Vice President of the United States

4144: 2953:, Clinton suggested a Clinton–Obama ticket with Obama in the vice president slot, which she said would be "unstoppable" against the presumptive Republican nominee. Obama rejected the offer outright, saying, "I want everybody to be absolutely clear. I'm not running for vice president. I'm running for president of the United States of America," adding, "With all due respect. I won twice as many states as Senator Clinton. I've won more of the popular vote than Senator Clinton. I have more delegates than Senator Clinton. So, I don't know how somebody who's in second place is offering vice presidency to the person who's in first place." Obama said the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton, saying "I don't want anybody here thinking that 'Somehow, maybe I can get both 4311:"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until 2 March, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." 79: 3293: 63: 49: 2418: 4026: 3115: 951: 2971:

military officers being prohibited under US law from holding political office), or a holder of a major position within the Executive branch. In addition, the vice presidential nominee has always been an official resident of a different state than the presidential nominee. While nothing in the Constitution prohibits a presidential candidate and his or her running mate being from the same state, the "inhabitant clause" of the Twelfth Amendment does mandate that every presidential elector must cast a ballot for at least one candidate who is not from their own state. Prior to the

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session of Congress, held in the first week of January. A candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for vice president (currently 270 of 538) is declared the winner. If no candidate has a majority, the Senate must meet to elect a vice president using a contingent election procedure in which senators, casting votes individually, choose between the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. For a candidate to win the contingent election, they must receive votes from an absolute majority of senators (currently 51 of 100).

825:. Truman had no visible role in the Roosevelt administration outside of his congressional responsibilities and met with the president only a few times during his tenure as vice president. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, and Truman succeeded to the presidency (the state of Roosevelt's health had also been kept from Truman). At the time he said, "I felt like the moon, the stars and all the planets fell on me." Determined that no future vice president should be so uninformed upon unexpectedly becoming president, Truman made the vice president a member of the 2606:", who determined the existence of an inability, and if a vice president became president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability or became merely "acting president". During the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, several presidents experienced periods of severe illness, physical disability or injury, some lasting for weeks or months. During these times, even though the nation needed effective presidential leadership, no vice president wanted to seem like a usurper, and so power was never transferred. After President 2633: 1023: 12349: 2983:

commonly considered. While this selection process may enhance the chances of success for a national ticket, in the past it often resulted in the vice presidential nominee representing regions, constituencies, or ideologies at odds with those of the presidential candidate. As a result, vice presidents were often excluded from the policy-making process of the new administration. Many times their relationships with the president and his staff were aloof, non-existent, or even adversarial.

2167: 2715:, and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president. The vice president will on occasion represent the president and the U.S. government at state funerals abroad, or at various events in the United States. This often is the most visible role of the vice president. The vice president may also meet with other heads of state at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but cannot send the president personally. 3002: 12361: 2179: 8452: 2872:—had done so. In recent years, with the presidential nomination usually being a foregone conclusion as the result of the primary process, the selection of a vice presidential candidate is often announced prior to the actual balloting for the presidential candidate, and sometimes before the beginning of the convention itself. The most recent presidential nominee not to name a vice presidential choice, leaving the matter up to the convention, was Democrat 9205: 9195: 9185: 2624:. The extent of the roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president, but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration's policies, adviser to the president, and being a symbol of American concern or support. The influence of the vice president in these roles depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration. 2674:

considered to hold a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own, without the knowledge of the president. Biden was assigned by Barack Obama to oversee Iraq policy; Obama was said to have said, "Joe, you do Iraq." In February 2020, Donald Trump appointed Mike Pence to lead his response to COVID-19 and, upon his ascension to the presidency, Biden put Kamala Harris in charge of controlling migration at the

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candidate's appeal to voters from outside their regional base or wing of the party. Candidates from electoral-vote rich swing states were usually preferred. A 2016 study, which examined vice-presidential candidates over the period 1884-2012, found that vice presidential candidates increased their tickets’ performance in their home states by 2.67 percentage points on average.

3205:) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God. 2942:

mate in advance as well. This move backfired to a degree, as Schweiker's relatively liberal voting record alienated many of the more conservative delegates who were considering a challenge to party delegate selection rules to improve Reagan's chances. In the end, Ford narrowly won the presidential nomination and Reagan's selection of Schweiker became moot.

4309:"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.' 496:" candidate) over one from another state. So they created the office of vice president and required the electors to vote for two candidates, at least one of whom must be from outside the elector's state, believing that the second vote would be cast for a candidate of national character. Additionally, to guard against the possibility that electors might 5887: 440:

isolated almost entirely from the legislative branch—is due in large part to the assignment of executive authority to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Nevertheless, many vice presidents have previously served in Congress, and are often tasked with helping to advance an administration's legislative priorities.

2831:, no person who has sworn an oath to support the Constitution, who has later "engaged in insurrection or rebellion" against the United States, or given aid and comfort to the nation's enemies can serve in a state or federal office—including as vice president. This disqualification, originally aimed at former supporters of the 2279:, which governs debate, does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate, and grants only to members of the Senate (and, upon appropriate notice, former presidents of the United States) the privilege of addressing the Senate, without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president. Thus, 6045:"Congress Counts Electoral Vote; Joint Session Applauds Every State Return as Curtis Performs Grim Task. Yells Drown His Gavel Vice President Finally Laughs With the Rest as Victory of Democrats Is Unfolded. Opponents Cheer Garner Speaker Declares His Heart Will Remain in the House, Replying to Tribute by Snell" 4045:

stalled and after eight years the decision was revised, and One Observatory Circle was then designated for the vice president. Up until the change, vice presidents lived in homes, apartments, or hotels, and were compensated more like cabinet members and members of Congress, receiving only a housing allowance.

2665:. Dick Cheney was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush's closest confidants. Joe Biden asked President Barack Obama to let him always be the "last person in the room" when a big decision was made; later, as president himself, Biden adopted this model with his own vice president, Kamala Harris. 3323:

Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment provides that "whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress." This procedure has been implemented twice since

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as his running mate. Reagan was the first presidential aspirant to announce his selection for vice president before the beginning of the convention. Reagan's supporters then unsuccessfully sought to amend the convention rules so that Gerald Ford would be required to name his vice presidential running

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had first offered to him. Ironically, both the presidents making the offer to Webster died in office, meaning the three-time candidate would have become president had he accepted either. Since presidents rarely die in office, however, the better preparation for the presidency was considered to be the

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until near the end, when an eleven-member committee on "Leftover Business" proposed a method of electing the chief executive (president). Delegates had previously considered the selection of the Senate's presiding officer, deciding that "the Senate shall choose its own President", and had agreed that

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as the official temporary residence of the vice president of the United States. In 1966 Congress, concerned about safety and security and mindful of the increasing responsibilities of the office, allotted money ($ 75,000) to fund construction of a residence for the vice president, but implementation

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sets a limit on the number of times an individual can be elected to the presidency (two), there is no such limitation on the office of vice president, meaning an eligible person could hold the office as long as voters continued to vote for electors who in turn would reelect the person to the office;

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to the ticket or appeal to a particular constituency. The vice presidential candidate might also be chosen on the basis of traits the presidential candidate is perceived to lack, or on the basis of name recognition. To foster party unity, popular runners-up in the presidential nomination process are

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Recent vice presidents have been delegated authority by presidents to handle significant issue areas independently. Joe Biden (who has held the office of President and Vice President of the United States) has observed that the presidency is "too big anymore for any one man or woman". Dick Cheney was

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cautioned against Clinton being picked as the vice presidential nominee on the ticket, saying "I think it would be the worst mistake that could be made. That would just accumulate the negative aspects of both candidates", citing opinion polls showing 50% of US voters with a negative view of Hillary

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must preside. This stipulation was designed to avoid the possible conflict of interest in having the vice president preside over the trial for the removal of the one official standing between them and the presidency. In contrast, the Constitution is silent about which federal official would preside

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Although delegates to the constitutional convention approved establishing the office, with both its executive and senatorial functions, not many understood the office, and so they gave the vice president few duties and little power. Only a few states had an analogous position. Among those that did,

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The Constitution does not expressly assign the vice presidency to a branch of the government, causing a dispute among scholars about which branch the office belongs to (the executive, the legislative, both, or neither). The modern view of the vice president as an officer of the executive branch—one

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Most recent vice presidents have been viewed as important presidential advisors. Walter Mondale, unlike his immediate predecessors, did not want specific responsibilities to be delegated to him. Mondale believed, as he wrote President-elect Jimmy Carter a memo following the 1976 election, that his

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The present-day power of the office flows primarily from formal and informal delegations of authority from the president and Congress. These delegations can vary in significance; for example, the vice president is a statutory member of both the National Security Council and the board of regents of

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as president in a case of succession. Debate records from the 1787 Constitutional Convention, along with various participants' later writings on the subject, show that the framers of the Constitution intended that the vice president would temporarily exercise the powers and duties of the office in

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Unlike former presidents, whose pension is fixed at the same rate, regardless of their time in office, former vice presidents receive their retirement income based on their role as president of the Senate. Additionally, since 2008, each former vice president and their immediate family is entitled

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On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, the electors convene in their respective states (and in Washington D.C.) to vote for president and, on a separate ballot, for vice president. The certified results are opened and counted during a joint

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openly addressed his health issues and made it a point to enter into an agreement with Vice President Richard Nixon that provided for Nixon to act on his behalf if Eisenhower became unable to provide effective presidential leadership (Nixon did informally assume some of the president's duties for

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as president and assumed full presidential powers, refusing to acknowledge documents referring to him as "Acting President". Although some in Congress denounced Tyler's claim as a violation of the Constitution, he adhered to his position. His view ultimately prevailed as both the Senate and House

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in the lead-up to the presidential election. While the exact nature of the role varies in each administration, since the vice president's service in office is by election, the president cannot dismiss the vice president, and the personal working-relationship with the president varies, most modern

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The vice president is elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the District of Columbia through the Electoral College, a body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president to concurrent four-year terms. Each state is entitled to a

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The vice president is often an important liaison between the administration and Congress, especially in situations where the president has not previously served in Congress or served only briefly. Vice presidents are often selected as running mates in part due to their legislative relationships,

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Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment provide for situations where the president is temporarily or permanently unable to lead, such as if the president has a surgical procedure, becomes seriously ill or injured, or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers or duties of the presidency.

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Another factor behind the rise in prestige of the vice presidency was the expanded use of presidential preference primaries for choosing party nominees during the 20th century. By adopting primary voting, the field of candidates for vice president was expanded by both the increased quantity and

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As a result, when such a vacancy occurred, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Between 1812 and 1965, the vice presidency was vacant on sixteen occasions, as a result of seven deaths, one resignation, and eight cases of the vice president

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Historically, the vice presidential nominee was usually a second-tier politician, chosen either to appease the party's minority faction, satisfy party bosses, or to secure a key state. Factors playing a role in the selection included: geographic and ideological balance, widening a presidential

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In modern practice, the presidential nominee has considerable influence on the decision, and since the mid 20th century it became customary for that person to select a preferred running mate, who is then nominated and accepted by the convention. Prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940, only two

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The vice presidential candidates of the major national political parties are formally selected by each party's quadrennial nominating convention, following the selection of the party's presidential candidate. The official process is identical to the one by which the presidential candidates are

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of the whole number of electors) would be president, while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president. If there were a tie for first or for second place, or if no one won a majority of votes, the president and vice president would be selected by means of

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for federal employees. The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on their position as president of the Senate. The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a

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Though the vice president does not need to have any political experience, most major-party vice presidential nominees are current or former United States senators or representatives, with the occasional nominee being a current or former governor, a high-ranking former military officer (active

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provided that "the lieutenant-governor shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the Senate, and, upon an equal division, have a casting voice in their decisions, but not vote on any other occasion". As a result, the vice presidency originally had authority in only a few areas, although

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of the White House, which all vice presidents have since retained. Because of their function as president of the Senate, vice presidents still maintain offices and staff members on Capitol Hill. This change came about because Carter held the view that the office of the vice presidency had

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being created in the executive branch in 1939, and has since grown much further. Due to its increase in power and prestige, the vice presidency is now often considered to be a stepping stone to the presidency. Since the 1970s, the vice president has been afforded an official residence at

672:-president would be elected by the Electoral College as the second wisest man in the country. The vice-presidentship being a sinecure, a second-rate man agreeable to the wire-pullers is always smuggled in. The chance of succession to the presidentship is too distant to be thought of." 472:

this official would be designated the executive's immediate successor. They had also considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus. This all changed on September 4, when the committee recommended that the nation's chief executive be elected by an

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and thus plays a significant role in executive government and national security matters. As the vice president's role within the executive branch has expanded, the legislative branch role has contracted; for example, vice presidents now preside over the Senate only infrequently.

