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are analyzed in real-time. Faces on the screen are scanned and can be checked against several databases, such as the police database, to identify a suspect. This analytical system can also help police recreate a suspect's movements around the city. The system searches for related recordings from various CCTV cameras and identifies the same face from several sightings. The Moscow network includes 160,000 CCTV cameras and 95 percent of residential buildings. By the end of the year, residents will be able to install CCTV cameras on private buildings themselves while connecting them to the unified video observation system. This year, over 3,500 cameras have been connected to the
General Centre for Data Storage and Processing. This includes cameras in entrance halls, schools and kindergartens, at MCC stations, stadiums, public transport stops and bus terminals, and in parks. Video recordings are used to solve 70 percent of offenses and crimes. The cameras also help monitor utility services. A department spokesperson added that Moscow has one of the largest security systems in the world with such a comprehensive identification system.
375:. The NYPD installed it to deter crime in the area; however, crime rates did not appear to drop much due to the cameras. Nevertheless, during the 1980s video surveillance began to spread across the country specifically targeting public areas. It was seen as a cheaper way to deter crime compared to increasing the size of the police departments. Some businesses as well, especially those that were prone to theft, began to use video surveillance. From the mid-1990s on, police departments across the country installed an increasing number of cameras in various public spaces including housing projects, schools and public parks departments. CCTV later became common in banks and stores to discourage theft, by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1997, 3,100 CCTV systems were installed in public housing and residential areas in New York City.
1299:. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) is the primary law that governs data privacy in the Philippines. The Act mandates that the privacy of individuals must be respected and protected. The law applies to CCTV cameras as they collect and process personal data. This means that the use of CCTV cameras must respect the principles of transparency, legitimate purpose, and proportionality. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175) includes provisions that apply to CCTV usage. Under the Act, the unauthorized access to, interception of, or interference with data is a criminal offense. This means that unauthorized access to CCTV footage could potentially be considered a cybercrime.
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723:, or in the concourse or restroom areas to allow fans to view action outside the seating bowl. The cameras send the feed to a central control center where a producer selects feeds to send to the television monitors that fans can view. CCTV monitors for viewing the event by attendees are often placed in lounges, hallways, and restrooms. In a trial with CCTV cameras, football club fans no longer needed to identify themselves manually, but could pass freely after being authorized by the facial recognition system.
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surveillance cameras, 39% favored regulation in the form of clear signage informing that camera surveillance in public spaces is present, 2% favored regulation in the form of having permits restricting the use of surveillance cameras during certain times of day/week, 10% favored regulation in the form of having restrictive policies for issuing permits for surveillance cameras in public spaces, and 6% were unsure or did not know.
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describe which objects can enter into a specific area, when they are allowed to enter or within what circumstances. Virtually applied rules can also relate to various motion situations. VCA based CCTV systems can be set to detect anomalies in a crowd, for instance a person moving in the opposite direction in which they are normally expected (e.g. debarking from a plane at an airport or exiting through an entrance in a subway).
508:(CEA) of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little monetary saving with the installation of CCTV as most of the crimes prevented resulted in little monetary loss. Critics however noted that benefits of non-monetary value cannot be captured in a traditional Cost Effectiveness Analysis and were omitted from their study. A 2008 Report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV. In London, a
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police forces routinely seek CCTV recordings after crimes. Moreover, CCTV has played a crucial role in tracing the movements of suspects or victims and is widely regarded by anti-terrorist officers as a fundamental tool in tracking terrorist suspects. Large-scale CCTV installations have played a key part of the defenses against terrorism since the 1970s. Cameras have also been installed on
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or are in breach of privacy guidelines. In response, the
Information Commissioner's Office rebutted the claim and added that any reported abuses of the Data Protection Act are swiftly investigated. Even if there are some concerns arising from the use of CCTV such as involving privacy, more commercial establishments are still installing CCTV systems in the UK.
1531:, 2003, a pilot scheme for what is now known as "Talking CCTV" was put into action; allowing operators of CCTV cameras to order offenders to stop what they were doing, ranging from ordering subjects to pick up their rubbish and put it in a bin to ordering groups of vandals to disperse. In 2005, Ray Mallon, the mayor and former senior police officer of
794:", such as bathrooms, gym locker areas, and private offices (unless consent by the office occupant is given). Cameras are generally acceptable in hallways, parking lots, front offices where students, employees, and parents come and go, gymnasiums, cafeterias, supply rooms, and classrooms. Some teachers object to the installation of cameras.
1418:(LANs) to transmit video across data networks in digital form. IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view their cameras remotely on a computer or phone via an internet connection. For professional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted to within a private network or
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generations of wireless security cameras relied on analogue technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology which delivers crisper audio, sharper video, and a secure and interference-free signal. Now-a-days Smart dual light is used in cameras for night vision and to record brighter videos of dark rooms.
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in case of an emergency call: it detects the caller's location and instantly displays the real-time video feed of the nearest security camera to the operator, not requiring any user intervention. While the system is far too vast to allow complete real-time monitoring, it stores the video data for use
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A 2007 report by the UK Information
Commissioner's Office, highlighted the need for the public to be made more aware of the growing use of surveillance and the potential impact on civil liberties. In the same year, a campaign group claimed the majority of CCTV cameras in the UK are operated illegally
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The number of CCTV cameras equipped with facial biometrics in Moscow's public surveillance network is set to grow by 70 times from the current 1,500 to 105,000 by the end of the year. The CCTV system in Moscow can now recognize faces using an algorithm based on neural networks. City camera recordings
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as they are entered, without their knowledge. The devices are small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor the keypad of the machine as people enter their PINs. Images may be transmitted wirelessly to the criminal. Even lawful surveillance cameras sometimes have their data go
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Organizations use CCTV to monitor the actions of workers. Every action is recorded as an information block with subtitles that explain the performed operation. This helps to track the actions of workers, especially when they are making critical financial transactions, such as correcting or cancelling
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Another question in the effectiveness of CCTV for policing is around uptime of the system; in 2013 City of
Philadelphia Auditor found that the $ 15M system was operational only 32% of the time. There is strong anecdotal evidence that CCTV aids in detection and conviction of offenders; for example, UK
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The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way to record and store information. The development of reel-to-reel media enabled the recording of surveillance footage. These systems required magnetic tapes to be changed manually, which was a time-consuming,
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The popularity of CCTV security systems has not gone unnoticed by the manufacturers of camera surveillance systems. ...A leading CCTV manufacturer reported net earnings of $ 120 million in 1995, compared with net earnings of $ 16 million the previous year. ...Over 50 percent of all CCTV surveillance
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to be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4,200,000. According to their estimate the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been acknowledged for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed, it has been widely quoted. Furthermore,
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magazine estimated the number of private and local government operated cameras in the United
Kingdom was 1.85 million in 2011. The estimate was based on extrapolating from a comprehensive survey of public and private cameras within the Cheshire Constabulary jurisdiction. This works out as an average
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There were an estimated 30 million surveillance cameras in the United States in 2011. Video surveillance has been common in the United States since the 1990s; for example, one manufacturer reported net earnings of $ 120 million in 1995. With lower cost and easier installation, sales of home security
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is enforced by cameras positioned at the boundaries of and inside the congestion charge zone, which automatically read the number plates of vehicles that enter the zone. If the driver does not pay the charge then a fine will be imposed. Similar systems are being developed as a means of locating cars
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Russia has implemented a video surveillance system called 'Safe City', which has the capability to recognize facial features and moving objects, sending the data automatically to government authorities. However, the widespread tracking of individuals through video surveillance has raised significant
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Advanced VCA applications can accurately classify object types based on their shape and motion behavior and they can also measure object speed. Some video analytics applications can be used to virtually apply rules to designated areas. These rules can relate to access control. For example, they can
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compiles seven studies that use such research designs. The studies included in the review found that CCTV reduced crime by 24-28% in public streets and urban subway stations. It also found that CCTV could decrease unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets/mass merchant stores.
