234:
upon a rising ground from whence he might get a better sight of this very uncommon appearance. A cloud, from which mountain was uncertain, at this distance (but it was found afterwards to come from Mount
Vesuvius), was ascending, the appearance of which I cannot give you a more exact description of than by likening it to that of a pine tree, for it shot up to a great height in the form of a very tall trunk, which spread itself out at the top into a sort of branches; occasioned, I imagine, either by a sudden gust of air that impelled it, the force of which decreased as it advanced upwards, or the cloud itself being pressed back again by its own weight, expanded in the manner I have mentioned; it appeared sometimes bright and sometimes dark and spotted, according as it was either more or less impregnated with earth and cinders. This phenomenon seemed to a man of such learning and research as my uncle extraordinary and worth further looking into.
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259:(near the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia). Pliny the Younger provided an account of his death, and suggested that he collapsed and died through inhaling poisonous gases emitted from the volcano. His body was found interred under the ashes of the eruption with no apparent injuries on 26 August, after the plume had dispersed, confirming asphyxiation or poisoning.
233:
On August 24th, about one in the afternoon, my mother desired him to observe a cloud which appeared of a very unusual size and shape. He had just taken a turn in the sun and, after bathing himself in cold water, and making a light luncheon, gone back to his books: he immediately arose and went out
616:
The threshold for ultra-Plinian eruptions is defined by an eruptive column height of 45 km (28 mi), or 41 km (25 mi) more recently. The few instances of eruptions that lie at the transition between
Plinian and ultra-Plinian include the
149:. Fine ash and pulverized pumice can be deposited over large areas. Plinian eruptions are often accompanied by loud sounds. The sudden discharge of electrical charges accumulated in the air around the ascending column of volcanic ashes also often causes
640:
The once unequivocal ultra-Plinian classification of the Hatepe eruption has been called into question, with recent evidence showing that it is an artifact of an unrecognized shift in the wind field rather than extreme eruptive vigor.
1049:
Vidal, Céline M.; Komorowski, Jean-Christophe; Métrich, Nicole; Pratomo, Indyo; Kartadinata, Nugraha; Prambada, Oktory; Michel, Agnès; Carazzo, Guillaume; Lavigne, Franck; Rodysill, Jessica; Fontijn, Karen; Surono (2015-08-08).
1251:
Bonadonna, C.; Cioni, R.; Costa, A.; Druitt, T.; Phillips, J.; Pioli, L.; Andronico, D.; Harris, A.; Scollo, S.; Bachmann, O.; Bagheri, G.; Biass, S.; Brogi, F.; Cashman, K.; Dominguez, L. (2016-10-28).
176:, low-silica lavas rarely produce Plinian eruptions unless specific conditions are met (low magma water content <2%, moderate temperature, and rapid crystallization); a recent basaltic example is the
137:
Short eruptions can end in less than a day, but longer events can continue for several days or months. The longer eruptions begin with production of clouds of volcanic ash, sometimes with
581:
158:
770:
1344:
1143:
Self, Stephen; Wolff, John ; Wright, John (2021-12). Tsankawi Pumice Fall Unit B, a Very
Widespread and Powerfully Emplaced Plinian Deposit.
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as the representative of a new class called ultra-Plinian deposits, based on its exceptional dispersive power and eruptive column height. A
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ejected can be so large that it depletes the magma chamber below, causing the top of the volcano to collapse, resulting in a
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of 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) has been proposed as a cutoff for an ultra-Plinian eruption. In the criteria of
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222:
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721:"Pre- and syn-eruptive conditions of a basaltic Plinian eruption at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua: The Masaya Triple Layer"
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828:
Williams, Stanley N.; Self, Stephen (1983). "The
October 1902 plinian eruption of Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala".
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1004:"Plume height, volume, and classification of explosive volcanic eruptions based on the Weibull function"
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907:"The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism"
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1099:"Stratigraphy and physical parameters of the Plinian phase of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption"
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Pliny the Elder set out to rescue the victims from their perilous position on the shore of the
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as viewed to the west from the Kenai
Peninsula (more than 60 km from the volcano's summit)
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1206:"The 1800a Taupo eruption: "III wind" blows the ultraplinian type event down to Plinian"
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1052:"Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia)"
613:, recognizing an eruption as ultra-Plinian would make it at least VEI-5 or higher.
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1254:"MeMoVolc report on classification and dynamics of volcanic explosive eruptions"
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860:"The Taupo pumice: Product of the most powerful known (ultraplinian) eruption?"