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when the vice president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the vice president is actually aboard to any would-be threats.

2275:") in order to maintain the proper ordering of the legislative process. In practice, since the early 20th century, neither the president of the Senate nor the pro tempore regularly presides; instead, the president pro tempore usually delegates the task to other Senate members. 2957:", by nominating Clinton and assuming he would be her running mate. Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency. Later, when Obama became the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, former president 786:, Garner had been the first vice president to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president, a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. 725:, was one of the very few vice presidents at this time who played an important role in the administration. A close confidant and adviser of the president, Hobart was called "Assistant President". However, until 1919, vice presidents were not included in meetings of the 2924:

During times in a presidential election cycle before the identity of the presidential nominee is clear, including cases where the presidential nomination is still in doubt as the convention approaches, campaigns for the two positions may become intertwined. In 1976,

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as his running mate, but numerous other candidates were either nominated from the floor or received votes during the balloting. Eagleton nevertheless received a majority of the votes and the nomination, though he later resigned from the ticket, resulting in

3177:. Up until then, most vice presidents took the oath of office in the Senate chamber, prior to the president's swearing-in ceremony. Although the Constitution contains the specific wording of the presidential oath, it contains only a general requirement, in 595:

candidate Thomas Jefferson, came second and thus won the vice presidency. As a result, the president and vice president were from opposing parties; and Jefferson used the vice presidency to frustrate the president's policies. Then, four years later, in the

2330:. The former specifies that the president of the Senate presides over the joint session, and the latter clarifies the solely ministerial role the president of the Senate serves in the process. The next such joint session will next take place following the 2461:

voted to acknowledge him as president. The "Tyler Precedent" that a vice president assumes the full title and role of president upon the death, resignation, or removal from office (via impeachment conviction) of their predecessor was codified through the

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The vice president's salary in 2019 was $ 235,100. For 2024, the vice president's salary is $ 284,600, however, due to a pay freeze in effect since 2019, the actual portion of that salary that is payable remains $ 235,100. The salary was set by the

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stipulates that the vice president takes over the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability. Even so, it did not clearly state whether the vice president became president or simply

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aircraft the vice president is aboard is referred to as "Air Force Two" for the duration of the flight. In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes, while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup.

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provides that the District of Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state. Currently, all states and D.C. select their electors based on a popular election held on

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There has been only one vice presidential contingent election since the process was created by the Twelfth Amendment. It occurred on February 8, 1837, after no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes cast for vice president in the

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is in charge with protecting the vice president and the second family. As part of their protection, vice presidents, second spouses, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned

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For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. John Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many frustrated by the "complete insignificance" of the office. To his wife

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a number of electors equal to the combined total of its Senate and House of Representatives membership. Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for president (rather than for both president and vice president), but could not

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were the vice president on trial by the Senate. No vice president has ever been impeached, thus leaving it unclear whether an impeached vice president could, as president of the Senate, preside at his or her own impeachment trial.

8699: 2244:. In this capacity, the vice president is responsible for maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices, and precedent. With this position also comes the authority to 564:, both of whom gained the office by virtue of being runners-up in presidential contests, presided regularly over Senate proceedings and did much to shape the role of Senate president. Several 19th-century vice presidents—such as 4977: 9041: 4527: 2289:, "once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech, and then he is done. For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent, attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise, of deliberation or humor." 491:

Recognizing that loyalty to one's individual state outweighed loyalty to the new federation, the Constitution's framers assumed individual electors would be inclined to choose a candidate from their own state (a so-called

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In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president,

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historically been a wasted asset and wished to have his vice president involved in the decision-making process. Carter pointedly considered, according to Joel Goldstein, the way Roosevelt treated Truman as "immoral".

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The modern vice presidency is a position of significant power and is widely seen as an integral part of a president's administration. The presidential candidate selects the candidate for the vice presidency, as their

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each received 73 electoral votes. In the contingent election that followed, Jefferson finally won the presidency on the 36th ballot, leaving Burr the vice presidency. Afterward, the system was overhauled through the

7508: 5523: 2691:, Joe Biden played a key role in bipartisan budget negotiations, and Mike Pence often met with House and Senate Republicans. Kamala Harris, the current vice president, presided over a 50–50 split Senate during the 9149: 8641: 7695: 5799: 5008: 5864: 2802: 7603: 7574: 4859: 12321: 9161: 5213: 9093: 7541: 2687:

notably including Richard Nixon, Lyndon Johnson, Walter Mondale, Dick Cheney, Joe Biden, and Mike Pence among others. In recent years, Dick Cheney held weekly meetings in the Vice President's Room at the

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In the first hundred years of the United States' existence no fewer than seven proposals to abolish the office of vice president were advanced. The first such constitutional amendment was presented by

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To be constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation's vice president, a person must, according to the Twelfth Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in

2245: 383: 9144: 9031: 2975:, both George W. Bush and Dick Cheney lived in and voted in Texas. To avoid creating a potential problem for Texas's electors, Cheney changed his residency back to Wyoming prior to the campaign. 9697: 583:

and nationally coordinated election campaigns during the 1790s (which the Constitution's framers had not contemplated) quickly frustrated the election plan in the original Constitution. In the

6052: 9134: 8915: 12191: 10417: 2237: 875:. The former Navy Secretary's office in the OEOB has since been designated the "Ceremonial Office of the Vice President" and is today used for formal events and press interviews. President 6508: 5713: 8521: 3320:

succeeding to the presidency. With the vacancy that followed the succession of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1963, the nation had been without a vice president for a cumulative total of 37 years.

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As the framers of the Constitution anticipated that the vice president would not always be available to fulfill this responsibility, the Constitution provides that the Senate may elect a

638:, lamented: "Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea; the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again." His successor, 10909: 9036: 8609: 8574: 6022: 2828: 12266: 8955: 8950: 4209:. To date, the only former vice president to have held this title is Hubert Humphrey. Also, under the terms of an 1886 Senate resolution, all former vice presidents are entitled to a 4200: 2327: 8880: 8826: 8704: 8646: 6181: 8614: 4517: 1084: 4206: 8945: 8631: 4326: 2757: 2735:), recognized that upon assuming the presidency a vice president needed to be already informed on such issues. Modern vice presidents have also been included in the president's 1347: 427:

meant that vice presidents were no longer the runners-up in the presidential election. The vice president's role began steadily growing in importance during the 1930s, with the

3146:, the vice president's term of office begins at noon on January 20, as does the president's. The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date, known as 10782: 8975: 8960: 8651: 2436: 9083: 8965: 8636: 7128: 7500: 4288: 9241: 9088: 8798: 6477: 5129: 2860:

chosen, with delegates placing the names of candidates into nomination, followed by a ballot in which candidates must receive a majority to secure the party's nomination.

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to the US Constitution, a vacancy in the office of vice president may be filled by presidential nomination and confirmation by a majority vote in both houses of Congress.

7687: 7251: 4782: 10499: 9098: 9068: 8753: 8619: 1061: 1050: 7477: 5964: 4672:"A Constitutional Chameleon: The Vice President's Place within the American System of Separation of Powers Part I: Text, Structure, Views of the Framers and the Courts" 10504: 8940: 8714: 8692: 8604: 2817:, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of vice president; 367: 7592: 7563: 12316: 12184: 10599: 9939: 9809: 8920: 8788: 8687: 8656: 3215: 3166: 5682: 5203: 3269: 9384: 9073: 8933: 8803: 8726: 8709: 8624: 8514: 5626: 4380: 3027: 2462: 2301:, although the Constitution does not specifically require it. However, whenever the president of the United States is on trial, the Constitution requires that the 2082: 1332: 395: 7531: 7368: 5593: 407:

vice presidents serve as a key presidential advisor, governing partner, and representative of the president. The vice president is also a statutory member of the

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several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill), discussions began in Congress about clearing up the Constitution's ambiguity on the subject.

900:(2001–2009) held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own, without the knowledge of the president. This rapid growth led to 504: 11948: 10676: 10278: 9934: 8980: 8885: 8599: 4724: 4686: 4643: 4210: 3316:

Prior to the ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency.

1219: 630:... or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived; and as I can do neither good nor evil, I must be borne away by others and met the common fate." 9013: 6378: 5328: 3162:

in 1937. Previously, Inauguration Day was on March 4. As a result of the date change, both men's first terms (1933–1937) were short of four years by 43 days.

10965: 10532: 10422: 9271: 8875: 8793: 8758: 8088: 7159: 4946: 3356: 3143: 1342: 1321: 1039: 423:. Originally something of an afterthought, the vice presidency was considered an insignificant office for much of the nation's history, especially after the 5768: 5296: 12177: 12021: 10300: 9374: 8865: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8721: 6541: 6098: 4318: 4313: 3174: 2457: 729:. This precedent was broken by Woodrow Wilson when he asked Thomas R. Marshall to preside over Cabinet meetings while Wilson was in France negotiating the 687:'s ticket, he replied "I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead and in my coffin." This was the second time Webster declined the office, which 7281: 6746: 6452: 12109: 11943: 10337: 8905: 8838: 8763: 8741: 8507: 6808: 3248: 2821: 606: 454:

and first female occupant of the office. Harris is the highest ranking female official in United States history. She assumed office on January 20, 2021.

424: 17: 7406: 7063: 741:, did not seek to attend Cabinet meetings under President Coolidge, declaring that "the precedent might prove injurious to the country." Vice President 10877: 10735: 8831: 7001: 4205:

Since 1977, former presidents and former vice presidents who are elected or re-elected to the Senate are entitled to the largely honorific position of

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quality of presidential candidates successful in some primaries, yet who ultimately failed to capture the presidential nomination at the convention.

12397: 10439: 10226: 9281: 6044: 5103: 4118: 3989: 3956: 3349: 3341: 3251:: "But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States." As of the 2268: 1112: 428: 110: 7097: 6658: 10931: 10904: 10221: 9234: 8928: 6501:"Kamala Harris is the president-in-waiting. Here's how the VP is balancing building her own brand against serving as a loyal soldier on Team Biden" 4129:. Salary for the staff is provided by both legislative and executive branch appropriations, in light of the vice president's roles in each branch. 2041: 2037: 1818: 351: 7725: 4143: 4056:

in Washington, D.C., to serve as residence for the superintendent of the Observatory. In 1923, the residence was reassigned to be the home of the

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would have done so as well, following his 1968 loss to Richard Nixon; however, on the date of the congressional joint session, Humphrey was in

2298: 1768: 794:, who were each appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th Amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers respectively. 6018: 5942: 4079:

The primary means of long-distance air travel for the vice president is one of two identical Boeing airplanes, which are extensively modified

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sent him free passes that misspelled his name, and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge's Washington residence was evacuated.

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explicitly disqualify a twice-elected president from serving as vice president, though it is arguably prohibited by the last sentence of the

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A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of vice president under the following conditions:

12402: 12216: 10919: 10516: 10332: 10273: 9856: 9814: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9440: 8870: 8544: 8475: 8122: 7093: 6997: 6967: 6870: 4278: 4266: 4234: 3151: 2059: 1900: 1793: 783: 31: 7782: 4825: 4628:"A Constitutional Anomaly: Safeguarding Confidential National Security Information Within the Enigma That Is the American Vice Presidency" 805:, instead of leaving the nomination to the convention, when he wanted Garner replaced. He then gave Wallace major responsibilities during 12043: 11886: 11781: 11526: 11264: 10384: 10295: 10037: 10022: 9904: 9430: 9227: 8853: 8465: 6715: 6167: 5899: 4597: 4557: 2319: 2203: 1915: 1337: 8848: 7621: 4271: 2445:

the event of a president's death, disability or removal, but not actually become the president of the United States in their own right.

12226: 11869: 11384: 11379: 11369: 10742: 10471: 9719: 9124: 8569: 6208: 4251: 2140: 2135: 1998: 1327: 6685: 2824:, "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States". 12038: 11981: 11874: 11703: 11145: 9648: 9397: 8748: 8736: 8661: 5273: 4570:

The Vice President of the United States is the second highest executive officer of the United States government, after the President.