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There is a cost in the retention of the images produced by CCTV systems. The amount and quality of data stored on storage media is subject to compression ratios, images stored per second, image size, and is affected by the retention period of the videos or images. DVRs store images in a variety of
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Many homeowners choose to install CCTV systems either inside or outside their own homes, sometimes both. CCTV cameras are an effective deterrent to potential intruders as their use increases the risk of identification through the camera footage. If someone scouts through an affluent suburb seeking
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Each of these operations is transmitted with a description, allowing detailed monitoring of all actions of the operator. Some systems allow the user to search for a specific event by time of occurrence and text description, and perform statistical evaluation of operator behaviour. This allows the
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Due to the widespread implementation of surveillance cameras, glasses are being built which can defeat CCTV cameras. In
December 2016 a form of anti-CCTV and facial recognition sunglasses called "reflectacles" were invented by a custom-spectacle-craftsman based in Chicago named Scott Urban. They
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Teleprompter's main-spring, Irving B. Kahn (he's chairman of the board and president), had a taste of closed circuit operations as early as 1948. That summer, Kahn, then a vice president of 20th
Century-Fox, negotiated what was probably the first inter-city closed circuit telecast in history, a
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Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. Wireless cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power. Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install but lack the reliability of hard-wired cameras. Previous
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operates a networked video surveillance system which combines CCTV video feeds of government agencies with those of the private sector, installed in city buses, businesses, public schools, subway stations, housing projects, etc. Even homeowners are able to contribute footage. It is estimated to
1437:(PTZ) cameras and multi-sensor cameras. Fixed cameras' resolution can vary based on the application area, but typically does not exceed 20 MP. The main feature of a PTZ is its remote directional and optical zoom capability. With multi-sensor cameras, wider areas can be monitored and hundreds of
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published a code of practice in 2013 for the use of surveillance cameras by government and local authorities. The aim of the code is to help ensure their use is "characterised as surveillance by consent, and such consent on the part of the community must be informed consent and not assumed by a
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that involve before-and-after measures of crime in experimental and control areas. However, several researchers have pointed to methodological problems associated with this research literature. First, researchers have argued that the
British car park studies included in the meta-analysis cannot
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have held that there is a right to privacy in public areas. Furthermore, while it is true that there may be scenarios wherein a person's right to public privacy can be both reasonably and justifiably compromised, some scholars have argued that such situations are so rare as to not sufficiently
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to register and help consumers understand the complex issues of privacy and safety that confront households when dealing with installations of home security systems. "The SCRAM program enables community members to voluntarily identify and register their residential video surveillance equipment
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In
October 2009, an "Internet Eyes" website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report any crimes they witnessed. The site aimed to add "more eyes" to cameras which might be insufficiently monitored. Civil liberties campaigners
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in August 2017, the general public of Sweden were asked to choose one measure that would ensure their need for privacy when subject to CCTV-operation in public spaces: 43% favored regulation in the form of clear routines for managing, storing and distributing image material generated from
858:− that aim to detect suspicious behaviours of individuals and crowds. It has been argued that terrorists will not be deterred by cameras, that terror attacks are not really the subject of the current use of video surveillance and that terrorists might even see it as an extra channel for
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clarified that this required registration of all CCTV systems with the
Commissioner, and prompt deletion of archived recordings. However, subsequent case law (Durant vs. FSA) limited the scope of the protection provided by this law, and not all CCTV systems are currently regulated.
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About 65% of CCTV cameras in the world are installed in Asia. In Asia, different human activities attracted the use of surveillance camera systems and services, including but not limited to business and related industries, transportation, sports, and care for the environment.
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but IP cameras did not arrive in South Africa till 2008. To regulate the number of suppliers in 2001 the Private Security Industry Regulation Act was passed requiring all security companies to be registered with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA).
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Modern CCTV systems can be monitored through mobile phone apps which allows people to view live footage of their house from anywhere they have internet coverage. Some systems provide motion detection so when movement is detected, an alert can be sent to a phone.
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through a simple, secure, confidential, online form." It has not been extended to commercial businesses. A wide-ranging effort to provide registration and monitoring of home security and systems. "Security camera registration and monitoring is a community-based
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A study of high school students in Israeli schools shows that students' views on CCTV used in school are based on how they think of their teachers, school, and authorities. It also stated that most students do not want CCTV installed inside a classroom.
1279:(the European privacy act). The national legislation requires permits for public operators (except for law-enforcement agencies since 1 January 2020) to install CCTV in spaces that allow access to the general public. In an opinion poll commissioned by
1169:, Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen argues that CCTV surveillance is ethically permissible only in "certain restrictively defined situations", such as when a specific location has a "comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat".
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has 6,000 video surveillance cameras linked together, there are over 4,000 cameras on the subway system (although nearly half of them do not work), and two-thirds of large apartment and commercial buildings use video surveillance cameras. In
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However, there was no evidence of CCTV having desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations. Furthermore, the review indicates that CCTV is more effective in preventing property crimes than in violent crimes.
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The deployment of this technology has facilitated significant growth in state surveillance, a substantial rise in the methods of advanced social monitoring and control, and a host of crime prevention measures throughout the world.
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Mould, Nick; Regens, James L.; Jensen, Carl J.; Edger, David N. (30 August 2014). "Video surveillance and counterterrorism: the application of suspicious activity recognition in visual surveillance systems to counterterrorism".
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Surveillance camera mounted on the walls of Rosenbad, one of the Swedish's government buildings in central Stockholm, which houses the Prime Minister's office; one of the parliament's (Riksdagen) building can be seen in the
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of one camera for every 32 people in the UK, although the density of cameras varies greatly from place to place. The Cheshire report also claims that the average person on a typical day would be seen by 70 CCTV cameras.
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networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using closed-circuit television to detect congestion and notice accidents. Many of these cameras however, are owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers'
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In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of CCTV cameras are operated not by government bodies, but by private individuals or companies, especially to monitor the interiors of shops and businesses. According to the
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expensive and unreliable process, with the operator having to manually thread the tape from the tape reel through the recorder onto a take-up reel. Due to these shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread.
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reflect infrared and, optionally, visible light which makes the user's face a white blur to cameras. The project passed its funding goal of $ 28,000, and "reflectacles" became commercially available in June 2017.
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A more open question is whether most CCTV is cost-effective. While low-quality domestic kits are cheap, the professional installation and maintenance of high definition CCTV is expensive. Gill and Spriggs did a
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in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still in use today for most awards shows and other events that are transmitted live to most venues but do not air as such on network television, and later re-edited for broadcast.
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automobile race. Boxing telecasts were broadcast live to a select number of venues, mostly theaters, where viewers paid for tickets to watch the fight live. The first fight with a closed-circuit telecast was
119:, especially if the environments observed are dangerous or inaccessible to humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, using
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Research conducted by the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research and based on a survey of all Scottish local authorities, identified that there are over 2,200 public space CCTV cameras in Scotland.
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has a publicly owned CCTV network of over 3000 Pan-Tilt-Zoom cameras covering the British motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are primarily used to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as
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accurately control for the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with a range of other security-related measures. Second, some have noted that, in many of the studies, there may be issues with
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the easiest house to break into, having an obvious CCTV system, alarm or another security measure, makes the house appear to be a more difficult target so they will likely move on to the next house.
4740:. Jordan University of Science & Technology, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Jordan Section, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Piscataway, New Jersey. 2018.
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imposes legal restrictions on the uses of CCTV recordings and mandates the registration of CCTV systems with the Data Protection Agency. In 2004, the successor to the Data Protection Agency, the
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There are different approaches to implementing VCA technology. Data may be processed on the camera itself (edge processing) or by a centralized server. Both approaches have their pros and cons.
1788:"Distance education in Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings Of The Regional Seminar On Distance Education, 26 November – 3 December 1986", Asian Development Bank, Bangkok, Thailand, Volume 2, 1987
187:), the system consisted of a manually-operated scanning-transmitting camera and wireless shortwave transmitter and receiver, with a resolution of a hundred lines. Having been commandeered by
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In Latin America, the CCTV market is growing rapidly with the increase of property crime. Installation of CCTV camera is increasing day by day and the crime is somewhat controlled.
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on three levels. Residential video surveillance cameras can deter criminals from entering the area, can prevent crimes from occurring and help solve crimes by providing valuable
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Artificial intelligence in local government services: Public perceptions from Australia and Hong Kong, Government Information Quarterly, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2023, 101833
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Surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world. Video surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals'
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which includes several provisions related to controlling and restricting the collection, storage, retention, and use of information about individuals. Under this Act, the
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cameras has been introduced for a number of uses. For example, as a new form of surveillance in law enforcement, with cameras located on a police officer's chest or head.
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Vericon was advertised as not requiring a government permit, due to the system using cabled connections between camera and monitor rather than over-the-air transmission.
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1338:. In the last decade, improved VCA features have been developed. Beyond recognizing specific shapes and colors, VCA applications now can analyze more complex scenarios.
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Proponents of CCTV cameras argue that cameras are effective at deterring and solving crime, and that appropriate regulation and legal restrictions on surveillance of
790:, monitoring visitors and maintaining a record of evidence of a crime. There are some restrictions, cameras not being installed in areas where there is a "reasonable
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4050:"You're being watched: there's one CCTV camera for every 32 people in UK - Research shows 1.85m machines across Britain, most of them indoors and privately operated"
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2018 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS) : 3-5 April 2018, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Theft is a huge concern for many department stores and shopping malls. CCTV helps to protect stores' assets, and ensures the safety of employees and customers.
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Early CCTV systems were installed in central London by the Metropolitan Police between 1960 and 1965. By 1963 CCTV was being used in Munich to monitor traffic.
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estimated that there were around 1.5 million private and local government CCTV cameras in city centres, stations, airports, and major retail areas in the UK.
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of over 170 million CCTV cameras with 400 million new cameras expected be installed in the next three years, many of which use facial recognition technology.
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In Singapore, since 2012, thousands of CCTV cameras have helped deter loan sharks, nab litterbugs, and stop illegal parking, according to government figures.
