Viktor Ambartsumian

2133: 5509: 1286:(IAU) since 1946. He served as vice-president of the IAU from 1948 to 1955, then as president from 1961 to 1964. As Vice President Ambartsumian attempted to have the IAU General Assembly be held in Leningrad in 1951, however, the IAU Executive Committee canceled the assembly, increasing tensions within the IAU. An IAU General Assembly eventually took place in Moscow in 1958. Ambartsumian headed the organizing committee. Blaauw noted that "During these years, Ambartsumian, although violently opposing the IAU's policy, remained loyal to the Executive Committee's majority decisions for the sake of safeguarding international collaboration, an attitude that contributed to his election as President of the IAU in 1961." He continued to support it as "the world-wide organization embracing astronomers from all countries. His election as President of the IAU in 1961 reflected both the appreciation for his efforts in this respect and his outstanding scientific achievements." 554:(LSU). However, Ambartsumian explained in an interview that by the time he arrived in August, LSU's admissions were already closed. To avoid losing a year, he opted to study in the physics and mathematics department of the pedagogical institute. After one year, he transferred to LSU's physics and mathematics department. At university, Ambartsumian was interested in both astronomy and mathematics. "I loved mathematics, but at the same time I felt that my profession would be astronomy. Mathematics was like a hobby, but I did complete the full mathematics curriculum. Thus you could say that I graduated with a major in mathematics, but in fact it is recorded that I graduated as an astronomer," he said in an interview in 1987. At LSU among his professors were the physicist 1727:. Ambartsumian celebrated his 82nd birthday hunger striking. He insisted that Gorbachev had violated the Soviet constitution by keeping Nagorno-Karabakh under direct rule from Moscow. "This is a bad thing when a government does not abide by its own laws," he argued. He also stated: "My desire is that Karabakh be part of Armenia. This is a problem that has to be solved with a long process and with concessions." Ambartsumian stated that his only demand is that the "elected leaders of Nagorno-Karabakh regain control." Ambartsumian called the hunger strike a "modest step" aimed at making a "huge resonance in the world—to let the world know." The Soviet authorities "totally ignored" the strike. He ended it after 9 days only when Catholicos 1795: 2247: 2152: 2174: 1787: 44: 2010: 1999: 2163: 775: 2185: 8471: 2214: 2232: 1462: 1895: 1129:, noted that it is the "first numerical inversion of the Radon transform" and suggested that it disproves the "often made statement that computed tomography would be impossible without computers." Ambartsumian's calculations, Cormack argued, "suggest that even in 1936 computed tomography might have been able to make significant contributions to, say, the diagnosis of tumors in the head." Ambartsumian told Cormack that he was informed of Radon's results two years after he published his work. 2141: 621: 327: 1453:, but an astrophysicist, and that "his ideas of the universe were influenced both by his background in astrophysics and his adherence to Marxist–Leninist philosophy." Graham notes that his "praise of dialectical materialism has been voiced again and again over the years; these affirmations have come when political controls were rather lax as well as when they were tight. We have every reason to believe that they reflect, at root, his own approach to nature." 8684: 2122: 519:#3 and #4 where schooling was done in both Russian and Armenian. In 1921 he transferred to gymnasium #4 to study under Nikolay Ignatievich Sudakov, a Moscow-educated astronomer, whom Ambartsumian called a "very serious teacher of astronomy." Ambartsumian worked with Sudakov at the school observatory the latter had built. At school, Ambartsumian wrote several papers on astronomy and delivered lectures on the origin of the 2262: 2277: 2196: 767: 1002:(AGN). He claimed "enormous explosions take place in galactic nuclei and as a result a huge amount of mass is expelled. In addition, if this is so, these galactic nuclei must contain bodies of huge mass and unknown nature." Lynden-Bell and Gurzadyan note that Ambartsumian was "perhaps the first to emphasize explosive phenomena in galactic nuclei." Evidence for the activity included the 833:, the Soviet Union's highest civilian order for its great merit to the development of science. In 1961 Ambartsumian supervised the establishment of an astrophysical station of Leningrad State University, his alma mater, within the grounds of the Byurakan Observatory. It is where graduate students of the LSU did their summer internships until the late 1980s. It was shut down in 1993. 7076: 1449:, "perhaps no great Soviet scientist has made more outspoken statements in favor of dialectical materialism" than Ambartsumian. Mark H. Teeter wrote in a 1981 report that Ambartsumian is "one of a rather limited group of Soviet scholars of international stature who claim that dialectical materialism has assisted them in their work." Kragh noted that Ambartsumian was not a 976:, which have a higher density of stars, while stellar associations have lower than average density. Ambartsumian divided stellar associations into OB and T groups and concluded that the "associations have to be dynamically unstable configurations, and must expand subsequently, dissolving to form field stars." He thus argued that star forming is ongoing in the 1858:, both Russian astronomers. She was an English teacher who taught him to read his papers in English when he visited the U.S. and Britain. However, she could not reconcile with his "barbarous pronunciation," as she described it. He was deeply depressed by her death in 1995. They had four children: daughters Karine (b. 1933) and Yelena (b. 1936) and sons 1770:. He appreciated independent Armenia, but reminded Armenians that they will be paying a high price for it. In 1995 he congratulated Armenians worldwide with Armenia's independence and stated that the newly independent republic is "moving forward." According to Yuri Shahbazyan, a friend and biographer of Ambartsumian, he remained sympathetic towards the 2740:"the first Soviet Scientist since World War II to become a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences." "The National Academy of Sciences announced today that Viktor A. Ambartsumyan, a Soviet astronomer, had been made a foreign associate of the academy -- the first Soviet scientist to be so honored in over a decade." 1245:. Apoyan rejects that Ambartsumian had a direct involvement in its creation and characterizes his role as "favorable neutrality." Overall, Apoyan criticizes Ambartsumian's role in science administration, arguing that he had a tendency to "fail projects that did not directly serve his fame." He went as far as call Ambartsumian a "tyrant." 2513:(Теоретическая астрофизика). It is an extended version of his 1939 book on theoretical astrophysics—the first systematic textbook on the subject in Russian—based on his lectures at Leningrad State University. It was translated into a number of languages, including English, German, and Chinese. The English translation appeared in 1958 as 748:(Armenian: Աստղաֆիզիկա, Russian: Астрофизика), which has been published by the Armenian Academy of Sciences since then. It was originally published in Russian, subsequently articles in English began to appear. He served as its editor-in-chief until 1987. The journal has also been published since the first issue in English by 2073: 1755:(HHSh). However, it argued that because Armenia is economically interconnected with and dependent on other Soviet republics, an abrupt disruption in the existing relations would result in "unimaginable levels of economic collapse, unemployment and emigration." Thus, they called for Armenia to join the 7134:...a small Soviet republic that was linked to a parade of world luminaries and modern icons of Armenian pride: the composer Aram Khachaturian, the painter Martiros Sarian, the astrophysicist Victor Ambartsumian, the mathematician Sergei Mergelian, and the chess champion Tigran Petrosian, among others. 1621:

Ambartsumian revered the Armenian language and supported its usage. He insisted all internal communication of the Armenian Academy of Sciences be done in Armenian when he became president in 1947. As president of the Armenian Academy of Sciences, Ambartsumian often gave speeches at major events, such

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in 1939 and full member (academician) in 1953. In 1955 he became a member of the academy's presidium, the governing body. He also chaired the Academy's Joint Coordinating Scientific Council on astronomy, which was responsible for the priorities and all major decisions in all of astronomy. He was also

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In 1988 Vazgen I publicly congratulated Ambartsumian's 80th anniversary in 1988. Ambartsumian and the four other prominent Armenians hunger striking in Moscow sent a letter to Vazgen I on his birthday on 20 September 1990 expressing their admiration for him. "Your holy faith and your sublime example

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Ambartsumian was outspoken about the importance of international cooperation. At the 1952 IAU General Assembly in Rome he declared: "We believe that the joint study of such large problems as that of the evolution of celestial bodies will contribute to the cultural rapprochement of different nations,

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In these positions, Ambartsumian was "one of the most powerful scientists of his time." McCutcheon noted that Ambartsumian's "towering authority as an astrophysicist combined with his position in the Soviet establishment made him arguably the most powerful Soviet astronomer of his day." He was often

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In 1943 he introduced the principle of invariance, a method introduced by Ambartsumian in a theory of radiation transfer. Lynden-Bell and Gurzadyan describe it as the "law that diffuse reflection by a semi-infinite, plane-parallel atmosphere must be invariant to the addition or subtraction of layers

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visited Leningrad, he was told by Ambartsumian, "Look here, here is a set of papers by Gerasimovich. I turn to an arbitrary paper and to an arbitrary line. I am sure you will find a mistake." Chandrasekhar stated in 1977 that during his visit in 1934 Ambartsumian "was very free and very open. He was

578:. In 1926 he published the first of his 16 scholarly papers as a student. He graduated in 1928, although he received his diploma only fifty years later—in 1978. His undergraduate thesis was "devoted to a study of radiative transfer radiative equilibrium." He completed his postgraduate studies at the 7024:

The new Biurakan Observatory in Armenia has one of the world's largest telescopes, and one of the world's finest libraries in the field. The observatory's head, Viktor Ambartsumian, the first Soviet Scientist since World War II to become a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and

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world, the magnitude and transforming power of the human mind, which is penetrating ever deeper into the secrets of nature. At the same time the achievements of science convincingly demonstrate the complete unsoundness of idealism and agnosticism, and the reactionariness of the religious world view.

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Ambartsumian and Mergelyan had a complicated relationship. In 1971 Ambartsumian persuaded him to return to Armenia from Moscow and become vice president of the Armenian Academy of Sciences. However, in 1974 Mergelyan was not reelected to the presidium of the academy and was forced to leave it. Some

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that are specific to it—that is, homogeneous vibrating strings have a spectrum of eigenvalues." It was only in the mid-1940s when his paper received attention and became a "significant research topic in the ensuing decades." He commented: "when an astronomer is publishing a mathematical paper in a

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astronomy, astrophysics and theoretical physics in those years under Ambartsumian. Though most of the students were graduates of the astrophysics department of Yerevan State University, many came from Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Hungary, Bulgaria, and elsewhere. Several symposiums of the

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Since 1943 Ambartsumian served as director of the Yerevan Astronomical Observatory. The small observatory was affiliated with Yerevan State University. Ambartsumian had secured a nine-inch telescope from Leningrad for the observatory. Ambartsumian said that before the war "this observatory did not

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with a quartz objective prism built in the Byurakan Observatory. Spectra of thousands of stars to as faint as thirteenth magnitude were obtained, as was the first satellite ultraviolet spectrogram of a planetary nebula, revealing lines of aluminium and titanium-elements not previously observed in

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After completing his postgraduate studies in 1931, Ambartsumian began working at the Pulkovo Observatory and teaching part-time at LSU. In 1931 Ambartsumian began reading the first course on theoretical astrophysics in the Soviet Union. He also served as Pulkovo's scientific secretary in 1931–32,

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wrote that Ambartsumian "exercised enormous influence in the advancement of science in Soviet Armenia, and was revered as his country's leading scientist." McCutcheon went on to note that "From that point forward, science in Armenia was synonymous with the name Ambartsumian." As president of the

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for alleged "laziness." Gerasimovich viewed Ambartsumian and other young astrophysicists as "undisciplined and in too much of a rush to publish untested theories and poorly documented research." Gerasimovich himself had a "tendency to non-cooperativeness." Gerasimovich was not taken seriously by

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The history of the development of human knowledge, each step forward in science and technology, each new scientific discovery, irrefutably attests to the truth and fruitfulness of dialectical materialism, affirms the correctness of the Marxist-Leninist teaching concerning the knowability of the

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These activities, especially the space missions, when for example a special crewed spaceship had to be devoted to an experiment from the smallest Soviet republic, needed powerful backing, both in Kremlin corridors and within the top-secret rocket industry establishment. This was achieved due to

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The history of objects with UV-excess originated in the midsixties when, on Ambartsumian's initiative, Markarian began to make a successful survey of the sky with a view to detecting galaxies with anomalous spectra (Markarian 196'7), in Byurakan, using a 40-inch telescope of the Schmidt system

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Ambartsumian began retiring from the various positions he held in 1988, at 80. He left the position of the director of the Byurakan Observatory that year. In 1993 he stepped down as president of the Armenian Academy of Sciences and in 1994 as chair of astrophysics at Yerevan State University.

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did not survive. Ambartsumian's relations with Kozyrev were "strained for the remainder of his life." McCutcheon notes that while in the West some have questioned Ambartsumian's possible role in the terror, "there is no hard evidence to suggest that he was guilty of anything more serious than

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that Ambartsumian is "by all reports an engaging human being." Ambartsumian admitted to not having any hobbies: "My only passion is science, astronomy. Like a jealous wife, it expects a man to give all of himself." However, he loved poetry and music, and "could enliven even the most abstract

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argued that, simultaneously, he was "not afraid to reprimand the Communist Party ideologues when they obstructed his research." In favor with the Communist Party, he enjoyed the freedom to regularly travel to the West. McCutcheon noted that Ambartsumian's "scientific genius combined with his

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Ambartsumian began studying nuclei of galaxies in the mid-1950s. He found that clusters of galaxies are unstable and that galaxy formation is still ongoing. At the 1958 Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels he gave a famous report in which he emphasized the extraordinary character of the

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Ambartsumian and his disciples at the Byurakan Observatory became known in the scholarly literature as the "Byurakan School." From 1977 to 1996 Ambartsumian headed a specialized council for theses defenses at Byurakan. Over 50 scientists defended their PhD (Candidate) and Doctoral theses on

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After leaving Pulkovo, Ambartsumian founded the first department of astrophysics in the Soviet Union at Leningrad State University in 1934. In 1934 he was named professor at LSU and in 1935 he was named doctor of physical-mathematical sciences without having to defend a thesis "based on his

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Although the Armenian branch of the Soviet Academy of Sciences was established in 1935, it was not until 1943 that the National Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR was found. Ambartsumian was one of its original co-founders along with other prominent scholars and scientists, including

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which involved mostly administrative work. Ambartsumian later characterized Pulkovo as being a "very old institution, and for this reason there were certain elements of ossification and stagnation. Nevertheless, this was the best qualified astronomical institution in the Soviet Union."

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and to a better understanding among them. This is our modest contribution to the noble efforts toward maintaining peace throughout the world." At the 1963 IAU symposium in Sydney he stated that while competition between nations is important, it should be associated with co-operation.