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Had it not been for this new constitutional mechanism, the vice presidency would have remained vacant after Agnew's resignation; the

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votes, and then, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, opens the sealed votes. The votes are counted during a

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was selected instead. During his 82-day vice presidency, Truman was never informed about any war or post-war plans, including the

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between their first and second choice for the presidency. The person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided it was an

12092: 11801: 11484: 11389: 11219: 11167: 11128: 10695: 10690: 10544: 10481: 10434: 10412: 10377: 10032: 9888: 9341: 7752: 7243: 6595: 5989: 4464: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4265: 4262: 4259: 3344:. The second occurred ten months later on August 9, 1974, on Ford's accession to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation, when 2196: 2011: 1980: 1936: 1910: 1850: 1830: 1728: 1713: 1356: 1232: 1031: 704: 481: 4254: 4217:, commemorating their service as presidents of the Senate. Al Gore is the most recent former vice president to be so honored. 2933:

in the presidential delegate count, announced prior to the Republican National Convention that, if nominated, he would select

2456:, asserted that under the Constitution, he had succeeded to the presidency, not just to its powers and duties. He had himself 11908: 11796: 11666: 11570: 11479: 11403: 10948: 10914: 9929: 9919: 9914: 9772: 9767: 9631: 9596: 9460: 8998: 7469: 7444: 5960: 5097: 4494: 4356: 4290: 3879: 3846: 3364: 2569: 2337:

In this capacity, four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency: John Adams, in 1797,

2276: 1971: 1855: 1702: 1151: 779: 6893: 4424: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4263: 4258: 3255:, however, no former president has tested the amendment's legal restrictions or meaning by running for the vice presidency. 12311: 12221: 12104: 12001: 11938: 11928: 11811: 11602: 11565: 11494: 11326: 11291: 10842: 10572: 10305: 10076: 10027: 10000: 9924: 9883: 9420: 8808: 8589: 5064: 4250: 4180: 2072: 1072: 2248:. In practice, the number of times vice presidents have exercised this right has varied greatly. Incumbent vice president 844:

meetings in his absence and to assume temporary control of the executive branch, which he did after Eisenhower suffered a

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In the modern era, the vice president makes use of at least four different office spaces. These include an office in the

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4 addresses incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet. While Section

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for the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible.

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Abbott, Philip (December 2005). "Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession".

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The Twelfth Amendment provides that the vice president, in their capacity as the president of the Senate, receives the

2302: 2130: 2110: 1885: 1880: 1835: 1523: 1405: 1248: 1240: 988: 6401: 6141: 5791: 5000: 4900: 4268: 2465:

in 1967. Altogether, nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term. In addition to Tyler, they are

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in 1808, was also defeated. During the late 1860s and 1870s, five additional amendments were proposed. One advocate,

658:, who also served as vice president under Franklin Roosevelt, said the office was as "useful as a cow's fifth teat". 626:

he wrote, "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man

473: 391: 267: 239: 7031: 4712: 4627: 2653:

most important role would be as a "general adviser" to the president. Al Gore was an important adviser to President

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Bland Ambition: From Adams to Quayle—the Cranks, Criminals, Tax Cheats, and Golfers Who Made It to Vice President

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protection for up to six months after leaving office, and again temporarily at any time thereafter if warranted.

3415: 3243:. Additionally, neither the Constitution's eligibility provisions nor the Twenty-second Amendment's presidential 3220: 2996: 2497:. Four of them—Roosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson—were later elected to full terms of their own. 2077: 1928: 1870: 1825: 1653: 1312: 6531: 6449: 6082: 3272:

of the Constitution allows for the removal of federal officials, including the vice president, from office for "

12097: 11771: 11718: 11634: 11624: 11592: 11521: 11509: 11464: 11351: 11249: 11111: 11031: 11021: 10807: 10664: 10367: 10325: 10268: 10042: 9953: 9321: 7978: 7955: 7273: 6137: 4248: 4244: 3619: 1895: 1890: 1390: 1370: 1193: 1159: 864: 390:

at the same time as the president to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the

359: 243: 7664: 6804: 6323:"Does the Vice Presidency Give Joe Biden an Advantage in the Race to the Top? Here's How VPs Before Him Fared" 12261: 11849: 11713: 11629: 11560: 11531: 11469: 11359: 11331: 10975: 10347: 10240: 9478: 7391: 7053: 5303: 4522: 4282: 4041: 4029: 2832: 2780: 1875: 1860: 1578: 983: 938: 872: 433: 217: 6989: 5445: 4793:(4). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 811–896. 4289: 4245: 2913:

becoming McGovern's final running mate; both lost to the Nixon–Agnew ticket by a wide margin, carrying only

2591:

3 has been invoked on four occasions by three presidents, first in 1985. When invoked on November 19, 2021,

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number of electors equal to the size of its total delegation in both houses of Congress. Additionally, the

2692: 1317: 1209: 841: 182: 5354: 5087: 394:, but the electoral votes are cast separately for these two offices. Following the passage in 1967 of the 12296: 12271: 12065: 12016: 11831: 11733: 11656: 11538: 11434: 11259: 11244: 11182: 10817: 10772: 10579: 10461: 10315: 8108: 7085: 6650: 4747:"Major Themes at the Constitutional Convention: 8. Establishing the Electoral College and the Presidency" 3975: 2790: 2150: 1964: 1748: 1673: 1618: 1583: 592: 5247:

The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History

12339: 12281: 11969: 11839: 11671: 11651: 11639: 11449: 11439: 11121: 11026: 10639: 10629: 10156: 10151: 10141: 10136: 9658: 8411: 7990:

Vice Presidents: Biographies of the 45 Men Who Have Held the Second Highest Office in the United States

7717: 6348: 5475: 4122: 4099: 3511: 2736: 2240:

confers upon the vice president the title "President of the Senate", authorizing the vice president to

1658: 1563: 782:" issue early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on 676: 7207: 5822: 5151: 4247: 11548: 10854: 10659: 10654: 10216: 9670: 8584: 7217:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress. pp. 2297–98. 7181: 6564: 4746: 4057: 4013: 3010: 1623: 1613: 1608: 1588: 78: 12291: 7333: 5939: 4060:(CNO), which it was until it was turned over to the office of the vice president fifty years later. 12407: 12301: 11661: 11041: 11011: 11006: 10996: 10762: 10718: 10559: 10320: 10106: 9970: 9784: 9724: 8032: 5183: 4184: 1688: 1538: 1453: 978: 664: 333: 6692:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center. December 9, 1804. Archived from 5560: 836:

was in office (1953–1961). He attracted the attention of the media and the Republican Party, when

497: 62: 48: 11155: 10891: 10649: 9616: 7303: 5920: 5497: 5255: 4164: 4091: 2621: 1573: 1568: 1443: 500:

waste their second votes, it was specified that the first runner-up would become vice president.

419:

The role of the vice presidency has changed dramatically since the office was created during the

355: 166: 120: 6959: 6862: 446:

is the 49th and current vice president of the United States. A former senator, she is the first

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The Vice-Presidents and Cabinet Members: Biographies Arranged Chronologically by Administration

7946:

The Vice-Presidents and Cabinet Members: Biographies Arranged Chronologically by Administration

7774: 6898: 6751: 4817: 4053: 4025: 3088: 2731:, having not been told about any war or post-war plans during his vice presidency (notably the 2449: 2426: 2054: 1663: 1628: 1533: 1508: 1009: 1001: 688: 192: 12169: 6723: 6722:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center. June 7, 1964. Archived from 4589: 4549: 11806: 11489: 10604: 10161: 10126: 10121: 10064: 10047: 9777: 8055: 7628: 6424: 6322: 5888:"Can the Vice President preside at his own impeachment trial?: A critique of bare textualism" 4518:"'The American Vice Presidency' sketches all 47 men who held America's second-highest office" 4322: 4214: 4188: 3170: 3155: 2688: 2225: 1648: 1598: 1553: 1543: 1528: 1518: 1503: 1483: 1458: 1448: 1438: 1295: 845: 765:

had been vice president only three months when he became president; he was never informed of

726: 712: 651: 643: 408: 140: 134: 128: 7392:"The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment" 6204: 2548:. Also, in recent decades three incumbent vice presidents lost in close elections: Nixon in 950: 12353: 12158: 11286: 11160: 11051: 10429: 9861: 9841: 9789: 9739: 9680: 9611: 9208: 8293: 8221: 7627:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Archived from 6863:"US elections: Jimmy Carter tells Barack Obama not to pick Hillary Clinton as running mate" 6693: 5994: 2777: 2675: 2662: 2607: 2350: 2171: 1668: 1643: 1548: 1488: 1463: 1433: 1423: 1093: 871:

was the first vice president to also be given an office in the White House complex, in the

829:, a participant in Cabinet meetings and a recipient of regular security briefings in 1949. 730: 485: 379: 202: 100: 5269: 4330: 3292: 3214:

The term of office for both the vice president and the president is four years. While the

3114: 696:, in which Webster served under Harrison, Tyler, and later, Taylor's successor, Fillmore. 8: 11698: 11614: 11424: 11140: 10825: 10456: 9653: 9003: 8263: 5761:"Check out the number of tie-breaking votes vice presidents have cast in the U.S. Senate" 5245: 3726: 2704: 2382: 2323: 1603: 1558: 1498: 1473: 1428: 534: 224: 8529: 8054:, 1996-10-01, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the 7967: 4191:

for meetings with members of Congress, and an office at the vice president's residence.

480:

having a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state's allocation of

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after President Nixon nominated Congressman Ford to be vice president, October 13, 1973

3202: 3190: 3076: 3040: 2978:

Often, the presidential nominee will name a vice presidential candidate who will bring

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In their capacity as president of the Senate, the vice president may preside over most

1798: 1633: 1513: 1478: 856:

in November 1957. Nixon was also visible on the world stage during his time in office.

791: 766: 631: 212: 6207:. Charllotesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 3059:

practice, awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each

1017: 11681: 10837: 10189: 9687: 9606: 9591: 9412: 9204: 9194: 9184: 8395: 8359: 8329: 8275: 8257: 8012: 7993: 7974: 7951: 7928: 7922: 7908: 7898: 7879: 7860: 7837: 7813: 6941: 6243: 6173: 5621: 5406: 5402: 5093: 5038: 4352: 3917: 3695: 3325: 3236: 3193:

to support the Constitution. The current form, which has been used since 1884 reads:

3159: 3119: 3044: 3036: 2938: 2848: 2732: 2525: 2490: 2474: 2390: 2374: 2346: 1808: 1678: 1638: 1593: 1493: 1395: 1290: 868: 837: 822: 775: 734: 647: 529: 447: 387: 7748: 6622: 6450:

Memo to Jimmy Carter re: The Role of the Vice President in the Carter Administration

6083:"Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment" 5056: 4454: 4167:. The use of such names was originally due to security purposes and safety reasons. 2602:

II succession clause regarding a disabled president, including what constituted an "

11597: 11444: 11150: 10970: 9980: 9821: 9804: 9799: 9638: 9249: 9188: 8347: 8335: 8317: 8299: 8209: 8203: 8185: 8149: 7775:"H.R.5938—Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008, 110th Congress (2007–2008)" 7659: 6933: 6504: 6239: 5524:"Mondale lost the presidency but permanently changed the office of vice presidency" 5398: 4033: 3819: 3555: 3224: 3080: 3018: 2918: 2517: 2509: 2466: 2430: 2342: 2338: 2286: 1400: 901: 802: 738: 722: 588: 565: 561: 229: 6966:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center. March 29, 1961. 5735: 4486: 2361:, in 2001, all had to announce their opponent's election. In 1969, Vice President 503:

The resultant method of electing the president and vice president, spelled out in

12365: 11306: 11082: 10980: 10752: 10052: 9985: 9754: 9675: 9621: 9434: 9389: 9325: 9198: 8365: 8341: 8311: 8239: 8227: 8215: 8179: 7831: 7688:"Where does the vice president live? Few people know, but new book will show you" 7432: 6456: 6127:"Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation" 5946: 5927: 5828: 5359: 5209: 4459: 4040:

The home of the vice president was designated in 1974, when Congress established

3884: 3851: 3589: 3481: 3232: 3135: 3127: 3084: 2946: 2906: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2632: 2486: 2482: 2362: 2281: 2253: 2183: 1803: 1285: 1268: 1258: 1201: 1137: 1064: 708: 639: 580: 451: 11776: 11676: 11059: 10194: 10184: 10179: 10174: 9846: 9709: 9643: 9424: 9401: 9378: 9295: 8389: 8323: 8269: 8233: 8167: 7433:"The Vice-Presidency and the Problems of Presidential Succession and Inability" 3624: 3448: 3240: 3092: 2979: 2881: 2740: 2658: 2595:

became the first woman in U.S. history to have presidential powers and duties.

