
of an EHEC strain depends on several factors, including the presence of
4454:
4206:
4171:
4100:
3887:
3762:
3722:
3591:
3552:
2458:
1979:
1964:
1929:
1810:
1612:
1595:
1561:"Zoonotic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: A One Health perspective"
1535:
1505:
1488:
886:
Croxen MA, Law RJ, Scholz R, Keeney KM, Wlodarska M, Finlay BB (2013).
603:
297:
265:
233:
deposition, increased fragility of red blood cells, and fragmentation.
1638:
888:"Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli"
4500:
4211:
4143:
4118:
4080:
4045:
4037:
4019:
4004:
3992:
3936:
3913:
3881:
3876:
3666:
3272:
3124:
2792:
2733:
2614:
1974:
1020:
780:
770:
640:
510:
154:. They are distinguished from other strains of intestinal pathogenic
127:
111:
31:
517:
in the medium, the sensing of this sugar and the activation of EHEC
4475:
4065:
4014:
3870:
3810:
3638:
3608:
2708:
1697:
1192:
1175:
289:
252:
244:
offers a controversial but possibly helpful treatment. The use of
130:(hence the name "enterohemorrhagic") and sometimes cause a severe
3931:
3648:
3618:
3299:
3245:
2599:
2564:
1521:
293:
256:
462:
4075:
4033:
3603:
2077:
1959:
1944:
1835:
1665:
1650:
765:
514:
251:
The clinical presentation ranges from a mild and uncomplicated
230:
139:
1400:
4029:
3681:
1558:
1260:
Shiga toxins: A Review of
Structure, Mechanism, and Detection
775:
305:
273:
269:
4648:
968:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1815:
3926:
1820:
535:
1403:"Initial adherence of EPEC, EHEC and VTEC to host cells"
1352:"Consequences of EHEC colonisation in humans and cattle"
836:
1173:
363:
hemolytic uremic syndrome–associated enterohemorrhagic
304:
of the others (red and blue), although in less precise
1290:
595:
EHEC becomes pathogenic through the expression of the
1253:
1214:
885:
1628:
716:
FusK: is encoded by the z0462 gene. This gene is an
4408:
2024 United
Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
1133:
Two sentences were taken from this source verbatim.
555:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
146:for EHEC because the colonised adult ruminants are
4716:
3476:
1401:Bardiau, M.; M. Szalo & J.G. Mainil (2010).
1349:
1256:"Structure of Shiga Toxins and Other AB5 Toxins"
1247:
1559:Garcia, A.; J.G. Fox & T.E. Besser (2010).
1027:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
933:
931:
639:, which inhibits protein synthesis and causes
3568:
2016:
1713:
1356:International Journal of Medical Microbiology
1221:International Journal of Medical Microbiology
4583:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
4398:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
4297:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1291:Detzner, J; Pohlentz, G; Müthing, J (2020).
928:
452:
4521:United Kingdom food information regulations
1593:
1486:
1092:
3575:
3561:
2023:
2009:
1720:
1706:
1443:
1208:
4359:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
1611:
1576:
1504:
1461:
1426:
1326:
1308:
1191:
1148:"Lawyer Battles FSIS on Non-O157 E. coli"
1118:
1064:
1046:
994:
911:
879:
862:
832:
830:
700:Learn how and when to remove this message
583:Learn how and when to remove this message
567:, without removing the technical details.
4403:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
4265:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
3582:
746:
730:
523:
4373:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
1770:2006 North American (multiple; O157:H7)
1145:
14:
4717:
4388:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
3965:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
1765:2006 North American (spinach; O157:H7)
1350:Smith, D; Naylor, S; Gally, D (2002).
937:
827:
536:Regulation of the pathogenicity island
3556:
3189:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
2004:
1701:
1141:
1139:
1088:
1086:
1084:
565:make it understandable to non-experts
4679:
4567:Institute for Food Safety and Health
4307:Australian meat substitution scandal
4275:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
4051:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
2574:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
1727:
1016:
1014:
650:
539:
456:
18:Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli
4699:
4555:Food Information and Control Agency
198:The best known of these strains is
24:
2036:Gram-negative bacterial infections
1394:
1180:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1136:
1081:
677:do we really need the ORF numbers?