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wrote that Ambartsumian is a "world famous astronomer and a man of enormous local prestige." One of the "modern icons of Armenian pride," Ambartsumian is recognized as the most prominent scientist in 20th century Armenia, and the most important since the seventh century polymath

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established an international prize in Ambartsumian's memory. It was first awarded in 2010 and is awarded every two years. The prize was initially $ 500,000, but was reduced to $ 300,000 in 2018. It is considered one of the prestigious awards in astronomy and related fields.

1605:, nuclear physicist and a prominent dissident, after having offered him a job in Yerevan. Ambartsumian told him through subordinate that "there are situations when even an Academy member is helpless." In 1975 he was among 72 Soviet scientists who denounced the award of the 988:

in late 1950." Chandrasekhar noted that Ambartsumian's discovery of stellar associations had "far-reaching implications for subsequent theories relating to star formation." McCutcheon noted that the discovery "opened an entirely new field of astrophysical research."

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In June 1991 the session of the Armenian Academy of Sciences issued a statement on its views on Armenian independence and the future of the Soviet Union. The Academy stated its unconditional support for the independence of Armenia, pushed at the time by the

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galaxy. At the time the "idea of star formation as an ongoing process was regarded as very speculative." His discovery was announced in a short publication by the Armenian Academy Sciences. Ambartsumian's discovery was based on his observation of stars of

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academicians called for a revote, but Ambartsumian rejected any such attempts. Oganjanyan and Silantiev note that Ambartsumian was rumored to have seen Mergelyan as a rival for the academy's president and decided to "get rid of the competitor forever."

8514: 1210:, who became its first president. Ambartsumian initially served as vice president and in 1947 he became the academy's second president, serving for 46 years until 1993. When he stepped down, Ambartsumian was declared honorary president of the academy. 496: 1878:

Ambartsumian died at his Byurakan house on August 12, 1996, a month short of his 88th birthday. He was buried at the observatory grounds, next to his wife and parents. His funeral was attended by thousands of people, including Armenia's president

798:. The first buildings were completed in 1951, though the official inauguration took place in 1956. Observations began to be carried out simultaneous with the construction of the observatory. "Our instruments stood under the open sky, covered with 1054:(1950). According to Chandrasekhar, the formulation of the principles of invariance in the theory of radiative transfer is a "theoretical innovation that is of the greatest significance." He admitted that Ambartsumian's ideas influenced his own. 737:

rise significantly above the level of amateur variable star observations. During the war they also carried out photographic observations of variable stars using a small camera." In 1945–1946 Ambartsumian founded the department of astrophysics at

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has been defeated entirely." In an interview months before his death, Ambartsumian said that "God is an idea the embodiment of morality an idea that gives meaning to life, profound meaning, and thus, it must be acknowledged that it exists."

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Ambartsumian's concept was not immediately accepted. Chandrasekhar noted the "early scepticism with which this discovery was received by the astronomers of the 'establishment' when I first gave an account of paper at the colloquium at the

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called it "a welcome addition to the comparatively few general texts of solid worth which are now available" and noted that in a short time it had found "many appreciative readers in both German and English speaking countries."

1598:("Star Wars"), namely Reagan's plan for an effective defense against nuclear attack. The scientists stated that Reagan is "creating a most dangerous illusion that may turn into an even more threatening spiral of the arms race." 1383:

According to one associate, Ambartsumian self-identified as an "Armenian Christian" but was not religious. He felt that Christianity has been important in preserving Armenian identity. Ambartsumian had friendly relations with

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banknote depicting Ambartsumian and the Byurakan Observatory. The Byurakan Observatory was officially named after him that year. Other things named after Ambartsumian include Chair of General Physics and Astrophysics at

1959: 8572: 8556: 6164:Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանը հայ եւ համաշխարհային գիտական մտքի պատմության մեջ թողեց մեծ ժառանգություն, բայց իր վերջին խոսքիՙ Կտակի մեջ ժողովրդի մեծագույն առաքինությունը մայրենի լեզվի տիրապետումն ու դրա պահպանումն է համարում: 4352: 878:

described Byurakan as "one of the world's leading astronomical research centers." As of 1960 the Byurakan Observatory maintained regular contact with 350 research institutions and with scientists from 50 countries.

810:. Ambartsumian directed the Byurakan Observatory until 1988 and was named its honorary director that year. From 1946 until his death in 1996, the Byurakan Observatory served as Ambartsumian's "institutional base." 7902: 5215: 1139:"As well as being one of the giants of astronomical research in the 20th century, Viktor Ambartsumian was also a great leader and organizer of science in Armenia, in Russia, and on the international level." 427: 8540: 2538:

lauded the sections on stellar atmospheres, but criticized the section on interstellar material, especially the constitution of stars as outdated for ignoring fundamental post-war western contributions.

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Ambartsumian was one of the 20th century's leading astrophysicists and astronomers. He was the leading astronomer of the Soviet Union and is universally recognized as the founder of the Soviet school of

2855: 1975:, Ambartsumian's successor as President of the Armenian Academy of Sciences, stated in 1998 that he went "beyond the limits of his scientific fields and in his own lifetime a great national figure." 872:

With the Byurakan Observatory, Ambartsumian "put Armenia on the astronomical map" and made Soviet Armenia "one of the world's centers for the study of astrophysics." By the time of his death in 1996,

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Ambartsumian began retiring from the various positions he held only from the age of 80. He died at his house in Byurakan and was buried on the grounds of the observatory. He was awarded the title of

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Ambartsumian (Victor, Amazaspovitch) 18 septembre 1908 à Tbilissi, Géorgie, Russie - 20 août 1996 Élu correspondant le 22 décembre 1958 (section d'astronomie), puis associé étranger le 12 juin 1978

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and led it for almost half a century—the entire post-war period. One commentator noted that "science in Armenia was synonymous with the name Ambartsumian." In 1965 Ambartsumian founded the journal

1634:, Armenia's national poet, in 1969. Ambartsumian stated: "The history of our culture has given many outstanding figures, but of all these figures, the Armenian people owe the most to Mashtots." 8788: 1808:

Between 1946 and 1996 Ambartsumian mostly divided his time between Yerevan and Byurakan. He built himself a house within the Byurakan Observatory with the award money that came with his second

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Kalloghlian, A. T. (October 1998). "On the 90th birthday of Academician V. A. Ambartsumian, founder of the journal Astrophysics, at Symposium No. 194 of the International Astronomical Union".

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propaganda" by publishing atheist novels and journals, producing films and organizing lectures on the supremacy of science over religion. As of 1986, the society had around 20,000 members.

7823: 1274:" and is one of the few astronomers who have had such a "deep influence on the life of the international bodies devoted to the promotion and defense of astronomy and science in general." 1237:

noted that Ambartsumian played a significant role in the development of the physical and mathematical sciences. He played an instrumental role in the establishment and development of the

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and appealed him to "give her an opportunity of continuing her scientific work." In 1983 Ambartsumian was among 244 Soviet scientists who signed a statement attacking U.S. President

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in Nazi Germany in the 1930s and was transferred to Leningrad as spoils of war. It was completed in Leningrad and sent to Armenia. Beginning with 1965, on Ambartsumian's initiative,

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of selflessly serving the nation give us strength and endurance," read the statement. Vazgen I was made honorary member of the Ambartsumian-led Armenian Academy of Sciences in 1991.

6930:. p. 22 "This agreement obviously was a tribute of Victor Ambartsumian, the president of the Armenian Academy of Sciences and an astronomer of very high international reputation." 7378: 511:

Ambartsumian developed an early interest in mathematics and was able to multiply by the age of 4. His interest in astronomy began with reading a Russian translation of a book by

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principal coordinating body for scientific research in Soviet Armenia, Ambartsumian played a significant role in promoting the sciences in the country. He actively promoted the

8833: 7326: 481: 8743: 8733: 6757: 8843: 8803: 8661: 3341: 1516: 1484: 3999:: В октябре-ноябре Т.А. Полякова последней из сотрудников Астрономического института проводит наблюдения на нашей Бюраканской станции. С тех пор станция законсервирована. 1487:, a colleague and friend, wrote that "Ambartsumian was a true patriot of his native land, Soviet Armenia and all the Soviet Union, and simultaneously, he was a convinced 8848: 7727: 1941:

stated: "My own impression has always been that he was, when he was in his prime, one of the most perceptive and elegant of astronomers." Chandrasekhar opined in 1988:

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When Ambartsumian was referred to by foreigners as a Russian scientist, he corrected them by saying he was Armenian. He spoke perfect Armenian, albeit with an accent.

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Ambartsumian is the most commonly accepted spelling of his last name in English. It comes from the Russified version of his Armenian last name, which, using the

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Academician Ambartsumian’s realm does not divide astronomy and astrophysics into its conventional parts: theoretical and observational. He is an astronomer

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Oral history interview transcript with Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian on 2 October 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

8147: 1532: 5436: 7565: 6797: 6723: 6402: 2967: 1567: 1238: 7092:(May 1972). "Journey from Common Sense: Notes of a conference on communication with extraterrestrial intelligence, Byurakan, Armenia, September, 1971". 5429: 1911:

called him "one of the best-known abroad of all Soviet scientists." He was an honorary or foreign member of academies of sciences of over 25 countries.

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Ambartsumyan has done very interesting work on stellar associations, and it is his conclusion that the process of star-formation continues to this day.

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when it was established in 1971. In 1990 he became honorary president of the Philosophical Society of Armenia, which was created through his efforts.

8644: 5594:"Հայկական ՍՍՌ քաղաքական և գիտական գիտելիքների տարածման ընկերությունը [The Armenian Society for Spreading Political and Scientific Knowledge]" 5368: 2689:, 2013: "I visited in autumn 1977 Byurakan Observatory and discussed the idea with Viktor Ambartsumian, the most influential astronomer of the USSR." 1026:. He devised techniques for calculating the rates of star cluster decay and the time needed to reach statistical equilibrium in double star systems. 7409: 1676:

and the capitalist states for failing to defend the innocent Armenian population and praised the October Revolution for saving the Armenian nation.

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in support of the official line of the Soviet authorities. In 1971 he was among leading 14 Soviet scientists who signed a letter to U.S. President

8793: 7912: 5225: 713:, where he lived until the end of his life. In the same year, he co-founded the Armenian Academy of Sciences along with scientists and scholars 4775: 6036: 2677:, 1958: "The authors are prominent Soviet astrophysicists and the complete volume is edited by the most eminent of them, V. A. Ambartsumyan." 8748: 7583: 5411: 4730: 4428: 3120: 7644: 1499:

McCutcheon noted that Ambartsumian's life was "shaped and directed by the Soviet system" and he was politically loyal to the Soviet regime.

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In 1930 or 1931 Ambartsumian married Vera Fyodorovna (née Klochikhina), an ethnic Russian, who was the niece and the adopted daughter of

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Ambartsumian's political skills, with the active support of Mstislav Keldish, the then President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

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at "first in school and then in the various clubs and houses of culture" beginning at 12–13. In 1924 Ambartsumian delivered a lecture at

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characterized Ambartsumian as a "broad-shouldered thickset man of medium height, quick intellect and strong character." Lynden-Bell and

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The authors of a 1981 US government report described him as "among the Soviet Union's best-known and most respected scientists abroad."

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described it as a "valuable textbook", which "contains examples of unique and fruitful approaches to stubborn astronomical problems."

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in 1936. He did so in a three dimensional velocity space rather than ordinary space and gave the solution in two and three dimensions.

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in 1946. It became his institutional base for the decades to come and a major center of astronomical research. He also co-founded the

8798: 1771: 1520: 385:, Ambartsumian taught at LSU and founded the Soviet Union's first department of astrophysics there in 1934. He subsequently moved to 7840: 7337: 5620:

Laitila, Teuvo (2016). "Russia: Atheism, 'Blasphemy', State and Orthodox Christianity". In Tomlins, Steven; Tomlins, Steven (eds.).

8453: 6085: 2235: 3653: 472:. In 1912 he co-founded the Caucasian Society of Armenian Writers, which lasted until 1921. Ambartsumian was the secretary, while 8783: 6765: 2387: 1162: 6761: 3353: 8093: 3631: 1528: 1491:." He was described by a Soviet-run magazine as an "ardent advocate of the widest possible international scientific exchange." 476:, the famed poet, served as its president. Ambartsumian knew Tumanyan personally. In 1922, after the 14-year-old boy described 5404:"Идеи академика Виктора Амбарцумяна и современная наука [Ideas of Academician Viktor Ambartsumian and Modern Science]" 2572:

Ambartsumian did not defend a doctoral thesis. He was awarded a doctoral degree in 1935 based on his scientific work hitherto.

8429: 8222: 8110: 7735: 7310: 6693: 5625: 5491: 5455: 5037: 4963: 4604: 4159: 3972: 3381: 3178: 2423: 2383: 2280: 1919: 1767: 225: 5742: 1302:(ICSU) between 1968 and 1972, being elected twice for two-year terms in 1968 and 1970. He was the first individual from the 515:

at 11. By his own account, he considered himself an astronomer by the age of 12. Between 1917 and 1924 he studied at Tiflis

4801:"Spectral problems for Sturm–Liouville operator with boundary and jump conditions linearly dependent on the eigenparameter" 2440: 2336: 1734:

On 11 May 1991 Ambartsumian and a number of members of the Armenian Academy of Sciences wrote a letter to Soviet President

7452: 7019: 6371: 3266: 1050:, "allowing people to handle easily very complex mathematical problems." It was further developed by Chandrasekhar in his 8778: 8446: 7612: 7530: 6324:"Հայկական ԽՍՀ գիտությունների ակադեմիայի նախագահությունում [At the Presidium of the Armenian Academy of Sciences]" 4858: 4843: 2319: 2303: 1738:

expressing their concern with the forced expulsion of ethnic Armenians from parts of NKAO and Shahumian rayon as part of

1512: 17: 6832: 3243: 2446: 1692:. In November 1989, the Ambartsumian-led Armenian Academy of Sciences issued a statement protesting the decision of the 817:

with 40І (102 cm) correcting plate and 52І (132 cm) mirror for Byurakan. The telescope was reportedly made by

3992: 2860: 1693: 1524: 1481:

went as far as to opine that Ambartsumian has been "much more of a politician than an astronomer" since the mid-1940s.