2470: 2386: 2378: 2102: 2029: 920:, said they would reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president. 905: 880: 746: 742: 700: 684: 680: 659: 635: 576:—followed their example and led effectively, while others were rarely present. 254: 7912: 6922:"Measuring the Vice-Presidential Home State Advantage With Synthetic Controls" 6402:"For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power" 5648: 3328:: the first instance occurred in 1973 following the October 10 resignation of 2448:

This understanding was first tested in 1841, following the death of President

12381: 10757: 10057: 9866: 9501: 9355: 9265: 8435: 8353: 8281: 6945: 6937: 5706:"Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tie-breaking votes" 5410: 4344: 4148: 4085: 4072: 3756: 3337: 3297: 3228: 3123: 3006: 2926: 2914: 2885: 2708: 2637: 2592: 2533: 2406: 2354: 2249: 1184: 1126: 1104: 1053: 1022: 833: 718: 623: 573: 525: 443: 86: 8486: 8048:

Documentary about the 1996 election and Vice Presidents throughout history,

7184:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. 4890:"The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections" 715:, opined that the office of vice president was "superfluous" and dangerous. 11064: 11036: 10091: 9315: 9305: 9285: 9275: 8245: 7250:. Washington, D.C.: Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. 7058: 6921: 6126: 5588: 5553:"Dick Cheney is the most powerful vice president in history. Is that good?" 5329:"U.S. Senate Web page on Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President (1925–1929)" 5199: 4889: 4098:

For short-distance air travel, the vice president has access to a fleet of

3658: 2958: 2950: 2934: 2728: 2654: 2441: 1280: 1263: 1251: 1115: 1042: 876: 860: 818: 806: 762: 655: 493: 403: 3219:

one could even serve under different presidents. This has happened twice:

11341: 10872: 10209: 10111: 9851: 9714: 9470: 9345: 9335: 8417: 8377: 8371: 7827: 7215:

Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation

7023: 6747:"How the Office of the Vice Presidency Evolved from Nothing to Something" 4409:. Vol. Two 1784–1826. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 744. 3980: 3948: 3360: 3333: 3329: 3309: 3131: 2930: 2645: 2494: 2272: 1273: 913: 897: 787: 654:, claimed that the vice presidency "isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss". 569: 12360: 7182:"The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937" 6596:"After fumbled messaging, Trump gets a coronavirus czar by another name" 6251: 5418: 5386: 3035:. In all but two states, the party whose presidential–vice presidential 2178: 10204: 10010: 9836: 9831: 9749: 8429: 8401: 8197: 8155: 8143: 5030: 4402: 4104: 4080: 3516: 3305: 3244: 3014: 3001: 2603: 2501: 2453: 2422: 2398: 2370: 2257: 601: 557: 549: 520: 477: 296: 146: 4075:, the official vice presidential aircraft, carrying the vice president 3185:, that the vice president and other government officers shall take an 2598:

Sections 3 and 4 were added because there was ambiguity in the Article

2417: 545: 11693: 11686: 8423: 7836:(Hardcover ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 1–48. 7536: 7532:"Vice President Pence's pay bump is not as big as Republicans wanted" 6623:"Biden tasks Harris with tackling migrant influx on US–Mexico border" 4239:

Graphical timeline listing the vice presidents of the United States:

4176: 3301: 2892:. At the tumultuous 1972 Democratic convention, presidential nominee 2877: 2641: 2541: 2334:, on January 6, 2025 (unless Congress sets a different date by law). 2261: 1167: 917: 884: 8530:

Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the United States

7810:

First in Line: Presidents, Vice Presidents, and the Pursuit of Power

7749:"Here's How Much Money Obama and Biden Will Get From Their Pensions" 4723:. Winston Salem, NC: Wake Forest Law Review Association, Inc.: 505. 3083:'s running mate) was elected the nation's ninth vice president over 2835:, may be removed by a two-thirds vote of each house of the Congress. 2394: 863:, a formal office in the Capitol itself and a working office in the 809:. However, after numerous policy disputes between Wallace and other 737:

also invited Calvin Coolidge, to meetings. The next vice president,

9876: 9826: 9366: 6627: 6600: 6266:"A controversial President who established presidential succession" 5832:. Vol. 6, no. 24. New York, New York. December 14, 1925. 3052: 2910: 2897: 2844: 813:

and Democratic Party officials, he was denied re-nomination at the

745:

regularly attended Cabinet meetings on the invitation of President

7654: 7310:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center. 6019:"Congress certifies Bush as winner of 2000 election, Jan. 6, 2001" 5704:

Lebowitz, Megan; Thorp, Frank; Santaliz, Kate (December 5, 2023).

5478:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center, University of Virginia 4201:

List of vice presidents of the United States by other offices held

2328:

Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act

757: 8407: 3277: 3273: 2855:

following her selection as the party's vice presidential nominee.

2358: 849: 650:, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President 634:, who served as vice president from 1913 to 1921 under President 9463:• ** Ambiguity exists concerning eligibility to act as president 7158:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The National Constitution Center. 6594:

Cancryn, Adam; Forgey, Quint; Diamond, Dan (February 27, 2020).

6377:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The National Constitution Center. 6177: 5297:"The Vice Presidency: Evolution of the Modern Office, 1933–2001" 5057:"A heartbeat away from the presidency: vice presidential trivia" 4899:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. p. 13. 2723:

Since 1949, the vice president has legally been a member of the

2532:. Likewise, two former vice presidents have won the presidency, 2229:

constitutional amendments have added or clarified some matters.

12199: 9251:

Presidential line of succession in the United States of America

5042: 4939:"Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate)" 2385:, presided in his absence. On February 8, 1933, Vice President 2366: 853: 591:

candidate John Adams won the presidency, but his bitter rival,

467:

No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787

5649:"Full Vice Presidential Debate with Gov. Palin and Sen. Biden" 4242: 3009:

showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the

540: 7781:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. September 26, 2008. 7593:"Continued Pay Freeze for Certain Senior Political Officials" 7121:"The one election where Faithless Electors made a difference" 5453: 4125:, which included an "office of the Vice President" under the 4068: 3048: 2695:, which provided her with a key role in passing legislation. 2556:. Additionally, former vice president Walter Mondale lost in 7127:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. 5037:. Vol. II 1784–1826. New York: Doubleday. p. 844. 4221:(under the Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008) to 3367:

had Nixon resigned in this scenario, under the terms of the

2945:

In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, which pitted

2285:

magazine wrote in 1925, during the tenure of Vice President

7679: 7470:"Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts" 4349:

Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788

3186: 2092: 769:'s war or postwar policies while serving as vice president. 10444: 7208:"Commencement of the Terms of Office: Twentieth Amendment" 4970:"Essays on Article I: Vice President as Presiding Officer" 2500:

Four sitting vice presidents have been elected president:

752: 8038:

Vice-President Elect Chester Arthur on Expectations of VP

7473: 4183:

near where most of the vice president's staff works, the

3966: 3936: 3903: 3870: 3837: 3807: 3774: 3744: 3714: 3680: 3646: 3610: 3577: 3541: 3502: 3469: 3436: 3403: 2772:). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must: 2452:, only 31 days into his term. Harrison's vice president, 2260:

ranks third with 29. Nine vice presidents, most recently

2097: 27:

Second-highest constitutional office in the United States

8130: 6169:

From Failing Hands: the Story of Presidential Succession

5500:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior 4805:– via Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. 4753:. Ashland, Ohio: Ashbrook Center at Ashland University. 30:

For a list of vice presidents of the United States, see

8044:

A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825

8009:

The American Vice Presidency: From Irrelevance to Power

6172:. New York City: Fordham University Press. p. 56. 5205:

A Grammar of American Politics: The National Government

2389:

announced the election of his successor, House Speaker

2309: 908:

calling for the abolition of the vice presidency while

668:

that "he framers of the Constitution expected that the

374:. In this capacity, the vice president is empowered to 7973:. Vol. II. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications. 7564:"Executive Order - Adjustment of Certain Rates of Pay" 6532:"Behind Joe Biden's Thinking on a Female Running Mate" 6499:

Bravender, Robin; Sfondeles, Tina (January 29, 2021).

2560:. In total, 15 vice presidents have become president. 703:

in 1800; it was defeated by a vote of 27 to 85 in the

12337: 9167:

Unsuccessful major party vice presidential candidates

7950:. Vol. I. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications. 7876:

A History of the Vice-Presidency of the United States

6474:"What Harris Got from Biden During Her Job Interview" 5703: 3118:

Four vice presidents: (from left) outgoing president

8033:

White House website for Vice President Kamala Harris

7833:

Accidental Presidents: Eight Men Who Changed America

6593: 6349:"15 vice presidents who became president themselves" 4117:

The vice president is supported by personnel in the

3047:

of elector nominees chosen as the state's electors.

2292: 879:

was the first president to give his vice president,

832:

The stature of the vice presidency grew again while

6773:Stratton, Allegra; Nasaw, Daniel (March 11, 2008). 5546: 5544: 4373:"March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history" 3169:ceremony was held on the Inaugural platform on the 2822:

Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

2718: 2393:, while Garner was seated next to him on the House 7966: 7943: 7852: 7464: 7462: 6775:"Obama scoffs at Clinton's vice-presidential hint" 6498: 5961:"Senate expels John C. Breckinridge, Dec. 4, 1861" 5821: 5446:"How Harry Truman Transformed the Vice Presidency" 5152:"Nation: Some Day You'll Be Sitting in That Chair" 4425:"Essays on Amendment XXV: Presidential Succession" 2579:3 deals with self-declared incapacity, and Section 2429:'s death from Chief Clerk of the State Department 2412: 707:. The second, introduced by United States Senator 7897:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 6738: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 5498:"Harry S Truman National Historic Site: Missouri" 4119:Office of the Vice President of the United States 3173:'s east front immediately before the president's 1348:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 859:Until 1961, vice presidents had their offices on 111:Office of the Vice President of the United States 12379: 10905:Native American recognition in the United States 9162:Unsuccessful major party presidential candidates 7443:(3). Fordham University School of Law: 457–498. 7200: 6919: 5736:"U.S. Senate: Votes to Break Ties in the Senate" 5550: 5541: 5387:"The Rising Power of the Modern Vice Presidency" 5302:. Congressional Research Service. Archived from 5294: 5085: 4052:mansion was built in 1893 on the grounds of the 2256:who had previously held the record at 31 votes; 616: 7459: 7174: 6492: 5675:"The Senate and the United States Constitution" 4351:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 433. 552:, the first vice president of the United States 366:. The vice president is also an officer in the 7874:Hatch, Louis C. (2012). Shoup, Earl L. (ed.). 6831:"Trump throws 2008 Obama ad in Clinton's face" 6120: 6118: 6116: 6067: 5984: 5982: 5439: 5437: 5435: 4036:, the official residence of the vice president 3284:". No vice president has ever been impeached. 3122:(the 37th vice president), incoming president 2739:and frequently participate in meetings in the 12185: 11302:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 9486: 9235: 8515: 8491: 8116: 7859:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 7724:. Washington, D.C.: Secretary of the Senate. 7622:"Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress" 7280:. Washington, D.C.: Secretary of the Senate. 7054:"Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska" 6772: 6165: 5681:. Washington, D.C.: Secretary of the Senate. 5079: 4945:. Washington, D.C.: Secretary of the Senate. 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4418: 4416: 3130:administering oath), incoming vice president 3043:of popular votes in the state has its entire 2204: 600:, Jefferson and fellow Democratic-Republican 7094:National Archives and Records Administration 6998:National Archives and Records Administration 6744: 5792:"Essays on Article I: President Pro Tempore" 5517: 5515: 5191: 5001:"Essays on Amendment XII: Electoral College" 4776: 4774: 4772: 4235:List of vice presidents of the United States 4063: 3974: 3944: 3911: 3878: 3845: 3815: 3782: 3752: 3722: 3689: 3654: 3618: 3585: 3549: 3510: 3477: 3444: 3411: 462: 32:List of vice presidents of the United States 7389: 6920:Heersink, Boris; Peterson, Brenton (2016). 6467: 6465: 6113: 5979: 5857:"Essays on Article I: Trial of Impeachment" 5432: 5380: 5378: 5197: 5049: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4661: 2698: 801:, Roosevelt selected his own running mate, 541:Early vice presidents and Twelfth Amendment 12192: 12178: 9500: 9493: 9479: 9385:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 9242: 9228: 8522: 8508: 8471: 8123: 8109: 7992:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. 7718:"Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection" 7501:"Speaker Albert Was Ready to Be President" 7390:Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). 7361:"VP Bill? Depends on Meaning of 'Elected'" 6364: 6362: 6166:Feerick, John D.; Freund, Paul A. (1965). 5476:"Harry Truman: Life Before the Presidency" 4874: 4575: 4413: 4151:, surrounded by members of her family and 4090:while the vice president is on board. Any 2252:holds the record at 33 votes, followed by 2232: 2211: 2197: 457: 77: 10915:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 7850: 6894:"The Vice Presidents That History Forgot" 6860: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6202: 5885: 5512: 5443: 5384: 4852:"Essays on Article II: Electoral College" 4845: 4843: 4769: 4710: 4704: 4632:William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 2552:, Hubert Humphrey in 1968 and Al Gore in 12398:1789 establishments in the United States 8006: 7746: 7620:Purcell, Patrick J. (January 21, 2005). 7149: 6745:Py-Lieberman, Beth (November 18, 2014). 6462: 6399: 6021:. Arlington County, Virginia: Politico. 5963:. Arlington County, Virginia: Politico. 5614: 5581: 5375: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4815: 4713:"The New Constitutional Vice Presidency" 4658: 4515: 4303: 4142: 4102:helicopters of varying models including 4067: 4024: 3291: 3265:Federal impeachment in the United States 3113: 3000: 2843: 2681: 2631: 2416: 761:Though prominent as a Missouri Senator, 756: 544: 10966:List of counties and county equivalents 9272:Speaker of the House of Representatives 8089:Speaker of the House of Representatives 8060:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 8011:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. 7987: 7892: 7667:from the original on September 14, 2009 7619: 7430: 7254:from the original on September 18, 2018 7244:"Vice President's Swearing-in Ceremony" 7236: 6891: 6359: 6125:Neale, Thomas H. (September 27, 2004). 6080: 6025:from the original on September 23, 2018 5967:from the original on September 23, 2018 5848: 5276:from the original on September 27, 2007 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5216:from the original on September 13, 2015 5180: 4679:Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 4194: 3110:United States presidential inauguration 2627: 2403:announced the election of his successor 2264:, did not cast any tie-breaking votes. 1343:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 1333:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel 932:This article is part of a series on the 923: 753:Emergence of the modern vice presidency 413:United States National Security Council 163:Second highest executive branch officer 106:Executive branch of the U.S. Government 14: 12380: 9375:Secretary of Health and Human Services 7964: 7941: 7807: 7698:from the original on November 21, 2018 7685: 7609:from the original on January 15, 2024. 7580:from the original on January 15, 2024. 7529: 7340:from the original on September 5, 2020 7131:from the original on February 14, 2021 7118: 7100:from the original on December 12, 2019 6873:from the original on November 16, 2016 6841:from the original on November 22, 2016 6811:from the original on November 22, 2016 6785:from the original on November 22, 2016 6673: 6651:"Our Government: The Executive Branch" 6529: 6381:from the original on September 4, 2019 6320: 6229: 6203:Freehling, William (October 4, 2016). 6184:from the original on November 20, 2020 6147:from the original on November 14, 2020 6055:from the original on February 11, 2020 5685:from the original on February 11, 2020 5629:from the original on December 29, 2017 5596:from the original on December 29, 2017 5295:Harold C. Relyea (February 13, 2001). 5005:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 4992: 4949:from the original on November 15, 2002 4856:The Heritage Guide to The Constitution 4840: 4828:from the original on February 19, 2018 4824:. No. 71. London: History Today. 4780: 4757:from the original on February 10, 2018 4692:from the original on December 30, 2017 4625: 4612: 4429:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 4383:from the original on February 24, 2018 2299:impeachment trials of federal officers 912:'s both vice presidential candidates, 705:United States House of Representatives 350:) is the second-highest office in the 12173: 9474: 9223: 8503: 8490: 8104: 7920: 7878:. Whitefish, MT: Literary Licensing. 7873: 7826: 7747:Adamczyk, Alicia (January 20, 2017). 7686:Groppe, Maureen (November 24, 2017). 7652: 7591:Ahuja, Kiran A. (December 21, 2023). 7590: 7530:Groppe, Maureen (February 14, 2019). 7480:from the original on January 16, 2017 7412:from the original on January 29, 2018 7358: 6805:"Obama rejects being Clinton's No. 2" 6657:. Washington, D.C.: The White House. 6562: 6511:from the original on January 29, 2021 6480:from the original on January 14, 2021 6471: 6422: 6368: 6124: 6016: 5958: 5902:from the original on January 14, 2021 5836:from the original on October 19, 2017 5716:from the original on December 5, 2023 5655:from the original on January 14, 2021 5473: 5385:Goldstein, Joel K. (September 2008). 5106:from the original on January 14, 2021 5067:from the original on October 19, 2017 5029: 4918: 4906:from the original on December 6, 2020 4887: 4600:from the original on October 25, 2012 4560:from the original on October 25, 2012 4497:from the original on October 14, 2020 4467:from the original on January 25, 2021 4401: 4343: 2965: 2829:Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment 2570:Acting President of the United States 1703:Elections in the District of Columbia 12393:Vice presidency of the United States 12388:Vice presidents of the United States 9157:Received at least one electoral vote 8461: 8132:Vice presidents of the United States 8069:U.S. presidential line of succession 7785:from the original on January 9, 2021 7447:from the original on October 1, 2019 7336:. The National Constitution Center. 7162:from the original on August 28, 2019 6861:Freedland, Jonathan (June 4, 2008). 6575:from the original on October 2, 2015 6544:from the original on August 25, 2020 6400:Sullivan, Kate (November 19, 2021). 6196: 6101:from the original on August 20, 2015 5867:from the original on August 22, 2020 5854: 5802:from the original on August 22, 2020 5767:. PBS. July 25, 2017. Archived from 5551:Kenneth T. Walsh (October 3, 2003). 5521: 5474:Hamby, Alonzo L. (October 4, 2016). 5355:"National Affairs: Curtis v. Brown?" 5243: 5228: 5162:from the original on October 7, 2014 5011:from the original on August 22, 2020 4980:from the original on August 22, 2020 4862:from the original on August 22, 2020 4530:from the original on October 6, 2019 4516:Weinberg, Steve (October 14, 2014). 4435:from the original on August 22, 2020 4181:Eisenhower Executive Office Building 3997: 3348:was nominated by President Ford and 3134:(39th), and outgoing vice president 2746: 2668: 2310:Presiding over electoral vote counts 2073:United States and the United Nations 1305:Inferior Courts of the United States 12403:Leaders of the United States Senate 9282:President pro tempore of the Senate 9094:National Republican / Whig 7855:The Modern American Vice Presidency 7755:from the original on March 12, 2022 7728:from the original on March 18, 2021 7544:from the original on April 15, 2019 7498: 7314:from the original on August 2, 2018 7119:Bomboy, Scott (December 19, 2016). 7066:from the original on August 2, 2018 7034:from the original on August 2, 2018 7030:. Takoma Park, Maryland: FairVote. 6346: 6302:. Mountain View, California: Justia 6211:from the original on March 12, 2017 5615:Ackerman, Bruce (October 2, 2008). 5132:from the original on April 14, 2016 4967: 4422: 4012:, which also provides an automatic 3369:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 3165:Also in 1937, the vice president's 2853:1984 Democratic National Convention 2563: 1177:Vice President of the United States 815:1944 Democratic National Convention 799:1940 Democratic National Convention 344:vice president of the United States 42:Vice President of the United States 24: 18:Vice president of the United States 9104:Third party / independent 7801: 7511:from the original on July 28, 2018 7371:from the original on July 19, 2018 7284:from the original on July 28, 2018 7224:from the original on July 25, 2018 7188:from the original on July 25, 2018 7004:from the original on July 21, 2018 6970:from the original on July 31, 2018 6661:from the original on July 31, 2018 5959:Glass, Andrew (December 4, 2014). 5892:Saint Louis University Law Journal 5861:Heritage Guide to the Constitution 5796:Heritage Guide to the Constitution 4974:Heritage Guide to the Constitution 4849: 4797:from the original on April 1, 2019 4727:from the original on July 16, 2018 4646:from the original on July 16, 2018 4590:"Executive Branch: Vice President" 2303:chief justice of the United States 1241:Supreme Court of the United States 949: 896:At the start of the 21st century, 683:to run for the vice presidency on 25: 12419: 10311:Director of National Intelligence 8026: 7573:. December 21, 2023. Schedule 6. 7359:Baker, Peter (October 20, 2006). 7150:Larson, Edward J.; Shesol, Jeff. 6321:Waxman, Olivia (April 25, 2019). 6017:Glass, Andrew (January 6, 2016). 5789: 4998: 4888:Neale, Thomas H. (May 15, 2017). 4670:Brownell II, Roy E. (Fall 2014). 4642:Scholarship Repository: 565–605. 4127:Executive Office of the President 4083:airliners and are referred to as 4010:1989 Government Salary Reform Act 3209: 2980:geographic or ideological balance 2587:4 has never been invoked, Section 2293:Presiding over impeachment trials 971:Constitution of the United States 721:, the first vice president under 268:Constitution of the United States 12359: 12347: 12317:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10467:Government Accountability Office 9203: 9193: 9183: 8575:Assassination attempts and plots 8470: 8460: 8451: 8450: 7767: 7740: 7710: 7653:Yoffe, Emily (January 3, 2001). 7646: 7613: 7584: 7556: 7523: 7492: 7424: 7383: 7086:"What is the Electoral College?" 6530:Glueck, Katie (March 16, 2020). 6423:Lizza, Ryan (October 10, 2008). 6244:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x 6095:Fordham University School of Law 5998:. January 7, 1969. pp. 1, 6 5990:"Electoral Vote Challenge Loses" 5444:Feuerherd, Peter (May 8, 2018). 5403:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02650.x 4816:Rathbone, Mark (December 2011). 4170: 4121:. The office was created in the 2719:National Security Council member 2425:receiving the news of President 2397:. Most recently, Vice President 2177: 2165: 1416:Elections by State and Territory 1021: 1016: 537:protocols stated in the clause. 61: 47: 7405:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: 565. 7352: 7326: 7296: 7266: 7143: 7112: 7078: 7046: 7016: 6982: 6952: 6913: 6885: 6854: 6823: 6797: 6766: 6708: 6643: 6615: 6587: 6565:"Breaking Up: Maliki and Biden" 6563:Osnos, Evan (August 12, 2014). 6556: 6523: 6472:Lizza, Ryan (August 13, 2020). 6442: 6416: 6393: 6340: 6314: 6288: 6258: 6223: 6159: 6037: 6010: 5952: 5933: 5914: 5879: 5814: 5783: 5753: 5728: 5697: 5667: 5641: 5608: 5582:Yglesias, Matthew (July 2009). 5575: 5490: 5467: 5347: 5321: 5288: 5262: 5252:American Historical Association 5174: 5144: 5118: 5061:Case Western Reserve University 5023: 4961: 4809: 4781:Albert, Richard (Winter 2005). 4739: 3103: 2997:United States Electoral College 2614: 2437:Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 2413:Successor to the U.S. president 2078:United Nations Security Council 1981:District of Columbia Government 556:The first two vice presidents, 364:presidential line of succession 12110:Separation of church and state 10326:National Reconnaissance Office 10269:President of the United States 9441:Secretary of Homeland Security 7499:Gup, Ted (November 28, 1982). 