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has said several of the amendments to the Constitution implicitly grant this right. Access to video surveillance recordings may require a judge's
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technology became available in the 1970s, making it easier to record and erase information, and the use of video surveillance became more common.
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Material collected by surveillance cameras has been used as a tool in post-event forensics to identify tactics, techniques, and perpetrators of
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To many, the development of CCTV in public areas, linked to computer databases of people's pictures and identity, presents a serious breach of
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warrant the frequent compromising of public privacy rights that occurs in regions with widespread CCTV surveillance. For example, in her book
986:, government grants are available for cities to install surveillance camera networks. In 2009, there were an estimated 15,000 CCTV systems in
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report showed that in 2008 only one crime was solved per 1000 cameras. In some cases CCTV cameras have become a target of attacks themselves.
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Recently CCTV technology has been enhanced with a shift toward Internet-based products and systems, and other technological developments.
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the figure of 500,000 for Greater London is often confused with the figure for the police and local government operated cameras in the
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In the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools due to its success in preventing
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system, the number of cameras on the Highways England's CCTV network is likely to increase significantly over the next few years.
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was the first city in the United States to install CCTV video cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime.
123:(DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as
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to support IP cameras. These devices are responsible for the recording, storage, video stream processing, and alarm management.
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CCTV surveillance is widely prevalent, but the country has been slow to implement the latest technology. For example, the first
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to previous crime trends. In particular, the estimated effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.
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cameras (IP cameras). It is estimated that 2014 was the first year that IP cameras outsold analog cameras. IP cameras use the
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train CCTV cameras may allow the driver to confirm that people are clear of doors before closing them and starting the train.
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CCTV can also be used to help solve crimes. In London alone, six crimes are solved each day on average using CCTV footage.
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equipment sales are to industrial and commercial clients. CCTV surveillance is also very common in the American workplace.
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and publication of their acts. In Germany calls for extended video surveillance by the country's main political parties,
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It has been argued that problems of selection bias and endogeneity can be addressed by stronger research designs such as
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Manalo, Dennes M.; Mapoy, Kim Alvin; Villano, Kim Joem K.; Reyes, Kenneth Angelo D.; Bautista, Merwina Lou A. (2015).
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Priks, Mikael (1 November 2015). "The Effects of Surveillance Cameras on Crime: Evidence from the Stockholm Subway".
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China's Golden Shield: corporations and the development of surveillance technology in the People's Republic of China
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requests, the total number of local government operated CCTV cameras was around 52,000 over the entirety of the UK.
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in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point-to-point, point-to-multipoint (P2MP), or
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5333:"From Personal to Digital: CCTV, the panopticon, and the technological mediation of suspicion and social control"
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The Cheshire figure is regarded as more dependable than a previous study by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of
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982:, the use of video surveillance in public places became more common to deter future terrorist attacks. Under the
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Many sporting events in the United States use CCTV inside the venue, either to display on the stadium or arena's
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In the Philippines, barangay San Antonio used CCTV cameras and artificial intelligence software to detect the
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A surveillance camera, aimed at a public street (Kungsgatan) in Stockholm, Sweden, mounted on top of the pole
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93:. Even though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for
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Gustav Alexandrie (2017). "Surveillance cameras and crime: a review of randomized and natural experiments".
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in 1985, led to several larger trial programs later that decade. The first use by local government was in
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In the United States, the first commercial closed-circuit television system became available in 1949 from
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professional wrestling show was seen by over one million viewers with this scheme. As late as 1996, the
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and motion-only recording. This saved time and money which then led to an increase in the use of CCTV.
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Assessing the Impact of CCTV, a UK Home office study on the effectiveness of closed-circuit television
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3134:"School Surveillance in Context: High School Students' Perspectives on CCTV, Privacy, and Security"
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cameras mounted on trams made sure that people who were banned from them did not sneak on anyway.
5841:
5836:
5708:
5490:
3766:
2982:(From 7:35 the video explains about DOO train dispatch anddescribes the use of CCTV at stations.)
1605:
1378:
991:
958:
estimated that the total number of security cameras in Japan is approximately 5 million in 2018.
819:
Criminals may use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a hidden camera at an
441:
437:
353:
5355:
Introduction to Intelligent Surveillance: Surveillance Data Capture, Transmission, and Analytics
4950:"Securing IP Surveillance Cameras in the IoT Ecosystem - Noticias de seguridad - Trend Micro MX"
3175:
Surette, Ray. "The thinking eye: Pros and cons of second generation CCTV surveillance systems".
2515:
6001:
5882:
5480:
5475:
5422:
2482:
1445:
1327:
791:
768:
software to predict deviations from the standard workflow and record only anomalous behaviour.
550:
516:
404:
334:
boxing fight had 750,000 viewers. Although closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by
290:
261:
120:
5332:
5255:
5162:
3626:
2749:
2080:
1977:
1960:
1538:
Other towns have had such cameras installed. In 2007 several of the devices were installed in
6016:
5861:
5432:
5387:
4458:
UK Parliament Constitution Committee - Written Evidence. Surveillance: Citizens and the State
4406:
3709:
3683:
3571:
2184:
2179:
1734:
1707:
1335:
1093:
669:. Security personnel were sent whenever a crowd formed at a particular location in the city.
172:
35:
3877:
3685:
Building the internet of things with IPv6 and MIPv6 the evolving world of M2M communications
2254:
Who's Watching? Video Camera Surveillance in New York City and the Need for Public Oversight
5680:
5465:
5354:
5035:
3319:"Mehr Videoüberwachung gegen Terroristen - WDR aktuell - Sendung - Video - Mediathek - WDR"
1610:
1594:
1558:
1121:
1072:
opportunity and investigative tool that enlists the help of residents and can help prevent
979:
754:
Implementation of certain operations, such as financial statements or operations with cash;
159:
Desk in one of the regional control-rooms of the National Police in the Netherlands in 2017
155:
151:
Closed circuit TV monitoring at the Central Police Control Station, Munich, Germany in 1973
82:
4652:"Status of Closed Circuit Television Camera Usage in Batangas City: Basis for Enhancement"
4626:
3589:
2641:
1451:
Since 2008, IP video surveillance manufacturers can use a standardized network interface (
27:
Use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors
8:
5897:
5765:
5750:
5700:
5437:
3820:"Chicago's Video SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS: A PERVASIVE AND UNREGULATED THREAT TO OUR PRIVACY"
2582:
2527:
2291:
2082:
The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power
1656:
1232:
1101:
732:
509:
472:
431:
286:
200:
5180:
3218:"Benalla. Trois policiers suspendus pour avoir transmis des images de vidéosurveillance"
2776:
2669:
1311:
Surveillance camera at London Heathrow Airport with a wiper for clear images during rain
81:
to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from
5937:
5260:
4755:
4627:"The perception of surveillance cameras and privacy among the general public in Sweden"
4454:"Memorandum by A A Adams, BSc, MSc, PhD, LLM, MBCS, CITP School of Systems Engineering"
3522:
3274:
3157:
2460:
2392:
2317:"Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2164:
1427:
1423:
1415:
303:
282:
188:
2730:
954:, CCTV cameras are often referred to as "surveillance cameras" or "security cameras".
5907:
5690:
5340:
5317:
5267:
5240:
5113:
4741:
4433:
4356:
4331:
3689:
3632:
3577:
3387:
3161:
3149:
2755:
2464:
2384:
2090:
1983:
1926:
1909:
1899:
1772:
1764:
1740:
1713:
1430:) and have many of the same benefits and security risks as other IP-enabled devices.
1411:
697:
662:
319:
42:
4632:. LUSAX-research group, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Sweden.
3278:
2396:
1330:, also referred to as video analytics, is the capability of automatically analyzing
1035:
High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in
639:
448:
techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41 different studies.
5955:
5821:
5780:
5718:
5670:
5427:
5380:
5296:
3266:
3141:
2452:
2423:
2376:
1934:
1307:
1177:
1157:
1069:
1000:
996:
971:
851:
666:
604:
497:
483:
452:
427:
339:
294:
234:
124:
105:
2456:
688:
176:
5685:
5675:
5313:
Policing, Surveillance and Social Control: CCTV and police monitoring of suspects
5311:
5234:
4612:
4551:
4188:
4166:
3270:
2905:"AI-equipped CCTV cameras enable a barangay to monitor people out on the streets"
2654:
2613:
2428:
2411:
2013:
1760:
1666:
1357:
1280:
966:
570:
564:
347:
196:
163:
86:
2159:
1498:
1334:
to detect and determine temporal events not based on a single image, but rather
356:
received a patent for the design of a CCTV-based home security system in 1969. (
6026:
5922:
5902:
5775:
4879:"Global value of IP camera sales now close to 50% of CCTV cameras sold, but..."