1062:

Ambartsumian was a "pioneer of astronomical research from Soviet spacecraft." The program was directed by his disciple

783: 7070: 6528: 6150: 4120: 2982:

McCutcheon, R.A. (1990). "The early career of Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian: An interview (Erevan, October 1987)".

8808: 8728: 8393: 8372: 8209: 7708: 7366:Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանի անվան հ. 12 դպրոցը հիմնադրվել է 1940թ.: Կրթօջախն աշխարհահռչակ աստղագետի անունով կոչվել է 1996թ. 7168: 6905: 6872: 6607: 6069: 5849: 5633: 5580:ՀՍՍՀ-ում «Գիտելիք» ընկերությունը ևս հիմնադրվել է 1947-ին ... Հիմնադրման օրից նախագահն է ակադեմիկոս Վ. Համբարձումյանը։ 5251: 5162: 5066: 4894: 4783: 4449: 4259: 4211: 3520: 3128: 2155: 2034: 1759:

proposed by Gorbachev. The session also argued that leaving the Soviet Union would mean to abandon Nagorno-Karabakh.

1174:

the "official head of Soviet delegations at many conferences, not only on astronomy but also on natural philosophy."

690: 255: 7267: 7215: 4886: 3996: 3839: 1650:." He linked it to the 45th anniversary of Soviet Armenia and the revival of the Armenian people as a result of the 8713: 7764: 7677: 5150: 4993: 3701: 2328:

of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, "for outstanding achievements in the field of astronomy and astrophysics" (1971)

2269: 2254: 2188: 2049: 1986:

for his scientific work of international significance, science administration and patriotic activism. His official

1283: 838: 749: 559: 7101: 5990: 5894: 2717:: "It is commonly accepted that V.A. Ambartsumian was a father of the Soviet school of Theoretical Astrophysics." 8823: 7249: 7015: 6978: 6207: 5841: 5154: 4251: 2620: 2487: 2177: 2125: 451: 3545: 8200: 8015: 7089: 5461: 2467: 2347: 1963: 1752: 1010:

were discovered in 1963. Ambartsumian developed and summarized his views on activity of galaxies in the 1960s.

741:(YSU). He was named professor of astrophysics at YSU in 1947. He served as chair of the department until 1994. 657: 8388: 7188: 6412: 4944:

2017 Fourth International Conference on Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union (SORUCOM)

3923: 2975: 1812:

in 1950. Since 1960 he also maintained a house next to the building of the Academy of Sciences in Yerevan, on

8718: 8102: 7772: 7042:"U.S. GROUP HONORS SOVIET SCIENTIST; 2 Britons and German Also Elected as Associates by the National Academy" 6927: 5247: 4850: 3549: 2971: 2403: 423: 359: 58: 2517:. It became a bible for a generation of astronomers and astrophysicists and was well received by reviewers. 8723: 6828: 5650: 5569: 4473: 2883: 2680: 2479: 2433: 2166: 1923: 1763: 1595: 1377: 1322:(1973). In a 1968 paper Ambartsumian wrote that he believes in a close collaboration of philosophy and the 1254: 547: 394: 8095:Амбарцумян: Этапы жизни и научные концепции [Ambartsumian: Stages of Life and Scientific Concepts] 5385: 8828: 8818: 7432:"Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Գեղարքունիքի մարզի պատմության և մշակույթի անշարժ հուշարձանների պետական ցուցակը" 7417: 5517: 3452: 3349: 2705: 2700: 2239: 1488: 1389: 1241:(YerNIIMM) in 1956, popularly known as the "Mergelyan Institute" after its first director, mathematician 455: 204: 6178:"Հայ գրի և դպրության մեծ հիմնադիրը [The Great Founder of Armenian Writing and Written Language]" 4854: 4292: 3184: 2683:, 1964: "The observatory is the headquarters of Viktor A. Ambartsumian, Russia's foremost astronomer..." 7453:"Հայաստանի ազգային հերոս, ակադեմիկոս Վ. Համբարձումյանի անվան միջազգային գիտական մրցանակ հիմնելու մասին" 7294: 7124: 6583: 6441: 6347: 6123: 6061: 4526: 4320: 3947:

Khachikian, E. Ye. (1979). "On the Activity of the Nuclei of Galaxies". In Westerlund, Bengt E. (ed.).

3456: 3239: 2709: 2417: 2410: 1938: 1866:(b. 1941). All four became either mathematicians or physicists. As of 1987 he had eight grandchildren. 1478: 1373: 1102: 850: 665: 660:(1908–83), with whom he became close friends in the mid-1920s. Kozyrev was sentenced to ten years in a 629: 609: 551: 378: 301: 126: 5885:

Teeter, Mark H. (1981). "Philosophy". In Teeter, Mark H.; Sutter, Eleanor B.; Ruble, Balir A. (eds.).

2712:: "V. A. Ambartsumyan is considered to be, by right, the founder of Soviet theoretical astrophysics." 2526:

wrote that it is the "only advanced book of this scope in English, it will be of the greatest value."

2498:

Throughout his career, Ambartsumian authored some 20 books and booklets and over 200 academic papers.

1794: 733:

and others. He served as vice president of the academy until 1947 and as president from 1947 to 1993.

8813: 8360: 8344: 7501: 5220: 1756: 1716: 1689: 1393: 431: 7474: 6417: 5761:"Encounters with Victor Ambartsumian one afternoon at the San Lazzaro Degli Armeni island at Venice" 4686: 2246: 1097: 1006:, discovered at Byurakan. The concept of AGN was widely accepted some years later, especially after 550:. Shakhbazyan suggests that his non-peasant, non-proletarian background prevented him from entering 8474: 8011: 7152: 6501: 6328: 6303: 6278: 6253: 6232: 6182: 6131: 5598: 3956: 3274: 2582: 2523: 2217: 2062: 1983: 1904: 1397: 738: 528: 500: 407: 371: 263: 218: 8438: 8406: 6789: 5709:

Hambardzumyan, Viktor; Sargsyan, Sos; Balayan, Zori; Babayan, Simeon; Grigoryan, Vachagan (1990).

4749: 3244:"В.А.Амбарцумян в Ленинградском университете [V. A. Ambartsumian at Leningrad University]" 1503:

wrote that "his political views harmonized to a considerable degree with those of Soviet rulers."

1022:

in astronomy. He was the first or one of the first to study stellar radiation transfer in gaseous

7652: 7275: 5447: 4287: 2053: 1775: 1421: 1271: 1071: 999: 924: 916: 7801: 6770:

Viktor Ambartsumian (1908-1996) was one of the most influential astronomers of the last century.

3512: 3152: 8292: 7957: 7560: 6893: 5765: 5715: 5324: 5090: 4878: 4771: 4561: 4044: 2518: 1863: 1074:, the "first space telescope with an objective prism, into orbit." In December 1973 the crewed 961: 754: 499:(1907–1979) was a mathematician and Chair of Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics at 399: 173: 8364: 7657:

1971 Амбарцумян Виктор Амазаспович за выдающиеся достижения в области астрономии и астрофизики

6897: 6864: 6627: 4151: 4147: 3597: 2475: 2151: 693:. There a branch of LSU operated under Ambartsumian's leadership until 1944. He served as the 8673: 8191: 6615: 4947: 4839: 4022: 2398:

Ambartsumian was elected honorary and foreign member of 28 Academies of Sciences, including:

2343: 2332: 2299: 1934:

as a "man who is rated the world's greatest astronomer or at least among the very greatest."

1931: 1122: 571: 524: 487:

Ambartsumian's parents married in 1904. He had a brother, Levon, and sister, Gohar. Levon, a

8420:

Harutyunian, Haik; Sedrakian, David; Kalloghlian, Arsen; Nikoghossian, Arthur, eds. (2012).

2173: 8708: 8703: 8490: 8301: 7975: 7864:"Russian scientists and the Royal Society of London: 350 years of scientific collaboration" 7616: 7574: 7563:(1960). "Presidential address on the award of the Gold medal to prof. V. A. Ambartsumian". 7010: 6810: 6732: 5948: 5774: 5487: 5333: 5099: 4695: 4613: 4570: 4542: 4441: 4361: 4329: 3903: 3755: 3390: 3174: 2995: 2548: 2325: 1790:

Ambartsumian's house-museum in Byurakan, where he lived since around 1950 and died in 1996.

1158: 1079: 1035: 927:. In his later career, Ambartsumian held views in contradiction to the consequences of the 920: 904: 583: 540: 532: 390: 291: 267: 211: 108: 2084:

and other officials. Busts of Ambartsumian stand at the Byurakan Observatory, the city of

1314:

Ambartsumian made "philosophical excursions", and published several books and articles on

774: 8: 8668: 8609: 7848: 6998:"Soviet Rule Has Bestowed Upon Science all the Authority of Which it Deprived Religion". 5497: 5369:"Современное естествознание и философия [Modern natural sciences and philosophy]" 5017: 4599: 4139: 2471: 2162: 1979: 1880: 1213: 1126: 1095:

Ambartsumian also made contributions to mathematics, most notably with his 1929 paper in

1030:

of arbitrary thickness to the atmosphere." It has been applied in other areas, including

944: 900: 579: 382: 259: 136: 8305: 7979: 7620: 7578: 7515: 7496: 6814: 6736: 5952: 5778: 5337: 5103: 5055:

A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500-1920: With an Introductory History

4994:"Эссе о математике и не только о нем [An Essay on a Mathematician and Not Only]" 4699: 4617: 4574: 4546: 4445: 4365: 4333: 4042:"Symposium on the Philosophical Problems of Astronomy in the USSR Academy of Sciences". 3394: 2999: 1914:

Despite being a Soviet scientist, he was well-regarded in the United States. During the

1601:

Ambartsumian's relationship with dissidents was complicated. In 1973 he refused to meet

681:

Ambartsumian led the evacuation of part of the faculty of Leningrad State University to

8352: 8317: 8290:

Editorial Board of Journal Astrofizika (2008). "V. A. Ambartsumian—A Life in Science".

8262: 8254: 8170: 8134: 8065: 8056: 7993: 7890:

24.04.1969 Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian (1908–1996), astrophysicist, Foreign Member

7046: 6946: 6837: 6698: 6497:"Հայաստանի գիտությունների ակադեմիայում [In the Academy of Sciences of Armenia]" 6090: 6041: 6021: 5972: 5964: 5790: 5349: 5195: 5115: 5082: 4969: 4942:

Oganjanyan, Sergey; Silantiev, Sergey (2017). "Sergey Mergelyan: Triumph and Tragedy".

4822: 4711: 4629: 4586: 4556: 4377: 4186: 4106: 3661: 3408: 3112: 2892: 1918:, Ambartsumian was the first Soviet scientist to become foreign honorary member of the 1824: 1665: 1651: 1631: 1474: 1267: 1234: 1019: 1003: 985: 928: 874: 826: 822: 806:

then build a house within the observatory grounds with the money awarded with the 1950

669: 633: 604: 536: 516: 473: 305: 43: 6912:

He was also the founder of the school of theoretical astrophysics in the Soviet Union.

5539: 362:

5 September] 1908 – 12 August 1996) was a Soviet and Armenian

8639: 8629: 8604: 8425: 8368: 8321: 8266: 8218: 8106: 7704: 7696: 7431: 7306: 7164: 7115: 6901: 6868: 6806: 6718: 6352: 6065: 5991:"Алфавитный список народных депутатов СССР (26 марта 1989 – 26 декабря 1991, полный)" 5976: 5845: 5794: 5756: 5629: 5451: 5353: 5293: 5158: 5119: 5062: 5033: 4959: 4890: 4874: 4826: 4779: 4741: 4715: 4633: 4590: 4437: 4381: 4255: 4155: 3968: 3516: 3504: 3412: 3124: 3007: 2662: 2042: 2009: 1998: 1968: 1813: 1799: 1786: 1735: 1724: 1697: 1685: 1661: 1643: 1627: 1606: 1401: 1179: 1145: 862: 640:, and others. Ambartsumian considered Sobolev his "most brilliant graduate student." 512: 347: 75: 8470: 8116: 4973: 4057: 3639: 3478: 2213: 2184: 1960:

First Soviet-American Conference on Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence

1187:), the Soviet Union's main astronomy journal. He was also on the editorial board of 8619: 8594: 8579: 8500: 8309: 8246: 8232: 8160: 8029: 7997: 7983: 7966: 7879: 7693:

Die Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften: Ihre Mitglieder und Preisträger 1700–1990

7624: 7510: 7302: 7298: 7156: 6860: 6379: 6299:"Իմպերիալիզմը գենոցիդի հանցավորն է [Imperialism – the culprit of genocide]" 5956: 5939: 5782: 5554: 5341: 5107: 4951: 4812: 4703: 4621: 4578: 4369: 4353:

Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

4347: 4315: 4053: 3960: 3585: 3541: 3474: 3398: 3003: 2963: 2865: 2851: 2719: 2531: 2199: 1809: 1720: 1508:

political loyalty took him to the heights of the Soviet scientific establishment."

1417: 1351: 1323: 1242: 1218: 1106: 1063: 807: 722: 718: 694: 637: 339: 309: 286: 183: 7358:"Երևանի քաղաքապետարանի ենթակայության դպրոցներ [Yerevan municipal schools]" 2888:"NEW ERA AHEAD, ASTRONOMER SAYS; Photos of the Moon Cited at World Science Parley" 454:. Hamazasp (Russified: Amazasp) was an educated man of letters who studied law at 8624: 8599: 8584: 8521: 8400: 8047: 7596: 7175:

The most famous twentieth-century scientist in Armenia was Victor Ambartsumian...

7000: 6753: 6407: 5376: 5025: 4817: 4800: 4419: 4115: 3964: 3465: 2714: 2527: 2463: 2065:, a street, park, and public school in Yerevan, and the Pedagogical Institute of 2038: 1831:

wrote that Ambartsumian was modest in private life and behaved simply in public.

1647: 1642:

Ambartsumian delivered a speech on 24 April 1965, on the 50th anniversary of the

1623: 1610: 1347: 1118: 866: 858: 726: 617:

scientific work through that date." He headed the department until 1946 or 1947.