330:-producing strains and "VTEC" for
25:
4746:
4572:International Food Safety Network
4496:International Food Safety Network
4217:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
4167:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
3894:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
2393:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
1011:
474:about rare STEC without LEE, see
223:microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
43:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
4698:
4688:
4678:
4669:
4668:
4657:
4647:
4577:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
4413:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
4344:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
4339:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2609:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
2584:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
1463:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07661.x
1444:Wong, A.R.; et al. (2011).
843:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
735:Inactivation of LEE genes ( ↑ )
655:
646:
544:
461:
4516:Quality Assurance International
4423:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
4393:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
4287:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
4202:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2375:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
1795:2024 United Kingdom (STEC O145)
1343:
1284:
1146:Mallove, Zach (26 April 2010).
791:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
625:
186:(EAEC), and diffusely adherent
85:) are strains of the bacterium
4545:European Food Safety Authority
4418:Food safety incidents in China
4255:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
4222:Water fluoridation controversy
2407:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
1940:Long-term evolution experiment
1167:
962:
803:
751:Activation of LEE genes ( ↓ )
597:locus of enterocyte effacement
13:
1:
2223:Flinders Island spotted fever
892:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
820:
193:
4550:Food and Drug Administration
4232:Food contamination incidents
3393:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
2717:Burkholderia cepacia complex
2153:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1262:, Springer, pp. 21–45,
210:was caused by another STEC,
118:of humans, they often cause
7:
4735:Infraspecific bacteria taxa
4604:Food and drink prohibitions
4378:Bihar school meal poisoning
4302:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
4260:1900 English beer poisoning
3614:Antibiotic use in livestock
3054:Far East scarlet-like fever
3048:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
2664:Chromobacteriosis infection
1268:10.1007/978-3-319-50580-0_3
759:
675:. The specific problem is:
396:shiga-like toxin–producing
10:
4751:
4599:Curing (food preservation)
3672:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1233:10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.06.009
810:
635:. The Shiga toxins target
334:-producing strains, since
151:
106:) and are major causes of
29:
4642:
4629:Genetically modified food
4591:
4529:
4481:Food labeling regulations
4453:
4349:2008 Chinese milk scandal
4230:
4152:
4099:
4028:
3978:
3950:
3912:
3801:
3709:
3657:
3590:
3467:
3429:
3402:
3382:
3338:
3283:
3256:
3211:
3185:
3149:
3081:
3072:
2964:
2929:
2920:
2877:
2854:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
2772:
2757:
2748:
2689:Burkholderia pseudomallei
2678:
2658:Chromobacterium violaceum
2625:
2598:
2588:Meningococcal septicaemia
2563:
2554:
2545:
2457:
2430:
2421:
2369:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
2354:
2319:
2278:
2136:
2125:
2076:
2060:
2051:
2042:
1922:
1864:
1803:
1737:
1632:
1111:10.3349/ymj.2006.47.3.437
786:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
453:Infectivity and virulence
300:are generally treated as
136:hemolytic-uremic syndrome
50:
42:
4491:Food safety in Australia
3687:High-fructose corn syrup
3329:Plesiomonas shigelloides
3111:Brazilian purpuric fever
2728:Bordetella parapertussis
2517:Bartonella bacilliformis
2336:Flea-borne spotted fever
2266:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2259:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2251:American tick bite fever
796:
429:verocytotoxin-producing
283:
208:2011 outbreak in Germany
4471:Acceptable daily intake
4383:2013 horse meat scandal
3824:Clostridium perfringens
3497:Guillain–Barré syndrome
3413:Cardiobacterium hominis
3373:Acinetobacter baumannii
3315:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
3034:Yersinia enterocolitica
2801:Klebsiella granulomatis
2237:African tick bite fever
2195:North Asian tick typhus
1760:2005 South Wales (O157)
1600:Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi
1493:Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi
1368:10.1078/1438-4221-00202
4539:Centre for Food Safety
4354:2008 Irish pork crisis
4056:Benzene in soft drinks
3349:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3267:Francisella tularensis
3226:Legionella longbeachae
3222:Legionella pneumophila
2864:Enterobacter aerogenes
2509:Bacillary angiomatosis
2303:Orientia tsutsugamushi
2209:Queensland tick typhus
2181:Japanese spotted fever
2115:Flying squirrel typhus
1780:2011 Germany (O104:H4)
1419:10.1051/vetres/2010029
1310:10.3390/toxins12060373
1048:10.1073/pnas.190329997
752:
736:
532:
472:is missing information
374:shiga toxin–producing
4561:Food Standards Agency
4511:Organic certification
4506:Nutrition facts label
4250:Esing Bakery incident
4038:environment pollution
3366:Moraxella catarrhalis
3232:Legionnaires' disease
3153:Pasteurella multocida
2783:Klebsiella pneumoniae
2580:Meningococcal disease
2387:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
2147:Rickettsia rickettsii
2111:Brill–Zinsser disease
2101:Rickettsia prowazekii
1578:10.1093/ilar.51.3.221
750:
734:
527:
292:involved. Invariable
4330:2006 North American
3988:Acesulfame potassium
3817:Campylobacter jejuni
3711:Intestinal parasites
3584:Consumer food safety
3527:Helicobacter cinaedi
3487:Campylobacter jejuni
3440:Aeromonas hydrophila
3322:Vibrio alginolyticus
2973:Shigella dysenteriae
2911:Citrobacter freundii
2868:Enterobacter cloacae
2724:Bordetella pertussis
2203:Rickettsia australis
1745:1993 Jack in the Box
1594:Shimizu, T. (2010).