4676:
4015:"The Price of Privacy: How local authorities spent £515m on CCTV in four years"
1676:
1671:
1630:
1528:
1321:
1203:
1192:
1147:
1041:
587:
457:
383:
327:
230:
215:
204:
98:
5028:"The City of Chicago's OEMC and IBM Launch Advanced Video Surveillance System"
4857:
4137:
3573:
Technocreep : the surrender of privacy and the capitalization of intimacy
3475:"Chinese TV station CCTV provide 'old school' analysis of AFC Asian Cup match"
2970:
2855:
2006:
886:
407:
being led away by his killers, recorded on shopping centre CCTV in 1993; this
359:
5970:
5892:
5887:
5785:
5745:
5740:
5301:
5282:
4075:
3153:
3107:
2388:
1640:
1532:
1173:
895:
845:
655:
609:
445:
372:
192:
50:
4605:
1913:
1231:
system operator. Surveillance by consent should be regarded as analogous to
378:
Experiments in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, including outdoor CCTV in
219:
5932:
5713:
3789:
2120:
1646:
1635:
1518:
1365:
891:
368:
335:
307:
279:
257:
116:
94:
4547:"Home surveillance CCTV images may breach data protection laws, ECJ rules"
4376:
3192:"Turn an old phone into a security camera in 3 steps. Here's how to do it"
3133:
745:
Scanning of goods, selection of goods, introduction of price and quantity;
418:
115:, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central
5927:
5447:
5337:
Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination
3449:"Australian state government to expand CCTV use across transport network"
3145:
2923:"Pasig Mayor Vico Sotto turns to smart CCTV to enforce social distancing"
2504:"Police are failing to recover crucial CCTV footage, new figures suggest"
1539:
1288:
1264:
1227:
1160:
can reasonably be weighed against the benefits of surveillance. However,
531:
379:
131:, perhaps equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to
5140:
4205:
4169:(2009), Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research (Research Report)
3177:
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
1275:, the use of CCTV in public spaces is regulated both nationally and via
5912:
3656:
2380:
1352:
Eye-in-the-sky surveillance dome camera watching from a high steel pole
919:
859:
720:
412:
223:
3653:"Public Video Surveillance: Is It An Effective Crime Prevention Tool?"
911:
902:
260:
was developed, allowing several cameras to record at once, as well as
5877:
5109:
Digital Video Essentials: Shoot, Transfer, Edit, Share By Erica Sadun
5001:
4315:
from the original on 11 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
4177:
4175:
2125:
2086:
1620:
1524:
1479:
1438:
1400:
1390:
1361:
1097:
878:
for a subjective feeling of security" by a member of the Left party.
787:
683:
299:
128:
4858:"MotionJPEG, JPEG2000, H.264 and MPEG-4 compression methods in CCTV"
4233:. Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority. 25 February 2002.
1709:
Promoting Social Change and Democracy Through Information Technology
1348:
999:
there are more than 30,000 surveillance cameras in schools, and the
748:
Input and output of operators in the system when entering passwords;
5199:"Be Seen and Unseen! Reflectacles are the Sunglasses of the Future"
4835:
3852:"NYPD expands surveillance net to fight crime as well as terrorism"
3076:
2804:
2445:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
2290:. Borough Council of King's Lynn & West Norfolk. Archived from
1583:
1315:
1077:
783:
593:
523:
criticized the idea as "a distasteful and a worrying development".
477:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
90:
58:
4850:
4172:
3608:"Lawmakers want more surveillance on the ground -- and in the sky"
2412:"Is camera surveillance an effective measure of counterterrorism?"
1156:
spaces can provide sufficient protections so that an individual's
487:
Closed circuit television cameras captured the perpetrator of the
167:
CCTV control-room monitor wall for 176 open-street cameras in 2017
30:"CCTV" redirects here. For the broadcasting company in China, see
5403:
4350:
2943:"Pasig barangay turns to smart CCTV to enforce social distancing"
2628:"CCTV in the spotlight: one crime solved for every 1,000 cameras"
2026:
1578:
1464:
1243:
1199:
which protects individual rights including the right to privacy.
987:
875:
519:-based technology to improve accessibility for crime prevention.
211:
135:
devices, or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation.
112:
97:
in areas that require additional security or ongoing monitoring (
2843:
New surveillance cameras doing their job, Antioch's top cop says
828:
into the hands of people who have no legal right to receive it.
738:
of a sale, withdrawing money, or altering personal information.
5283:"How Robberies Succeed or Fail: Analyzing Crime Caught on CCTV"
3793:
2993:"Facial recognition cameras to be installed on Rotterdam trams"
2607:"Are CCTV cameras a waste of money in the fight against crime?"
1682:
Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project
1615:
1272:
1239:
1138:
1081:
1036:
1032:
990:, many linked to an integrated camera network. New York City's
855:
527:
4353:
Setting the watch: Privacy and the ethics of CCTV surveillance
4020:. Big Brother Watch. February 2012. p. 30. Archived from
3956:"30,000 Surveillance Cameras Monitor D.C.-Area Public Schools"
3590:"Surveillance Society: New High-Tech Cameras Are Watching You"
3341:"Calls increase for sweeping surveillance after Berlin attack"
2332:"The economics of subjective security and camera surveillance"
2222:
2219:, Chicago Tribune article, 1996-06-07, Retrieved on 2015-02-23
1167:
Setting the Watch: Privacy and the Ethics of CCTV Surveillance
399:
5917:
5309:
1599:
1452:
1331:
1073:
951:
741:
Actions which an employer may wish to monitor could include:
651:
5253:
4976:"Selecting the most suitable cameras to monitor large areas"
4725:
Artificial Intelligence Is Going To Supercharge Surveillance
2887:"Pasig village well on its way to becoming 'smart barangay'"
306:
in 1948. Closed-circuit telecasts peaked in popularity with
175:
CCTV system was developed in June 1927 by Russian physicist
5856:
5256:"City Watching: Closed-Circuit Television in Public Spaces"
4304:"Facial recognition fitted to 5,000 CCTV cameras in Moscow"
1242:, the use of video surveillance has grown very rapidly. In
1185:
978:
cameras increased in the early 21st century. Following the
5372:
4806:"Image Processing Techniques for Video Content Extraction"
1468:
incorporate the video feeds of a total of 15,000 cameras.
831:
4780:"MATE's Analytics Integrate with Hirsch Security Systems"
2927:
2784:
The Department of Justice's National Institute of Justice
2674:
1419:
1142:
A mobile closed-circuit TV van monitoring a street market
763:
Change of settings, reports and other official functions.
598:
250:
3497:"Indian state government uses CCTV to cut forest crimes"
3104:"Legal aspects of the use of video cameras in schools ="
1898:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 46–47.
1360:. Critics fear such technology will lead to the loss of
4649:
4260:
Latin American Physical Security Market Growing Rapidly
3655:. California Research Bureau. June 1997. Archived from
3293:"In the Petabyte Age of Surveillance, Software Polices"
3259:
Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism
2786:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.
2001:
1999:
3255:
2869:"Saudi Arabia installs new security cameras in Makkah"
1371:
679:
Government by algorithm § Management of infection
422:
Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV cameras
3878:"Lack of Video Slows Hunt for a Killer in the Subway"
3077:
Bruce McDougall and Katherine Danks (28 March 2012).
927:
in New York, with cameras visible on the side of the
751:
Deleting operations and modifying existing documents;
326:
million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1975. In 1985, the
203:, and subsequently installed in the courtyard of the
4606:
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act
3736:"Privacy Fears Grow as Cities Increase Surveillance"
1996:
1256:
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act
854:. Furthermore, there are various projects − such as
222:, Nazi Germany in 1942, for observing the launch of
5239:. Berg (originally, University of Michigan Press).
4699:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
4580:. UK Government Home Office. June 2013. p. 5.
3131:
2751:
Governing the Police: Experience in Six Democracies
1176:, the Constitution does not explicitly include the
1003:has nearly 6,000 cameras in use across the system.
5852:International Association of Privacy Professionals
5259:
5236:The maximum surveillance society: the rise of CCTV
5213:"Reflectacles - Reflective Eyewear and Sunglasses"
4982:. International Security Journal. 19 November 2020
4471:
4302:
3986:"Metro Plans to Triple Number of Security Cameras"
3408:"Rise of Surveillance Camera Installed Base Slows"
2830:TfL hands out contracts for congestion charge tags
2777:"A Market Survey on Body Worn Camera Technologies"
2775:Hung, Vivian; Babin, Steven; Coberly, Jacqueline.
1258:outline very specific guidelines that control how
684:Increasing safety and security in public transport
4511:
4509:
3825:. ACLU of Illinois. February 2011. Archived from
3132:Birnhack, Michael D.; Perry-Hazan, Lotem (2020).
2442:
2217:Chavez-De La Hoya Fight Is A Bout About Contrasts
2116:"History of Prizefighting's Biggest Money Fights"
1433:Main types of IP cameras include: fixed cameras,
1324:, and categorize objects in their field of view.