469: 5608:Ընկերության աշխատանքներում զգայի տեղ է հատկացվում գիտա-աթեիստական պրոպագանդային։ 3117:

The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times

2231: 1926:

in 1958 and 1959, respectively. In January 1971 Ambartsumian was invited to the

1835:

described Ambartsumian as an "extremely modest" man. Anthony Astrachan wrote in

1125:, the 1979 Nobel Prize Laureate in Physiology or Medicine for his work on X-ray 802:," said Ambartsumian. Ambartsumian initially lived at a house in the village of 8614: 8589: 8495: 8138: 7943: 7460: 6785: 6714: 6578: 6367: 6058:

The Final Act: The Dramatic, Revealing Story of the Moscow Helsinki Watch Group

5937:

Doel, Ronald E. (1992). "Evaluating Soviet Lunar Science in Cold War America".

5837: 5540:"The Armenian Church Under the Soviet Regime, Part 1: the Leadership of Kevork" 5142: 4955: 4062:

These ideas, which are being developed by the Byurakan school of Astronomers...

3570:

Petrosian, Artashes R.; Harutyunian, Haik A.; Mickaelian, Areg M. (June 1997).

3372: 3278: 2674: 2535: 2144: 2092: 2081: 1972: 1851: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1739: 1500: 1461: 1222: 952: 948: 888: 830: 814: 730: 710: 567: 555: 386: 363: 65: 8313: 7538: 4466:Эволюция звезд и астрофизика [The Evolution of Stars and Astrophysics] 1894: 1842:

mathematical lectures with quotations from classical and contemporary poets."

8697: 8526: 8237: 8156: 8020: 7875: 5297: 4745: 4472:(in Russian). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Press. Archived from 4278: 4027: 3576: 3251: 2450: 2057: 2019: 1855: 1712: 1591: 1583: 1355: 1207: 854: 818: 791: 714: 8052:"Reviewed Work: Theoretical Astrophysics by V. A. Ambartsumyan, J. B. Sykes" 4424:"Obituary: Victor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian, 1912 [i.e. 1908] -1996" 4242:

Lankford, John, ed. (2011) . "Ambartsumian, Viktor Amazaspovich (b. 1908)".

8419: 8336: 8165: 8142: 7884: 7863: 7245:"Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան. 1908—1996 [Victor Hambartsoumian 1908-1996]" 7146: 6852: 6538: 6159: 4731:"An inverse Sturm-Liouville problem with a generalized symmetric potential" 4373: 4206: 2686: 2140: 1908: 1708: 1704: 1587: 1504: 1446: 1442: 1405: 1303: 1039: 973: 846: 575: 520: 245: 4684:

Ambarzumjan, V. (September 1929). "Über eine Frage der Eigenwerttheorie".

2651:"...recognized as one of the giants of twentieth-century astrophysics..." 1703:

In September 1990 Ambartsumian and four other Armenians, including writer

7481:. National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from 7223: 6602: 6154: 5479: 5191: 3847: 3708:. National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from 3166: 2315: 1673: 1669: 1579: 1450: 1425: 1396:, especially since at least the late 1980s. In 1969 Ambartsumian visited 1372:(Knowledge), founded in 1947 to continue the pre-war atheist work of the 1230: 932: 912: 649: 326: 197: 8069: 8051: 7776: 5281: 3709: 3342:"К 100-летию со дня рождения академика Амбарцумяна Виктора Амазасповича" 2665:: "...one of the giants of astronomical research in the 20th century..." 2376:

Full member (Academician) of the Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences (1943)

2136:

Honored Scientist of the Armenian SSR (1940) and the Georgian SSR (1968)

825:

started the First Byurakan Survey that resulted in the discovery of the

8258: 7862:

Kolchinsky, Edouard; Hossfeld, Uwe; Levit, Georgy S. (30 August 2017).

6758:"Award of the Viktor Ambartsumian International Prize for Astrophysics" 6741:...Ambartsumian, one of the foremost astronomers of the 20th century... 5998: 5786: 5345: 5145:(2007). "Ambartsumian, Victor Amazaspovitch". In Hockey, Thomas (ed.). 5111: 4707: 4625: 4582: 3460: 3403: 3376: 2722:: "This eminent founder of astrophysics in the former Soviet Union..." 2048:

In 1998 Ambartsumian's 90th anniversary was celebrated in Armenia; the

1602: 1470: 1315: 1110: 1047: 1043: 969: 628:(deputy president) of the university. Among his graduate students were 563: 488: 447: 435: 367: 8174: 8143:"Victor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian. 18 September 1908 – 12 August 1996" 8033: 7868:

Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science

7119: 6576:

Astrachan, Anthony (24 September 1973). "BOOKS: Dogma in the Manger".

6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 5968: 4350:(1965). "The progress and organization of science in the U. S. S. R". 3115:; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2005). 1177:

From 1944 to 1979 Ambartsumian was a member of the editorial board of

546:

In 1924 Ambartsumian moved to Leningrad, where he began attending the

8683: 8016:"Theoretical Astrophysics V. A. Ambartsumyan, Editor and J. B. Sykes" 7988: 7961: 6600:

Staff correspondent (February 1968). "Picture of an Astrophysicist".

6012: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4247: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 3952: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3590: 3571: 3424: 3422: 2530:

described the book as "comprehensively and competently constructed."

1432:." He wrote on Marxism–Leninism and dialectical materialism in 1959: 1167: 956: 896: 892: 799: 686: 625: 8250: 8186: 7357: 5710: 5003: 3991:

Chronology at Astronomy at St. Peteresburg University (in Russian).

2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2121: 790:, at an altittude of 1,405 m (4,610 ft), on the slopes of 8485: 8468: 7629: 7600: 7198: 7160: 7148:

Science and Technology in Armenia: Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy

6661: 6452: 6228:"Մաշտոցյան օրերը Հայաստանում [Days of Mashtots in Armenia]" 5960: 5708: 5194:(2012). "The Universe, the Cold War, and Dialectical Materialism". 3933: 2991: 2610:

The departments of astrophysics and general physics merged in 2009.

2085: 2066: 1987: 1915: 1728: 1385: 1105:. He proved that "among all vibrating strings only the homogeneous 1075: 1067: 842: 803: 787: 682: 439: 426:

5 September] 1908, to Hripsime Khakhanian (1885–1972) and

96: 7438:(in Armenian). Armenian Legal Information System. 9 January 2003. 7120:"The Armenian Anomaly: Toward an Interdisciplinary Interpretation" 6639: 6637: 5261: 5200: 4642: 4483: 4067: 3854: 3777: 3419: 3111: 648:

Many of Ambartsumian's colleagues and friends suffered during the

7907: 7388:. National Erasmus+ Office in Armenia. April 2016. Archived from 6986:

Ambartsumian, Viktor Amazaspovich (1908-1996) Election: 1958, FHM

6968:"Members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1780-2019" 6037:"Soviet Scientists Call Missile Defense Plan By U.S. an Illusion" 4883:

A life in astrophysics. Selected papers of Viktor A. Ambartsumian

2754: 2509:

Ambartsumian served as editor and senior author of the 1952 book

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chairman of the academy's commissions on astronomy (1944–46) and

1114:

physical journal, he cannot expect to attract too many readers."

1023: 1007: 965: 908: 795: 706: 443: 71: 7244: 6890:

The Universe: A Historical Survey of Beliefs, Theories, and Laws

6202: 2416:

Corresponding member (1958) and foreign associate (1978) of the

2379:

Full member (Academician) of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953)

2276: 1646:, describing it as "extermination of the Armenian population of 972:

that cluster very loosely. This is significantly different from

841:

and numerous conferences were held in Byurakan in attendance of

7345:Համբարձումյան/Վիկտոր/ փողոց․ Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանի անվան պուրակ 6952:

Viktor A. Ambartsumyan, a prominent and respected astronomer...

6634: 6533: 6509: 5760: 5086: 4530: 2898:

The great Soviet Armenian astronomer, Viktor A. Ambartsumian...

2195: 2088:(1978), and at the central campus of Yerevan State University. 2076:

of Ambartsumian was unveiled in Yerevan at the park around the

1656: 1411: 1327: 1031: 977: 653: 477: 419: 274: 8789:

Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society

8275: 5887:

Soviet Research Institutes Project. Volume III: The Humanities

3569: 2653:"Victor Ambartsumian, a giant of world astrophysics, alive..." 1990:

was signed by Armenia's president, government and parliament.

1745: 1239:

Yerevan Scientific Research Institute of Mathematical Machines

8764:

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

6496: 6323: 6298: 6227: 6203:"Համազգային մեծ բանաստեղծը [The Great National Poet]" 5622:

The Atheist Bus Campaign: Global Manifestations and Responses

766: 661: 562:. He studied alongside other major Soviet scientists such as 492: 464: 459: 458:. He was also a writer and translator and notably translated 366:

and science administrator. One of the 20th century's leading

7216:"Orders of the Republic of Armenia: The Order of Motherland" 6273: 6248: 6177: 6135: 4844:

Computed tomography: some history and recent developments",

3924:"The Byurakan Observatory: Armenia's Scientific Crown Jewel" 3807: 3805: 3803: 3285: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3066: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 2703:: "основоположник советской школы теоретической астрофизики" 1330:. Ambartsumian became a member of the administration of the 1252:

Ambartsumian was the Chairman of the Editorial Board of the

7601:"Award of the Bruce Gold Medal to Prof. V. A. Ambartsumian" 7193: 6673: 6545: 6473: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5593: 4937: 4935: 3928: 2373:

Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939)

620:

Between 1939 and 1941 Ambartsumian was the director of the

7740:

1974 Viktor A. Ambarcumjan (1908 - 1996) Erevan Astronomie

7497:"New international prize commemorates Viktor Ambartsumian" 6124:"Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան. Մեր ամենամեծ գանձը՝ մայրենի լեզուն" 6105: 6103: 6101: 5813: 5678: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4182:"Viktor A. Ambartsumyan, 87, Expert on Formation of Stars" 3767: 3765: 3721: 3719: 2619:

The organization effectively ceased to operate during the

1622:

as during the commemorations of the 1600th anniversary of

1233:, radioelectronics, chemistry, mechanics and engineering. 8217:. Yerevan: Gitutyun Press. Armenian Academy of Sciences. 7676:(in Russian). Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from 7651:(in Russian). Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from 7482: 7440:ՀՈՒՇԱՐՁԱՆ ՎԻԿՏՈՐ ՀԱՄԲԱՐՁՈՒՄՅԱՆԻ 1978 թ. Մշակույթի տան մոտ 7397:

Vardenis Pedagogical Institute after Victor Hambardzumyan

7067:

U.S. Congress House Committee on Science and Astronautics

6557: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5801: 5690: 5444:Православное осмысление творения мiра и современная наука 3800: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3485: 3461:"Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumyan (on his 60th birthday)" 3377:"V. A. Ambartsumian (18 September 1908 – 12 August 1996)" 3201: 3189: 3078: 3026: 1798:

A memorial in front of Ambartsumian's house in Yerevan's

1527:

from 1950 to 1989 (3rd to 11th convocation sessions). In

1320:

Philosophical Questions About the Science of the Universe

7919: 7745: 5901: 5666: 4932: 4920: 3951:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 75. 3922:

Martirosyan, Marine; Sarukhanyan, Vahe (21 March 2018).

3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 7861: 7605:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

7379:"List of Armenian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)" 6942:"Soviet Claims Joint Credit for Finding Jupiter's Ring" 6649: 6274:"Եղեռն և վերածնունդ [Mets Yeghern and Revival]" 6151:"Հայոց լեզուն - հայ ինքնության, հայ էության ընդերքը..." 6098: 5147:

Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Volume I: A—L

4903: 4002: 3762: 3754:(in Armenian). Yerevan State University. Archived from 3716: 3638:(in Armenian). Yerevan State University. Archived from 3603: 1907:. Ambartsumian was also well-regarded internationally. 1696:

to return Nagorno-Karabakh under the direct control of

1531:

he was elected as a representative from Armenia to the

1424:

and projected it on his astrophysical interpretations.

1309: 8759:

Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy

8739:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

7410:"Monument to Victor Hambardzumyan unveiled in Yerevan" 7114: 6719:"Astronomy in Armenia: Anticipations of a Second Wind" 6321: 5918: 5858: 4218: 3980:

provided with an objective prism of the same diameter.

3921: 3668: 3297: 3014: 2312:(1960) "for outstanding contributions to astrophysics" 1886:

His house was inaugurated as a museum in August 1998.

1762:

As a communist, Ambartsumian reportedly regretted the

8834:

Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union) politicians

8235:(1991). "The 1936-1937 Purge of Soviet Astronomers". 8187:"Վիկտոր Համբարձումեան [Viktor Hambardzumyan]" 3632:"Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան [Viktor Hambardzumyan]" 3047: 2623:

in 1990, when the last of its publications were made.

2337:

Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic

2251:

Order of the Flag of the People's Republic of Hungary

2052:

held a symposium at the Byurakan Observatory and the

1366:, the Armenian branch of the all-Soviet organization 491:

student, died at 23-24 while on an expedition in the

8744:

Foreign members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

8734:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

8148:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

8133: 7670:"Награжденные золотой медалью имени М.В. Ломоносова" 6667: 6467: 5267: 4671: 4659: 4508: 4496: 4204:

Pisarzhevsky, Oleg (January 1960). "Blue Galaxies".

4086: 3869: 3846:. Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory. Archived from 3794: 3428: 2775: 2382:

Honorary member of the Academies of Sciences of the

1408:

and was declared an honorary member of its academy.