1487:Tatsuno, I. (2007).
1219:in human medicine".
987:10.1136/gut.47.3.377
904:10.1128/CMR.00022-13
855:10.1128/JCM.00860-12
682:improve this section
671:to meet Knowledge's
519:pathogenicity island
407:verotoxin-producing
323:Shigella dysenteriae
4730:Foodborne illnesses
4634:Conspiracy theories
4187:Heterocyclic amines
4091:Shellfish poisoning
3505:Helicobacter pylori
2995:Bacillary dysentery
2940:Salmonella enterica
2888:Serratia marcescens
2807:Granuloma inguinale
2703:Burkholderia mallei
2638:Eikenella corrodens
2486:Bartonella quintana
2478:Cat-scratch disease
2472:Bartonella henselae
2189:Rickettsia sibirica
2175:Rickettsia japonica
1914:Verotoxin-producing
1775:2009 United Kingdom
1039:2000PNAS...9710325P
1033:(19): 10325–10329.
246:antimotility agents
219:acute renal failure
27:Strains of bacteria
4292:Toxic oil syndrome
4245:Swill milk scandal
4071:Diethylstilbestrol
3743:Diphyllobothriasis
3493:Campylobacteriosis
3404:Cardiobacteriaceae
2905:Citrobacter koseri
2815:Klebsiella oxytoca
2245:Rickettsia parkeri
2231:Rickettsia africae
2161:Rickettsia conorii
1874:Enteroaggregative
1785:2015 United States
1613:10.3412/jsb.65.297
1536:10.1038/nrmicro818
1506:10.3412/jsb.62.247
938:Mainil, J (1999),
753:
737:
533:
440:verocytotoxigenic
352:enterohemorrhagic
260:uncooked beef and
181:enteroaggregative
97:enterohemorrhagic
57:Infectious disease
4712:
4711:
4619:Food preservation
4428:Foodborne illness
3980:Sugar substitutes
3733:Cryptosporidiosis
3715:parasitic disease
3629:HGH controversies
3596:food contaminants
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3478:Campylobacterales
3463:
3462:
3444:Aeromonas veronii
3308:Vibrio vulnificus
3240:Coxiella burnetii
3207:
3206:
3133:H. parainfluenzae
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3003:Proteus mirabilis
2950:Paratyphoid fever
2839:Enterohemorrhagic
2759:Enterobacteriales
2744:
2743:
2674:
2673:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2523:Carrion's disease
2417:
2416:
2401:Ehrlichia ewingii
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2167:Boutonneuse fever
1998:
1997:
1990:Theodor Escherich
1950:Molecular biology
1879:Enterohemorrhagic
1695:
1694:
1524:Nat Rev Microbiol
710:
709:
702:
673:quality standards
664:This section may
593:
592:
585:
503:
502:
450:
449:
255:to a hemorrhagic
167:enteropathogenic
144:natural reservoir
142:are an important
108:foodborne illness
62:
61:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4742:
4725:Escherichia coli
4702:
4701:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4664:Drink portal
4662:
4661:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4563:(United Kingdom)
4312:Jack in the Box
4283:
4270:Minamata disease
4182:Food irradiation
4162:4-Hydroxynonenal
4010:Sodium cyclamate
3853:Escherichia coli
3845:Escherichia coli
3577:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3474:
3473:
3384:Xanthomonadaceae
3192:
3175:Actinobacillosis
3156:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3009:Proteus vulgaris
2927:
2926:
2824:Escherichia coli
2770:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2630:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2441:Brucella abortus
2428:
2427:
2423:Hyphomicrobiales
2330:Rickettsia felis
2289:Rickettsia akari
2217:Rickettsia honei
2134:
2133:
2087:Rickettsia typhi
2074:
2073:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1730:Escherichia coli
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1606:(2–4): 297–308.