6369:Kalt, Brian C.; Pozen, David. 6272:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 6232:Presidential Studies Quarterly 6205:"John Tyler: Domestic Affairs" 6138:Congressional Research Service 5391:Presidential Studies Quarterly 4783:"The Evolving Vice Presidency" 4542: 4509: 4479: 4447: 4395: 4365: 4337: 3971: December 19, 1974 3258: 3223:(1805–1812) served under both 2888:Senator (and later president) 2876:in 1956. The convention chose 2751: 2238:Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 1194:United States Attorney General 1160:President of the United States 865:Russell Senate Office Building 421:1787 Constitutional Convention 360:president of the United States 244:President of the United States 13: 1: 9431:Secretary of Veterans Affairs 8040:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 5617:"Abolish the vice presidency" 5092:. Macmillan. pp. 40–41. 4640:William & Mary Law School 4638:(2). Williamsburg, Virginia: 4523:The Christian Science Monitor 4296: 4179:, a ceremonial office in the 4132: 4042:Number One Observatory Circle 4030:Number One Observatory Circle 3941: December 6, 1973 3908: January 20, 1965 3875: January 20, 1949 2929:, who was trailing President 2864:presidents—Andrew Jackson in 2839: 2381:. The president pro tempore, 1338:Alien Terrorist Removal Court 873:Old Executive Office Building 840:authorized him to preside at 617:19th and early 20th centuries 434:Number One Observatory Circle 382:, but may not vote except to 218:Number One Observatory Circle 10472:Government Publishing Office 9940:Technological and industrial 7334:"The Constitution—Full Text" 7156:The Interactive Constitution 6375:The Interactive Constitution 6371:"The Twenty-fifth Amendment" 6274:National Constitution Center 5557:U.S. News & World Report 5522:Balz, Dan (April 19, 2021). 5331:. Senate.gov. Archived from 5198:Binkley, Wilfred Ellsworth; 4377:National Constitution Center 4207:Deputy President pro tempore 4139:United States Secret Service 4020: 3890:3 years, 283 days 3794:3 years, 171 days 3701:3 years, 166 days 3630:3 years, 323 days 3594:3 years, 320 days 3561:2 years, 238 days 3453:2 years, 101 days 3375:Vice presidential vacancies 3287: 3282:high crimes and misdemeanors 2737:daily intelligence briefings 2242:preside over Senate meetings 1328:Court of International Trade 429:Office of the Vice President 7: 11944:Women's reproductive health 10910:Federally recognized tribes 10773:Public utilities commission 10677:Public Health Service Corps 10580:Code of Federal Regulations 10462:Congressional Budget Office 10316:Central Intelligence Agency 10222:Water supply and sanitation 9649:Declaration of Independence 9398:Secretary of Transportation 8981:U.S. Senate bust collection 7988:Waldrup, Carole C. (2006). 7893:Kamarck, Elaine C. (2020). 7851:Goldstein, Joel K. (1982). 7655:"A Presidential Salary FAQ" 6892:Horwitz, Tony (July 2012). 5886:Goldstein, Joel K. (2000). 5863:. The Heritage Foundation. 5798:. The Heritage Foundation. 5007:. The Heritage Foundation. 4976:. The Heritage Foundation. 4858:. The Heritage Foundation. 4751:TeachingAmericanHistory.org 4711:Goldstein, Joel K. (1995). 4431:. The Heritage Foundation. 4228: 3857:1 year, 214 days 3761:1 year, 103 days 3731:3 years, 99 days 3663:1 year, 102 days 3522:3 years, 334 days 3336:was nominated by President 2990: 2401:, on January 6, 2021, 778:, broke with him over the " 91:since January 20, 2021 10: 12424: 11122:Red states and blue states 11027:City commission government 11022:Council–manager government 7965:Vexler, Robert I. (1975). 7942:Vexler, Robert I. (1975). 7895:Picking the Vice President 6926:American Politics Research 5126:"John Nance Garner quotes" 4232: 4213:in the Senate wing of the 4198: 4187:on the Senate side of the 4136: 4123:Reorganization Act of 1939 3923:1 year, 59 days 3842: March 4, 1925 3812: March 4, 1913 3779: March 4, 1905 3749: March 4, 1901 3719: March 4, 1889 3686: March 4, 1885 3651: March 4, 1877 3615: March 4, 1869 3582: March 4, 1857 3546: March 4, 1853 3507: March 4, 1845 3474: March 4, 1833 3441: March 4, 1817 3408: March 4, 1813 3296:(Left to right) President 3262: 3107: 2994: 2567: 2332:2024 presidential election 609:in time to be used in the 248:congressional confirmation 29: 12209: 12131: 11957: 11830: 11762: 11415: 11411: 11402: 11350: 11215: 11206: 11102: 11073: 11050: 10989: 10956: 10947: 10890: 10878:Comparison of governments 10853: 10816: 10793: 10709: 10689: 10620: 10558: 10480: 10403: 10261: 10252: 10248: 10239: 9961: 9952: 9897: 9857:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 9698:drafting and ratification 9671:Articles of Confederation 9584: 9518: 9509: 9457: 9332:Secretary of the Interior 9302:Secretary of the Treasury 9257: 9179: 9112: 9059: 9050: 9022: 8989: 8898: 8817: 8670: 8647:Post-presidency campaigns 8560: 8553: 8535: 8497: 8492:Links to related articles 8446: 8138: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8067: 7431:Feerick, John D. (1964). 7304:"Twenty-second Amendment" 7152:"The Twentieth Amendment" 6296:"Presidential Succession" 6081:Feerick, John D. (2011). 6063:– via TimesMachine. 5945:October 27, 2023, at the 5926:October 15, 2020, at the 5584:"End the Vice Presidency" 5181:Bagehot, Walter (1963) . 5086:Greenberg, David (2007). 4064:Travel and transportation 4058:Chief of Naval Operations 4014:cost of living adjustment 4002: 3990:Confirmation of successor 3957:Confirmation of successor 3235:(1825–1832) served under 3201:), do solemnly swear (or 3098: 2786:be at least 35 years old; 2725:National Security Council 2369:attending the funeral of 2320:joint session of Congress 1769:List of political parties 827:National Security Council 469:Constitutional Convention 463:Constitutional Convention 362:, and ranks first in the 328: 320: 312: 302: 292: 273: 263: 259:Four years, no term limit 253: 235: 223: 211: 198:National Economic Council 188:National Security Council 175: 156: 119: 96: 74: 60: 46: 41: 11897:Prescription drug prices 11017:Mayor–council government 11007:Coterminous municipality 10997:Consolidated city-county 10763:Agriculture commissioner 10413:House of Representatives 10321:National Security Agency 9971:Contiguous United States 9342:Secretary of Agriculture 9145:Number of votes received 9042:Winner lost popular vote 9032:Electoral College margin 8844:Educational institutions 8007:Witcover, Jules (2014). 7808:Brower, Kate A. (2018). 6960:"Twenty-third Amendment" 6938:10.1177/1532673X16642567 6006:– via Google News. 5184:The English Constitution 4165:Secret Service codenames 4112: 3138:(38th), January 20, 1969 2699:Representative at events 2246:cast a tie-breaking vote 2172:United States portal 1684:Northern Mariana Islands 1032:House of Representatives 811:Roosevelt Administration 665:The English Constitution 386:. The vice president is 384:cast a tie-breaking vote 11982:Criticism of government 11327:Social welfare programs 10920:State-recognized tribes 9905:Outline of U.S. history 9617:Continental Association 8545:List of vice presidents 6807:. CNN. March 11, 2008. 6134:CRS Report for Congress 5089:Calvin Coolidge profile 4897:CRS Report for Congress 3216:Twenty-Second Amendment 2868:and Abraham Lincoln in 2622:Smithsonian Institution 2349:, in 1989. Conversely, 2233:President of the Senate 2226:New York's constitution 1901:Individualist anarchism 1073:Congressional districts 848:on September 24, 1955, 458:History and development 372:president of the Senate 356:U.S. federal government 264:Constituting instrument 167:President of the Senate 12044:Environmental movement 11887:Health insurance costs 11782:Educational attainment 11307:Federal Reserve System 11265:Science and technology 10768:Insurance commissioner 10306:Intelligence Community 10001:minor outlying islands 9764:Civil rights movement 9421:Secretary of Education 7476:. September 26, 2016. 7090:U.S. Electoral College 7024:"Maine & Nebraska" 6994:U.S. Electoral College 6716:"Fourteenth Amendment" 6455:March 7, 2020, at the 5187:. Collins. p. 80. 4717:Wake Forest Law Review 4596:. U.S. Legal Support. 4155: 4076: 4054:U.S. Naval Observatory 4037: 3313: 3207: 3139: 3089:William Henry Harrison 3061:congressional district 3028:Twenty-third Amendment 3022: 2856: 2793:for at least 14 years. 2707:the president is both 2649: 2463:Twenty-fifth Amendment 2450:William Henry Harrison 2433: 2427:William Henry Harrison 2038:Diplomatic missions of 1916:Political polarization 1386:Presidential elections 1010:United States Congress 954: 770: 689:William Henry Harrison 642:, was so obscure that 553: 396:Twenty-fifth Amendment 193:National Space Council 68:Vice presidential flag 54:Vice presidential seal 12307:Saint Kitts and Nevis 11870:Immigrant health care 11385:Transportation safety 11380:Transportation policy 11370:Public transportation 10440:President pro tempore 10296:Executive departments 10065:National Park Service 9720:Territorial evolution 9352:Secretary of Commerce 9140:Lost their home state 9074:Democratic-Republican 9061:Political affiliation 8961:Religious affiliation 8789:Religious affiliation 8615:Judicial appointments 8056:University of Georgia 7921:Tally, Steve (1992). 5855:Gerhardt, Michael J. 5397:(3). Wiley: 374–389. 5244:Ames, Herman (1896). 5200:Moos, Malcolm Charles 5158:. November 29, 1963. 4626:Garvey, Todd (2008). 4215:United States Capitol 4189:United States Capitol 4185:Vice President's Room 4146: 4071: 4028: 3350:confirmed by Congress 3342:confirmed by Congress 3295: 3270:Article II, Section 4 3263:Further information: 3195: 3156:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3117: 3004: 2847: 2689:United States Capitol 2682:Congressional liaison 2640:meets with President 2635: 2568:Further information: 2421:1888 illustration of 2420: 2322:as prescribed by the 2269:president pro tempore 1113:President Pro Tempore 953: 760: 713:James Mitchell Ashley 652:Franklin D. Roosevelt 644:Major League Baseball 593:Democratic-Republican 548: 409:United States Cabinet 12039:Environmental issues 11704:Political ideologies 11603:Indigenous languages 10803:List of legislatures 10600:separation of powers 10301:Independent agencies 10227:World Heritage Sites 9862:September 11 attacks 9785:Spanish–American War 9725:Mexican–American War 9681:Confederation period 9612:Continental Congress 9312:Secretary of Defense 9209:United States portal 9004:Designated survivors 8294:Charles W. Fairbanks 8222:John C. Breckinridge 7812:. New York: Harper. 7399:Minnesota Law Review 7248:inaugural.senate.gov 7092:. Washington, D.C.: 6996:. Washington, D.C.: 6990:"About the Electors" 6726:on February 26, 2018 6696:on February 22, 2018 6136:. Washington, D.C.: 6093:(3). New York City: 6051:. February 9, 1933. 5995:St. Petersburg Times 5771:on December 12, 2021 5740:United States Senate 4818:"US Vice Presidents" 4195:Post–vice presidency 3363:, would have become 3357:speaker of the House 3199:first name last name 3019:District of Columbia 2919:District of Columbia 2791:resident in the U.S. 2743:with the president. 2705:system of government 2628:Presidential advisor 2608:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2373:, the first elected 2351:John C. Breckinridge 2273:president for a time 2042:in the United States 1782:Political ideologies 1406:Presidential primary 924:Constitutional roles 852:in June 1956, and a 731:Treaty of Versailles 535:contingent elections 519:, allocated to each 380:United States Senate 203:United States Senate 129:Madam Vice President 101:United States Senate 12322:Trinidad and Tobago 12217:Antigua and Barbuda 12202:heads of government 11882:Health care finance 11375:Rail transportation 11141:Imperial presidency 10863:State constitutions 10808:List of legislators 10758:Auditor/Comptroller 10731:Lieutenant governor 10457:Library of Congress 10348:Diplomatic Security 9991:Indian reservations 9654:American Revolution 9408:Secretary of Energy 9037:Popular vote margin 8946:Impeachment efforts 8886:U.S. postage stamps 8652:Previous experience 8610:International trips 8605:Impeachment efforts 8600:Historical rankings 8580:Control of Congress 8264:Thomas A. Hendricks 7505:The Washington Post 7365:The Washington Post 7308:Annenberg Classroom 6964:Annenberg Classroom 6720:Annenberg Classroom 6690:Annenberg Classroom 6686:"Twelfth Amendment" 5563:on February 5, 2011 5528:The Washington Post 5335:on November 6, 2014 5309:on November 9, 2011 5063:. October 4, 2004. 4594:The US Legal System 4160:U.S. Secret Service 3727:Thomas A. Hendricks 3376: 3253:2020 election cycle 3158:and Vice President 3144:Twentieth Amendment 3075:. By a 33–17 vote, 2703:Under the American 2324:Electoral Count Act 2184:Politics portal 2019:Department of State 1694:U.S. Virgin Islands 883:, an office in the 727:President's Cabinet 324:$ 284,600 per annum 143:(within the Senate) 12257:Dominican Republic 11992:affirmative action 11965:Capital punishment 11924:Poverty and health 11919:Physician shortage 11892:Health care prices 11822:Standard of living 11505:standard of living 11312:Financial position 10939:Hawaiian home land 10927:Indian reservation 10900:Tribal sovereignty 10743:Secretary of state 10612:United States Code 10528:Territorial courts 10500:Associate Justices 10385:Inspector generals 9872:War in Afghanistan 9735:Reconstruction era 9602:Stamp Act Congress 9446:Alejandro Mayorkas 9362:Secretary of Labor 9292:Secretary of State 8971:Tie-breaking votes 8951:Other offices held 8859:in other countries 8637:Other offices held 8540:List of presidents 8384:Nelson Rockefeller 8306:Thomas R. Marshall 8288:Theodore Roosevelt 8252:William A. Wheeler 8192:Richard M. Johnson 8174:Daniel D. Tompkins 7634:on January 3, 2018 7437:Fordham Law Review 7125:Constitution Daily 6537:The New York Times 6270:Constitution Daily 6087:Fordham Law Review 6049:The New York Times 4968:Schramm, Peter W. 4850:Kuroda, Tadahisa. 4156: 4077: 4038: 3789:Theodore Roosevelt 3775:September 14, 1901 3681:September 19, 1881 3392:Vacancy filled by 3374: 3346:Nelson Rockefeller 3314: 3140: 3095:'s running mate). 3077:Richard M. Johnson 3055:deviate from this 3023: 2966:Selection criteria 2857: 2713:head of government 2650: 2479:Theodore Roosevelt 2434: 2026:Secretary of State 1396:Off-year elections 1378:National Elections 1085:Non-voting members 963:Federal government 955: 792:Nelson Rockefeller 771: 767:Franklin Roosevelt 694:Secretary of State 632:Thomas R. Marshall 554: 388:indirectly elected 368:legislative branch 334:www.whitehouse.gov 277:March 4, 1789 12375: 12374: 12335: 12334: 12167: 12166: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12122: 12093:National security 11802:Income inequality 11682:Statue of Liberty 11485:income inequality 11398: 11397: 11390:Trucking industry 11202: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11129:Foreign relations 11117:Electoral College 11098: 11097: 10886: 10885: 10838:District attorney 10685: 10684: 10512:Courts of appeals 10235: 10234: 9948: 9947: 9889:COVID-19 pandemic 9842:Feminist Movement 9688:American frontier 9607:Thirteen Colonies 9468: 9467: 9413:Jennifer Granholm 9217: 9216: 9175: 9174: 8999:Acting presidents 8956:Ran for president 8894: 8893: 8632:Official vehicles 8484: 8483: 8396:George H. W. Bush 8360:Lyndon B. Johnson 8258:Chester A. Arthur 8099: 8098: 8086:Succeeded by 6837:. June 10, 2016. 5823:"President Dawes" 5622:Los Angeles Times 5099:978-0-8050-6957-0 4787:Temple Law Review 4379:. March 4, 2013. 