861:, and others. It was also visited by Soviet leaders 8844:

Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

8804:

Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

7566:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society

6798:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

6724:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society

6599: 6322:Hambardzumyan, Viktor A.; Sedrakian, D. M. (1989). 4941: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 1350:. Ambartsumian wrote in 1959 that the "idea of the 1270:Ambartsumian "had a very strong influence on world 1101:. In it, Ambartsumian first introduced the inverse 980:and that stars are born explosively and in groups. 603:In 1934 Ambartsumian was fired by Pulkovo director 8849:Presidents of the International Astronomical Union 7942:. Translated by J. B. Sykes. London and New York: 6790:"Review of Publications- Theoretical Astrophysics" 6712: 5435:Nedelko, Vitaliy I.; Khundzhua, Andrey G. (2008). 3536: 3534: 3532: 2593:). Less common spellings of his last name include 2501: 1515:(CPSU) in 1940. In 1948 he became a member of the 1441:Dialectical materialism influenced Ambartsumian's 1117:Ambartsumian had made an independent discovery of 8289: 7816:"Les membres du passé dont le nom commence par A" 7475:"Viktor Ambartsumian International Science Prize" 7289:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1905) Ambartsumian". 6086:"72 Soviet Academicians Assail Sakharov on Prize" 4728: 3748:"Ֆիզիկայի ֆակուլտետ [Faculty of Physics]" 3119:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 1533:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union 8854:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 8695: 8010: 7691:Hartkopf, Werner (1992). "Ambarzumjan, Viktor". 7537:. Société astronomique de France. Archived from 6529:"Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանը հաջողություն է նախանշում" 6434:"Famed Armenian scientist, 82, on hunger strike" 5891:United States International Communication Agency 5434: 5427:Амбарцумян В. А. Наука о Вселенной и религия. . 4521: 4519: 4517: 4092: 3995:: Начала создаваться Бюраканская станция. ; 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 1928:U.S. House Committee on Science and Astronautics 446:, what is now Turkey, to the southern shores of 8769:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences 8273: 7242: 6595: 6593: 6537:(in Armenian). 17 November 1995. Archived from 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 4729:Eskitaşçioğlu, Esin İnan; Açil, Mehmet (2017). 4414: 4199: 4197: 3902:. Armenian Astronomical Society. Archived from 3660:. Armenian Astronomical Society. Archived from 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3529: 3451: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 1477:called him a skillful one. In a 1977 interview 1200: 992: 664:, but survived the repressions. Others such as 7189:"Ոչ ոք չէր նկատել, որ Շիրակացու 1400-ամյակն է" 6396: 6394: 5216:"Unity Urged in Study of Stars by Astronomers" 4846:Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4146:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 4020: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3546:"Oral Histories: S. Chandrasekhar - Session I" 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 1766:, but voted for Armenia's independence in the 1376:. The organization engaged in what it called " 705:In 1943 Ambartsumian moved with his family to 8454: 6494: 6427: 6425: 6296: 6271: 6246: 6200: 6175: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4600:"To Victor Ambartsumian on his 80th birthday" 4597: 4557:"To Victor Ambartsumian on his 80th birthday" 4554: 4531:"To Victor Ambartsumian on his 80th birthday" 4525: 4514: 4429:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 4273: 4271: 1456: 1298:Ambartsumian also served as president of the 1152: 8774:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 7937: 7459:(in Armenian). 16 April 2009. Archived from 7035: 7033: 6590: 6401:Schodolski, Vincent J. (19 September 1990). 5437:"Наука и религия – проблемы взаимоотношений" 5366: 5304: 4738:Electronic Journal of Differential Equations 4462: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4203: 4194: 3556: 3473:(5). Translated by W. V. Chumakov: 776–777. 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 2903: 2781: 2310:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1719:in Moscow to protest the military rule over 1412:Marxism–Leninism and dialectical materialism 1326:to solve the main scientific problems about 1066:and was launched in 1961. In April 1971 the 442:(Basargechar). His ancestors had moved from 403:and served as its editor for over 20 years. 191:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society 8091: 7645:"Большая золотая медаль им. М.В.Ломоносова" 7238: 7236: 7210: 7208: 6991: 6679: 6643: 6551: 6515: 6490: 6488: 6479: 6391: 6341: 6339: 5684: 5321: 4869: 4867: 4805:Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 4798: 4683: 4391: 4318:(1997). "Victor Ambartsumian (1908-1996)". 4105: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3817: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3434: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3291: 3207: 3195: 3099: 3087: 3072: 3041: 2861:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 1778:in Russia and other post-Soviet countries. 1746:Soviet collapse and independence of Armenia 1346:and believed that science and religion are 1194:Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences 8461: 8447: 8341:Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union 8231: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7268:"Banknotes out of Circulation - 100 drams" 6962: 6960: 6780: 6778: 6422: 6400: 6225: 5880: 5878: 5834:Evidence of God: A Scientific Case for God 5416:...автор, атеист и коммунист утверждает... 5410:(in Russian) (184). Moscow. Archived from 5401: 5126: 5052: 5002:(in Russian). No. 438. Archived from 4980: 4768:Inverse Problems in Differential Equations 4268: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4134: 4132: 4130: 3946: 3696: 3694: 3491: 3336: 3334: 3332: 2981: 2962: 2850: 1688:and was vocal in the initial phase of the 1300:International Council of Scientific Unions 1294:International Council of Scientific Unions 1078:mission operated the "Orion-2 ultraviolet 673:surviving at a time when others did not." 370:, he is widely regarded as the founder of 42: 27:Soviet Armenian astrophysicist (1908–1996) 8754:Members of the French Academy of Sciences 8422:Ambartsumian's Legacy and Active Universe 8207: 8164: 7987: 7925: 7883: 7751: 7628: 7514: 7030: 6887: 6752: 6575: 6563: 6366: 6219: 5912: 5807: 5696: 5672: 5591: 5240:"6.1 Past Officers and Directors of ICSU" 5199: 4926: 4914: 4816: 4418: 4299: 4230: 3771: 3725: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3589: 3402: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3213: 3020: 1660:on 24 April 1975 Ambartsumian linked the 1332:Philosophical Society of the Soviet Union 1132: 1018:Ambartsumian discovered basic results in 919:. He is best known for having discovered 744:In 1965 Ambartsumian founded the journal 8351: 7841:"Honorary Member: Dr. V.A. Ambartsumian" 7690: 7288: 7233: 7205: 7004:. Vol. 71. 2 June 1958. p. 23. 6924:Detre Centennial Conference: Proceedings 6827: 6485: 6346:Shogren, Elizabeth (21 September 1990). 6336: 6148: 6121: 6055: 5711:"Տ. Տ. Վազգեն Ա Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս" 5571:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Volume III 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5057:. Wayne State University Press. p. 4873: 4864: 4277: 4241: 4008: 3910: 3731: 3509:Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar 3360: 2882: 2601:(commonly used in Soviet publications). 2236:Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland 2072:In 2009 a 3.2-metre (10 ft) bronze 1893: 1793: 1785: 1535:in the first relatively free elections. 1523:. Ambartsumian was also a member of the 1460: 773: 765: 8181: 7548: 7262: 7260: 7186: 7088: 6957: 6851: 6775: 6655: 6345: 6109: 5875: 5619: 5256:1968-1972 Victor A. Ambartsumian (USSR) 5016: 4346: 4314: 4224: 4168: 4138: 4127: 4023:"Filling the gaps in Einstein's theory" 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3691: 3685: 3511:. University of Chicago Press. p. 3303: 3238: 3060: 2484:Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 1978:On 11 October 1994 Armenia's President 1869: 1630:, in 1962 and the 100th anniversary of 1469:Ambartsumian is often referred to as a 1428:described Ambartsumian as a "convinced 1337: 1057: 938: 907:, and mostly focused on the physics of 778:Viktor Ambartsumians museum in Byurakan 161: 1930; died 1995) 14: 8794:Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal 8696: 8335: 7956: 7595: 7559: 7543:1956 : Viktor Ambartsumian (USSR) 7489: 7039: 6939: 6833:"Space Signals Said To Hint Life Afar" 6784: 6691: 6685: 6431: 6149:Badalyan, Melanya (15 November 2019). 5924: 5884: 5869: 5831: 5819: 5755: 5537: 5282:"A Note on Some Armenian Philosophers" 5141: 5081: 4991: 4021:King-Underwood, Ani (22 August 1985). 3811: 3615: 3371: 3309: 2292: 1774:and was critical of Western-sponsored 1258:, published in 13 volumes in 1974–87. 430:(1880–1966). Hripsime's father was an 8442: 8046: 7364:(in Armenian). Yerevan Municipality. 6017:"Russians Invited to the Davis Trial" 6011: 5190: 5171: 4885:. New York: Allerton Press. pp. 4765: 4605:Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 4244:History of Astronomy: An Encyclopedia 4179: 3540: 3382:Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 2970:. Niels Bohr Library & Archives, 2424:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2281:State Prize of the Russian Federation 1920:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1013: 931:, such as rejecting the existence of 118:Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Armenia 8749:Foreign members of the Royal Society 7903:"Russian Delegates Miss First Talks" 7715:1971 Helmholtz-Medaille der Akademie 7257: 6762:Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias 6432:Nadler, Gerald (18 September 1990). 5936: 5433:, 1959, No 1, стр. 9 – 12; cited in 5402:Ayrapetyan, Albert (10 March 2009). 5087:"Victor Ambartsumian and the I.A.U." 3875: 3503: 3250:(in Russian) (22–23). Archived from 3248:Journal of St. Petersburg University 2968:"Oral Histories: V. A. Ambartsumian" 2441:Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 2104: 2099: 1982:awarded Ambartsumian the title of a 1637: 1573: 1310:Philosophical and cosmological views 794:, some 35 km (22 mi) from 613:extremely critical of his seniors." 7800:. 18 September 1908. Archived from 7613:Astronomical Society of the Pacific 7516:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2009.50604_10.x 7118:; Hovhannisyan, Ruben (Fall 2018). 6694:"Black Hole Theory Faces Challenge" 6249:"Մեծ եղեռնը [Mets Yeghern]" 5735:"Vazgen I (Palchyan Levon-Karapet)" 5480:"Մեր արխիվը [Our archives]" 5279: 3352:. 16 September 2008. Archived from 3167:"Մեր արխիվը [Our archives]" 2856:"Ambartsumian, Viktor Amazaspovich" 2457: 2320:Astronomical Society of the Pacific 1679: 1538:Ambartsumian was a delegate to the 1521:Communist Party of the Armenian SSR 1513:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1416:Ambartsumian accepted and followed 951:, which led to the conclusion that 24: 8413: 8276:"В. А. Амбарцумян - жизнь в науке" 7794:"Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian" 7416:. 15 December 2009. Archived from 6940:Shabad, Theodore (18 April 1979). 5490:. 15 December 2018. Archived from 4283:"Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian" 4180:Saxon, Wolfgang (15 August 1996). 3177:. 15 December 2018. Archived from 1958:After he visited Byurakan for the 1694:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1684:Ambartsumian played a role in the 1616: 1609:to Soviet physicist and dissident 1494: 1420:philosophy and staunchly promoted 784:Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory 25: 8870: 8859:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal 8839:Party leaders of the Soviet Union 8382: 7228:Victor Hambardzumian - 11.10.1994 6692:Cherry, David (5 February 1992). 4992:Apoyan, Grigor (14 August 2005). 4142:(2010). "Hambartsumian, Viktor". 3900:"Victor Ambartsumian (1908-1996)" 2156:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 2035:Crimean Astrophysical Observatory 2018:Ambartsumian appeared on the 100- 1362:For over four decades, he headed 1282:Ambartsumian was a member of the 782:In 1946 Ambartsumian founded the 691:Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union 450:in 1830, in the aftermath of the 8799:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 8682: 8469: 8208:Parsamian, Elma S., ed. (2008). 8040: 8004: 7950: 7931: 7895: 7855: 7833: 7808: 7786: 7757: 7720: 7684: 7662: 7637: 7589: 7523: 7467: 7445: 7424: 7402: 7371: 7350: 7319: 7291:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names 7282: 7187:Avagyan, Sona (5 October 2010). 7180: 7139: 7108: 7082: 7061:"International Science Policy". 7054: 7040:Finney, John W. (11 June 1959). 6933: 6917: 6881: 6857:Dark Matter And Cosmic Web Story 6845: 6821: 6746: 6706: 6668:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 6569: 6521: 6468:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 6360: 6315: 6290: 6265: 6240: 6194: 6169: 6142: 6115: 6078: 6049: 6029: 6005: 5983: 5930: 5825: 5749: 5727: 5702: 5268:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 5022:Historical Dictionary of Armenia 4799:Ozkan, A.S.; Keskin, B. (2012). 4672:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 4660:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 4509:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 4497:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 4144:Historical Dictionary of Armenia 4087:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 3870:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 3795:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 3429:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 2776:Lynden-Bell & Gurzadyan 1998 2734: 2725: 2694: 2668: 2656: 2645: 2636: 2626: 2275: 2260: 2245: 2230: 2212: 2194: 2183: 2172: 2161: 2150: 2139: 2131: 2120: 2050:International Astronomical Union 2008: 1997: 1898:Ambartsumian's statue in Yerevan 1781: 1284:International Astronomical Union 1278:International Astronomical Union 1261: 943:In 1947 Ambartsumian discovered 839:International Astronomical Union 770:The Byurakan Observatory in 2008 336:Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian 325: 8080: 7911:. 19 March 1963. Archived from 7250:Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 7063:Panel on Science and Technology 7016:U.S. Government Printing Office 6372:"Correspondence: Hunger strike" 6208:Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 5642: 5613: 5585: 5561: 5531: 5502: 5471: 5421: 5395: 5360: 5273: 5232: 5224:. 