757:Moving goods, revaluation scrapping and counting;
654:, CCTV cameras are used for monitoring (and thus
318:million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1974, and the "
6037:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1942
5968:
5817:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
4918:"Dispelling the Top 10 Myths of IP Surveillance"
4044:
4042:
2144:. Frederick A. Kugel Company. 1965. p. 78.
2029:(in Finnish). fennoturvapalvelut. 27 March 2015.
1893:
1316:Computer-controlled analytics and identification
1268:can be gathered by this method and or released.
760:Control in the kitchen of fast food restaurants;
534:conversations to uncover criminal conspiracies.
278:Closed-circuit television was used as a form of
127:and email alerts). More recently, decentralized
54:Surveillance cameras on the corner of a building
5232:
5048:
4677:"Republic Act 10173 - Data Privacy Act of 2012"
4136:. CCTV User Group. 18 June 2008. Archived from
2854:Prof. Eugene Volokh, The Wall Street Journal. "
2541:"National community Crime Prevention Programme"
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
1821:"Surveillance Cameras and the Right to Privacy"
460:since the introduction of CCTV was potentially
451:The studies included in the meta-analysis used
5280:
5258:. In Fyfe, Nicholas; Kenny, Judith T. (eds.).
5002:"ONVIF: a guide to the open security platform"
4506:
4473:"Privacy watchdog wants curbs on surveillance"
4110:. Channel 4 News. 18 June 2008. Archived from
2748:Bayley, David H.; Stenning, Philip C. (2016).
2747:
2687:Angels of Silence see crime where others don't
2319:. Journalist's Resource.org. 11 February 2014.
2160:"Zaire's fight promotion opens new gold mines"
2110:
2108:
2106:
1799:"What's wrong with public video surveillance?"
1763:, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005, pp.166,
1739:. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 78.
1574:Artificial intelligence for video surveillance
1031:published in 2002. Based on a small sample in
515:Cities such as Manchester in the UK are using
62:Surveillance camera in a residential community
5388:
5330:
4517:"Majority of UK's CCTV cameras 'are illegal'"
4407:"What's Wrong With Public Video Surveillance"
4039:
3007:"Doe mee aan de proef met gezichtsherkenning"
2731:"'Six crimes a day' solved by CCTV, Met says"
1705:
1302:
612:. With the addition of fixed cameras for the
436:A 2009 systematic review by researchers from
191:, Theremin's CCTV system was demonstrated to
5288:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
4427:
4158:Bannister, J., Mackenzie, S. and Norris, P.
3624:
3432:
3079:"School security CCTV puts bullies on pause"
2949:. Philippines. 27 March 2020. Archived from
2774:
2570:
2568:
2228:
1706:Kumar, Vikas; Svensson, Jakob, eds. (2015).
1602:, uncompressed analog streaming video format
1487:
1455:) to support compatibility between systems.
4831:"Microchips in humans spark privacy debate"
4727:." 23 January 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019
4496:"CCTV, computers and the 'climate of fear'"
3392:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2700:"Network of CCTV cameras proving effective"
2103:
970:Surveillance camera mounted on a tripod in
874:have been dismissed as "little more than a
692:Digital Video Recorder for Public Transport
210:Another early CCTV system was installed by
183:). Originally requested by CTO (the Soviet
5395:
5381:
4828:
4760:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4351:Beatrice Von Silva-Tarouca Larsen (2011).
4009:
4007:
2845:." 11 August 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
2147:pickup of the Joe Louis-Joe Walcott fight.
2016:" We C U Surveillance Retrieved 2011-10-20
1920:
1458:
1444:Industrial video surveillance systems use
1320:Computer-controlled cameras can identify,
1063:Project SCRAM is a policing effort by the
672:
576:
5300:
3523:"Smart cameras catch man in 60,000 crowd"
3054:. ATL the education union. Archived from
2858:." 26 March 2002. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
2565:
2427:
2311:
2309:
2059:"Police's 1960s CCTV experiments, part 2"
2041:"Police's 1960s CCTV experiments, part 1"
1896:Theremin : ether music and espionage
1291:, the main laws governing CCTV usage are
5310:Newburn, Tim; Hayman, Stephanie (2001).
5051:"Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere"
4624:
4300:
3762:"Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere"
2479:"Orphaned Video System in Philadelphia?"
1557:
1535:implemented "Talking CCTV" in his area.
1497:
1478:
1422:. IP cameras are considered part of the
1394:
1347:
1306:
1137:
1120:
965:
918:
910:
901:
890:A crowdsourced map of CCTV cameras near
885:
687:
638:
482:
417:
398:
367:Another early appearance was in 1973 in
162:
154:
146:
57:
49:
5254:Fyfe, Nicholas; Bannister, Jon (2005).
4659:College of Criminology Research Journal
4325:
4004:
3790:"Chicago Links Police, Private Cameras"
3754:
3576:. : Greystone Books. 2014. p. 28.
3400:
2832:." 6 June 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
2409:
2329:
2188:. Active Interest Media, Inc.: 35 1976.
2074:
2072:
2027:"Internet based CCTV on cloud services"
1975:
1761:Distance Education In Technological Age
1732:
1222:In 2012, the UK government enacted the
832:Use in shopping malls and retail stores
801:
332:Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya
14:
5969:
5069:Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere
4575:"Surveillance Camera Code of Practice"
4191:(2014), Halton Regional Police Service
3681:
2841:Rowena Coetsee, Bay Area News Group. "
2306:
2007:History of Video Surveillance and CCTV
726:
5832:Electronic Privacy Information Center
5376:
5105:
4484:from the original on 11 January 2022.
3189:
3127:
3125:
3052:"Use of CCTV surveillance in schools"
3025:"Using CCTV to monitor the workplace"
2630:. Independent News and Media Limited.
2625:
2366:
2285:
2063:Professional Security Magazine Online
2045:Professional Security Magazine Online
1875:
634:
453:quasi-experimental evaluation designs
4818:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4639:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4301:McGoogan, Cara (29 September 2017).
3625:Dempsey, John; Forst, Linda (2015).
3183:
2793:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2768:
2279:
2078:
2069:
1889:
1887:
943:In 2018, China was reported to have
839:
627:Other surveillance cameras serve as
5812:Center for Democracy and Technology
5181:"'Talking' CCTV cameras are tested"
4930:from the original on 9 October 2022
4701:. 12 September 2012. Archived from
4587:from the original on 9 October 2022
4432:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 110.
4430:CCTV: A Technology Under the Radar?
4328:CCTV: A Technology Under the Radar?
4240:from the original on 9 October 2022
4108:"FactCheck: how many CCTV cameras?"
4088:from the original on 9 October 2022
3361:
3174:
3049:
2267:from the original on 9 October 2022
2200:"Wrestlemania In Photographs: 1-10"
1372:Retention, storage and preservation
1197:European Convention on Human Rights
394:
24:
5226:
5163:"Town trials talking CCTV cameras"
4274:
3547:
3494:
3122:
2689:Globe & Mail, 20 November 2013
1950:, August 16, 1950,, New York Times
1948:"Agreement Seen Spur to Color TV"
1549:
925:headquarters of the United Nations
714:
581:
491:, Aaron Alexis, during his rampage
293:, and from 1964 through 1970, the
25:
6048:
5361:
5106:Sadun, Erica (26 December 2006).
4379:. American Civil Liberties Union.
4182:One Vision, One Mission, One Team
3800:from the original on 6 April 2010
3688:. New Jersey: Wiley. p. 86.
3631:. Cengage Learning. p. 485.
2966:FCC Train Dispatch training video
2528:"Taxi CCTV cameras are installed"
1976:Kruegle, Herman (15 March 2011).
1966:small article, bottom of page 179
1884:
1853:. 9 November 2019. Archived from
1847:"Best PoE Security Camera System"
1297:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
1212:Information Commissioner's Office
1006:
771:
207:to monitor approaching visitors.
79:closed-circuit television cameras
5951:
5950:
5418:Right of access to personal data
5205:
5191:
5173:
5155:
5141:"Smart Dual Light - thaiccd.com"
5133:
5099:
5082:"CCTV Camera Installation Guide"
5074:
5061:
5042:
5020:
4994:
4980:internationalsecurityjournal.com
4968:
4942:
4910:
4885:
4871:
4822:
4798:
4772:
4730:
4717:
4695:"Republic Act No. 10175 | GOVPH"
4687:
4669:
4643:
4618:
4599:
4567:
4539:
4488:
4464:
4446:
4421:
4409:. American Civil Liberties Union
4399:
4383:
4369:
4355:. Hart Publishing. p. 160.
4344:
4319:
4294:
4277:"CCTV Camera Installation Guide"
4268:
4252:
4220:
4194:
4152:
4126:
4100:
4068:
3962:. 1 January 2015. Archived from
2805:http://www.motorwaycameras.co.uk
2670:Public to Monitor CCTV From Home
2516:"CCTV to drive down cab attacks"
1964:, February 1949, Popular Science
1937:1954, ASIN: B000P6L1ES, page 14.