4358:978-0-684-86854-7 4100:U.S. Marine Corps 3998:Office and status 3995: 3994: 3918:Lyndon B. Johnson 3904:November 22, 1963 3745:November 21, 1899 3715:November 25, 1885 3696:Chester A. Arthur 3647:November 22, 1875 3470:December 28, 1832 3437:November 23, 1814 3383:Period of vacancy 3249:Twelfth Amendment 3237:John Quincy Adams 3160:John Nance Garner 3120:Lyndon B. Johnson 2939:Richard Schweiker 2849:Geraldine Ferraro 2747:Selection process 2733:Manhattan Project 2669:Governing partner 2526:George H. W. Bush 2491:Lyndon B. Johnson 2475:Chester A. Arthur 2391:John Nance Garner 2375:Secretary-General 2347:George H. W. Bush 2316:Electoral College 2221: 2220: 2060:Visa requirements 2012:Foreign relations 1911:Political culture 1851:Constitutionalism 1729:Political parties 1714:List of Elections 1401:Primary elections 1391:Midterm elections 1313:Courts of appeals 941: 869:Lyndon B. Johnson 838:Dwight Eisenhower 823:Manhattan Project 776:John Nance Garner 735:Warren G. Harding 648:John Nance Garner 607:Twelfth Amendment 581:political parties 579:The emergence of 530:absolute majority 474:Electoral College 425:Twelfth Amendment 392:Electoral College 340: 339: 242:, or, if vacant, 240:Electoral College 16:(Redirected from 12415: 12364: 12363: 12352: 12351: 12350: 12343: 12278: 12210:Sovereign states 12204:of North America 12194: 12187: 12180: 12171: 12170: 12147: 12140: 12027:African American 11909:Health insurance 11797:Household income 11667:National symbols 11598:American English 11571:Federal holidays 11480:household income 11413: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11213: 11212: 11151:Anti-Americanism 11075:Special district 11002:Independent city 10971:County executive 10954: 10953: 10748:Attorney general 10707: 10706: 10696:Federal District 10279:Executive Office 10259: 10258: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10006:populated places 9986:federal enclaves 9981:federal district 9959: 9958: 9822:American Century 9805:Great Depression 9800:Roaring Twenties 9760:Women's suffrage 9639:Halifax Resolves 9632:Founding Fathers 9627:military history 9592:Pre-colonial era 9516: 9515: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9472: 9471: 9461:act as president 9459:* Ineligible to 9449: 9416: 9393: 9370: 9322:Attorney General 9244: 9237: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9207: 9197: 9189:Biography portal 9187: 9125:Campaign slogans 9120:African American 9057: 9056: 8866:Military vessels 8827:Actor portrayals 8620:Military service 8595:Executive orders 8558: 8557: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8501: 8500: 8488: 8487: 8474: 8473: 8464: 8463: 8454: 8453: 8348:Alben W. Barkley 8336:Henry A. Wallace 8318:Charles G. Dawes 8300:James S. Sherman 8210:Millard Fillmore 8204:George M. Dallas 8186:Martin Van Buren 8150:Thomas Jefferson 8125: 8118: 8111: 8102: 8101: 8094: 8075:Preceded by 8065: 8064: 8022: 8003: 7984: 7972: 7961: 7949: 7938: 7916: 7889: 7870: 7858: 7847: 7823: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7633: 7626: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7597: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7568: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7466: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7396: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7274:"Oath of Office" 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7223: 7212: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6682: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6631:. March 24, 2021 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6505:Business Insider 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6469: 6460: 6448:Walter Mondale, 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6347:Lakritz, Talia. 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6276:. March 29, 2017 6262: 6256: 6255: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6146: 6131: 6122: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6078: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5956: 5950: 5937: 5931: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826:. The Congress. 5825: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5790:Forte, David F. 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5559:. Archived from 5548: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5441: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5363:. April 21, 1930 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5308: 5301: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5241: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4999:Fried, Charles. 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4935: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4894: 4885: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4778: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4676: 4667: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4586: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4550:"Vice President" 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4375:. Philadelphia: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4341: 4335: 4307: 4050:Queen Anne style 4048:The three-story 3978: 3968: 3946: 3938: 3937:October 10, 1973 3927:Election of 1964 3915: 3905: 3894:Election of 1948 3882: 3872: 3861:Election of 1924 3849: 3839: 3828:Election of 1912 3820:James S. Sherman 3817: 3809: 3808:October 30, 1912 3798:Election of 1904 3786: 3776: 3765:Election of 1900 3754: 3746: 3735:Election of 1888 3724: 3716: 3705:Election of 1884 3693: 3684: 3682: 3675: 3667:Election of 1876 3656: 3648: 3642: 3634:Election of 1868 3622: 3612: 3606: 3598:Election of 1856 3587: 3579: 3573: 3565:Election of 1852 3556:Millard Fillmore 3553: 3543: 3537: 3529:Election of 1844 3525: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3490:Election of 1832 3479: 3471: 3465: 3457:Election of 1816 3446: 3438: 3432: 3424:Election of 1812 3413: 3405: 3399: 3386:Cause of vacancy 3377: 3373: 3365:Acting President 3308:and Congressman 3225:Thomas Jefferson 3182: 3148:Inauguration Day 3142:Pursuant to the 3081:Martin Van Buren 3058: 2956: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2676:US–Mexico border 2601: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2564:Acting president 2518:Martin Van Buren 2510:Thomas Jefferson 2467:Millard Fillmore 2431:Fletcher Webster 2343:Martin Van Buren 2339:Thomas Jefferson 2287:Charles G. Dawes 2213: 2206: 2199: 2182: 2181: 2170: 2169: 2168: 1989:District Council 1972:Local government 1856:Environmentalism 1220:Executive Office 1215:Federal agencies 1025: 1020: 940:Politics of the 939: 928: 927: 902:Matthew Yglesias 784:January 20, 1937 739:Charles G. Dawes 723:William McKinley 629: 598:election of 1800 585:election of 1796 562:Thomas Jefferson 516: 512: 508: 448:African American 352:executive branch 336: 316:VPOTUS, VP, Veep 313:Unofficial names 288: 286: 281: 230:Washington, D.C. 81: 65: 51: 39: 38: 21: 12423: 12422: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12408:Vice presidents 12378: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12370: 12358: 12348: 12346: 12338: 12336: 12331: 12276: 12205: 12198: 12168: 12163: 12150: 12143: 12136: 12119: 12105:Opioid epidemic 12022:Native American 12002:intersex rights 11953: 11949:Life expectancy 11939:Medical deserts 11929:Race and health 11826: 11812:Personal income 11758: 11662:National anthem 11495:personal income 11460:Economic issues 11394: 11346: 11194: 11094: 11083:School district 11069: 11052:Minor divisions 11046: 10985: 10943: 10882: 10868:Statutory codes 10849: 10812: 10789: 10699: 10694: 10681: 10616: 10573:civil liberties 10554: 10545:Other tribunals 10524:District courts 10476: 10435:current members 10418:current members 10399: 10333:Law enforcement 10231: 9944: 9893: 9884:Great Recession 9755:Progressive Era 9745:Native genocide 9676:Perpetual Union 9664:Treaty of Paris 9622:United Colonies 9580: 9505: 9499: 9469: 9464: 9453: 9444: 9435:Denis McDonough 9411: 9390:Adrianne Todman 9388: 9365: 9326:Merrick Garland 9253: 9248: 9218: 9213: 9199:Politics portal 9171: 9108: 9046: 9018: 8985: 8899:Vice presidents 8890: 8819: 8813: 8769:Multilingualism 8693:autobiographies 8666: 8570:Approval rating 8562: 8549: 8531: 8528: 8493: 8485: 8480: 8442: 8441: 8366:Hubert Humphrey 8342:Harry S. Truman 8312:Calvin Coolidge 8276:Adlai Stevenson 8240:Schuyler Colfax 8228:Hannibal Hamlin 8216:William R. King 8180:John C. Calhoun 8134: 8129: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8078: 8029: 8019: 8000: 7981: 7958: 7935: 7905: 7886: 7867: 7844: 7820: 7804: 7802:Further reading 7799: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7606: 7595: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7468: 7467: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7429: 7425: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7394: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7148: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7007: 7005: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6918: 6914: 6904: 6902: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6859: 6855: 6844: 6842: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6684: 6683: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6470: 6463: 6459:, Dec. 9, 1976. 6457:Wayback Machine 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6425:"Biden's Brief" 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6367: 6360: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6164: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6129: 6123: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6079: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5957: 5953: 5949:(Dec. 9, 2022). 5947:Wayback Machine 5938: 5934: 5930:(Feb. 3, 1887). 5928:Wayback Machine 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5765:Washington Week 5759: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5549: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5520: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5442: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5383: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5270:"Garret Hobart" 5268: 5267: 5263: 5242: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5212:. p. 265. 5210:Alfred A. Knopf 5196: 5192: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4937: 4936: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4892: 4886: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4848: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4779: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4674: 4668: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4624: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4588: 4587: 4576: 4563: 4561: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4491:Merriam-Webster 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4460:Merriam-Webster 4453: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4423:Feerick, John. 4421: 4414: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4342: 4338: 4314:Owings v. Speed 4308: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4237: 4231: 4203: 4197: 4173: 4147:Vice President 4141: 4135: 4115: 4066: 4034:Washington D.C. 4023: 4005: 4000: 3970: 3940: 3907: 3885:Harry S. Truman 3874: 3852:Calvin Coolidge 3841: 3811: 3778: 3748: 3718: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3650: 3640: 3614: 3604: 3590:William R. King 3581: 3571: 3545: 3535: 3523: 3506: 3496: 3482:John C. Calhoun 3473: 3463: 3440: 3430: 3407: 3397: 3326:came into force 3290: 3267: 3261: 3233:John C. Calhoun 3212: 3180: 3136:Hubert Humphrey 3128:Everett Dirksen 3112: 3106: 3101: 3085:Francis Granger 3057:winner-take-all 3056: 2999: 2993: 2968: 2954: 2947:Hillary Clinton 2907:Sargent Shriver 2902:Thomas Eagleton 2894:George McGovern 2890:John F. Kennedy 2874:Adlai Stevenson 2842: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2721: 2701: 2684: 2671: 2636:Vice President 2630: 2617: 2599: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2487:Harry S. Truman 2483:Calvin Coolidge 2415: 2383:Richard Russell 2363:Hubert Humphrey 2357:, in 1961, and 2312: 2295: 2254:John C. Calhoun 2235: 2217: 2188: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2107: 2089: 2069: 2050:Nationality law 2046: 2034: 2014: 2004: 2003: 1976: 1931: 1921: 1920: 1907: 1842: 1784: 1774: 1773: 1765: 1745: 1731: 1721: 1720: 1708: 1698: 1420: 1412: 1382: 1373: 1363: 1362: 1357:Other tribunals 1352: 1318:District courts 1300: 1235: 1225: 1224: 1206: 1202:Merrick Garland 1154: 1144: 1143: 1138:Mitch McConnell 1135:Minority Leader 1124:Majority Leader 1089: 1065:Hakeem Jeffries 1062:Minority Leader 1051:Majority Leader 1027: 1004: 994: 993: 965: 942: 926: 895: 755: 709:James Hillhouse 640:Calvin Coolidge 627: 619: 543: 514: 510: 506: 482:representatives 465: 460: 332: 284: 282: 280:(235 years ago) 279: 278: 207: 171: 152: 141:Madam President 115: 92: 90: 89: 85: 82: 70: 56: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12421: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12373: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12356: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12206: 12197: 12196: 12189: 12182: 12174: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12149: 12148: 12141: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12061:Mass shootings 12058: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12049:Climate change 12046: 12036: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11987:Discrimination 11984: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11967: 11961: 11959: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11777:American Dream 11774: 11768: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11744:Transportation 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11677:Mount Rushmore 11674: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11617: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11563: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11421: 11419: 11406: 11400: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11356: 11354: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11297:Federal budget 11294: 11289: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11235:Communications 11232: 11227: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11156:exceptionalism 11153: 11143: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11134:foreign policy 11126: 11125: 11124: 11119: 11109: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11079: 11077: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11056: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10962: 10960: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10941: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10902: 10896: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10859: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10831:Chief justices 10826:Supreme courts 10822: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10799: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10715: 10713: 10704: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10665:National Guard 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10626: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10568:Bill of Rights 10564: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10541: 10540: 10538:list of judges 10535: 10533:list of courts 10521: 10520: 10519: 10517:list of judges 10509: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10486: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10452:Capitol Police 10449: 10448: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10409: 10407: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10373:Secret Service 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10286:Vice