26 March 1963. Archived from 5208: 5075: 5046: 5010: 4833: 4792: 4759: 4722: 4677: 4456: 4340: 4111:"Obituary: Victor Ambartsumian" 4058:10.1070/PU1974v016n04ABEH005362 4035: 4014: 3985: 3940: 3646: 3497: 3479:10.1070/PU1969v011n05ABEH003750 3259: 3159: 3137: 3105: 2621:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2613: 2604: 2493: 2488:National University of La Plata 2422:Foreign Honorary Member of the 2178:Order of the October Revolution 2109: 955:continues to take place in the 813:In 1960 Ambartsumian secured a 622:Astronomical Observatory of LSU 543:, Armenia's communist leaders. 158: 8784:Recipients of the Stalin Prize 8201:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 7847:. 17 June 2011. Archived from 7303:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1906 7094:University of Chicago Magazine 7008:"Congressional Record—House". 6495:Hambardzumyan, Viktor (1991). 6297:Hambardzumyan, Viktor (1975). 6272:Hambardzumyan, Viktor (1965). 6247:Hambardzumyan, Viktor (1965). 6201:Hambardzumyan, Viktor (1969). 6176:Hambardzumyan, Viktor (1962). 6094:. 26 October 1975. p. 16. 5053:Bardakjian, Kevork B. (2000). 3654:"Grigor Gurzadyan (1922-2002)" 2876: 2575: 2566: 2468:Australian National University 2348:Academy of Sciences Leopoldina 2304:Société astronomique de France 2033:An asteroid discovered at the 1889: 1819: 1753:Pan-Armenian National Movement 1519:(the executive branch) of the 1445:views and ideas. According to 1090: 658:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev 356:Viktor Hamazaspi Hambardzumyan 352:Վիկտոր Համազասպի Համբարձումյան 13: 1: 8424:. New York: Springer-Verlag. 7773:American Astronomical Society 7336:(in Armenian). Archived from 7197:(in Armenian). Archived from 6928:Hungarian Academy of Sciences 6888:Gregersen, Erik, ed. (2009). 6158:(in Armenian). Archived from 5655:(in Armenian). 1987. p. 5574:(in Armenian). 1977. p. 5547:Religion, State & Society 5510:"ՀԽՍՀ "Գիտելիք" ընկերություն" 5248:International Science Council 4851:American Mathematical Society 3572:"Victor Amazasp Ambartsumian" 3550:American Institute of Physics 3151:(in Armenian). Archived from 2972:American Institute of Physics 2554: 2404:American Astronomical Society 2362: 2270:People's Republic of Bulgaria 2255:People's Republic of Bulgaria 1953: 1930:, where he was introduced by 1922:and foreign associate of the 1654:. In an article published in 503:towards the end of her life. 438:, while Hamazasp hailed from 413: 344:Виктор Амазаспович Амбарцумян 8357:Einstein and Soviet Ideology 7938:Ambartsumyan, V. A. (1958). 7781:Viktor A. Ambartsumian* 1947 6977:. p. 13. Archived from 6403:"Armenians on Hunger Strike" 6045:. 10 April 1983. p. 14. 5651:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 5367:Ambartsumian, V. A. (1968). 4818:10.1080/17415977.2011.652957 4463:Ambartsumian, V. A. (1947). 3965:10.1007/978-94-009-9440-9_10 3953:D. Reidel Publishing Company 3008:10.1016/0364-9229(90)90019-W 2480:Charles University in Prague 2434:National Academy of Sciences 2266:Order of Cyril and Methodius 2167:Order of the Badge of Honour 1924:National Academy of Sciences 1764:collapse of the Soviet Union 1664:to the Holocaust and blamed 1596:Strategic Defense Initiative 1306:to be elected to that post. 1255:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 1201:Armenian Academy of Sciences 993:Active galactic nuclei (AGN) 594: 548:Herzen Pedagogical Institute 506: 395:Armenian Academy of Sciences 7: 7822:(in French). Archived from 6236:(in Armenian) (3): 267–269. 5518:National Library of Armenia 4877:(1998). "Introduction". In 3350:Russian Academy of Sciences 2701:Russian Academy of Sciences 2597:(used until the 1930s) and 2542: 2511:Teoreticheskaia Astrofizika 2466:from several universities: 2091:In 2009 Armenian President 2080:in attendance of President 1000:activity of galactic nuclei 925:activity of galactic nuclei 899:. It covered astrophysics, 882: 761: 456:Saint Petersburg University 10: 8875: 8779:Heroes of Socialist Labour 8475:National Heroes of Armenia 8403:at Sonoma State University 8092:Shakhbazyan, Yuri (2011). 7502:Astronomy & Geophysics 7295:Springer Berlin Heidelberg 6442:United Press International 5446:(in Russian) (4). Moscow: 4956:10.1109/sorucom.2017.00008 4598:Chandrasekhar, S. (1997). 4555:Chandrasekhar, S. (1988). 4321:Irish Astronomical Journal 4279:Masevich, Alla Genrikhovna 2418:French Academy of Sciences 2411:Royal Astronomical Society 2028: 1939:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1578:Ambartsumian often signed 1479:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1457:Political career and views 1374:League of Militant Godless 1189:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 1153:Soviet Academy of Sciences 851:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 700: 666:Matvei Petrovich Bronstein 610:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 552:Leningrad State University 422:on 18 September [ 379:Leningrad State University 256:Leningrad State University 127:Leningrad State University 61:5 September] 1908 8680: 8481: 8407:Ambartsumian bibliography 8394:Ambartsumian bibliography 8361:Stanford University Press 8345:Columbia University Press 8314:10.1007/s10511-008-9016-6 8012:Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia 7509:(6): 6.6. December 2009. 6122:Vahanyan, Gvidon (1985). 5624:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 5377:Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 5286:Studies in Soviet Thought 5221:The Sydney Morning Herald 4766:Anger, Gottfried (1990). 2189:Medal "For Labour Valour" 1845: 1772:Communist Party of Russia 1690:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 1511:Ambartsumian jointed the 1394:Armenian Apostolic Church 1157:Ambartsumian was elected 887:Ambartsumian carried out 589: 480:to him, Tumanyan wrote a 418:Ambartsumian was born in 358:; 18 September [ 351: 343: 324: 319: 315: 297: 285: 273: 251: 241: 234: 179: 168: 142: 132: 122: 114: 104: 85: 53: 41: 34: 8809:National Hero of Armenia 8729:Armenian astrophysicists 8274:Editorial Board (2008). 7940:Theoretical Astrophysics 7243:Editorial Board (1997). 7153:National Academies Press 6502:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 6329:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 6304:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 6279:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 6254:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 6233:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 6183:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 6132:Writers Union of Armenia 5599:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 3275:Yerevan State University 2980:Originally published in 2524:Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin 2515:Theoretical Astrophysics 2503:Theoretical Astrophysics 2240:Polish People's Republic 2218:National Hero of Armenia 2147:(1945, 1958, 1974, 1978) 2126:Hero of Socialist Labour 2063:Yerevan State University 1984:National Hero of Armenia 1905:theoretical astrophysics 1731:persuaded him to do so. 1398:San Lazzaro degli Armeni 1180:Astronomicheskii zhurnal 1163:USSR Academy of Sciences 739:Yerevan State University 624:. He was simultaneously 529:Yerevan State University 501:Yerevan State University 408:National Hero of Armenia 372:theoretical astrophysics 264:Yerevan State University 219:National Hero of Armenia 8714:Scientists from Tbilisi 7276:Central Bank of Armenia 7253:(in Armenian) (1): 3–6. 6332:(in Armenian) (3): 3–4. 6226:Kirakosyan, G. (1962). 6056:Goldberg, Paul (1988). 5592:Danielian, Kh. (1959). 5448:Russian Orthodox Church 5384:(1): 19. Archived from 4879:Ambartsumian, Rouben V. 4853:, Volume 27, 1982, pp. 4288:Encyclopedia Britannica 2984:The Astronomy Quarterly 2585:, is transliterated as 2439:Honorary Member of the 2402:Honorary Member of the 2054:Central Bank of Armenia 1776:economic liberalization 1422:dialectical materialism 1400:in Venice, home of the 1103:Sturm-Liouville problem 917:extragalactic astronomy 586:between 1928 and 1931. 389:, where he founded the 57:18 September [ 8824:Soviet astrophysicists 8166:10.1098/rsbm.1998.0002 8101:(in Russian). Moscow: 7962:"Russian Astrophysics" 7885:10.1098/rsnr.2017.0001 6894:Rosen Publishing Group 5661:«Գիտելիք» ընկերություն 5538:Corley, Felix (1996). 4772:Akademie-Verlag Berlin 4687:Zeitschrift für Physik 4374:10.1098/rspa.1965.0156 4045:Soviet Physics Uspekhi 3949:Stars and Star Systems 3466:Soviet Physics Uspekhi 2519:Roderick Oliver Redman 2462:Ambartsumian received 1951: 1899: 1802: 1791: 1626:, the inventor of the 1568:congresses of the CPSU 1466: 1439: 1388:, the long-time head ( 1141: 1133:Science administration 1098:Zeitschrift für Physik 1070:space station carried 962:O and B spectral types 779: 771: 428:Hamazasp Hambardzumyan 8674:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan 8399:21 April 2021 at the 8233:McCutcheon, Robert A. 8086:Books on Ambartsumian 7826:on 20 December 2019. 7738:on 20 December 2019. 7655:on 20 December 2019. 7541:on 20 December 2019. 7395:on 28 February 2019. 7343:on 26 December 2019. 6984:on 20 December 2019. 6768:on 28 December 2019. 6756:(16 September 2010). 6162:on 12 December 2019. 5832:Hawkes, Nick (2012). 5280:Jeu, Bernard (1973). 4948:IEEE Computer Society 4452:on 11 September 2015. 4281:(14 September 2019). 3267:"Գոհար Համբարձումյան" 2852:McCutcheon, Robert A. 2583:standard romanization 1943: 1932:Fred Lawrence Whipple 1897: 1797: 1789: 1464: 1434: 1137: 1123:Allan MacLeod Cormack 777: 769: 668:and Pulkovo director 572:Sergey Khristianovich 525:extraterrestrial life 374:in the Soviet Union. 226:State Prize of Russia 8719:Armenian astronomers 8491:Viktor Hambardzumyan 8211:Victor Amabartsumian 7851:on 20 December 2019. 7820:academie-sciences.fr 7804:on 20 December 2019. 7779:on 2 December 2019. 7680:on 20 December 2019. 7226:on 7 December 2019. 7155:. 2004. p. 38. 7151:. Washington, D.C.: 7011:Congressional Record 6138:on 12 December 2019. 6001:on 25 December 2019. 5745:on 15 December 2019. 5488:Public TV of Armenia 5254:on 6 December 2019. 5024:. Lanham, Maryland: 5018:Adalian, Rouben Paul 4140:Adalian, Rouben Paul 3664:on 20 December 2019. 3254:on 14 December 2019. 3175:Public TV of Armenia 3155:on 20 February 2023. 2549:Armenians in Tbilisi 2326:Lomonosov Gold Medal 2022:banknote (1998–2004) 1870:Retirement and death 1404:congregation of the 1378:scientific-atheistic 1342:Ambartsumian was an 1338:Science and religion 1225:sciences, including 1159:corresponding member 1083:planetary nebulae." 1080:Cassegrain telescope 1058:Astronomy from space 1036:mathematical physics 945:stellar associations 939:Stellar associations 921:stellar associations 905:mathematical physics 584:Aristarkh Belopolsky 541:Alexander Miasnikian 533:theory of relativity 391:Byurakan Observatory 292:Aristarkh Belopolsky 268:Byurakan Observatory 212:Lomonosov Gold Medal 109:Byurakan Observatory 48:Ambartsumian in 1968 8724:Armenian scientists 8669:Gurgen Dalibaltayan 8610:Ohannes Tchekidjian 8506:Geghaznik Mikaelyan 8353:Vucinich, Alexander 8306:2008Ap.....51..280E 8122:on 2 December 2019. 7980:1958Natur.182..548R 7915:on 3 December 2019. 7621:1960PASP...72...73M 7579:1960QJRAS...1...23. 7485:on 5 December 2019. 7463:on 5 December 2019. 7420:on 5 December 2019. 7201:on 6 December 2019. 7090:McNeill, William H. 6831:(26 October 1964). 6815:1958JRASC..52..281A 6737:1996QJRAS..37..231P 6646:, pp. 148–149. 6541:on 3 December 2019. 6518:, pp. 283–284. 6448:on 3 December 2019. 6415:on 2 December 2019. 6370:(18 October 1990). 6130:(in Armenian) (2). 5953:1992Osir....7..238D 5822:, pp. 391–392. 5779:1988Ap.....29..412R 5467:on 3 December 2019. 5414:on 24 August 2014. 5391:on 3 December 2019. 5338:1998Ap.....41..325K 5228:on 3 December 2019. 5104:1988Ap.....29..409P 5083:Pecker, Jean-Claude 5006:on 31 January 2020. 4700:1929ZPhy...53..690A 4618:1997JApA...18....3C 4575:1988Ap.....29..408C 4547:1988Afz....29....7C 4479:on 3 December 2019. 4446:1997BAAS...29.1466I 4366:1965RSPSA.286..441K 4334:1997IrAJ...24....3G 4295:on 2 December 2019. 4123:on 2 December 2019. 3936:on 1 December 2019. 3906:on 1 December 2019. 3850:on 5 December 2019. 3814:, pp. 422–324. 3758:on 7 December 2019. 3712:on 7 December 2019. 3642:on 7 December 2019. 3395:1997JApA...18....1B 3356:on 7 December 2019. 3281:on 3 December 2019. 3242:(16 October 2003). 3145:"Սիրիուսի հրաժեշտը" 3113:Hacikyan, Agop Jack 3000:1990AstQ....7..143M 2978:on 2 December 2019. 2872:on 3 December 2019. 2854:(1 November 2019). 2476:University of Liège 2472:University of Paris 2464:honorary doctorates 2293:Professional awards 2078:Yerevan Observatory 1980:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 1881:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 1214:Rouben Paul Adalian 1127:computed tomography 901:theoretical physics 689:in 1941, after the 608:them. When in 1934 580:Pulkovo Observatory 468:into Armenian from 383:Pulkovo Observatory 260:Pulkovo Observatory 137:Stellar association 36:Viktor Ambartsumian 18:Victor Ambartsumian 8829:Soviet politicians 8819:Soviet astronomers 8657:Hrachia Andreasyan 8409:at ambartsumian.ru 8057:American Scientist 7765:"Honorary Members" 7116:Derluguian, Georgi 7073:. 27 January 1971. 7047:The New York Times 6947:The New York Times 6838:The New York Times 6713:Petrosian, A. R.; 6699:The New York Times 6626:has generic name ( 6091:The New York Times 6064:. pp. 30–31. 6042:The New York Times 6022:The New York Times 6015:(4 January 1971). 5787:10.1007/BF01005854 5346:10.1007/BF02894657 5112:10.1007/BF01005853 4875:Burbidge, Geoffrey 4708:10.1007/BF01330827 4626:10.1007/BF02714848 4583:10.1007/BF01005852 4187:The New York Times 4109:(26 August 1996). 3505:Wali, Kameshwar C. 3404:10.1007/BF02714847 3256:; date: 10.11.1996 2966:(2 October 1987). 2964:McCutcheon, Robert 2893:The New York Times 2886:(26 August 1964). 2344:Cothenius-Medaille 2333:Helmholtz-Medaille 2300:Prix Jules-Janssen 1964:William H. McNeill 1900: 1825:Donald Lynden-Bell 1803: 1792: 1672:for inspiring the 1666:German imperialism 1652:October Revolution 1632:Hovhannes Tumanyan 1475:Donald Lynden-Bell 1467: 1268:Jean-Claude Pecker 1235:Artashes Shahinian 1052:Radiative Transfer 1020:radiative transfer 1014:Radiative transfer 1004:Markarian galaxies 986:Yerkes Observatory 929:general relativity 875:The New York Times 827:Markarian galaxies 823:Benjamin Markarian 786:in the village of 780: 772: 670:Boris Gerasimovich 634:Benjamin Markarian 605:Boris Gerasimovich 558:and mathematician 537:Ashot Hovhannisyan 474:Hovhannes Tumanyan 432:Armenian Apostolic 306:Benjamin Markarian 8691: 8690: 8640:Garegin Poghosyan 8630:Tiran Khachatryan 8605:Eduardo Eurnekian 8431:978-1-4614-0181-0 8224:978-5-8080-0742-0 8112:978-978-5-03437-0 8103:Molodaya Gvardiya 8064:(2): 176A, 178A. 8034:10.1063/1.3060822 7974:(4635): 548–549. 7728:"Cothenius Medal" 7697:Walter de Gruyter 7535:saf-astronomie.fr 7312:978-3-540-00238-3 6353:Los Angeles Times 5494:on 2 August 2022. 5477:original source: 5457:978-5-902884-06-4 5039:978-0-8108-7450-3 4965:978-1-5386-4741-7 4950:. pp. 8–12. 4694:(9–10): 690–695. 4527:Chandrasekhar, S. 4511:, pp. 28–29. 4161:978-0-8108-7450-3 3974:978-94-009-9442-3 3294:, pp. 96–97. 