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From 23–27 January 2006 Tarumae volcano , Japan, 4 cities near volcanoes.
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1159:"The October 1902 plinian eruption of Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala"
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954:"The thickness, volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits"
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Houghton, B.F.; Carey, R.J.; Rosenberg, M.D. (2014-05-01).
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Tsankawi Pumice Bed of
Tshirege Member of Bandelier Tuff
1203:
1097:
Scarpati, Claudio; Perrotta, Annamaria (2016-03-09).
812:
Enlightenment activities for improvement on disasters
118:
Plinian/Vesuvian eruptions are marked by columns of
107:. The eruption was described in a letter written by
77:
is depicted around the rising column of ash and gas.
159:
2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami
134:and very powerful continuous gas-driven eruptions.
1157:Williams, Stanley N.; Self, Stephen (1983-04-01).
1002:Bonadonna, Costanza; Costa, Antonio (2013-07-25).
788:
239:Sixth Book of Letters, Letter 16, translation by
217:described the initial observations of his uncle,
1489:
1096:
1352:
1313:USGS Photo Glossary Entry for Plinian Eruptions
905:Newhall, Christopher G.; Self, Stephen (1982).
771:"Okataina Volcanic Centre/ Mt Tarawera Volcano"
1163:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1001:
864:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
830:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
725:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
153:strikes, as depicted by the English geologist
99:, which destroyed the ancient Roman cities of
1338:
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653:, related to the explosive eruptions of the
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374:. It was the prototypical Plinian eruption.
157:in his painting of 1822 or observed during
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582:2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai
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627:Plinian phase of the Campanian Ignimbrite
349:400s BC eruption of the Bridge River Vent
549:2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
431:1667 and 1739 eruptions of Mount Tarumae
303:, which happened over 760,000 years ago.
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29:
14:
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1103:Geological Society of America Bulletin
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719:Bamber, Emily; Arzilli, Fabio (2020).
635:1902 eruption of Santa MarĂa (volcano)
187:
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997:
995:
951:
853:
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323:4860 BC eruption forming Crater Lake
271:April 21, 1990, eruption cloud from
538:June 2009 eruption of Sarychev Peak
283:April 2015, subplinian eruption of
210:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
97:eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
24:
992:
665:List of largest volcanic eruptions
95:marked by their similarity to the
25:
1509:
1306:
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619:P3 phase of 1257 Samalas eruption
489:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
738:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106761
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364:79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius
308:10,950 BC eruption of Lake Laach
67:eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
65:1822 artist's impression of the
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1137:
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1042:
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911:Journal of Geophysical Research
858:Walker, G. P. L. (1980-08-01).
623:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
519:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
475:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
390:946 eruption of Paektu Mountain
178:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
111:, after the death of his uncle
898:
804:
763:
712:
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453:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
405:1257 eruption of Mount Samalas
13:
1:
952:Pyle, David M. (1989-01-01).
670:
575:2020 eruption of Taal Volcano
495:in the western United States.
420:1600 eruption of Huaynaputina
1183:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90083-5
884:10.1016/0377-0273(80)90008-6
842:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90083-5
731:(15 February 2020): 106761.
482:1902 eruption of Santa MarĂa
293:Long Valley Caldera eruption
155:George Julius Poulett Scrope
71:George Julius Poulett Scrope
7:
1354:Types of volcanic eruptions
660:Types of volcanic eruptions
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446:1707 eruption of Mount Fuji
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200:, the type of tree used by
10:
1514:
611:Volcanic Explosivity Index
379:180 AD Lake Taupo eruption
207:
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1426:
1398:
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1278:10.1007/s00445-016-1071-y
1076:10.1007/s00445-015-0960-9
1028:10.1007/s00445-013-0742-1
800:. 1915. pp. 473–481.
464:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
334:1645 BC eruption of Thera
27:Type of volcanic eruption
504:Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc
204:to describe the eruption
1258:Bulletin of Volcanology
1056:Bulletin of Volcanology
1008:Bulletin of Volcanology
958:Bulletin of Volcanology
931:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231
597:In 1980, volcanologist
287:
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255:, crossing the bay to
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126:ejected high into the
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1445:Other classifications
1318:Volcanic mesocyclones
1145:AGU Fall Meeting 2021
558:The 2014 eruption of
498:The 1982 eruption of
282:
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208:Further information:
195:
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34:Plinian eruption: 1:
33:
312:Rhineland-Palatinate
164:The lava is usually
1270:2016BVol...78...84B
1222:2014Geo....42..459H
1175:1983JVGR...16...33W
1115:2016GSAB..128.1147S
1068:2015BVol...77...73V
1020:2013BVol...75..742B
970:1989BVol...51....1P
923:1982JGR....87.1231N
876:1980JVGR....8...69W
685:"Pliny Letter 6.16"
599:George P. L. Walker
577:in the Philippines.