President 10283: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10265: 10263: 10256: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10070:National Parks 10062: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10030: 10025: 10023:Extreme points 10020: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9710:Federalist Era 9707: 9706: 9705: 9703:Bill of Rights 9700: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9651: 9646: 9644:Lee Resolution 9641: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: articles 9498: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9475: 9466: 9465: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9438: 9428: 9425:Miguel Cardona 9418: 9405: 9402:Pete Buttigieg 9395: 9382: 9379:Xavier Becerra 9372: 9359: 9349: 9339: 9329: 9319: 9309: 9299: 9296:Antony Blinken 9289: 9279: 9269: 9262:Vice President 9258: 9255: 9254: 9247: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9224: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9201: 9191: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8995: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8976:Time in office 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8823: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8688:Bibliographies 8685: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8657:Time in office 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8566: 8564: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8468: 8458: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8438:(2021–present) 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8390:Walter Mondale 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8330:John N. Garner 8327: 8324:Charles Curtis 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8270:Levi P. Morton 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8234:Andrew Johnson 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8168:Elbridge Gerry 8165: 8162:George Clinton 8159: 8153: 8147: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8128: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8105: 8097: 8096: 8087: 8084: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8063: 8062: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8028: 8027:External links 8025: 8024: 8023: 8018:978-1588344717 8017: 8004: 7999:978-0786426119 7998: 7985: 7979: 7962: 7956: 7939: 7933: 7918: 7903: 7890: 7885:978-1258442262 7884: 7871: 7865: 7848: 7843:978-1501109829 7842: 7824: 7819:978-0062668943 7818: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7766: 7739: 7709: 7678: 7645: 7612: 7583: 7555: 7522: 7491: 7458: 7423: 7382: 7351: 7325: 7295: 7265: 7235: 7199: 7173: 7142: 7111: 7077: 7045: 7015: 6981: 6951: 6932:(4): 734–763. 6912: 6884: 6853: 6822: 6796: 6765: 6737: 6707: 6672: 6655:whitehouse.gov 6642: 6614: 6586: 6569:The New Yorker 6555: 6522: 6491: 6461: 6441: 6429:The New Yorker 6415: 6392: 6358: 6339: 6313: 6287: 6257: 6238:(4): 627–645. 6222: 6195: 6158: 6112: 6066: 6036: 6009: 5978: 5951: 5940:136 Stat. 5238 5932: 5913: 5878: 5847: 5813: 5782: 5752: 5727: 5696: 5666: 5640: 5607: 5574: 5540: 5511: 5489: 5466: 5431: 5374: 5346: 5320: 5287: 5261: 5227: 5190: 5173: 5143: 5117: 5098: 5078: 5048: 5022: 4991: 4960: 4917: 4873: 4839: 4822:History Review 4808: 4768: 4738: 4703: 4657: 4611: 4574: 4541: 4508: 4478: 4446: 4412: 4394: 4364: 4357: 4345:Maier, Pauline 4336: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4241: 4230: 4227: 4223:Secret Service 4196: 4193: 4172: 4169: 4153:Secret Service 4137:Main article: 4134: 4131: 4114: 4111: 4092:U.S. Air Force 4065: 4062: 4022: 4019: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3986:132 days 3984: 3972: 3967:August 9, 1974 3964: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3876: 3871:April 12, 1945 3868: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3855: 3843: 3838:August 2, 1923 3835: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3824:125 days 3822: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3687: 3677: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3625:Andrew Johnson 3616: 3611:April 15, 1865 3608: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3583: 3578:April 18, 1853 3575: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3547: 3539: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3449:Elbridge Gerry 3442: 3434: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3420:318 days 3418: 3416:George Clinton 3409: 3404:April 20, 1812 3401: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3324:the amendment 3289: 3286: 3260: 3257: 3241:Andrew Jackson 3221:George Clinton 3211: 3210:Term of office 3208: 3108:Main article: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3093:Daniel Webster 2995:Main article: 2992: 2989: 2967: 2964: 2882:Estes Kefauver 2851:speaks at the 2841: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2825: 2818: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2741:Situation Room 2720: 2717: 2700: 2697: 2693:117th Congress 2683: 2680: 2670: 2667: 2659:foreign policy 2657:on matters of 2629: 2626: 2616: 2613: 2565: 2562: 2471:Andrew Johnson 2414: 2411: 2387:Charles Curtis 2379:United Nations 2345:, in 1837 and 2311: 2308: 2294: 2291: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2174: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2141:European Union 2138: 2136:United Kingdom 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2044: 2033: 2032: 2030:Antony Blinken 2022: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1999:Superior Court 1996: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1866:Libertarianism 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1819:Traditionalist 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1674:American Samoa 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1619:South Carolina 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1584:North Carolina 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1245: 1244: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1163: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1131: 1130: 1120: 1119: 1109: 1108: 1098: 1097: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1069: 1068: 1058: 1057: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1035: 1014: 1013: 1005: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 986: 981: 975: 974: 966: 961: 960: 957: 956: 946: 945: 935: 934: 925: 922: 906:Bruce Ackerman 881:Walter Mondale 754: 751: 747:Herbert Hoover 743:Charles Curtis 701:Samuel W. Dana 685:Zachary Taylor 681:Daniel Webster 660:Walter Bagehot 636:Woodrow Wilson 618: 615: 542: 539: 464: 461: 459: 456: 452:Asian American 338: 337: 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 304: 300: 299: 294: 290: 289: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 257: 251: 250: 237: 233: 232: 227: 221: 220: 215: 209: 208: 206: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 179: 177: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 160: 158: 154: 153: 151: 150: 147:Her Excellency 144: 138: 132: 125: 123: 117: 116: 114: 113: 108: 103: 97: 94: 93: 83: 76: 75: 72: 71: 66: 58: 57: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12420: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12355: 12354:United States 12345: 12344: 12341: 12328: 12327:United States 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12203: 12195: 12190: 12188: 12183: 12181: 12176: 12175: 12172: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12135: 12134: 12130: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12034:Energy policy 12032: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11976: 11975:incarceration 11973: 11972: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11860:Prenatal care 11858: 11856: 11855:Birth control 11853: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11792:Homeownership 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11761: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11515:working class 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:homeownership 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11255:Manufacturing 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11183:Third parties 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11049: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10937: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10889: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10852: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10697: 10692: 10688: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10551: 10550:U.S. attorney 10548: 10546: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10495:Chief Justice 10493: 10492: 10491: 10490:Supreme Court 10488: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10396: 10395:Public policy 10393: 10391: 10390:Civil service 10388: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10238: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10058:Sierra Nevada 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9996:insular zones 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9867:War on Terror 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9847:LGBT Movement 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9503: 9502:United States 9496: 9491: 9489: 9484: 9482: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9462: 9456: 9447: 9442: 9439: 9436: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9356:Gina Raimondo 9353: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9266:Kamala Harris 9263: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9245: 9240: 9238: 9233: 9231: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9009:Inaugurations 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8916:Coats of arms 8914: 8912: 8911:Burial places 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8881:U.S. counties 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8816: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8705:Coats of arms 8703: 8701: 8700:Burial places 8698: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671:Personal life 8669: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8525: 8520: 8518: 8513: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8496: 8489: 8477: 8469: 8467: 8459: 8457: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8437: 8436:Kamala Harris 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8354:Richard Nixon 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8282:Garret Hobart 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8121: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8090: 8083: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8020: 8014: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7948: 7947: 7940: 7936: 7934:0-15-613140-4 7930: 7926: 7925: 7919: 7917:EBook, 37 pp. 7914: 7910: 7906: 7904:9780815738756 7900: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7866:0-691-02208-9 7862: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7754: 7751:. Money.com. 7750: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7649: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7559: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7203: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6445: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6403: 6396: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6363: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6162: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6024: 6020: 6013: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5917: 5906:September 30, 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5567:September 13, 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5545: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5516: 5499: 5493: 5477: 5470: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5379: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5071:September 12, 5066: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4844: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4211:portrait bust 4208: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171:Office spaces 4168: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4149:Kamala Harris 4145: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4086:Air Force Two 4082: 4074: 4073:Air Force Two 4070: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4015: 4011: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3983:as president 3982: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3953:57 days 3952: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3920:as president 3919: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3887:as president 3886: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3854:as president 3853: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3791:as president 3790: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757:Garret Hobart 3751: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3698:as president 3697: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3627:as president 3626: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3558:as president 3557: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3519:as president 3518: 3513: 3509: 3503:April 4, 1841 3501: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3486:66 days 3485: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3338:Richard Nixon 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3300:, First Lady 3299: 3298:Richard Nixon 3294: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3229:James Madison 3226: 3222: 3217: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3154:of President 3153: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124:Richard Nixon 3121: 3116: 3111: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:1836 election 3068: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007:United States 3003: 2998: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2973:2000 election 2963: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927:Ronald Reagan 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915:Massachusetts 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:Massachusetts 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2709:head of state 2706: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2679: 2677: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:Kamala Harris 2634: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2593:Kamala Harris 2571: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 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Harcourt. 7923: 7894: 7875: 7854: 7832: 7828:Cohen, Jared 7809: 7787:. Retrieved 7779:congress.gov 7778: 7769: 7757:. Retrieved 7742: 7730:. Retrieved 7721: 7712: 7702:November 21, 7700:. Retrieved 7691: 7681: 7669:. Retrieved 7658: 7648: 7638:February 16, 7636:. Retrieved 7629:the original 7615: 7599: 7586: 7570: 7558: 7546:. Retrieved 7535: 7525: 7513:. Retrieved 7504: 7494: 7482:. Retrieved 7449:. Retrieved 7440: 7436: 7426: 7414:. Retrieved 7402: 7398: 7385: 7375:February 25, 7373:. Retrieved 7364: 7354: 7344:September 8, 7342:. Retrieved 7328: 7316:. Retrieved 7307: 7298: 7286:. Retrieved 7277: 7268: 7256:. Retrieved 7247: 7238: 7226:. Retrieved 7214: 7202: 7190:. Retrieved 7176: 7164:. Retrieved 7155: 7145: 7133:. Retrieved 7124: 7114: 7102:. Retrieved 7089: 7080: 7068:. Retrieved 7059:270towin.com 7057: 7048: 7036:. Retrieved 7028:fairvote.com 7027: 7018: 7006:. Retrieved 6993: 6984: 6972:. Retrieved 6963: 6954: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6905:December 10, 6903:. 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