3181:on 2 August 2022. 3075:, pp. 76–78. 2663:Geoffrey Burbidge 2430:Foreign Associate 2409:Associate of the 2359: 2358: 2342:Cothenius Medal ( 2331:Helmholtz Medal ( 2225:Foreign countries 2100:Awards and honors 2043:1905 Ambartsumian 1969:Anania Shirakatsi 1814:Baghramyan Avenue 1800:Baghramyan Avenue 1736:Mikhail Gorbachev 1725:Mikhail Gorbachev 1698:Soviet Azerbaijan 1686:Karabakh movement 1662:Armenian genocide 1644:Armenian genocide 1638:Armenian genocide 1628:Armenian alphabet 1607:Nobel Peace Prize 1574:Cold War politics 1517:Central Committee 1402:Armenian Catholic 1185:Astronomy Reports 1146:Geoffrey Burbidge 863:Nikita Khrushchev 815:Schmidt telescope 662:forced-labor camp 513:Ormsby M. Mitchel 452:Russo-Turkish War 333: 332: 298:Doctoral students 236:Scientific career 230: 223: 216: 209: 202: 195: 188: 80: 16:(Redirected from 8866: 8814:Soviet Armenians 8686: 8665: 8653: 8635:Andranik Piloyan 8620:Hrayr Hovakimyan 8595:Charles Aznavour 8580:Karen Demirchyan 8576: 8560: 8548:Jivan Abrahamyan 8544: 8518: 8501:Movses Gorgisyan 8473: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8378: 8348: 8325: 8288:; translated in 8287: 8270: 8228: 8216: 8204: 8178: 8168: 8128:Journal articles 8123: 8121: 8115:. Archived from 8100: 8074: 8073: 8048:Field, George B. 8044: 8038: 8037: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7991: 7989:10.1038/182548a0 7954: 7948: 7947: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7775:. Archived from 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7734:. Archived from 7724: 7718: 7717: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7557: 7546: 7545: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7383: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7331: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7264: 7255: 7254: 7240: 7231: 7230: 7222:. Archived from 7212: 7203: 7202: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7125:Demokratizatsiya 7112: 7106: 7105: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7037: 7028: 7027: 7006:, reproduced in 7005: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6972: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6937: 6931: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6861:World Scientific 6849: 6843: 6842: 6829:Sullivan, Walter 6825: 6819: 6818: 6794: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6764:. Archived from 6754:Israelian, Garik 6750: 6744: 6743: 6715:Gurzadyan, V. G. 6710: 6704: 6703: 6689: 6683: 6680:Shakhbazyan 2011 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6644:Shakhbazyan 2011 6641: 6632: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6611: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6552:Shakhbazyan 2011 6549: 6543: 6542: 6525: 6519: 6516:Shakhbazyan 2011 6513: 6507: 6506: 6492: 6483: 6480:Shakhbazyan 2011 6477: 6471: 6465: 6450: 6449: 6444:. Archived from 6429: 6420: 6416: 6411:. Archived from 6398: 6389: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6343: 6334: 6333: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6134:. Archived from 6119: 6113: 6107: 6096: 6095: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5997:. Archived from 5987: 5981: 5980: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5899: 5898: 5882: 5873: 5867: 5856: 5855: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5741:. 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Archived from 4420:Israelian, Garik 4416: 4389: 4388: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4312: 4297: 4296: 4291:. Archived from 4275: 4266: 4265: 4239: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4177: 4166: 4165: 4136: 4125: 4124: 4119:. Archived from 4103: 4090: 4084: 4065: 4064: 4052:(4): 579. 1974. 4039: 4033: 4032: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3932:. Archived from 3919: 3908: 3907: 3896: 3873: 3867: 3852: 3851: 3836: 3815: 3809: 3798: 3792: 3775: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3666: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3628: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3591:10.1063/1.881754 3567: 3554: 3553: 3538: 3527: 3526: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3449: 3432: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3369: 3358: 3357: 3338: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3292:Shakhbazyan 2011 3289: 3283: 3282: 3277:. Archived from 3263: 3257: 3255: 3236: 3211: 3208:Shakhbazyan 2011 3205: 3199: 3196:Shakhbazyan 2011 3193: 3187: 3182: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3109: 3103: 3102:, p. 46-50. 3100:Shakhbazyan 2011 3097: 3091: 3088:Shakhbazyan 2011 3085: 3076: 3073:Shakhbazyan 2011 3070: 3064: 3058: 3045: 3042:Shakhbazyan 2011 3039: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2979: 2974:. Archived from 2960: 2901: 2900: 2884:Sullivan, Walter 2880: 2874: 2873: 2868:. Archived from 2866:Encyclopedia.com 2848: 2779: 2773: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720:A. David Andrews 2698: 2692: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2532:A. David Andrews 2458:Honorary degrees 2279: 2264: 2249: 2234: 2216: 2200:USSR State Prize 2198: 2187: 2176: 2165: 2154: 2143: 2135: 2124: 2105: 2012: 2001: 1757:New Union Treaty 1721:Nagorno-Karabakh 1680:Nagorno-Karabakh 1489:internationalist 1485:Lyudvig Mirzoyan 1418:Marxist-Leninist 1352:existence of God 1324:natural sciences 1243:Sergey Mergelyan 1148: 1107:vibrating string 1064:Grigor Gurzadyan 947:, a new type of 723:Artem Alikhanian 719:Hrachia Acharian 638:Grigor Gurzadyan 560:Vladimir Smirnov 484:about the star. 353: 345: 329: 310:Grigor Gurzadyan 287:Doctoral advisor 228: 221: 214: 207: 200: 193: 186: 162: 160: 148:Vera Klochikhina 92: 79: 68: 46: 32: 31: 21: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8687: 8678: 8659: 8647: 8645:Tatul Ghazaryan 8625:Vahagn Asatryan 8600:Nikolai Ryzhkov 8585:Vazgen Sargsyan 8566: 8550: 8534: 8522:Monte Melkonian 8508: 8477: 8467: 8432: 8416: 8414:Further reading 8401:Wayback Machine 8385: 8375: 8251:10.2307/2500602 8225: 8214: 8195:(in Armenian). 8183:Brutian, Grigor 8135:Lynden-Bell, D. 8119: 8113: 8098: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8045: 8041: 8009: 8005: 7955: 7951: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7860: 7856: 7839: 7838: 7834: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7711: 7689: 7685: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7594: 7590: 7558: 7549: 7531:"JANSSEN PRIZE" 7529: 7528: 7524: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7392: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7340: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7297:. p. 153. 7287: 7283: 7266: 7265: 7258: 7241: 7234: 7214: 7213: 7206: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7113: 7109: 7087: 7083: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7038: 7031: 7007: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6981: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6958: 6938: 6934: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6850: 6846: 6826: 6822: 6792: 6786:Searle, Leonard 6783: 6776: 6751: 6747: 6711: 6707: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6635: 6623: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6598: 6591: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6453: 6430: 6423: 6408:Chicago Tribune 6399: 6392: 6374: 6365: 6361: 6344: 6337: 6320: 6316: 6307:(in Armenian). 6295: 6291: 6282:(in Armenian). 6270: 6266: 6257:(in Armenian). 6245: 6241: 6224: 6220: 6211:(in Armenian). 6199: 6195: 6186:(in Armenian). 6174: 6170: 6147: 6143: 6120: 6116: 6108: 6099: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6054: 6050: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6010: 6006: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5902: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5859: 5852: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5757:Rosino, Leonida 5754: 5750: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5719:(in Armenian). 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5618: 5614: 5602:(in Armenian). 5590: 5586: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5516:(in Armenian). 5508: 5507: 5503: 5486:(in Armenian). 5478: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5458: 5439: 5430:Наука и религия 5426: 5422: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5320: 5305: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5244:council.science 5238: 5237: 5233: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5189: 5172: 5165: 5143:Blaauw, Adriaan 5140: 5127: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5026:Scarecrow Press 5015: 5011: 4990: 4981: 4966: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4904: 4897: 4872: 4865: 4838: 4834: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4764: 4760: 4755:on 10 May 2018. 4752: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4643: 4524: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4484: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4417: 4392: 4345: 4341: 4313: 4300: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4240: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4202: 4195: 4178: 4169: 4162: 4137: 4128: 4116:The Independent 4107:Lynden-Bell, D. 4104: 4093: 4085: 4068: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3990: 3986: 3975: 3945: 3941: 3920: 3911: 3898: 3897: 3876: 3868: 3855: 3838: 3837: 3818: 3810: 3801: 3793: 3778: 3770: 3763: 3746: 3745: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3702:"About Academy" 3700: 3699: 3692: 3684: 3669: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3630: 3629: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3568: 3557: 3544:(17 May 1977). 3539: 3530: 3523: 3502: 3498: 3492:McCutcheon 1991 3490: 3486: 3453:Severnyi, A. B. 3450: 3435: 3427: 3420: 3373:Blaauw, Adriaan 3370: 3361: 3340: 3339: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3273:(in Armenian). 3265: 3264: 3260: 3237: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3173:(in Armenian). 3165: 3164: 3160: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3048: 3040: 3027: 3019: 3015: 2961: 2904: 2881: 2877: 2849: 2782: 2774: 2755: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2715:Garik Israelian 2713: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2681:Walter Sullivan 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2545: 2528:George B. Field 2507: 2496: 2460: 2365: 2360: 2298:Janssen Prize ( 2295: 2287: 2112: 2102: 2039:Tamara Smirnova 2031: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1956: 1950: 1892: 1872: 1848: 1822: 1784: 1768:1991 referendum 1748: 1682: 1648:Western Armenia 1640: 1624:Mesrop Mashtots 1619: 1617:Armenian causes 1611:Andrei Sakharov 1576: 1497: 1495:Soviet politics 1459: 1438: 1414: 1340: 1312: 1264: 1203: 1183:(also known as 1155: 1150: 1143: 1135: 1119:Radon's problem 1093: 1060: 1016: 995: 941: 885: 867:Leonid Brezhnev 859:Vitaly Ginzburg 764: 727:Abram Alikhanov 703: 697:of the branch. 656:, most notably 644:Stalin's purges 597: 592: 509: 470:Classical Greek 416: 266: 262: 258: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 164: 156: 152: 149: 123:Alma mater 100: 94: 90: 81: 69: 62: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8872: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8689: 8688: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8615:Ruben Sanamyan 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8590:Kirk Kerkorian 8587: 8582: 8577: 8564:Yura Poghosyan 8561: 8545: 8532:Vitya Ayvazyan 8529: 8524: 8519: 8503: 8498: 8496:Alex Manoogian 8493: 8488: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8466: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8430: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8404: 8391: 8384: 8383:External links 8381: 8380: 8379: 8373: 8349: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8300:(3): 280–293. 8282:(in Russian). 8271: 8245:(1): 100–117. 8229: 8223: 8205: 8179: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8111: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8039: 8003: 7949: 7944:Pergamon Press 7930: 7926:Parsamian 2008 7918: 7894: 7854: 7832: 7807: 7785: 7756: 7752:Parsamian 2008 7744: 7732:leopoldina.org 7719: 7709: 7683: 7661: 7636: 7630:10.1086/127484 7599:(April 1960). 7588: 7547: 7522: 7488: 7479:vaprize.sci.am 7466: 7444: 7423: 7401: 7386:erasmusplus.am 7370: 7349: 7318: 7311: 7281: 7256: 7232: 7204: 7179: 7169: 7161:10.17226/11107 7138: 7107: 7081: 7053: 7029: 6990: 6956: 6950:. p. 20. 6932: 6916: 6906: 6880: 6873: 6844: 6820: 6774: 6745: 6705: 6684: 6682:, p. 292. 6672: 6660: 6658:, p. 103. 6648: 6633: 6589: 6579:The New Yorker 6568: 6566:, p. 195. 6564:Parsamian 2008 6556: 6554:, p. 285. 6544: 6520: 6508: 6484: 6482:, p. 284. 6472: 6451: 6421: 6390: 6359: 6335: 6314: 6289: 6264: 6239: 6218: 6193: 6168: 6141: 6114: 6112:, p. 105. 6097: 6077: 6070: 6048: 6028: 6004: 5982: 5961:10.1086/368712 5929: 5927:, p. 392. 5917: 5913:Parsamian 2008 5900: 5874: 5872:, p. 391. 5857: 5850: 5838:Wipf and Stock 5824: 5812: 5810:, p. 377. 5808:Parsamian 2008 5800: 5773:(1): 412–414. 5748: 5726: 5701: 5699:, p. 435. 5697:Parsamian 2008 5689: 5687:, p. 287. 5677: 5675:, p. 344. 5673:Parsamian 2008 5665: 5641: 5634: 5612: 5584: 5560: 5530: 5514:haygirk.nla.am 5501: 5470: 5456: 5420: 5394: 5380:(in Russian). 5359: 5332:(4): 325–327. 5303: 5272: 5260: 5231: 5207: 5170: 5163: 5125: 5074: 5067: 5045: 5038: 5009: 4979: 4964: 4931: 4929:, p. 440. 4927:Parsamian 2008 4919: 4915:Parsamian 2008 4902: 4895: 4863: 4832: 4791: 4784: 4758: 4721: 4676: 4664: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4595: 4569:(1): 408–409. 4513: 4501: 4482: 4455: 4390: 4339: 4316:Andrews, A. D. 4298: 4267: 4260: 4229: 4227:, p. 104. 4217: 4193: 4167: 4160: 4126: 4091: 4066: 4034: 4013: 4011:, p. 174. 4001: 3984: 3973: 3939: 3909: 3874: 3853: 3816: 3799: 3776: 3772:Parsamian 2008 3761: 3730: 3726:Parsamian 2008 3715: 3690: 3688:, p. 102. 3667: 3645: 3614: 3610:Parsamian 2008 3602: 3555: 3542:Weart, Spencer 3528: 3521: 3496: 3494:, p. 102. 3484: 3457:Sobolev, V. V. 3433: 3418: 3359: 3308: 3306:, p. 101. 3296: 3284: 3258: 3240:Sobolev, V. V. 3212: 3200: 3188: 3158: 3136: 3129: 3104: 3092: 3077: 3065: 3063:, p. 100. 3046: 3044:, p. 293. 3025: 3021:Parsamian 2008 3013: 2902: 2896:. p. 13. 