1590:
1580:
1555:
1518:
1508:
1483:
1465:
1440:
1430:
1388:
1387:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1312:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1217:Escherichia coli
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1153:Food Safety News
1143:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1090:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1050:
1018:
1009:
1008:
998:
966:
960:
959:
935:
926:
925:
915:
883:
877:
876:
866:
834:
814:
807:
718:histidine kinase
705:
698:
694:
691:
685:
659:
658:
651:
588:
581:
577:
574:
568:
548:
547:
540:
498:
495:
489:
465:
457:
341:
340:
268:of the terminal
238:fluoroquinolones
227:thrombocytopenia
160:enterotoxigenic
88:Escherichia coli
67:Escherichia coli
40:
39:
21:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4658:
4656:
4654:Food portal
4646:
4638:
4587:
4525:
4486:Food libel laws
4449:
4277:
4226:
4192:Modified starch
4154:Food processing
4148:
4095:
4024:
3974:
3970:Sodium benzoate
3946:
3908:
3903:Vibrio cholerae
3797:
3768:Gnathostomiasis
3753:Fasciolopsiasis
3705:
3653:
3644:Mercury in fish
3586:
3581:
3551:
3542:
3459:
3425:
3398:
3378:
3340:Pseudomonadales
3334:
3294:Vibrio cholerae
3279:
3252:
3203:
3186:
3181:
3150:
3145:
3082:
3060:
3016:Yersinia pestis
2960:
2916:
2873:
2829:Enterotoxigenic
2761:
2740:
2680:Burkholderiales
2670:
2644:Kingella kingae
2626:
2621:
2594:
2533:
2527:Verruga peruana
2453:
2413:
2356:Anaplasmataceae
2342:
2315:
2274:
2128:
2121:
2107:Epidemic typhus
2065:
2038:
2029:
1999:
1994:
1918:
1889:Enterotoxigenic
1860:
1799:
1733:
1726:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1641:
1397:
1395:Further reading
1392:
1391:
1348:
1344:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1252:
1248:
1227:(6–7): 405–18.
1213:
1209:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1144:
1137:
1091:
1082:
1019:
1012:
967:
963:
950:(2–3): 235–57,
936:
929:
884:
880:
835:
828:
823:
818:
817:
808:
804:
799:
762:
706:
695:
689:
686:
679:
660:
656:
649:
628:
589:
578:
572:
569:
561:help improve it
558:
549:
545:
538:
499:
493:
490:
483:
466:
455:
385:shigatoxigenic
286:
242:Plasma exchange
196:
174:enteroinvasive
128:bloody diarrhea
120:gastroenteritis
116:large intestine
65:Shigatoxigenic
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4686:
4676:
4666:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Food marketing
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4592:Related topics
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4177:Food additives
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3803:Microorganisms
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Paragonimiasis
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3738:Cyclosporiasis
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3659:Food additives
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Lead poisoning
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3519:Gastric cancer
3501:
3500:
3499:
3482:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3169:Actinobacillus
3165:
3163:Pasteurellosis
3159:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3092:
3090:
3076:
3074:Pasteurellales
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3026:Bubonic plague
3012:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Enteroinvasive
2831:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2463:
2461:
2459:Bartonellaceae
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:Rickettsialpox
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2062:Rickettsiaceae
2055:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2032:Pseudomonadota
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Hok/sok system
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:Coliform index
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Enteroinvasive
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:2000 Walkerton
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1658:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:Classification
1627:
1626:
1591:
1556:
1519:
1484:
1456:(6): 1420–38.
1441:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1362:(3): 169–183.
1342:
1283:
1277:978-3319505800
1276:
1246:
1207:
1193:10.1086/315239
1166:
1135:
1105:(3): 437–439.
1080:
1010:
981:(3): 377–381.
961:
927:
878:
849:(9): 2951–63.