1736:Introduction to private security
1652:The Convention on Modern Liberty
1590:Closed-circuit television camera
1471:The system is used by Chicago's
1108:
961:
544:
500:in the hope of deterring crime.
5977:Applications of computer vision
3978:
3948:
3922:
3896:
3870:
3844:
3812:
3782:
3728:
3702:
3675:
3645:
3564:
3541:
3515:
3488:
3467:
3441:
3426:
3355:
3333:
3311:
3285:
3249:
3224:
3210:
3168:
3096:
3070:
3043:
3017:
2999:
2985:
2969:, 25 March 2013, archived from
2957:
2935:
2915:
2897:
2879:
2861:
2848:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2797:
2741:
2723:
2714:
2692:
2680:
2663:
2655:Digital CCTV Scheme Switches On
2647:
2634:
2619:
2600:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2471:
2436:
2403:
2360:
2323:
2245:
2210:
2192:
2172:
2152:
2132:
2051:
2033:
2019:
1969:
1954:
1940:
1512:
1476:as evidence in criminal cases.
1087:
1044:, which was about 650 in 2011.
1014:Freedom of Information Act 2000
984:Homeland Security Grant Program
814:
645:Rotterdam central metro station
5827:Electronic Frontier Foundation
5807:American Civil Liberties Union
5761:Privacy-enhancing technologies
2626:Hughe, Mark (25 August 2009).
2576:"Assessing the impact of CCTV"
1869:
1839:
1813:
1791:
1782:
1753:
1726:
1699:
1473:Office of Emergency Management
1065:Halton Regional Police Service
530:hired deaf police officers to
310:in the 1960s and 1970s, with "
270:
181:Television in the Soviet Union
13:
1:
5233:Armstrong, Gary, ed. (1999).
4523:. 31 May 2007. Archived from
4160:Public Space CCTV in Scotland
4134:"How many cameras are there?"
3930:"The Building Has 1,000 Eyes"
3710:"The great surveillance boom"
3495:Ng, Kelly (11 October 2014).
3232:"Retail surveillance systems"
2803:Motorway Cameras in England,
2457:10.1080/14043858.2017.1387410
1693:
1586:—not to be confused with CCTV
1384:
881:
778:Video surveillance in schools
489:Washington Navy Yard shooting
475:. A 2017 review published in
243:
3271:10.1080/18335330.2014.940819
2702:. straitstimes. 8 March 2016
2429:10.1080/10242694.2011.650481
1441:resolution can be achieved.
1406:A growing branch in CCTV is
1125:Soviet motorized CCTV camera
929:UN General Assembly Building
569:In recent years, the use of
558:
469:randomized controlled trials
185:Council of Labor and Defense
7:
5552:Data protection authorities
5402:
4723:James Vincent, The Verge. "
4681:National Privacy Commission
3904:"The State Of Surveillance"
3628:An Introduction to Policing
3548:吉野, 次郎 (13 November 2018).
2856:Traffic Enforcement Cameras
2416:Defence and Peace Economics
1566:
1162:anti-surveillance activists
1092:In South Africa due to the
945:a huge surveillance network
629:traffic enforcement cameras
506:Cost-effectiveness analysis
409:narrow-bandwidth television
10:
6053:
5992:Law enforcement techniques
5756:Social networking services
5262:The Urban Geography Reader
5071:", The Wall Street Journal
4829:Todd Lewan (7 July 2007).
2819:." Retrieved 7 March 2019.
2754:. Transaction Publishers.
2481:. May 2015. Archived from
1712:. IGI Global. p. 75.
1626:Security operations center
1584:"CATV" as cable television
1516:
1491:
1483:An integrated systems unit
1388:
1303:Technological developments
1224:Protection of Freedoms Act
1145:
1133:
843:
775:
730:
676:
585:
562:
548:
425:
256:During the 1990s, digital
142:
101:is seldom called "CCTV").
40:
29:
5946:
5870:
5847:Global Network Initiative
5799:
5791:Virtual assistant privacy
5771:Privacy-invasive software
5699:
5663:
5550:
5446:
5410:
5112:. John Wiley & Sons.
4625:Lahtinen, Markus (2017).
4611:24 September 2007 at the
4165:27 September 2012 at the
3437:. Rights & Democracy.
2828:Kablenet, The Register. "
2817:Closed Circuit Television
1962:"Television Rides Wires"
1894:Glinsky, Albert. (2000).
1880:. Routledge. p. 114.
1733:Dempsey, John S. (2008).
1488:Wireless security cameras
1116:
1058:
614:active traffic management
67:Closed-circuit television
5335:. In Lyon, David (ed.).
5316:. Taylor & Francis.
5302:10.1177/0022427817715754
5143:(in Thai). 27 March 2024
2616:Forward Edge, 7 May 2008
2012:21 December 2019 at the
1878:Encyclopedia of the City
1662:Under vehicle inspection
1544:East Riding of Yorkshire
1503:Wireless security camera
1494:Wireless security camera
1379:proprietary file formats
1293:Data Privacy Act of 2012
1208:Data Protection Act 1998
1100:was released in 1996 by
1019:An article published in
621:London congestion charge
312:The Rumble in the Jungle
133:network-attached storage
41:Not to be confused with
32:China Central Television
5842:Future of Privacy Forum
5837:European Digital Rights
5281:Nassauer, Anne (2018).
4665:– via Pubatangas.
4396:Retrieved 6 August 1982
4377:"Your Right to Privacy"
4187:14 January 2016 at the
3767:The Wall Street Journal
3682:Minoli, Daniel (2013).
3138:SSRN Electronic Journal
3050:ATL (22 October 2013).
3027:. icaew. Archived from
1606:Eye in the sky (camera)
1459:Networking CCTV cameras
1446:network video recorders
1195:are signatories to the
992:Domain Awareness System
934:
673:Management of infection
577:Traffic flow monitoring
442:University of Cambridge
438:Northeastern University
389:
354:Marie Van Brittan Brown
121:digital video recorders
5883:Cellphone surveillance
5800:Advocacy organizations
5423:Expectation of privacy
5331:Norris, Clive (2003).
4330:. Ashgate Publishing.
4326:Kroener, Inga (2014).
3321:. WDR. 26 October 2016
2642:http://news.bbc.co.uk/
2079:Ezra, Michael (2013).
1643:(inverse surveillance)
1563:
1505:
1484:
1403:
1399:Easy Connect Wireless
1353:
1328:Video content analysis
1312:
1143:
1126:
974:
931:
916:
908:
899:
792:expectation of privacy
693:
658:) the flow of crowds.
647:
551:Criminal investigation
492:
423:
415:
291:professional wrestling
168:
160:
152:
63:
55:
34:. For other uses, see
5862:Privacy International
5433:Right to be forgotten
5049:William M. Bulkeley.
4764:) CS1 maint: others (
4428:Inga Kroener (2014).
4390:Department of Justice
3433:Walton, Greg (2001).
3236:videosurveillance.com
2506:, The Daily Telegraph
2286:Staff (August 2007).
1876:Caves, R. W. (2004).
1561:
1501:
1482:
1398:
1351:
1336:object classification
1310:
1191:All countries in the
1141:
1124:
969:
922:
914:
905:
889:
844:Further information:
823:can capture people's
776:Further information:
691:
677:Further information:
667:outbreak of a disease
642:
549:Further information:
486:
426:Further information:
421:
402:
360:U.S. patent 3,482,037
166:
158:
150:
108:even when in public.
61:
53:
36:CCTV (disambiguation)
6007:Security engineering
5982:Assistive technology
5339:. Psychology Press.
5266:. Psychology Press.
5169:. 17 September 2006.
4027:on 23 September 2015
3146:10.2139/ssrn.3587450
2995:. 11 September 2011.
2612:4 March 2016 at the
2369:The Economic Journal
1611:Fake security camera
1595:Day and night camera
980:September 11 attacks
802:Use in private homes
698:driver-only operated
386:, Norfolk, in 1987.
237:, called "Vericon".
83:broadcast television
6012:Security technology
5898:Global surveillance
5766:Privacy engineering
5751:Personal identifier
5701:Information privacy
5438:Post-mortem privacy
5353:Wei Qi Yan (2019).
5055:Wall Street Journal
4786:on 16 February 2009
3596:. 30 September 2009
3550:"日本の防犯カメラ、500万台に迫る"
3110:on 15 February 2016
3083:The Daily Telegraph
2815:Networx Security. "
2737:. 26 December 2010.
2588:on 18 February 2011
2553:on 29 February 2016
2260:. 2006. p. 5.
2168:. 18 November 1974.
1657:TV Network Protocol
1416:local area networks
1233:policing by consent
1102:Axis Communications
733:Employee monitoring
727:Employee monitoring
663:formation of crowds
510:Metropolitan Police
473:natural experiments
432:predictive policing
346:In September 1968,
287:professional boxing
285:for sports such as
201:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
6022:Video surveillance
5938:Personality rights
5357:, Springer London.