564:Cordillera Oriental
251:, and launched his
188:Pliny's description
46:fall; 4: layers of
1109:(7–8): 1147–1159.
978:10.1007/BF01086757
708:. 17 January 2022.
560:Tungurahua volcano
297:Eastern California
288:
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172:, rich in silica.
139:pyroclastic surges
86:Vesuvian eruptions
79:
59:
1498:Plinian eruptions
1485:
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455:in the island of
215:Pliny the Younger
202:Pliny the Younger
180:on New Zealand's
109:Pliny the Younger
82:Plinian eruptions
18:Vesuvian eruption
16:(Redirected from
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603:Hatepe eruption
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273:Redoubt Volcano
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241:William Melmoth
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219:Pliny the Elder
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470:, Indonesia.
468:Sunda Strait
459:, Indonesia.
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182:North Island
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128:stratosphere
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50:and ash; 5:
44:volcanic ash
42:conduit; 3:
1385:Strombolian
964:(1): 1–15.
775:GNS Science
690:22 November
655:Mount Pelée
531:Philippines
398:North Korea
383:New Zealand
101:Herculaneum
1408:Subglacial
1264:(11): 84.
1014:(8): 742.
780:15 January
671:References
633:, and the
500:El ChichĂłn
493:Washington
338:Aegean Sea
198:stone pine
1477:Subaerial
1457:Explosive
1418:Surtseyan
1413:Submarine
1390:Vulcanian
1296:1432-0819
1238:1943-2682
1191:0377-0273
1131:0016-7606
1084:1432-0819
1062:(9): 73.
1036:1432-0819
986:1432-0819
939:0148-0227
892:0377-0273
757:214320363
601:proposed
448:in Japan.
413:Indonesia
221:, of the
170:rhyolitic
151:lightning
124:hot gases
93:eruptions
75:Lightning
36:ash plume
1492:Category
1452:Effusive
1436:Phreatic
1428:Phreatic
1370:Hawaiian
1362:Magmatic
645:See also
523:Zambales
435:Hokkaido
263:Examples
237:—
174:Basaltic
90:volcanic
1467:Lateral
1380:Plinian
1266:Bibcode
1218:Bibcode
1210:Geology
1171:Bibcode
1111:Bibcode
1064:Bibcode
1016:Bibcode
966:Bibcode
919:Bibcode
872:Bibcode
568:Ecuador
508:Chiapas
457:Sumbawa
368:Pompeii
316:Germany
285:Calbuco
257:Stabiae
253:galleys
166:dacitic
147:caldera
105:Pompeii
52:stratum
1472:Limnic
1375:Peléan
1294:
1236:
1189:
1129:
1082:
1034:
984:
937:
890:
755:
625:, the
542:Russia
512:Mexico
409:Lombok
357:Canada
342:Greece
327:Oregon
132:pumice
1462:Flank
753:S2CID
586:Tonga
553:Chile
439:Japan
394:China
372:Italy
143:magma
54:; 6:
40:magma
38:; 2:
1292:ISSN
1234:ISSN
1187:ISSN
1127:ISSN
1080:ISSN
1032:ISSN
982:ISSN
935:ISSN
888:ISSN
782:2020
692:2022
580:The
573:The
547:The
536:The
517:The
487:The
480:The
473:The
462:The
451:The
444:The
429:The
424:Peru
418:The
403:The
388:The
377:The
362:The
347:The
332:The
321:The
306:The
291:The
122:and
103:and
88:are
48:lava
1282:hdl
1274:doi
1226:doi
1179:doi
1119:doi
1107:128
1072:doi
1024:doi
974:doi
927:doi
880:doi
838:doi
743:hdl
733:doi
729:392
584:in
566:of
562:in
551:in
540:in
521:in
502:in
491:in
466:in
433:in
422:in
407:in
392:in
381:in
366:in
351:in
325:in
310:in
295:in
225:of
168:or
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