825:
824:
822:
819:
816:
815:
801:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
761:
758:
729:
728:
725:
721:
708:
707:
663:
661:
654:
648:
645:
627:
624:
591:
590:
552:
550:
543:
537:
534:
501:
500:
469:
467:
460:
454:
451:
448:
447:
444:
437:
436:
433:
426:
425:
422:
418:verotoxigenic
415:
414:
411:
404:
403:
400:
393:
392:
389:
382:
381:
378:
371:
370:
367:
360:
359:
356:
349:
348:
345:
285:
282:
206:; and O145. A
195:
192:
76:verotoxigenic
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4747:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4705:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4665:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:Food politics
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:(South Korea)
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4443:United States
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4364:2011 Germany
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4321:1996 Odwalla
4319:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3952:Preservatives
3949:
3943:
3942:Methamidophos
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Toxoplasmosis
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:Vegetable oil
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:MALT lymphoma
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3431:Aeromonadales
3428:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3258:Thiotrichales
3255:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3213:Legionellales
3210:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:H. influenzae
3094:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2954:Salmonellosis
2951:
2947:
2946:Typhoid fever
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:Rhinoscleroma
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2467:Bartonellosis
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Murine typhus
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:Rickettsioses
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Rickettsiales
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:T4 rII system
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1571:(3): 221–32.
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:(2): 123–40.
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1499:(2): 247–53.
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:Mol Microbiol
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1186:(2): 664–70.
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
898:(4): 822–80.
897:
893:
889:
882:
874:
870:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
826:
812:
806:
802:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
757:
749:
745:
743:
733:
726:
722:
719:
715:
714:
713:
704:
701:
693:
690:February 2021
683:
678:
674:
670:
669:
662:
653:
652:
647:FusKR complex
644:
642:
638:
637:ribosomal RNA
634:
623:
619:
615:
613:
609:
608:noradrenaline
605:
600:
598:
587:
584:
576:
573:December 2015
566:
562:
556:
553:This article
551:
542:
541:
531:
526:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
497:
494:February 2021
487:
481:
477:
473:
470:This section
468:
464:
459:
458:
445:
443:
439:
438:
434:
432:
428:
427:
423:
421:
417:
416:
412:
410:
406:
405:
401:
399:
395:
394:
390:
388:
384:
383:
379:
377:
373:
372:
368:
366:
362:
361:
357:
355:
351:
350:
346:
343:
342:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:the one found
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:unpasteurized
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
191:
189:
185:
184:
178:
177:
171:
170:
164:
163:
157:
153:
152:various names
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:enterocolitis
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
94:
91:that produce
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
58:
55:
53:
49:
46:
41:
33:
19:
4624:Food quality
4531:Institutions
4365:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4197:Nitrosamines
3960:Benzoic acid
3922:Chlorpyrifos
3901:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3869:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3793:Trichuriasis
3778:Toxocariasis
3748:Enterobiasis
3624:Formaldehyde
3534:Helicobacter
3533:
3525:
3511:Peptic ulcer
3503:
3485:
3450:
3438:
3411:
3391:
3371:
3364:
3355:
3347:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3292:
3285:Vibrionaceae
3265:
3238:
3220:
3187:
3167:
3151:
3131:
3117:
3103:
3095:
3083:
3046:
3032:
3014:
3007:
3001:
2971:
2938:
2909:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2862:
2822:
2813:
2799:
2781:
2722:
2715:
2701:
2687:
2656:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2607:
2572:
2556:Neisseriales
2515:
2503:
2499:
2492:Trench fever
2484:
2470:
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2432:Brucellaceae
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2379:Anaplasmosis
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2364:Ehrlichiosis
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2309:Scrub typhus
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811:§ Names
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680:Please help
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629:
626:Shiga toxins
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4704:WikiProject
4541:(Hong Kong)
4278: [
4240:Devon colic
4114:Breast milk
4086:Nonylphenol
4061:Bisphenol A
3998:controversy
3865:Hepatitis E
3860:Hepatitis A
3838:Enterovirus
3831:Cronobacter
3788:Trichinosis
3758:Fasciolosis
3728:Anisakiasis
3699:controversy
3592:Adulterants
3356:Pseudomonas
3104:Haemophilus
3085:Haemophilus
3040:Yersiniosis
2991:Shigellosis
2695:Melioidosis
2504:B. quintana
2500:B. henselae
2447:Brucellosis
1826:FNR regulon
684:if you can.