2875: 2780: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2710:Viktor Sobolev 2706:Andrei Severny 2693: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2675:Leonard Searle 2667: 2655: 2644: 2635: 2625: 2612: 2603: 2574: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2536:Leonard Searle 2506: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2447:Foreign Member 2444: 2437: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2388:Azerbaijan SSR 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2340: 2329: 2323: 2313: 2307: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2273: 2258: 2243: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2181: 2170: 2159: 2148: 2145:Order of Lenin 2137: 2129: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2093:Serzh Sargsyan 2082:Serzh Sargsyan 2030: 2027: 2017: 2016: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1973:Fadey Sargsyan 1955: 1952: 1947:par excellence 1944: 1891: 1888: 1871: 1868: 1862:(b. 1940) and 1854:, the wife of 1852:Pelageya Shajn 1847: 1844: 1838:The New Yorker 1833:Fadey Sargsyan 1829:Vahe Gurzadyan 1821: 1818: 1783: 1780: 1747: 1744: 1740:Operation Ring 1681: 1678: 1639: 1636: 1618: 1615: 1586:in support of 1575: 1572: 1525:Supreme Soviet 1501:Adriaan Blaauw 1496: 1493: 1458: 1455: 1435: 1413: 1410: 1356:world-creation 1354:, the idea of 1348:irreconcilable 1339: 1336: 1311: 1308: 1296: 1295: 1280: 1279: 1263: 1260: 1202: 1199: 1154: 1151: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1092: 1089: 1059: 1056: 1015: 1012: 994: 991: 953:star formation 949:stellar system 940: 937: 923:and predicted 889:basic research 884: 881: 831:Order of Lenin 763: 760: 731:Manuk Abeghian 711:Soviet Armenia 702: 699: 679: 678: 646: 645: 630:Viktor Sobolev 596: 593: 591: 588: 568:Sergei Sobolev 556:Orest Khvolson 535:. He also met 508: 505: 415: 412: 387:Soviet Armenia 381:(LSU) and the 364:astrophysicist 331: 330: 322: 321: 317: 316: 313: 312: 302:Viktor Sobolev 299: 295: 294: 289: 283: 282: 277: 271: 270: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 232: 231: 181: 177: 176: 170: 166: 165: 154: 150: 147: 146: 144: 140: 139: 134: 133:Known for 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 95: 93:(aged 87) 89:12 August 1996 87: 83: 82: 66:Russian Empire 63: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8871: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8685: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8655: 8651: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8527:Tatul Krpeyan 8525: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8464: 8459: 8457: 8452: 8450: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8417: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8376: 8374:9780804742092 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8337:Graham, Loren 8334: 8333: 8330:General books 8329: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8286:(3): 343–362. 8285: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8238:Slavic Review 8234: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8213: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8158: 8157:Royal Society 8154: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8139:Gurzadyan, V. 8136: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8050:(June 1959). 8049: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8021:Physics Today 8017: 8013: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7959: 7958:Redman, R. O. 7953: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7928:, p. 99. 7927: 7922: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7876:Royal Society 7873: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7754:, p. 98. 7753: 7748: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7716: 7712: 7710:9783050068633 7706: 7702: 7698: 7695:(in German). 7694: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7597:Mayall, N. U. 7592: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7322: 7314: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7239: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7172: 7170:0-309-09278-7 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7078: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7003: 7002: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6913: 6909: 6907:9781615300266 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6876: 6874:9789814551069 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853:Einasto, Jaan 6848: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6702:. p. 22. 6701: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6670:, p. 26. 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6638: 6629: 6624:|author= 6617: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6476: 6470:, p. 32. 6469: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6368:Gurzadyan, V. 6363: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6073: 6071:9780688068592 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5915:, p. 96. 5914: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5879: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5853: 5851:9781620321447 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5635:9789004328532 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5568:"«Գիտելիք»". 5564: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5270:, p. 33. 5269: 5264: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5166: 5164:9780387304007 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5070: 5068:9780814327470 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4999:Almanac Lebed 4995: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4917:, p. 94. 4916: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4898: 4896:9780898640823 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4841: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4785:9780306431647 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690:(in German). 4689: 4688: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4662:, p. 29. 4661: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4505: 4499:, p. 22. 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4475: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4360:(1407): 448. 4359: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4263: 4261:9781136508349 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4226: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4198: 4190:. p. 22. 4189: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4089:, p. 28. 4088: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4038: 4030: 4029: 4028:New Scientist 4024: 4017: 4010: 4009:Vucinich 2001 4005: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3872:, p. 27. 3871: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3797:, p. 31. 3796: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3774:, p. 95. 3773: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3728:, p. 91. 3727: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3612:, p. 90. 3611: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3577:Physics Today 3573: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3522:9780226870557 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3431:, p. 24. 3430: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3210:, p. 85. 3209: 3204: 3198:, p. 78. 3197: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3132: 3130:9780814332214 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3090:, p. 41. 3089: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3023:, p. 89. 3022: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2778:, p. 25. 2777: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2648: 2642:Also cited in 2639: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Hambardzumyan 2584: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2452: 2451:Royal Society 2448: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2056:issued a 100 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2021: 2011: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:Grigory Shajn 1853: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1788: 1782:Personal life 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:hunger strike 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1592:Ronald Reagan 1589: 1585: 1584:Richard Nixon 1581: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1272:astropolitics 1269: 1266:According to 1262:International 1259: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1208:Hovsep Orbeli 1198: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1149: 1147: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 990: 987: 981: 979: 975: 974:open clusters 971: 967: 963: 958: 954: 950: 946: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 880: 877: 876: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855:Pyotr Kapitsa 852: 848: 844: 840: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819:Carl Zeiss AG 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:Mount Aragats 789: 785: 776: 768: 759: 757: 756: 752:in the US as 751: 747: 742: 740: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 715:Hovsep Orbeli 712: 708: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 676: 675: 674: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 643: 642: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 614: 611: 606: 601: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 411: 409: 404: 402: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 349: 341: 337: 328: 323: 318: 314: 311: 307: 303: 300: 296: 293: 290: 288: 284: 281: 278: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 254: 250: 247: 244: 240: 237: 233: 227: 220: 213: 206: 199: 192: 185: 182: 178: 175: 172:4, including 171: 167: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 107: 105:Resting place 103: 98: 88: 84: 77: 73: 70:(present-day 67: 60: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 8421: 8356: 8343:. New York: 8340: 8297: 8293:Astrophysics 8291: 8283: 8279: 8242: 8236: 8210: 8196: 8190: 8152: 8146: 8117:the original 8094: 8081:Bibliography 8061: 8055: 8042: 8025: 8019: 8014:(May 1959). 8006: 7971: 7965: 7952: 7939: 7933: 7921: 7913:the original 7906: 7897: 7889: 7871: 7867: 7857: 7849:the original 7844: 7835: 7827: 7824:the original 7819: 7810: 7802:the original 7797: 7788: 7780: 7777:the original 7768: 7759: 7747: 7739: 7736:the original 7731: 7722: 7714: 7692: 7686: 7678:the original 7673: 7664: 7656: 7653:the original 7648: 7639: 7608: 7604: 7591: 7570: 7564: 7561:Redman, R. O 7542: 7539:the original 7534: 7525: 7506: 7500: 7491: 7483:the original 7478: 7469: 7461:the original 7457:president.am 7456: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7426: 7418:the original 7413: 7404: 7396: 7390:the original 7385: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7352: 7344: 7338:the original 7333: 7321: 7290: 7284: 7271: 7248: 7227: 7224:the original 7220:president.am 7219: 7199:the original 7192: 7182: 7174: 7147: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7110: 7097: 7093: 7084: 7077:archived PDF 7062: 7056: 7045: 7023: 7009: 6999: 6993: 6985: 6979:the original 6974: 6951: 6945: 6935: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6889: 6883: 6856: 6847: 6836: 6823: 6802: 6796: 6769: 6766:the original 6748: 6740: 6728: 6722: 6708: 6697: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6656:Brutian 2008 6651: 6616:cite journal 6601: 6577: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6539:the original 6532: 6523: 6511: 6500: 6475: 6446:the original 6437: 6413:the original 6406: 6384: 6378: 6362: 6351: 6327: 6317: 6308: 6302: 6292: 6283: 6277: 6267: 6258: 6252: 6242: 6231: 6221: 6212: 6206: 6196: 6187: 6181: 6171: 6163: 6160:the original 6153: 6144: 6136:the original 6127: 6117: 6110:Brutian 2008 6089: 6080: 6060:. New York: 6057: 6051: 6040: 6031: 6025:. p. 1. 6020: 6007: 5999:the original 5994: 5985: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5920: 5886: 5833: 5827: 5815: 5803: 5770: 5766:Astrophysics 5764: 5751: 5743:the original 5738: 5729: 5720: 5714: 5704: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5660: 5649: 5644: 5621: 5615: 5607: 5606:(2–3): 391. 5603: 5597: 5587: 5579: 5570: 5563: 5550: 5546: 5533: 5521:. Retrieved 5513: 5504: 5492:the original 5483: 5473: 5462:the original 5443: 5428: 5423: 5415: 5412:the original 5407: 5397: 5386:the original 5381: 5375: 5362: 5329: 5325:Astrophysics 5323: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5263: 5255: 5252:the original 5243: 5234: 5226:the original 5219: 5210: 5192:Kragh, Helge 5146: 5095: 5091:Astrophysics 5089: 5077: 5054: 5048: 5021: 5012: 5004:the original 4997: 4943: 4922: 4882: 4859:alt archived 4845: 4840:A.M. Cormack 4835: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4767: 4761: 4750:the original 4737: 4724: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4667: 4609: 4603: 4566: 4562:Astrophysics 4560: 4538: 4534: 4504: 4474:the original 4465: 4458: 4450:the original 4433: 4427: 4385: 4357: 4351: 4342: 4325: 4319: 4293:the original 4286: 4243: 4225:Brutian 2008 4220: 4205: 4185: 4143: 4121:the original 4114: 4061: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4026: 4016: 4004: 3987: 3978: 3948: 3942: 3934:the original 3927: 3904:the original 3848:the original 3843: 3756:the original 3751: 3710:the original 3705: 3686:Brutian 2008 3662:the original 3657: 3648: 3640:the original 3635: 3605: 3581: 3575: 3508: 3499: 3487: 3470: 3464: 3386: 3380: 3354:the original 3345: 3304:Brutian 2008 3299: 3287: 3279:the original 3270: 3261: 3252:the original 3247: 3203: 3191: 3179:the original 3170: 3161: 3153:the original 3149:toumanian.am 3148: 3139: 3116: 3107: 3095: 3068: 3061:Brutian 2008 3016: 2987: 2983: 2976:the original 2897: 2891: 2878: 2870:the original 2859: 2736: 2727: 2696: 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1061: 1051: 1040:radiophysics 1028: 1017: 996: 982: 942: 913:star systems 886: 873: 871: 847:Fritz Zwicky 835: 812: 808:Stalin Prize 781: 755:Astrophysics 753: 745: 743: 735: 704: 680: 677:World War II 647: 619: 615: 602: 598: 576:George Gamow 545: 521:Solar System 510: 486: 463: 434:priest from 417: 405: 398: 377:Educated at 376: 355: 335: 334: 279: 252:Institutions 246:Astrophysics 235: 184:Stalin prize 91:(1996-08-12) 29: 8709:1996 deaths 8704:1908 births 8660: [ 8648: [ 8567: [ 8551: [ 8535: [ 8509: [ 8363:. pp. 8280:Astrofizika 8192:Etchmiadzin 7878:: 343–363. 7414:panorama.am 6603:Soviet Life 6311:(2): 67–72. 6286:(2): 41–54. 6261:(1): 19–20. 5995:politika.su 5925:Graham 1987 5870:Graham 1987 5820:Graham 1987 5716:Etchmiadzin 5153:. pp. 5098:(1): 9–14. 4535:Astrofizika 4348:Keldysh, M. 4031:(1470): 50. 3812:Graham 1987 2994:: 143–176. 2595:Ambarzumian 2316:Bruce Medal 2238:3rd class, 2037:in 1972 by 1890:Recognition 1820:Personality 1674:Young Turks 1670:World War I 1562:(1976) and 1451:cosmologist 1426:Helge Kragh 1231:mathematics 1170:(1952–64). 1111:eigenvalues 1091:Mathematics 970:flare stars 933:black holes 746:Astrofizika 650:Great Purge 400:Astrofizika 368:astronomers 198:Bruce Medal 187:(1949,1950) 115:Citizenship 8698:Categories 7699:. p. 7362:yerevan.am 7334:yerevan.am 7132:(4): 454. 6975:amacad.org 6896:. p. 6863:. p. 6582:. p. 6190:(3): 3–16. 6013:Szulc, Tad 5893:. p. 5840:. p. 5723:(8–9): 20. 5523:7 December 5028:. p. 4811:(6): 799. 4774:. p. 4612:(1): 3–4. 4541:(1): 7–8. 4328:(1): 4–6. 4250:. p. 3955:. p. 3584:(6): 106. 3389:(1): 1–8. 2555:References 2363:Membership 1954:In Armenia 1707:and actor 1603:Yuri Orlov 1471:politician 1390:Catholicos 1316:philosophy 1048:oceanology 1044:geophysics 564:Lev Landau 531:about the 517:gymnasiums 489:geophysics 482:short poem 448:Lake Sevan 436:Tskhinvali 414:Background 8339:(1987) . 8322:189843048 8267:159916900 8203:: 99–105. 8159:: 22–34. 8028:(5): 56. 7798:ras.ac.uk 7615:: 73–75. 7573:: 23–25. 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