4954:www.trendmicro.com
4705:on 9 December 2021
4555:. 11 December 2014
4394:Video Surveillance
4262:," 8 October 2009
4140:on 23 October 2008
3934:The New York Times
3908:Bloomberg Business
3882:The New York Times
3770:. 17 November 2009
3740:The New York Times
3503:on 11 October 2014
3374:on 25 October 2014
3190:Wollerton, Megan.
3058:on 9 November 2016
3031:on 14 October 2016
2953:on 7 January 2022.
2909:www.topgear.com.ph
2873:Al Arabiya English
2485:on 28 October 2017
2381:10.1111/ecoj.12327
2375:(588): F289–F305.
2339:WWZ Research Paper
2165:The Morning Herald
1927:Dornberger, Walter
1857:on 28 January 2022
1687:Surveillance Drone
1564:
1562:Anti-CCTV graffiti
1506:
1485:
1424:Internet of Things
1414:(IP) used by most
1404:
1354:
1313:
1144:
1127:
975:
932:
917:
909:
900:
709:facial recognition
694:
648:
635:Pedestrian traffic
493:
424:
416:
314:" fight drawing 50
283:theatre television
189:Kliment Voroshilov
169:
161:
153:
75:video surveillance
64:
56:
18:Video surveillance
5997:Physical security
5964:
5963:
5908:Mass surveillance
4881:19 December 2013.
4264:Security Magazine
3966:on 6 October 2015
3742:. 13 October 2013
3594:Popular Mechanics
3297:Popular Mechanics
2128:. 24 August 2017.
1979:CCTV Surveillance
1777:978-81-261-2210-3
1412:Internet Protocol
1408:internet protocol
852:terrorist attacks
840:Counter-terrorism
624:reported stolen.
411:system had a low
403:The two-year-old
320:Thrilla in Manila
113:industrial plants
73:), also known as
43:Closed captioning
16:(Redirected from
6044:
5987:Crime prevention
5954:
5953:
5822:Data Privacy Lab
5781:Privacy software
5428:Right to privacy
5397:
5390:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5350:
5327:
5306:
5304:
5277:
5265:
5250:
5221:
5220:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5187:. 25 March 2007.
5177:
5171:
5170:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5078:
5072:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5034:. Archived from
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4782:. Archived from
4776:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4751:
4734:
4728:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4631:
4622:
4616:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4502:. 30 April 2007.
4500:Evening Standard
4492:
4486:
4485:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4403:
4397:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4281:NP Tech Solution
4272:
4266:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4204:. Archived from
4198:
4192:
4179:
4170:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4076:"CCTV in London"
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3936:. 4 October 2013
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3832:on 27 March 2016
3831:
3824:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3659:on 17 April 2017
3649:
3643:
3642:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3586:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3499:. Archived from
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3451:. Archived from
3445:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3370:. Archived from
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3343:. Deutsche Welle
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3106:. Archived from
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3013:. 26 March 2019.
3003:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2893:. 12 March 2020.
2883:
2877:
2876:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2581:. Archived from
2580:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2546:. Archived from
2545:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2410:Stutzer (2013).
2407:
2401:
2400:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2341:. Archived from
2336:
2330:Zehnder (2009).
2327:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2249:
2243:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2005:Roberts, Lucy. "
2003:
1994:
1993:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1935:Ballantine Books
1924:
1918:
1917:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1827:. 13 August 2010
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1759:Verman, Romesh.
1757:
1751:
1750:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1703:
1254:versions of the
1178:right to privacy
1158:right to privacy
1070:crime prevention
997:Washington, D.C.
972:Sunriver, Oregon
605:Highways England
592:Many cities and
541:privacy issues.
498:public transport
428:crime prevention
395:Crime prevention
362:
340:cable television
325:
317:
295:Indianapolis 500
235:CBS Laboratories
233:and designed by
125:motion detection
106:right to privacy
77:, is the use of
21:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6032:Warning systems
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5942:
5866:
5795:
5695:
5659:
5546:
5540:amended in 2020
5442:
5406:
5401:
5364:
5347:
5324:
5274:
5247:
5229:
5227:Further reading
5224:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5066:
5062:
5047:
5043:
5038:on 24 May 2009.
5026:
5025:
5021:
5011:
5009:
5006:ifsecglobal.com
5000:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4893:"Remote Escort"
4891:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4654:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4613:Wayback Machine
4604:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4552:TheGuardian.com
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4460:. January 2007.
4452:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4324:
4320:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4273:
4269:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4208:on 2 April 2017
4200:
4199:
4195:
4189:Wayback Machine
4180:
4173:
4167:Wayback Machine
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3910:. 7 August 2005
3902:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3884:. 29 March 2010
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3716:. 26 April 2013
3708:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3680:
3676:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3617:
3615:
3614:. 20 April 2013
3606:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3529:. 13 April 2018
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3455:on 2 April 2015
3447:
3446:
3442:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3220:. 20 July 2018.
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3188:
3184:
3173:
3169:
3130:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2973:on 30 June 2014
2963:
2962:
2958:
2947:GMA News Online
2941:
2940:
2936:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2668:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2614:Wayback Machine
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2441:
2437:
2408:
2404:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2206:. 1 April 2017.
2198:
2197:
2193:
2180:"Karriem Allah"
2178:
2177:
2173:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2097:
2089:. p. 105.
2077:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2014:Wayback Machine
2004:
1997:
1990:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1892:
1885:
1874:
1870:
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1845:
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1804:
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1797:
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1787:
1783:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1667:Video analytics
1569:
1552:
1550:Countermeasures
1521:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1461:
1393:
1387:
1374:
1358:civil liberties
1318:
1305:
1281:Lund University
1150:
1136:
1119:
1111:
1094:high crime rate
1090:
1061:
1049:CCTV User Group
1009:
964:
956:Nikkei Business
937:
884:
848:
842:
834:
817:
804:
780:
774:
735:
729:
717:
715:Sporting events
686:
681:
675:
643:Dome camera in
637:
590:
584:
582:Vehicle traffic
579:
571:body worn video
567:
565:Body worn video
561:
553:
547:
434:
397:
392:
358:
348:Olean, New York
323:
315:
273:
246:
197:Semyon Budyonny
145:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6050:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:Search warrant
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5903:Identity theft
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5776:Privacy policy
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5655:United Kingdom
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5570:European Union
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5528:
5526:United Kingdom
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5486:European Union
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5362:External links
5360:
5359:
5358:
5351:
5345:
5328:
5322:
5307:
5295:(1): 125–154.
5278:
5272:
5251:
5245:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5204:
5190:
5172:
5154:
5132:
5118:
5098:
5073:
5060:
5041:
5019:
5008:. IFSEC Global
4993:
4967:
4941:
4909:
4884:
4870:
4849:
4821:
4797:
4771:
4746:
4729:
4716:
4686:
4668:
4642:
4617:
4598:
4566:
4538:
4527:on 2 June 2007
4505:
4487:
4480:. 1 May 2007.
4463:
4445:
4438:
4420:
4398:
4382:
4368:
4361:
4343:
4336:
4318:
4293:
4267:
4251:
4219:
4202:"CCTV Systems"
4193:
4171:
4151:
4125:
4114:on 11 May 2010
4099:
4067:
4056:. 2 March 2011
4038:
4003:
3992:. 1 April 2013
3990:NBC Washington
3977:
3960:NBC Washington
3947:
3921:
3895:
3869:
3858:. 21 June 2013
3843:
3811:
3781:
3753:
3727:
3701:
3694:
3674:
3644:
3637:
3583:978-1771641227
3582:
3563:
3540:
3514:
3487:
3466:
3440:
3425:
3399:
3364:"The CCTV Map"
3354:
3332:
3310:
3284:
3265:(2): 151–175.
3248:
3223:
3209:
3182:
3167:
3121:
3095:
3069:
3042:
3016:
2998:
2984:
2956:
2934:
2914:
2896:
2878:
2875:. 26 May 2016.
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2796:
2767:
2761:978-1412862318
2760:
2740:
2722:
2713:
2691:
2679:
2662:
2646:
2633:
2618:
2599:
2564:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2470:
2451:(2): 210–222.