633:endocytosis
507:infectivity
347:Short form
314:Shiga toxin
93:Shiga toxin
4719:Categories
4455:Regulation
4438:death toll
4207:Shortening
4172:Acrylamide
4101:Food fraud
4081:Mycotoxins
3914:Pesticides
3888:Salmonella
3763:Giardiasis
3723:Amoebiasis
3667:Flavorings
3536:cellulitis
3119:H. ducreyi
3106:meningitis
2628:ungrouped:
2321:Flea-borne
2280:Mite-borne
2138:Tick-borne
1980:Rho factor
1970:Pathogenic
1965:Min System
1930:Aerobactin
1811:CPS operon
1303:(6): 373.
821:References
604:adrenaline
294:synonymity
266:epithelium
194:Background
158:including
4501:ISO 22000
4463:watchdogs
4459:standards
4433:outbreaks
4334:outbreaks
4212:Trans fat
4124:Olive oil
4046:Aflatoxin
4020:Sucralose
4005:Saccharin
3993:Aspartame
3937:Malathion
3882:Rotavirus
3877:Norovirus
3453:infection
3451:Aeromonas
3358:infection
3273:Tularemia
3125:Chancroid
2897:infection
2879:Slow/weak
2793:Pneumonia
2734:Pertussis
2615:Gonorrhea
2268:infection
1975:EnvZ/OmpR
1738:Outbreaks
1413:(5): 57.
1376:1438-4221
1319:2072-6651
1057:0027-8424
781:Virulence
771:Gut flora
641:apoptosis
511:virulence
486:talk page
302:hypernyms
112:infecting
52:Specialty
32:Dysentery
4694:Cookbook
4674:Category
4476:E number
4368:outbreak
4325:outbreak
4316:outbreak
4066:Dieldrin
4015:Sorbitol
3871:Listeria
3811:Botulism
3639:Melamine
3609:Aldicarb
2981:flexneri
2895:Serratia
2709:Glanders
1894:O104:H21
1622:20505269
1587:21131723
1544:15040260
1515:17575791
1480:24606261
1472:21488979
1437:20423697
1384:12398208
1337:32512916
1241:16238016
1202:10669353
1129:16807997
1075:10973498
1005:10940275
956:10367357
922:24092857
873:22760050
760:See also
666:require
480:19239748
290:polysemy
253:diarrhea
190:(DAEC).
179:(EIEC),
172:(EPEC),
165:(ETEC),
4684:Commons
4557:(Spain)
4366:E. coli
4332:E. coli
4323:E. coli
4314:E. coli
4134:Seafood
4034:poisons
3932:Lindane
3896:E. coli
3855:O157:H7
3847:O104:H4
3649:Sudan I
3619:Cyanide
3300:Cholera
3246:Q fever
2849:O104:H4
2844:O157:H7
2498:Either
2127:Spotted
1923:Related
1909:O157:H7
1899:O104:H4
1866:Strains
1552:3343088
1428:2881418
1407:Vet Res
1328:7354503
1120:2688167
1035:Bibcode
996:1728033
944:Vet Res
913:3811233
864:3421821
742:E. coli
668:cleanup
559:Please
530:E. coli
509:or the
442:E. coli
431:E. coli
420:E. coli
409:E. coli
398:E. coli
387:E. coli
376:E. coli
365:E. coli
354:E. coli
257:colitis
212:O104:H4
200:O157:H7
188:E. coli
183:E. coli
176:E. coli
169:E. coli
162:E. coli
156:E. coli
138:(HUS).
134:called
110:. When
99:E. coli
78:E. coli
45:E. coli
4139:Shrimp
4076:Dioxin
4030:Toxins
3604:3-MCPD
3022:Plague
2985:boydii
2977:sonnei
2078:Typhus
1960:LacUV5
1945:EcoCyc
1836:RecBCD
1686:008.04
1656:1A03.3
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515:fucose
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231:fibrin
225:, and
140:Cattle
126:, and
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4129:Prawn
4109:Bread
3682:Sugar
3419:HACEK
3199:HACEK
3139:HACEK
2650:HACEK
2129:fever
1804:Genes
1671:A04.3
1548:S2CID
1476:S2CID
1066:27023
797:Notes
776:Mucin
446:VTEC
435:VTEC
424:VTEC
413:VTEC
391:STEC
380:STEC
358:EHEC
306:usage
298:sense
284:Names
278:colon
274:cecum
270:ileum
3677:Salt
2965:H2S−
2931:H2S+
2922:Lac−
2774:Lac+
1904:O121
1856:RpoS
1851:RpoN
1846:RpoF
1841:RpoE
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1681:9-CM
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1540:PMID
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1468:PMID
1433:PMID
1380:PMID
1372:ISSN
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