2435:
2402:
2359:
2348:on 6 July 2017
2322:
2305:
2294:on 23 May 2009
2278:
2244:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2191:
2171:
2151:
2131:
2102:
2095:
2068:
2050:
2032:
2018:
1995:
1988:
1968:
1953:
1939:
1919:
1904:
1883:
1868:
1838:
1812:
1790:
1781:
1752:
1745:
1725:
1718:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Videotelephony
1674:
1672:Video evidence
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1631:Security smoke
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1551:
1548:
1517:Main article:
1514:
1511:
1492:Main article:
1489:
1486:
1460:
1457:
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1317:
1314:
1304:
1301:
1204:United Kingdom
1193:European Union
1148:Visual privacy
1135:
1132:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1089:
1086:
1060:
1057:
1042:City of London
1037:Greater London
1008:
1007:United Kingdom
1005:
963:
960:
936:
933:
883:
880:
841:
838:
833:
830:
816:
813:
803:
800:
773:
772:Use in schools
770:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
728:
725:
716:
713:
685:
682:
674:
671:
636:
633:
588:Traffic camera
586:Main article:
583:
580:
578:
575:
563:Main article:
560:
557:
546:
543:
458:selection bias
396:
393:
391:
388:
328:WrestleMania I
272:
269:
245:
242:
231:Remington Rand
216:Test Stand VII
205:Moscow Kremlin
144:
141:
99:videotelephony
91:wireless links
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6049:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:Public safety
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5957:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Eavesdropping
5891:
5889:
5888:Data security
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Secret ballot
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:Personal data
5744:
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5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
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5720:
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5715:
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5641:
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5636:
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5613:
5611:
5608:
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5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
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5586:
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5581:
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5573:
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5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:United States
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5346:9780415278737
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5323:9781843924692
5319:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5273:9780415307017
5269:
5264:
5263:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5246:9781859732212
5242:
5238:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5200:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5142:
5136:
5121:
5119:9780470113196
5115:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5070:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5032:IBM News Room
5029:
5023:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4926:
4919:
4913:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4880:
4874:
4859:
4853:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4749:
4747:9781538643662
4743:
4739:
4733:
4726:
4720:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4653:
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4635:
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4621:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4526:
4522:
4521:The Telegraph
4518:
4512:
4510:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4478:The Telegraph
4474:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4441:
4439:9781472400963
4435:
4431:
4424:
4408:
4402:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4378:
4372:
4364:
4362:9781849460842
4358:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4337:9781472400963
4333:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4309:The Telegraph
4305:
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4271:
4265:
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4236:
4229:
4223:
4207:
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4168:
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4161:
4155:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4008:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3828:
3821:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3697:
3695:9781118647134
3691:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3671:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3640:
3638:9781305544680
3634:
3630:
3629:
3613:
3609:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3552:(in Japanese)
3551:
3544:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3436:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3395:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3342:
3336:
3320:
3314:
3299:. 10 May 2010
3298:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3237:
3233:
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3414:. 5 May 2016
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1824:
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1793:
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1647:Surveillance
1636:Smart camera
1553:
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1513:Talking CCTV
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1463:The city of
1462:
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369:Times Square
366:
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352:
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336:pay-per-view
308:Muhammad Ali
280:pay-per-view
277:
274:
266:
258:multiplexing
255:
247:
239:
228:
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170:
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117:control room
110:
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5928:Wiretapping
5640:Switzerland
5625:South Korea
5615:Philippines
5605:Netherlands
5600:Isle of Man
5521:Switzerland
5501:New Zealand
5217:Kickstarter
4960:18 February
4286:28 December
4228:"PSIRA ACT"
4212:24 February
2891:SovereignPH
2298:14 December
2204:Sportskeeda
1540:Bridlington
1289:Philippines
1265:information
1246:, both the
1228:Home Office
703:A trial by
384:King's Lynn
380:Bournemouth
304:Joe Walcott
271:Application
224:V-2 rockets
5971:Categories
5913:Panopticon
5536:California
5411:Principles
5125:16 October
5091:30 October
4591:1 December
4413:24 January
4244:12 October
4031:4 February
3996:31 October
3970:31 October
3914:31 October
3888:31 October
3862:31 October
3720:24 January
3663:5 February
3618:31 October
3600:31 October
3556:5 February
3088:8 November
3062:8 November
2706:6 February
2592:16 October
2352:27 October
2271:30 January
2185:Black Belt
2141:Television
1905:0252025822
1694:References
1385:IP cameras
1252:provincial
1146:See also:
1021:CCTV Image
907:background
882:Prevalence
860:propaganda
731:See also:
721:scoreboard
665:during an
462:endogenous
413:frame rate
262:time lapse
244:Technology
220:Peenemünde
212:Siemens AG
173:mechanical
129:IP cameras
5878:Anonymity
5714:Financial
5691:Workplace
5681:Education
5590:Indonesia
5560:Australia
5516:Sri Lanka
5511:Singapore
5456:Australia
4897:Securitas
4756:cite book
4060:7 January
3940:5 January
3836:5 January
3804:16 August
3774:5 January
3746:5 January
3418:5 January
3368:osmcamera
3362:khris78.
3347:4 January
3325:4 January
3303:4 January
3162:234991261
3154:1556-5068
2465:149144413
2389:1468-0297
2126:SB Nation
2087:Routledge
1861:5 January
1831:5 January
1805:5 January
1621:IP camera
1525:Wiltshire
1439:megapixel
1401:IP camera
1391:IP camera
1362:anonymity
1248:municipal
1098:IP camera
788:vandalism
601:systems.
559:Body worn
300:Joe Louis
171:An early
89:wired or
5956:Category
5871:See also
5724:Facebook
5719:Internet
5671:Consumer
5645:Thailand
5185:BBC News
5167:BBC News
5086:iS3 Tech
4934:30 March
4925:Archived
4836:USAToday
4813:Archived
4790:28 March
4634:Archived
4609:Archived
4582:Archived
4559:11 March
4482:Archived
4313:Archived
4275:Sandip.
4235:Archived
4185:Archived
4163:Archived
4083:Archived
3798:Archived
3796:. 2010.
3612:NBC News
3533:13 April
3527:BBC News
3507:11 March
3480:11 March
3459:11 March
3388:cite web
3378:2 August
3279:62710484
3196:cnet.com
3114:25 March
3011:Heracles
2788:Archived
2735:BBC News
2610:Archived
2557:30 March
2422:: 1–14.
2397:96452277
2262:Archived
2010:Archived
1914:43286443
1851:CBS News
1825:CBS News
1567:See also
1295:and the
1078:evidence
1029:UrbanEye
784:bullying
656:managing
594:motorway
532:lip read
526:In 2013
5734:Twitter
5686:Medical
5676:Digital
5595:Ireland
5580:Germany
5565:Denmark
5491:Germany
5481:England
5476:Denmark
5404:Privacy
5147:26 June
5012:23 June
4986:23 June
4902:14 June
4531:18 July
4092:22 July
3856:Reuters
3714:Fortune
3241:18 July
3202:18 June
2977:26 July
2489:29 July
2065:. 2023.
2047:. 2023.
1579:Bugging
1465:Chicago
1287:In the
1244:Ontario
1202:In the
1172:In the
1134:Privacy
1080:to the
988:Chicago
876:placebo
143:History
5729:Google
5650:Turkey
5635:Sweden
5620:Poland
5610:Norway
5575:France
5506:Russia
5466:Canada
5461:Brazil
5343:
5320:
5270:
5243:
5116:
4842:7 June
4744:
4709:11 May
4436:
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3794:WLS-TV
3692:
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3160:
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2387:
2288:"CCTV"
2093:
1986:
1912:
1902:
1801:. ACLU
1775:
1767:
1743:
1716:
1616:INDECT
1273:Sweden
1260:images
1240:Canada
1154:public
1117:Russia
1082:police
1059:Canada
1033:Putney
894:using
870:, and
856:INDECT
528:Oaxaca
324:
316:
199:, and
6027:Video
5918:PRISM
5741:Email
5664:Areas
5630:Spain
5585:India
5496:Ghana
5471:China
4928:(PDF)
4921:(PDF)
4863:1 May
4816:(PDF)
4809:(PDF)
4655:(PDF)
4637:(PDF)
4630:(PDF)
4585:(PDF)
4578:(PDF)
4238:(PDF)
4231:(PDF)
4144:8 May
4118:8 May
4086:(PDF)
4079:(PDF)
4025:(PDF)
4018:(PDF)
3830:(PDF)
3823:(PDF)
3275:S2CID
3158:S2CID
2791:(PDF)
2780:(PDF)
2644:" BBC
2586:(PDF)
2579:(PDF)
2551:(PDF)
2544:(PDF)
2530:, BBC
2518:, BBC
2461:S2CID
2393:S2CID
2346:(PDF)
2335:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
2258:(PDF)
1600:Effio
1453:ONVIF
1332:video
1322:track
1074:crime
1001:Metro
952:Japan
696:On a
652:Mecca
444:used
338:home
179:(cf.
5857:NOYB
5341:ISBN
5318:ISBN
5268:ISBN
5241:ISBN
5149:2024
5127:2013
5114:ISBN
5093:2023
5014:2021
4988:2021
4962:2020
4936:2016
4904:2022
4865:2011
4844:2012
4792:2011
4766:link
4762:link
4742:ISBN
4711:2023
4615:Text
4593:2013
4561:2015
4533:2021
4434:ISBN
4415:2016
4357:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4288:2019
4246:2016
4214:2017
4146:2009
4120:2009
4094:2009
4062:2017
4033:2015
3998:2015
3972:2015
3942:2017
3916:2015
3890:2015
3864:2015
3838:2017
3806:2010
3776:2017
3748:2017
3722:2016
3690:ISBN
3665:2015
3633:ISBN
3620:2015
3602:2015
3578:ISBN
3558:2023
3535:2018
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